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Maths Project (XII) - Probability
Maths Project (XII) - Probability
Maths Project (XII) - Probability
1,
ST
BHUBANESHWAR (1 SHIFT)
PROBABILITY
Signature of Principal
INDEX
2 Conditional Probability 4
4 Bayes’ theorem 7
7 Binomial Distribution 10
8 Conclusion 11 - 13
9 References 14
INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS PROBABAILITY?
Probability means possibility. It is a branch of mathematics
that deals with the occurrence of a random event. The value
is expressed from zero to one. Probability has been
introduced in Maths to predict how likely events are to
happen.
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For example, when we toss a coin, either we get head or tail,
only two possible outcomes are possible (H,T). But if we
toss two coins in the air, three possibilities of events to
occur, such as both the coins show heads or both show tails
or one shows heads and one tail, i.e. (H,H), (H,T), (T,T).
Probability theory is widely used in the area of studies such
as statistics, finance, gambling, artificial intelligence,
machine learning, computer science, game theory, and
philosophy.
PROBABILITY OF AN EVENT
Assume an event ‘E’ can occur in ‘r’ ways out of a sum of
‘n’ probable or possible equally likely ways. Then the
probability of happening of the event or its success is
expressed as-
P(E) = r/n
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The probability that the even will not occur or known as its
failure is expressed as:
P(E’) = (n-r)/n = 1-(r/n)
E’ represents that the event will not occur.
Therefore, now we can say,
P(E) + P(E’) = 1
This means that the total of all the probabilities in any
random test or experiment is equal to 1.
What are Equally Likely Events?
When the events have the same theoretical probability of
happening, then they are called equally likely events. The
results of a sample space are called equally likely if all of
them have the same probability of occurring. For example, if
you throw a die, then the probability of getting 1 is 1/6.
Complementary Events
The possibility that there will be only two outcomes which
states that an event will occur or not. Like a person will
come or not come to your house. Basically, the complement
of an event occurring in the exact opposite that the
probability of it is not occurring.
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CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY
The conditional probability of ‘A’ given ‘B’ is the
probability that event ‘A’ has occurred in a trial of a random
experiment for which it is known that event ‘B’ ha definitely
occurred.
It may be computed by means of the following formula:
P(A|B) = P(A∩B)/P(B)
Suppose a fair die has been rolled and you are asked to give
the probability that it was a five. There are six equally likely
outcomes, so your answer is 1/6. But suppose that before
you give your answer you are given the extra information
that the number rolled was odd. Since there are only three
odd numbers that are possible, one of which is five, you
would certainly revise your estimate of the likelihood that a
five was rolled from 1/6 to 1/3.
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INDEPENDENT EVENT
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Case 1: G happens
When the first marble drawn is green, there are 7 marbles
left in the bag, and 5 of them are blue. In this case, P(B)=
5/7
BAYES’ THEOREM
BERNOULLI TRIALS
BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION
CONCLUSION
Applications of Probability
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Some of the applications of probability are predicting the
outcome when you:
Flipping a coin.
Choosing a card from the deck.
Throwing a dice.
Pulling a green candy from a bag of red candies.
Winning a lottery 1 in many millions
Example
Weather Planning:
A probability forecast is an assessment of how likely an
event can occur in terms of percentage and record the risks
associated with weather. Meteorologists around the world
use different instruments and tools to predict weather
changes. They collect the weather forecast database from
around the world to estimate the temperature changes and
probable weather conditions for a particular hour, day, week,
and month. If there are 40 % chances of raining then the
weather condition is such that 40 out of 100 days it has
rained.
Example
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Sports Strategies:
In sports, analyses are conducted with the help of probability
to understand the strengths and weaknesses of a particular
team or player. Analysts use probability and odds to foretell
outcomes regarding the team’s performance and members in
the sport.
Coaches use probability as a tool to determine in what areas
their team is strong enough and in which all areas they have
to work to attain victory. Trainers even use probability to
gauge the capacity of a particular player in his team and
when to allow him to play and against whom.
A cricket coach evaluates a player's batting and bowling
capability by taking his average performances in previous
matches before placing him in the line-up.
Example
Insurance:
Insurance companies use the theory of probability or
theoretical probability for framing a policy or completing at
a premium rate. The theory of probability is a statistical
method used to predict the possibility of future outcomes.
Issuing health insurance for an alcoholic person is likely to
be more expensive compared to the one issued to a healthy
person. Statistical analysis shows high health risks for a
regular alcoholic person, ensuring them is a great financial
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risk given a higher probability of serious illness and hence
filing a claim of premium money.
Example
In Games:
Blackjack, poker, gambling, all sports, board games, video
games use probability to know how likely a team or person
has chances to win.
When two dices are rolled simultaneously, the outcomes will
be as given below:-
Summary
Probability plays a vital role in the day-to-day life. In the
weather forecast, sports and gaming strategies, buying or
selling insurance, online shopping, and online games,
determining blood groups, and analysing political strategies.
REFERENCES
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1. NCERT Mathematics – Textbook Class XII (Part – II)
5. Wikipedia
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