Optimization and Manufacturing of Custom Dental Implant Profile Parameter Variation For Bio-Mechanical Property Enhancement

Savitribai Phule Pune University
A Dissertation Report on
Optimization and Manufacturing of Custom

Dental Implant Profile Parameter Variation
for Bio-Mechanical Property Enhancement
By
Ms. Prajakta T. Tathe
(University Seat No B150020886)
Ms. Shivam K. Shende
Mr. Ninad B. Kulkarni
Mr. Chanchal V. Dhiman
Under the guidance of

Prof. P.N. Dhatrak
Department of Mechanical Engineering

Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Pune
Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Pune, B.E. (Mechanical)

I
[2018-2019]
MAEER’s
Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Pune
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that

Ms. Prajakta T. Tathe (Seat No B150020886)
Ms. Shivam K. Shende (Seat No B150020878)
Mr. Ninad B. Kulkarni (Seat No B150020853)
Mr. Chanchal V. Dhiman (Seat No B150020829)
have successfully completed the Dissertation entitled “Optimization of Custom Dental
Implant Profile Parameter Variation for Bio-Mechanical Property Enhancement”
under my supervision, in the partial fulfilment of Bachelor of Engineering- Mechanical
Engineering, by Savitribai Phule Pune University.
Date:
Place: Pune
___________________ _______________
Prof. Pankaj N. Dhatrak External Examiner
Project Guide
__________________ __________________
Prof. P. B. Joshi Seal Dr. L. K. Kshirsagar
Professor and Head of Department Principal

II
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
It gives us great pleasure to present a project on “Optimization of Custom Dental

Implant Profile Parameter Variation for Bio-Mechanical Property Enhancement”.
We take this opportunity to express our profound regards to all those who have helped us
during this report. It would not have been possible to successfully execute the original aim
without their valuable help, cooperation and guidance.
We are highly indebted to Prof. Pankaj N. Dhatrak, our project guide, for his constant
encouragement towards working on our project and project report. Our discussions with
him were extremely helpful. We hold him in high esteem for guidance, encouragement and
inspiration that we constantly received from him.
We will fail in our duties if we won’t acknowledge a great sense of gratitude to

Prof. Pankaj N. Dhatrak, our principal Prof. Dr. L. K. Kshirsagar, Head of Mechanical
Engineering Department Prof. P. B. Joshi and the entire staff members of mechanical
engineering department for their co-operation.
Place: - Pune
Ms. Prajakta T. Tathe Ms. Shivam K.Shende

(Seat No B150020886) (Seat No B150020878)
Mr. Ninad B. Kulkarni Mr. Chanchal V. Dhiman

(Seat No B150020853) (Seat No B150020829)

III
INDEX
Chapter Contents Page no

List of figures VIII
List of Tables XI
Abstract XII
1. Introduction 1
1.1 Dental Implants 1
1.2 Terminologies 2
1.3 Implant Assembly 4
1.4 Cortical Bone 4
1.5 Cancellous Bone 5
1.6 Properties of Jaw Bones 5
1.7 Mechanical Properties of Bones 6
1.8 Osseointegration 7
1.9 Application 7
2. Problem Statement 8
2.1 Objectives 8
2.2 Methodology 9
3. Literature Review 10
3.1 Mechanical Behaviour of Dental Implants 10
3.2 Optimising Dental Implant Diameter and Length 11
3.3 The Effect Of Thread on Implant Osseointegration 13
3.4 The Effect of Thread Profiles-A Finite Element 15
3.5 The Mechanical Behaviour Of Dental Implants. 17
3.6 Loading and Contact Stress Analysis onThread Teeth 19
3.7 Properties of an Implant Biomaterial 24
3.7.1 Bulk properties 24
3.7.2 Biocompatibility 24

IV
3.8 Summary of Literature Review 25

4. OEM Model of Selected Implants 26
4.1 Parameters Required for Model of OEM Implant 27
4.2 Vertical Digital Profile Projector 28
5. FEA Study 30
5.1 Types of Elements 30
5.2 Quality checks for 2-D elements 31
5.3 Quality check for Tetra elements 33
5.4 Mesh Models Of Individual Components 36
5.5 Mesh Model of Assembly 39
5.6 Contacts Defined in Hypermesh 40
5.7 FEA of OEM Models 41
6. Variation in Parameters Using Taguchi 42
6.1 Taguchi Method 42

6.2 Levels 44
6.3 Steps Involved in Minitab 44
7. FEA Results For Obtained Models 47
7.1 FEA Results for Model 1 47

V

7.22 FEA Results for Model 22+ 68
7.33 Result of FEA Models 79
8. Design Of Experiment 80
8.1 Regression 81
8.2 Anova 83
9. Result 88
10. Final Design and Manufacturing 89
10.1 Manufacturing Approach 90
10.1.1 CNC Lathe Machine 91
10.1.2 VMC 91

VI
10.1.3 3D Printing 92
10.2 Implant Production 93
10.2.1 Procurement of Material 93
10.2.2 Operations on CNC Machine 94
10.2.3 Sparking Operations 94
10.3 CNC Program 95
11 Conclusion 98
12 Future Scope 98
13 References 99

VII
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page no
Fig 1.1 Dental implant 1
Fig 4.1 Image Of OEM Models 26
Fig 4.2 Vertical Digital Profile Projector 28
Fig 4.3 Implant Drawing from Digital Profile Projector 29
Fig 5.4.1 Mesh Model of Implant 36
Fig 5.4.2 Mesh Model of Cancellous Bone 36
Fig 5.4.3 Mesh Model of Cortical Bone 37
Fig 5.4.4 Mesh Model of Abutment 37
Fig 5.4.5 Mesh Model of Crown 38
Fig 5.4.6 Mesh Model of Screw 38
Fig 5.5 Mesh Model of Complete Implant Assembly 39
Fig 5.6.1 Contact Between Implant and Cortical Bone 40
Fig 5.6.2 Contact Between Implant and Cancellous Bone. 40
Fig 5.7.1 Deformation of Model 1 on Oblique 30o Loading Condition 41
Fig 5.7.2 Stress Intensity of Model 2 on Oblique 30o Loading Condition 41
Fig 6.1 Procedure of Taguchi Method 43
Fig 6.3.1 Steps Involved in MINITAB 44
Fig 6.3.2 Types of Taguchi Design 45
Fig 6.3.3 Available Taguchi Designs 45
Fig 7.1.1 FEA Results for Model 1 47

VIII

Fig 8.1.1 Regression Analysis 83
Fig 8.1.2 One-way ANOVA 84
Fig 8.1.3 Main Effects Plot for SN ratios for Model 1 85
Fig 8.1.4 Main Effects Plot for Means for Model1 85
Fig 8.1.5 Interaction plot For SN ratios for Model1 86

IX
Fig 8.1.6 Interaction Plot for means of Model1 87

Fig 9.1 Optimization Graph 88
Fig 10.1 Drafting of Final Design 89
Fig 10.1.1 Different Types of Machines 90
Fig 10.1.3 3-D Printed Models 92
Fig 10.2.1 Titanium Bar 93
Fig 10.2.2 Operation on CNC Machine 94
Fig 10.2.3 Operation on EDM 94

X
LIST OF TABLES
Figure Page no.

Table 1.7 Properties of Bone 6
Table 3.1 Properties of Material 11
Table 3.5 Loading Conditions 19
Table 5.1 FEA Result Of OEM Implant 41
Table 6.2.1 Levels of Parameters 44
Table 6.3.1 Taguchi Models obtained from MINITAB 46
Table 7.3 Results of FEA 79
Table 9.1 Results Table 88

XI
ABSTRACT
A dental implant (also known as an endosseous implant or fixture) is a surgical component
that interfaces with the bone of the jaw or skull to support a dental prosthesis such as
a crown, bridge, denture, facial prosthesis or to act as an orthodontic anchor. Success or
failure of depends on the health of the person receiving the treatment, drugs which affect
the chances of osseointegration, and the health of the tissues in the mouth. The amount
of stress that will be put on the implant and fixture during normal function is also evaluated.
Planning the position and number of implants is key to the long-term health of the
prosthetic since biomechanical forces created during chewing can be significant.
This project focuses on study optimisation and manufacturing of the implant profile. The
mechanical aspects of the implant are studied through the project. Selection of implant,
Finite element analysis for stress and finding the optimum implant profile using Minitab
software was the flow of the project.
The project aimed at minimizing the stress intensity on the bones. The aim is to be achieved
by varying the mechanical parameters (depth, pitch, thickness, diameter and length) of the
dental implant. The Design of Experiments based optimisation of the stress intensity was
the objective. The resulting implant profile system must be sophisticated and self-
sufficient.

xii
1. INTRODUCTION
Dental implants are artificial teeth roots, similar in shape to screws. When dental implants are
placed in your jawbone, they bond with your natural bone. They become a sturdy base for
supporting one or more artificial teeth, called crowns.
A connector – known as an abutment – is placed on top of the dental implant to hold and support
your crowns. The crowns are custom-made to match your natural teeth and fit your mouth.
Modern dental implants have been used successfully for over 30 years. They are the strongest
devices available to support replacement teeth – and even better, they allow these new teeth to
feel, look and function naturally. When performed by a trained and experienced dental implant
dentist, dental implant surgery is one of the safest and most predictable procedures in dentistry.
1.1 Dental Implants
Fig 1.1 Dental implant
Ancient dental implants have been traced back to around 600 AD, when tooth-like pieces of shell
were hammered into the jaw of a Mayan woman.
Dental implants are the only dental restoration option that preserves natural bone, actually helping
to stimulate bone growth.

1
In 1951, a small group of dentists who were successfully placing dental implants formed the AAID
– American Academy of Implant Dentistry – to share their knowledge on the practice of
implantology. AAID is the first professional organization in the world dedicated to advancing
implant dentistry.
In 1952, Swedish orthopedic surgeon P.I. Branemark discovered that titanium naturally fuses with
bone, eventually switching his research focus to the mouth from the knee and hip.
Dental implants come in different sizes, heights and types. There are two main types of implants:
 Endosteal: These dental implants are placed in the jawbone. Typically made of titanium and
shaped like small screws, they are the most commonly used type of implant.
 Subperiosteal: These dental implants are placed under the gum but on, or above, the jawbone.
This type of implant may be used in patients who do not have enough healthy natural jawbone
and cannot, or do not want to, undergo a bone augmentation procedure to rebuild it.
1.2 Terminologies:
 Abutment: A tooth or implant used to support prosthesis

 Anterior: Refers to the teeth and tissues located toward the front of the mouth - maxillary and
mandibular incisors and canines
 Apical: Situated at an apex
 Biomechanics: The branch of biophysics that deals with the mechanics of the human or
animal body; especially concerned with muscles and the skeleton
 Buccal: Pertaining towards or around the cheek
 Cancellous Bone: The inner spongy bone of the mandible which lies inside the cortical bone
 Cortical Bone: The bone forming the outer tough layer of the mandible bone which encases
the cancellous bone
 Crestal: The top or extreme point of something
 Denture: A dental appliance that artificially replaces missing teeth
 Edentulous: A mandible having lost teeth
 Enamel: Hard white substance covering the crown of a tooth
 Endosseous: Relating to inside the bone

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 Ex-Vitro: Relating to experiments carried on a body part of an animal outside the animal’s
body
 Ex-Vivo: Relating to experiments carried out on a body part of a human outside the human
body
 Homogenous: Consisting of elements all of the same or similar kind or nature
 In-Vitro: Relating to experiments carried on a body part of an animal inside the animal’s
body itself
 In-Vivo: Relating to experiments carried out on a body part of a human in the human body
itself
 Isotropic: Invariant with respect to direction
 Lingual: Pertaining to or resembling or lying near the tongue
 Mandible: The jaw in vertebrates that is hinged to open the mouth
 Mandibular: Relating to the lower jaw
 Mastication Cycle: Chewing cycle of normal human being
 Maxillary: Of or relating to the upper jaw
 Molar: Teeth posterior to the premolars (bicuspids) on either side of the jaw; grinding teeth,
having large crowns and broad chewing surfaces
 Occlusal: Pertaining to the biting surfaces of the premolar and molar teeth or contacting
surfaces of opposing teeth
 Occlusion: Any contact between biting or chewing surfaces of maxillary (upper) and
mandibular (lower) teeth
 Orthodontics: The branch of dentistry dealing with the prevention or correction of
irregularities of the teeth
 Osseointegration: Fusion of implant surface with human bone
 Posterior: Refers to teeth and tissues towards the back of the mouth (distal to the canines) -
maxillary and mandibular premolars and molars
 Premolar: A tooth having two cusps or points; located between the incisors and the molars
 Prosthetics: The branch of medicine dealing with the production and use of artificial
body parts
 Tomography: Obtaining pictures of the interior of the body

3
 Topography: Precise detailed study of the surface features of a region

 Transcortical: Beyond the cortical region.
1.3 Implant Assembly
• The implant root or screw

This is the part of the implant that is embedded in jawbone and is fused with it. For all intents and
purposes, it is an artificial tooth root. This part looks like a screw.
The following are the components of the implant root or screw:

Fixture construction:
Osteointegrated implant fixtures are made out of titanium. They may be commercially pure, or a
titanium alloy combined with aluminium and/or vanadium, which can improve its strength and
fracture resistance.
Surface texture:
The metal surface of the fixture of an implant is usually smooth. Sometimes, some manufacturers
grit-blast or etch texture upon them to roughen up the texture at a microscopic level in order for it
to hold better. This also increases the implant-bone fusion rate.
Fixture coatings:
The fixture surface can also be coated with special bone-regeneration material. This is especially
useful so that osteointegration will speed up.
• The implant abutment

The abutment of an implant lies at and above the gum line. This is the part that looks like the top
of a screw that is protruding out. It supports the dental prosthesis that's placed on top of it.
• The crown/dental prosthesis

The dental prosthesis is the crown, bridge, or denture that the implant supports. This is the part
that looks like a tooth. This may be cemented, screwed, clipped, or snapped into place.
1.4 Cortical Bone

4
The hard-outer layer of bones is composed of cortical bone also called compact bone being much
denser than cancellous bone. It forms the hard exterior (cortex) of bones. The cortical bone gives
bone its smooth, white, and solid appearance, and accounts for 80% of the total bone mass of an
adult human skeleton. It facilitates bone's main functions: to support the whole body, protect
organs, provide levers for movement, and store and release chemical elements, mainly calcium. It
consists of multiple microscopic columns, each called an osteon. Each column is multiple layers
of osteoblasts and osteocytes around a central canal called the Haversian canal. Volkmann's
canals at right angles connect the osteons together. The columns are metabolically active, and as
bone is reabsorbed and created the nature and location of the cells within the osteon will change.
Cortical bone is covered by a periosteum on its outer surface, and an endosteum on its inner
surface. The endosteum is the boundary between the cortical bone and the cancellous bone. The
primary anatomical and functional unit of cortical bone is the osteon. [13]
1.5 Cancellous Bone
Cancellous bone (also referred to as trabecular bone or spongy bone) is a porous cellular solid
consisting of plate like and rod like struts called trabeculae. The size and arrangement of trabeculae
vary among species and within regions of the skeleton and change with age. Average trabecular
thickness can be as great as 300μm but, in elderly human tissue, ranges from 100 to 200μm. The
orientation of trabeculae within cancellous bone varies, resulting in considerable specimen- to-
specimen heterogeneity. At the continuum level (specimens 3–5 mm in smallest dimension) the
density of cancellous bone is measured as the mass of the specimen (wet after removing the
marrow) divided by specimen volume and is referred to as the “apparent density.” The apparent
density of human cancellous bone typically ranges from 0.05 to 1.1 g/cm3. The apparent density
of cancellous bone is not to be confused with the “tissue density” which expresses the density of
individual trabeculae. The volume fraction of human cancellous bone (expressed in the bone
literature as BV/TV) ranges from 5 % to 60 %[13]
1.6 Properties of Jaw Bones
The mechanical properties of human bone are direction dependent i.e. bone is anisotropic and non-
homogenous. In some cases, the cortical bone is assumed to be orthotropic. Many FEA assumes
the homogenous, isotropic and elastic properties for simplification.[5] The bone shows the time
dependent behaviour described as viscoelastic in certain conditions. The maximum value of the

5
yield stress is found for compression along the main axis of a long bone is 180 MPa and that for
tensile is 120 MPa. The yielding under tensional loading in plane normal to main axis of bone is
55 MPa. Bone density ensures the osseointegration. Higher the value of bone density more chances
of the faster osseointegration. Reilly et al and Burstein have been reported bone to be transverse
isotropy by compression test. Elastic modulus of bone was greatest in meiso-distal direction (907
MPa), lowest in infero-superior direction (114 MPa) and intermediate in Bucco-lingual direction
(511 MPa).[4]
1.7 Mechanical Properties of Bones
The mechanical properties of cancellous bone at the continuum scale (specimens 3–5 mm in
smallest dimension) are reported here. Mechanical properties of cancellous bone can vary among
species and among anatomical sites within individuals. Mechanical properties can also be altered
with aging and in the presence of disease states.
Mechanical testing of individual trabeculae is challenging and requires many assumptions that
may limit the accuracy of the results. The Young’s modulus of individual trabeculae typically
averages 3–6GPa [10]. In contrast, the Young’s modulus of human cancellous bone tissue assessed
through nanoindentation is, on average, 10–18GPa [12-13], and is similar to the range to tissue-
Materials Young Modulus E (GPa) Poisson Ratio (ν)

Cortical Bone 13.7 0.26
Cancellous Bone 1.37 0.31
Titanium 110 0.33
Crown 70 0.19
level Young’s moduli estimated using finite element models of cancellous bone microstructure
[10]. Relatively little is known regarding tissue-level anisotropy, tissue-level viscoelasticity,
fatigue, and fracture toughness.
Table 1.7 Properties of Bones

6
1.8 Osseointegration
• Definition
Osseointegration is also defined as: "the formation of a direct interface between an implant and
bone, without intervening soft tissue". Osteointegrated implant is a type of implant defined as "an
endosteal implant containing pores into which osteoblasts and supporting connective tissue can
migrate". Applied to oral implantology, this thus refers to bone grown right up to
the implant surface without interposed soft tissue layer. No scar tissue, cartilage or ligament fibres
are present between the bone and implant surface. The direct contact of bone and implant surface
can be verified microscopically. [5]
Osseointegration may also be defined as:
1. Osseous integration, the apparent direct attachment or connection of osseous tissue to an

inert alloplastic material without intervening connective tissue.
2. The process and resultant apparent direct connection of the endogenous material surface
and the host bone tissues without intervening connective tissue.
3. The interface between alloplastic material and bone.
1.9 Applications
 Dental implants are by far the main field of application

 Retention of a craniofacial prosthesis such as an artificial ear (ear
prosthesis), maxillofacial reconstruction, eye (orbital prosthesis), or nose (nose prosthesis)
 Bone anchored limb prostheses
 Bone anchored hearing conduction amplification (Bone anchored hearing aid)
 Eyeborg perceive colour through sound waves (sound conduction through bone)
 Knee and joint replacement

7
2. PROBLEM STATEMENT:
According to the market survey, the implants available have a variation in design
parameters like thread profile, thread pitch etc. which have an impact on the stress on the
cancellous bone. There is a huge variation in stresses due to non-standardization of various
implants available in the market.
Hence, there is a need for study of implant profile and the parameters involved in design
of implant thread and its optimization with indigenous manufacturing.
2.1 Objectives
To optimize the Dental implant profile in order to minimize the stress intensity of the
implant on cancellous bone by using DOE technique.
1. Collect input data related to material properties, load conditions, selection of implant
2. Profile measurement of selected implant geometry specifications (diameter, length, pitch,

depth, thickness etc.).
3. Selection of implant profile parameter range and variation of selected parameters using
Taguchi method.
4. 3D modelling of the selected implants by using CAD software.
5. Analysis of implant using FEA software. Meshing in Hypermesh and solver used is
Abaqus.
6. Interpretation of the results and optimization by Design of Experiments (DOE) for

minimum stress value.
7. Precise Manufacturing of selected optimized implant.

8
2.2 Methodology
 Collecting input data necessary for performing project is collected through various
literature survey.
 Selection of commercial dental implants for design and profile parameter study is carried
out with the help of market survey
• Selected commercial implant- Biohorizon,
 Measurement of selected dental implant profile parameter by using vertical profile

projector setup available in the MQC lab.
 3D modelling of the selected implants by using different CAD software like SolidWorks
& CREO.
 Analysis of designed dental implant is carried out using FEA software
• Meshing of CAD model in Hypermesh

• Abaqus solver is used to obtain results.
 Interpretation of the results obtained from FEA software.
 Variation of selected parameters using Taguchi method.
 3D CAD modelling of selected dental implant design given by Taguchi.
 Static stress analysis of Taguchi implant models using FEA software.
 Optimization of the Dental implant profile parameter using Minitab software for
minimizing the stress intensity.
 Precise manufacturing of implant using CNC machine and EDM machine.

9
3. LITERATURE REVIEW
3.1 Mechanical Behaviour of Dental Implants
P. Bicudoa, et. Al[14] Stated that dental implants are in general made of titanium since this material
promotes a stable and functional connection between the bone and the surface of the implant.
Efforts produced during the chewing cycles may interfere with this union, affecting the process of
osseointegration and eventually compromising the stability of the implant. Given the difficulty in
working with bone in vivo, in the present study two implant systems were inserted in polymer
samples, known as Sawbones, which simulate the structure of trabecular bone. The performance
of the implants was evaluated through experimental fatigue tests. The qualitative analysis of the
damage in the structure of the samples was performed using scanning electron microscope images.
Determination and comparison of stress fields and deformations at the Sawbones-implant interface
using an analytical model of indentation and the finite element method (FEM) to model indentation
and penetration were undertaken.
The experimental results showed that the performance of the Morse taper implant was greater than
the external hexagonal implant when both were tested cyclically in samples of different densities.
It was shown that the diameter, length, density and type of implant-abutment interface affected the
behaviour of the implants. The numerical results of indentation model were very similar to those
obtained by the analytical model. The results of the FEM penetration model had the same tendency
as the experimental values and the indentation analysis with increasing the density of the polymer
foam.[24]
Inference:
The analysis of the mechanical behaviour of implants subjected to fatigue tests on different
substrates, completed with an analytical and finite element analysis, revealed different
conclusions. The results of the tests showed that the performance of the Morse taper implant was
greater than the external hexagonal implant when both were tested cyclically in samples of
different densities. This superior resistance presented by Morse taper system explains the
significantly increased long-term stability of these implants in clinical applications. It has been
shown that the diameter, length, density and type of implant-abutment interface are design
variables that affect the behaviour of the implants. The deformation and stress results obtained

10
with the penetration FEM model exhibit the same trend as the analytical results and FEM
indentation, so part of a scale factor, the analytical model of indentation can be a starting point for
the explanation of the experimental results. Obviously, the conditions were different since
experimental tests were dynamic while simulations and analytical analysis reproduced static
indentation behaviours.
The study shows that variation in depth, pitch and thickness have an impact on the
performance of the implant. The detailed study of the same can be done using FEA and various
statistical techniques. The experimental study on sawbones can be useful to stimulate the results
of actual dental bone and study the impact of the variations in implant profile. The mechanical
properties of the bones and the implant material are referred from the above study.[23]
Materials Young Modulus E (GPa) Poisson Ratio (ν)

Cortical Bone 13.7 0.26
Cancellous Bone 1.37 0.31
Titanium 110 0.33
Crown 70 0.19
Table 3.1 Properties of Material
3.2 Optimising Dental Implant Diameter and Length
Nana Ueda DDSa [21]., Dental rehabilitation with implants increasing at an exponential rate to
serve dental patients, its likelihood of success is dependent on variety of factors. In the posterior
mandible with poor bone quality, the survival rate of implants is much lower. It is difficult to
estimate the optimal primary stability in the posterior mandible, which leads to high implant failure
rates .Implant design & texture, surgical procedure followed, and the quality of bones determine
the success of dental implant.
Among the implant designs, implant diameter and length have been intensively studied
and well accepted as key factors, since they directly influence the primary stability, placement,
and removal torque values of dental implant. Horiuchi et suggested that implants should be at least
10 mm long to ensure a high success rate.

11
Model Design:
The geometry of the solid implant was used as a reference to model a cylindrical screwed dental
implant and a 3.5-mm high solid abutment. The implant and the abutment were simplified to one
unit. A profile of a full porcelain superstructure (mandibular first molar) was achieved by 3DSS
(Three-Dimensional Sensing System using structure light scanning technique. The solid model
was reconstructed using the scanning data by a reverse engineering program. Then the
superstructure model was applied over the titanium
abutment by Pro/E program. Implant diameter (D) and length (L) were set as input variables. D
ranged from 3.0 to 5.0 mm, and L ranged from 10.5 to 15.0 mm.[22]
Discussion & Inferences:

The success of dental implant depends on both endogenous and exogenous factors. Bone quality
belongs to the endogenous factors, and implant design is among the exogenous factors. All these
factors will significantly affect implant success rates. In this study, the effect of implant diameter
and length on the stress distribution in the posterior mandible with poor bone quality and
displacement in implant-abutment complex was investigated. Distinct from discrete variations in
previous studies, we investigated continuous variations of the two investigated factors (D and L)
as response surfaces and curves and achieved more accurate and visualized results about implant
parameters.
 Stress in the posterior mandible with poor bone quality is influenced by both implant
diameter and length. Moreover, implant diameter played more significant roles in reducing
cortical bone stress and enhancing implant stability, while implant length was more
effective in reducing cancellous bone stress under both AX and BL loads.
 Biomechanically speaking, implant diameter exceeding 4.0 mm and length exceeding 12.0
mm are a relatively optimal selection for a screwed dental implant in the posterior mandible
with poor bone quality.
For further studies, the model can be improved by using anisotropic materials in jaw bone and
choosing better interface boundary condition between the interface of implant and bone. Moreover,
the loading scenario could be modified according to the clinical situation to get more reliable
results.

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3.3 The Effect Of The Thread Pattern Upon Implant Osseointegration
Heba abuhussein, et. al,[25]found that Implant design features such as macro- and micro-design
may influence overall implant success. Limited information is currently available. Therefore, it is
the purpose of this paper to examine these factors such as thread pitch, thread geometry, helix
angle, thread depth and width as well as implant crestal module may affect implant stability. A
literature search was conducted using MEDLINE to identify studies, from simulated laboratory
models, animal, to human, related to this topic using the keywords of implant thread, implant
macro design, thread pitch, thread geometry, helix angle, thread depth, thread width and implant
crestal module. The results showed how thread geometry affects the distribution of stress forces
around the implant. A decreased thread pitch may positively influence implant stability. Excess
helix angles in spite of a faster insertion may jeopardize the ability of implants to sustain axial
load. Deeper threads seem to have an important effect on the stabilization in poorer bone quality
situations. The addition of threads or micro threads up to the crestal module of an implant might
provide a potential positive contribution on bone-to to-implant contact as well as on the
preservation of marginal bone; nonetheless this remains to be determined. Appraising the current
literature on this subject and combining existing data to verify the presence of any association
between the selected characteristics may be critical in the achievement of overall implant success.
Discussion:
The review of literature that focuses on the relationship between osseointegration and the
mechanical features of the dental implant engineering is essential. Implant design, thread shape
and pitch distance are factors to consider when selecting implant characteristics that would aid in
different clinical conditions.
Implant design features are one of the most fundamental elements that have effect on implant
primary stability and implant stability to sustain loading during or after osseointegration. Implant
design can be divided into the two major categories: macro design and micro design.[19]
Macro design includes thread design, thread and body shape. Micro design includes implant
material, surface morphology and surface coating. We discussed mainly the effect of implant
Macro design features and their ability in influencing implant osseointegration.

13
Thread shape is determined by the thread thickness and thread face angle. Thread shapes available
include; V shape, square thread, buttress and reverse buttress shape. The thread depth is defined
as the distance from the tip of the thread to the body of the implant. The thread pitch refers to the
distance from the centre of the thread to the centre of the next thread, measured parallel to the axis
of screw.[23]
In 1982, Wolf observed direct association between bone form and mechanical loading and
concluded that every change in the form and function of bone is followed by certain definite
changes in the external conformation of bone, in accordance with mathematical laws. Hence,
implants thread should be designed to maximize the delivery of the optimal favourable stresses
while minimizing the amount of extreme adverse stresses to the bone implant interface. In addition,
implant threads should allow for better stability and more implant surface contact area.
Amount of force:
Studies have utilized finite element analysis to understand how thread profile may affect the stress
concentration and distribution. This method allows studies to predict stress distribution between
implants and cortical as well as cancellous bone. Out of different thread designs, V shape and
broader square shape generated significantly less stress compared with the thin and narrower
square thread in cancellous bone. Other FEA studies also suggested a superiority of square thread
because it had the least stress concentration when compared with the other thread shapes.
Furthermore, the amount of force, force direction are the factors that are highly diverse and
different from one person to another. These factors may affect the load transferred to the bone and
implant surface.
Validated masticatory forces on jaw bone:

Three types of loads are generated at the interface; compressive, tensile and shear forces.an ideal
implant design should provide balance between compressive and tensile forces while minimize the
shear force generation. Thread shapes available in market today include: V shape, square shape,
buttress, reverse buttress and spiral shape. Depending upon the shape, thread width and forces
generated are observed.[18]

14
Thread pitch:
The pitch is considered to have a significant effect among implant design variables, because of its
effect on surface area. Authors concluded that as pitch decreases, the surface area increases leading
to a more favourable stress distribution.[23]
Thread depth and width:

Thread depth is the distance between the major and minor diameter of the thread. Thread width is
the distance in the same axial plane between the coronal most and the apical most part, at the tip
of a single thread. Both these designs have an effect on total implant surface area. Hence, it is
agreed that, the deeper the threads, the wider the surface area of the implant. Shallow thread depth
permits easier insertion into bone.
Conclusions:
This literature review has been focusing on mechanical features. Strong emphasis has to be put in
understanding that one sole factor will not account for success and that several other factors might
have an effect on the treatment provided.
3.4 The Effect of Dental Implant Materials and Thread Profiles-A Finite Element and
Statistical Study
Aisyah Ahmad Shafi, et. al, [6] performed Finite element analysis to investigate the stress transfer
of various thread profiles and material properties of dental implant system to the surrounding
mandibular bone, followed by statistical analysis to examine the relationship of the two and all
five factors. Three-dimensional (3D) model of the posterior segment of the mandible covering a
region of interest between the second premolar and the second molar was developed from
computed tomography dataset. Dental implants made of two different materials–titanium alloy and
zirconia–were designed with four different thread profiles–buttress, reverse buttress, sinusoidal
and square. An occlusal load was applied at the top of the crown and the model was constrained
at the mesial, distal and inferior region. Analysis of the mean showed that stress varied
significantly with the material of dental implant system (P < 0001) and the thread profile (P <
0001). Dental implants made of zirconia had a higher mean stress at the implant body compared
to those made of titanium, as well as lower mean stress at the bone.

15
Result:
Stress on the implant bodies are more consistently distributed from the coronal to the apical.
Higher stress distributed at the zirconia dental implant systems compared to titanium components.
Dental implant with buttress thread profile showed the largest area of high stress at the surrounding
bone. The marginal mean stress for zirconia implants with buttress, reverse buttress and square
thread profiles was higher than those made of titanium. However, the sinusoidal thread profile
showed opposite results. titanium implants transferred more stress to the surrounding bone
compared to the zirconia implants. The square thread dental implant showed a relatively larger
difference between titanium and zirconia implant compared to other thread profiles. Dental implant
with buttress thread profile showed the largest area of high stress at the surrounding bone. Dental
implant with buttress thread profile showed the largest area of high stress at the surrounding bone.
Dental implant with buttress thread profile showed the largest area of high stress at the surrounding
bone.
Here are primarily two classes of materials used for implant bodies and abutments—metals or
ceramics. Metals are relatively tougher than ceramics, but the latter has a higher stiffness and less
susceptible to wear. The most common ceramic used in implantology, the Zirconia, has been used
as materials for the abutment as well as in one-piece dental implant systems. Others have used a
combination of metallic body with ceramic abutment. One of the reasons for the hybrid use of
materials is due to the fact that titanium abutment had been reported to have significantly higher
fracture resistance than zirconia and performed better in terms of preventing bacterial
accumulation for the bone supporting the implant body, stress mostly performed better in terms of
preventing bacterial accumulation concentrated at the marginal side of the cortical bone and the
cancellous bone surrounding the apical part of the implant. Several FEA studies have reported
similar pattern of stress distribution where stresses concentrated at the neck and at the apical region
of implant body. Concentration of stress at the marginal bone may increase the tendency of bone
loss in that region which usually occurs to accommodate the reformation of a ‘biological width.
Together with a reduced bone density, the remodelling process has the potential to cause implant
failure. We have combined in this study the use of FEA with statistical analysis which was not
used in other reported works in this area. The results showed that different abutment materials

16
have significant effect on stress transfer but not the thread designs. Among the four different thread
designs, the buttress had the highest stress irrespective of the material that it was made of.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, both the material properties and dental implant thread designs influenced the stress
distribution and stress transfer to the surrounding bone. Implants made of titanium performed
better than zirconia with optimal stress transfer to the bone. The buttress thread design had the
highest stress irrespective of the material that it was made of.
3.5 Effects of Overloading In Mastication On The Mechanical Behaviour Of Dental

Implants.
Benaissa Ali a, et. al. Dental implants have become a significant aspect of tooth replacement in
prosthodontic treatment. Despite of high success rates, complications and failures still occur. The
long-term success of an implant depends on the stability of bone support for the implant. The
relationship between occlusal overload and peri-implant bone loss remains a controversial topic in
implant dentistry. A causal relationship between the incidence of marginal bone loss next to an
implant and occlusal overload implies a treatment plan and occlusal scheme would benefit from a
force management approach. The aim of this article is to compare the mechanical behaviour of a
dental prosthesis under two loading types (dynamic and dynamic within overload), employing a
three-dimensional finite element analysis, in order to attempt to clarify causality of overload as
related to implant failure and bone loss.
Interface and boundary condition:

To simulate ideal osseointegration, the implants were rigidly anchored in the bone model along
their entire interface. The same type of contact was provided at the abutment prosthesis interface.
Two different dynamic loading conditions are investigated. Loading of the implant with forces of
0.9MPa, 6MPa, and 1.2MPa in a bucco-lingual, an axial (coronal–apical), and a distal–mesial

17
direction, respectively (Fig. 2), simulated average mastication force in a natural, oblique direction.
These components represented mastication force of 6.18MPa in the angle of approximately 750 to
the occlusal plane. This three-dimensional (3D) loading acted on the lingual inclination of buccal
cusp of the crown. The finite element model (FEM) was fixed at the bottom surface of jaw.
Implant-supported prosthesis has unsuccessful results under dynamic loading conditions although
same prosthesis has safety results under overloading conditions (peak load of 12MPa) by means
of fatigue resistance so for dynamic analysis, time dependent load of mastication is applied.
Conclusion:
As an overall conclusion, based on the results from three-dimensional finite element numerical
analyses, the following assumption are obtained from this study by the biomechanical
consideration, it is visible that the mechanical stress is propagating in the areas of bones which are
closer to the dental implant, and decrease in magnitude towards the outer region. The mechanical
stress reaches the highest in areas of cortical bones which are immediately next to the neck of the
dental implant, the maximum Von Mises stress occurs inside the dental implant itself.
Additionally, the stress magnitude in the cortical bone is higher than the ones in the cancellous
bone. Unsurprisingly, the mechanical stress in the cancellous bone reaches greatest in the bottom
of the dental implant which intuitively supports the occlusal load. In this study, dynamic and
overload behaviours of dental implant are investigated that different conditions than the other
works. For the loading conditions tested, the maximum stress values did not reach the yield
strength of abutment and prosthetic screws of the implant/abutment joint systems evaluated. It
seems that the implant is durable all condition dynamic loading and overload at the end of work.
Implant can be designed and studied in computer environment before it is implemented on the
patient. This will save time for the design and prevent any permanent damage caused by miss-
implementation of implant.
Inference:
From the study the propagation of stresses in cortical and cancellous bones can be studied. It is
concluded from the study that the stress magnitude in the cortical bone is higher than the ones in
the cancellous bone. For the loading conditions tested, the maximum stress values did not reach
the yield strength of abutment and prosthetic screws of the implant/abutment joint systems

18
evaluated. The boundary conditions for the application of forces and mastication forces are
referred from the above study. The magnitude and range of the mastication forces to be applied on
the implant for the current study are referred from the above study. The direction of application of
forces on the dental implants and their effect on cortical and cancellous bones should be referred
from above study.
Type of Loading Magnitude of Force (in N)

Vertical Loading 100
Lateral Loading 40
Oblique Loading 300 100
Oblique Loading 450 100
Table 3.5 Loading Conditions [5]
3.6 Loading and Contact Stress Analysis on the Thread Teeth in Tubing and Casing
Premium Threaded Connection
Honglin Xu, et. al, Loading and contact stress distribution on the thread teeth in tubing and casing
premium threaded connections are of great importance for design optimization, pre-tightning force
control, and thread failure prevention. This paper proposes an analytical method based on the
elastic mechanics. This is quite different from other papers, which mainly rely on finite element
analysis. The differential equation of load distribution on the thread teeth was established
according to equal pitch of the engaged thread after deformation and solved by finite difference
method. Furthermore, the relation between load acting on each engaged thread and mean contact
stress on its load flank is set up based on the geometric description of thread surface. By
comparison, this new analytical method with the finite element analysis for a modified API
177.8 mm premium threaded connection is approved. Comparison of the contact stress on the last
engaged thread between analytical model and FEM shows that the accuracy of analytical model
will decline with the increase of pre-tightning force after the material enters into plastic
deformation. However, the analytical method can meet the needs of engineering to some extent
because its relative error is about 6.2%~18.1% for the in-service level of pre-tightning force.
Loading Analysis on the Premium Threaded Connection:

19
During tightening, the engaged threads of a premium connection will transfer the pre-tightening
force caused mainly by shoulder contact, thus leading to the compressed pin and the stretched
coupling. To facilitate the analytical model, we assumed all thread teeth were intact and the axis
of premium threaded connection as direction to establish a one-dimensional coordinate system OX
with its origin being at the big end of the pin thread.
Deformation of thread Tooth in Premium Threaded Connection:

The thread tooth profile of most premium connections typically adopts modified API buttress type
thread, whose deformation can be calculated by simplifying itself into a cantilever beam model of
an isosceles trapezoid e necessary parameters for calculating the elastic deformation of simplified
thread tooth can be obtained from this basic geometry parameter of buttress type thread.
Differential Equation of the Axial Load:

Under the action of pre-tightening force, the pin thread and coupling threads are always engaged
to each other, indicating that their thread pitches are equal after deformation. However, the
compressed pin will make its own thread pitch decrease while the stretched coupling will make its
own thread pitch increase. The deformation of pin thread tooth should increase its own pitch while
the deformation of coupling thread tooth should reduce its own pitch, thus guaranteeing the equal
pitch and the perfectly engaged state for pin thread and coupling thread.
The mean contact stress on the load flank of thread teeth calculated from the proposed analytical
model and that obtained by FEM are compared. One can find that both curves are identical in trend
and that the minimum and maximum values obtained by the proposed analytical method are also
close to those of FEM. Meanwhile, we can also find that there exists some discrepancy in the
middle region of the two curves, which may be attributed to the simplifications and assumptions
of the analytical model. The helix angle in the analytical model may be a reason because the 2D
FEM cannot contain this factor. However, the analytical model can still predict a relatively
meaningful stress value for the last engaged threads, which is the easiest one to fail.
Conclusions:
This paper proposes an analytical model for investigating loading and contact stress on the thread
teeth in tubing and casing premium threaded connection on the basis of elastic mechanics.

20
The proposed analytical model is validated by the application of the FEM to the same sample. The
pre-tightening force mainly applies to the last 4 ∼ 6 engaged threads, about 50% of that to the last
engaged threads.
Comparing the contact stress of the last engaged thread between the analytical model and FEM
shows that the accuracy of the analytical model will decline with the increase of pre-tightening
force after the material enters into plastic deformation. In practice, the relative error is about
6.2%∼18.1%. is indicates that the analytical method can, to some extent, meet the needs of
engineering.
Design And Manufacture Of Customized Dental Implants By Using Reverse Engineering And
Selective Laser Melting Technology.
Author: Chen J, et. al. Recently a new therapeutic concept of patient-specific implant dentistry has
been advanced based on computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing technology.
However, a comprehensive study of the design and 3-dimensional (3D) printing of the customized
implants, their mechanical properties, and their biomechanical behaviour is lacking.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the mechanical and biomechanical performance of a
novel custom-made dental implant fabricated by the selective laser melting technique with
simulation and in vitro experimental studies.
Material and Methods:

Two types of customized implants were designed by using reverse engineering: a root-analogy
implant and a root-analogy threaded implant. The titanium implants were printed layer by layer
with the selective laser melting technique. The relative density, surface roughness, tensile
properties, bend strength, and dimensional accuracy of the specimens were evaluated. Nonlinear
and linear finite element analysis and experimental studies were used to investigate the stress
distribution, micromotion, and primary stability of the implants.
Results:
Selective laser melting 3D printing technology was able to reproduce the customized implant
designs and produce high density and strength and adequate dimensional accuracy. Better stress
distribution and lower maximum micromotions were observed for the root-analogy threaded
implant model than for the root-analogy implant model. In the experimental tests, the implant

21
stability quotient and pull-out strength of the 2 types of implants indicated that better primary
stability can be obtained with a root-analogy threaded implant design.
Conclusions:
Selective laser melting proved to be an efficient means of printing fully dense customized implants
with high strength and sufficient dimensional accuracy. Adding the threaded characteristic to the
customized root-analog threaded implant design maintained the approximate geometry of the
natural root and exhibited better stress distribution and primary stability.
Three-dimensional Stress Distribution Around a Dental Implant at Different Stages of Interface

Development.
L. Borchers and P. Reichart, et. al Anchor-type endosteal implants made of aluminium oxide
ceramic (Al203-ceramic) were used to replace teeth in the molar region of the mandible.1 The
occasional clinical and experimental failures of this type of implant were partly due to connective
tissue formation at the implant-bone interface2-3 and showed the need for a detailed stress
analysis. Since the finite element method (FEM) has proved to be a useful tool in estimating
stresses around implants of different designs,46 this method was adopted to analyse a loaded
implant in situ. The objective of the present investigation was to simulate different stages of normal
and pathological interface development, and to calculate stress distributions in the bone
surrounding the implant. Results from such a study will improve the understanding of the
mechanisms of tissue reaction and failure in endosteal dental implantation.
Discussion:
The results are in the same range as those of a similar investigation by Cook et al.,5 and,
qualitatively, they compare closely to those obtained by Soltesz et al.12 in a photo-elastic study of
an implant of the same type under load. Consistently, the most prominent stress peaks occur in the
bone (either cancellous or compact) near the protruding part of the stem. Maximum compressive
stresses on the lingual side are about 10 N/mm2 with axial loading and about 50 N/mm2 with
transverse loading. These values were probably underestimated, since slip might occur between
implant and tissue - contrary to the model's assumptions -thus at the least reducing the amount of

22
load transmitted by shear and tension. For the same reason, the high tensile stresses of about 45
N/mm2, which resulted on the buccal side from transverse loading, are unlikely to be transmitted
by the interface. However, even if it is assumed that the transverse load of 200 N is too high by a
factor of two or three, the resulting compressive stresses in the mandible are still locally
approaching the upper limit of temporarily-acting physiological stresses. This limit is believed to
be about 25 N/mm2, as indicated by FEM analysis of a loaded natural tooth.13 Hence, we conclude
from our results that bone resorption in the crestal region around this type of implant might occur
due to stress concentrations during transverse loading. In case of no resorption, however, the
observed stresses could be high enough to prevent the bone from proper apposition to the implant
since they locally exceed the level of constant stress favourable to induced bone formation. This
level has been determined, in a rabbit experiment,14 to be about 3-4 N/mm2, and is thought to be
of the same order of magnitude for humans. A lamina dura commonly formed around the implant
in a clinically favourable course of healing tends to distribute stresses more evenly than does
spongy bone. The time immediately after insertion of the implant - while its surroundings still
consist of spongy bone and exhibit the most distinct stress concentrations - is likely to be most
critical for the success of the implantation. The formation of a lamina dura, however, might be
interpreted as an adaptation of the biological system to the acting loads. Since connective tissue
ingrowth considerably reduces critical stress peaks in the adjacent bone, this way seems to be the
most effective and the ultimate means for the body to respond to injuriously high stresses.
Inference:
The stress distribution around the dental implant are studied from above study. It can be concluded
from the study that the stress around cortical are more than cancellous bone. The stress distribution
at various stages are illustrated in the study. The favourable conditions for osseointegration of the
bone around dental implant are studied from the research. The limit of stresses to be applied on
the implant for FEA analysis are verified from the study for further analysis.

23
3.7 Properties of an Implant Biomaterial

3.7.1 Bulk properties
 Modulus of elasticity: Implant material with modulus of elasticity comparable to bone (18
GPa) must be selected to ensure more uniform distribution of stress at implant and to
minimize the relative movement at implant bone interface.
 Tensile, compressive and shear strength: An implant material should have high tensile and
compressive strength to prevent fractures and improve functional stability. Improved stress
transfer from the implant to bone is reported interfacial shear strength is increased, and
lower stresses in the implant.
 Yield strength, fatigue strength: An implant material should have high yield strength and
fatigue strength to prevent brittle fracture under cyclic loading.
 Ductility: According to ADA a minimum ductility of 8% is required for dental implant.
Ductility in implant is necessary for contouring and shaping of an implant.
 Hardness and Toughness: Increase in hardness decreases the incidence of wear of implant
material and increase in toughness prevents fracture of the implants.
3.7.2 Biocompatibility
This is property of implant material to show favorable response in given biological environment
in a particular function. It depends on the corrosion resistance and cytotoxicity of corrosion
products.
 Corrosion and corrosion resistance: It is the loss of metallic ions from metal surface to the
surrounding environment. Following types of corrosion are seen.
 Crevice corrosion: It occurs in narrow region like implant screw-bone interface. When
metallic ions dissolve, they can create a positively charged local environment in the
crevice, which may provide opportunities for crevice corrosion.
 Pitting corrosion: Pitting corrosion occurs in an implant with a small surface pit. In this the
metal ions dissolve and combine with chloride ions. Pitting corrosion leads to roughening
of the surface by formation of pits.

24
 Galvanic corrosion: This occurs because of difference in the electrical gradients. Nickel
and chrome ions from artificial prosthesis may pass to peri-implant tissues due to leakage
of saliva between implant and superstructure .This may result in bone reabsorption and
also affect the stability of the implant and eventually cause failure.
3.8 Summery of literature
Optimized thread profile is one of the major contributors to initial implant stability. Further initial
implant stability will promote successful osseointegration and successful osseointegration will
lead to distribution of stress over wide area and at low level. Reduction of the strain in bone around
the bottom of implants may be the key to extend the adaptability of implants to bone. [21]
Changing screw pitch is more effective way for reducing maximum effective stress, as changing
pitch is more feasible way if considered from economical point of view and biological parameters.
The implant with smaller threads and less than l mm pitch length causes increase of the stress in
the bones adjacent to the implant.
The implant with deeper thread because of having more contact surface with the bone has more
stability and less stress and also enhances the stress distribution. thread-width and thickness play
a significant role in implant Stability. thread height played more important roles in affecting bone
stresses and implant–abutment complex stability than thread width[23]
The conical implant with the bowl flutes is the optimal design, with the highest stability [15].
Single-thread implant shows the best stress transmission under axial load. Single-thread and triple-
thread implant show the better stress transmission under buccolingual load. [26]
The implants with deeper thread depth had higher mean insertion torque values but not lower
compressive strength. The deep threads had a mechanical stability. Implants with deeper thread
depth may increase the primary stability in areas of poor quality bone without decreasing
mechanical strength. [19]
Implant diameter affected stress distribution in jaw bone more than length did and an implant
diameter exceeding 3.9 mm and implant length exceeding 9.5 mm was the optimal selection for
type B/2 bone in a cylinder implant by biomechanical considerations.[21]
Cancellous bone is more sensitive to thread pitch than cortical bone. Thread pitch plays a great
role in protecting dental implant under axial load than under buccolingual load. Thread pitch
exceeding 0.8-mm is optimal biomechanical property for the type B/2 bone in a cylinder implant,
but oversized pitch should be avoided too.[22]
The combined use of finite-element analysis and the Taguchi method facilitated effective
evaluation of the mechanical characteristics of a single-unit implant-supported restoration.
Implants placed along the axis of loading exhibit improved stress/strain distribution. An implant

25
with a tapered interference fit connection performed better as a force transmission mechanism than
other configurations. [20]
4. OEM MODEL OF SELECTED IMPLANTS
Fig 4.1 Image Of OEM Models
MODEL 1
Biohorizon Implant
Diameter: 3.7mm
Length: 15mm

26
4.1 Parameter Required for Modelling of OEM Implant
Besides length and diameter of the implants we require other mechanical dimensions for
modelling. However, the size of implants are very small to measure from conventional measuring
devices thus we use Profile Projector to measure other dimensions.
Profile Projector also known as an optical comparator, a profile projector is an optical instrument
that can be used for measuring. It is a useful item in a small part machine shop or production line
for the quality control inspection team.
The projector magnifies the profile of the specimen and displays this on the built-in projection
screen. On this screen there is typically a grid that can be rotated 360degrees, so the X-Y axis of
the screen can be aligned with a straight edge of the machined part to examine or measure. This
projection screen displays the profile of the specimen and is magnified for better ease of calculating
linear measurement.
An edge of the specimen to examine may be lined up with the grid on the screen. From there,
simple measurements may be taken for distances to other points. This is being done on a magnified
profile of the specimen. It can be simpler as well as reduce errors by measuring on the magnified
projection screen of a profile projector.
The typical method for lighting is by diascopic illumination, which is lighting from behind. This
type of lighting is also called transmitted illumination when the specimen is translucent, and light
can pass through it. If the specimen is opaque, then the light will not go through it, but will form
a profile of the specimen.

27
4.2 Vertical Digital Profile Projector

We have used Vertical Digital Profile Projector (ACCURATE PP-300-TE)
Fig 4.2. Vertical Digital Profile

Projector (ACCURATE PP-300-TE)
Specifications
 Screen
Glass screen: dia 300mm with cross lines
Magnification: 10x, 20x, telecentric lenses
 Work stage
Size of top plate: 350mm X 210mm
Measuring traverse- X: 200mm, Y: 100mm
Working area: 205mm X 105mm

28
Load capacity: 20 kilograms

Max diameter:150mm
 Digital measuring system

Linear: 3axis with DRO with linear encoders 0.005mm LC
Angular: 360o rotary encoder LC of 1' of an arc. With digital display
 Illumination system: tungsten halogen lamps

Profile: 24V, 150W
Surface illumination: 24V, 150W- 2no.s
Weight: 100kg (unplaced)
Fig 4.3. Implant drawing from Digital

Profile Projector

29
5. FEA STUDY
Finite Element Analysis FEA is a computational tool for performing engineering analysis.
It includes the use of mesh generation techniques for dividing a complex problem into small
elements, as well as the use of software program coded with FEM algorithm. In applying FEA, the
complex problem is usually a physical system with the underlying physics such as the Euler-
Bernoulli beam equation, the heat equation, or the Navier-Stokes equations expressed in either
PDE or integral equations, while the divided small elements of the complex problem represent
different areas in the physical system.
FEA is a good choice for analysing problems over complicated domains (like cars and oil
pipelines), when the domain changes (as during a solid-state reaction with a moving boundary),
when the desired precision varies over the entire domain, or when the solution lacks smoothness.
The FEA is used to calculate the deflection, stresses, strains, temperature, buckling behavior of the
member. Initially, we don't know the displacement and other quantities like strains, stresses which
are then calculated from nodal displacement.
The basic idea of FEA is to make calculations at only limited (finite) number of points and
interpolate the results for the entire domain (surface or volume). Any continuous object has infinite
degrees of freedom and it’s just not possible to solve the problem in this format. Finite element
method reduces the degrees of freedom from infinite to finite with the help of discretization or
meshing (nodes and elements).
5.1 Types of Elements:

• 1-D element: Used for geometries having one of the dimensions that is very large in
comparison to the other two.
The shape of the 1-D element is a line. When the element is created by connecting two nodes, the
software knows about only one out of the 3 dimensions. The remaining two dimensions, the area
of the cross section, must be defined by the user as additional input data and assigned to the
respective elements.
Element shape: Line.
Additional data from user: The remaining two dimensions, the cross-sectional area.

30
Element type: Rod, bar, beam, pipe, axis-symmetric shell etc.

Practical Example: Long shaft, rod, beam, column, spot welding, bolted joints, pin joints, bearing
modelling, etc.
• 2-D Element: Used when two of the dimensions are very large in comparison to the third
one. 2-D meshing is carried out on a mid-surface of the part. 2-D elements are planar, just
like paper. By creating 2-D elements, the software knows 2 out of the 3 required
dimensions. The third dimension, thickness, has to provide by the user as an additional
input data.
Mathematically, the element thickness specified by the user is assigned half on the element top
and half on the bottom side. Hence, in order to represent the geometry appropriately, it is necessary
to extract the mid surface and then mesh on the mid surface. ‘
Elements used: Quad, Tria.
Additional data from user: The remaining one dimension i.e. thickness.
Element type: Thin shell, plate, membrane, plane stress, plane strain, axis-symmetric solid etc.
Practical Examples: All sheet metal parts, Plastic components like Instrument panels, etc. In
general, 2-D meshing is used for parts having a width / thickness ratio > 20.
Limitations of mid surface and 2-D meshing: 2-D meshing would lead to a higher approximation
if used for variable part thickness. Surfaces are not planner and have different features on two
sides.
• 3-D Element: used when all the three dimensions are comparable.
Elements used: Tetra, Penta, Hex, Pyramid
Additional data from user: nothing.
Element type: Solid
Practical Examples: Transmission casing, Clutch housing, Engine block, Connecting rod, Crank
shaft etc.
5.2 Quality checks for 2-D elements:

• Warpage:

31
This is the amount by which an element (or in the case of solid elements, an element face) deviates
from being planar. Since three points define a plane, this check only applies to quads. The quad is
divided into two trias along its diagonal, and the angle between the tria’s normal is measured.
Ideal value = 0ble. ° (Acceptable<10)
• Aspect Ratio:
This is the ratio of the longest edge of an element to either its shortest edge or the shortest distance
from a corner node to the opposing edge.
For 3-D elements each face of the element is treated as a 2-D element and its aspect ratio is
determined.
The largest aspect ratio among the faces is returned as the 3-D elements aspect ratio.
Aspect ratio should rarely exceed 5:1.
Ideal Value = 1 (acceptable<5).
• Skew:
Skew of triangular elements is calculated by finding the minimum angle between the vector from
each node to the opposing mid-side and the vector between the two adjacent mid-sides at each
node of the element.
The minimum angle found is subtracted from ninety degrees and reported as the elements skew.
Ideal value = 0° (Acceptable<45°).
• Chordal Deviation:
Curved surface can be approximated by using many short lines instead of a true curve.
Chordal deviation is the perpendicular distance between the actual curve and the approximating
segments.
• Length (min.):
Minimum element lengths can be calculated using one of the two methods:
1. The shortest edge of the element. This method is used for non-tetrahedral 3-D element.
2. The shortest distance from a corner node to its opposing edge (or face, in case of tetra
elements), referred to as minimal normalized height.
• Jacobian:

32
This measures the deviation of an element from its ideal or perfect shape such as triangle’s
deviation from equilateral. The Jacobian value ranges from 0 to 1 where 1 represents a perfectly
shaped element. The determinant of the Jacobian relates the local stretching of the parametric space
which is required to fit it onto the global coordinate space. Hypermesh evaluates the determinant
of the Jacobian Matrix at each of the element’s integration points (also called gauss points) or at
the elements corner nodes and reports the ratio between the smallest and the largest.
Ideal Value = 1 (acceptable>0.7).
• Trias: min. angle:
The minimum allowable interior angle for a tria element. Any element for which any interior angle
fails below the specified value is highlighted and remains highlighted until you exit the check
elements panel or you select another check.
• Trias: max. angle:
The maximum allowable interior angle for a tria element. Any element for which any interior angle
is greater than the specified value is highlighted and remains highlighted until you exit the check
Ideal Value = 60° (Acceptable 20°<Θ<120°).
• Quads: min. angle:

The minimum allowable interior angle for a quad element. Any element for which any interior
angle fails below the specified value is highlighted and remains highlighted until you exit the check
• Quads: max. angle:
The maximum allowable interior angle for a quad element. Any element for which any interior
angle is greater than the specified value is highlighted and remains highlighted until you exit the
check elements panel or you select another check.
Ideal Value = 90° (Acceptable 45°<Θ<135°).
5.3 Quality check for Tetra elements

• Tetra Collapse:
Ideal value = 1.0 (Acceptable>0.1)
ℎ∗1.24
Tetra collapse =
𝐴

33
(defined as the distance of node from the opposite face divided by the area of the face
multiplied by 1.24)
• Volumetric Skew:
Create a sphere passing through corner nodes of tetra, fit an ideal (equilateral) tetra in it. Find the
volume of ideal and actual tetra elements.
Ideal value = 0 (Acceptable<0.7)
𝑉𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 − 𝑉𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙
Volumetric skew = 𝑉𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙
• Stretch:
Ideal value = 1.0(Acceptable>0.2)
24
Stretch = 𝑅 ∗ √
𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑥
R = Radius of largest possible sphere inside the given tetra element.
• Distortion:
Ideal value =1.0(Acceptable>0.5)
𝑚𝑜𝑑(𝐽)∗𝑉𝑜𝑙𝐿𝐶𝑆
Distortion =
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝐺𝐶𝑆
LCS- Local coordinate system
GCS- Global coordinate system
• Jacobian:
Ideal value =1. 0(Acceptable>0.5)
In simple terms, the Jacobian is scale factor arising because of the transformation of the coordinate
system. Elements are transformed from global coordinates to local coordinates to reduce the
solution time.
• Warp angle:
Ideal value = 0 (acceptable<300)

34
When angle is calculated on faces (quadrilateral)of a hex element. It is the angle between the planes
that form by splitting the quad element.
• Stretch:
Ideal value = 1.0 (acceptable>0.20)
𝑚𝑖𝑛.𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ∗√3
Stretch =
𝑚𝑎𝑥.𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
• Aspect ratio:
Ideal value = 1.0 (acceptable<5)
Aspect ratio = maximum edge length divided by minimum edge length.
• Skew:
Ideal value = 00(acceptable<5)
Skew is check on all the faces of a hex element (quadrilateral). For the skew definition, please
refer to the shell element checks.
Quad face including angle = 450<Ɵ<1350
Tria face including angle = 200<Ɵ<1200
% of Pentas = Acceptable <5%

35
5.4 Mesh Models Of Individual Componenets
 Implant
• Material: Titanium
• Mesh type: Tetra (3D)
• Mesh Size: 0.1 mm
• Number of nodes: 51737
• Number of elements: 229073
Fig 5.4.1 Mesh model of

implant
 Cancellous Bone
• Material: Cancellous
• Mesh Size: 0.1 mm (fine)
0.5 mm (coarse)
Fig 5.4.2 Mesh model of

cancellous

36
Cortical Bone
• Material: Cortical
0.5 mm (coarse)
Fig 5.4.3 Mesh Model of

Cortical Bone
 Abutment
0.5 mm (coarse)
Fig 5.4.4 Mesh Model of

Abutment

37
 Crown
• Mesh type: Mixed Quad & Trias (2D)
• Mesh Size: 0.5 mm
Fig 5.4.5 Mesh Model of Crown
 Screw
0.5 mm (coarse)
• Number of element: 11066
Fig 5.4.6 Mesh Model

of Screw

38
5.5 Mesh Model of Assembly
Abutment Crown
Screw
Cortical
Implant
Cancellous
Fig 5.5 Mesh Model of Complete Implant Assembly

39
5.6 Contacts Defined in Hypermesh
 Contact Between Implant and

Cortical Bone
• Surface Interaction: Friction

• Coefficient of Friction: 0.2
Fig 5.6.1 Contact Between

Implant and Cortical Bone
 Contact Between Implant And

Cancellous Bone
• Surface Interaction: Friction

• Coefficient of Friction: 0.2
Fig.5.6.2 Contact Between

Implant and Cancellous Bone.

40
5.7 FEA of OEM Models
FEA of OEM model i.e. 3D CAD model of cancellous bone which is the impression of
actual selected models without variation in parameters is carried out.
Following are the results obtained from the FEA analysis.
For Model 1:
Fig 5.7.1 Deformation of Model 1 on Oblique 30o Loading Condition
Fig 5.7.2 Stress Intensity of Model 1 on Oblique 30o Loading Condition
Parameter Model 1
Stress Intensity (MPa) 13.843
Deformation (mm) 0.005
Table 5.1 FEA Result Of OEM Implant

41
6. VARIATION IN PARAMETERS USING TAGUCHI

Taguchi method was used to obtain variation in selected parameters of thread design.
Following is the procedure to obtain design parameters.
The variations obtained from taguchi were then made into 3-D CAD models and then analysis was
conducted on each models. Further the results obtained were use in DOE to get the final results.
6.1 Taguchi Method
Taguchi method is a statistical method developed by Taguchi and Konishi . Initially it was
developed for improving the quality of goods manufactured (manufacturing process development),
later its application was expanded to many other fields in Engineering, such as Biotechnology etc.
Professional statisticians have acknowledged Taguchi’s efforts especially in the development of
designs for studying variation. Success in achieving the desired results involves a careful selection
of process parameters and bifurcating them into control and noise factors. Selection of control
factors must be made such that it nullifies the effect of noise factors. Taguchi Method involves
identification of proper control factors to obtain the optimum results of the process. Orthogonal
Arrays (OA) are used to conduct a set of experiments. Results of these experiments are used to
analyze the data and predict the quality of components produced.
Taguchi Orthogonal Array Designs:

Taguchi Orthogonal Array (OA) design is a type of general fractional factorial design. It is a highly
fractional orthogonal design that is based on a design matrix proposed by Dr. Genichi Taguchi and
allows you to consider a selected subset of combinations of multiple factors at multiple levels.
Taguchi Orthogonal arrays are balanced to ensure that all levels of all factors are considered
equally. For this reason, the factors can be evaluated independently of each other despite the
fractionality of the design.

42
Establish Objective Function
Determine Controllable Factors
Identify Uncontrollable Factors
Design Taguchi Layout
Conduct Trial Experiments
Analyze Testing Results
Determine Optimum Run
Run Confirmation Test
Fig 6.1 The procedure of Taguchi method

43
6.2 Levels
Two level factorial experiments are factorial experiments in which each factor is investigated at
only two levels.
The factorial experiments, where all combination of the levels of the factors are run, are usually
referred to as full factorial experiments. Full factorial two level experiments are also referred to
as designs where denotes the number of factors being investigated in the experiment.
In our case, number of factors are five; dimeter, length, depth, pitch, thickness and number of
levels are two; low level and high level.
A full factorial two level design with factors requires runs for a single replicate a two-
level experiment with five factors will require 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 32 runs.
Parameters Low level High level

Depth 0.21 0.41
Pitch 0.85 1.20
Thickness 0.07 0.19
Diameter 3.5 5
Length 10.5 15
Table 6.2.1 Levels of parameters
6.3 Steps Involved in Minitab
 Minitab > stat > DOE > Taguchi > Create Taguchi Design.
Fig 6.3.1 Steps involved in Minitab

44
 Taguchi design > number of factors is 5 > ok.
Fig 6.3.2 Taguchi Design
 Taguchi Design > Select 2level L32 Design > Ok.
Fig 6.3.3 Available Taguchi Design

45
 Taguchi model obtained from MINITAB :
Table 6.3.1 Taguchi model obtained from MINITAB

46
7. FEA RESULTS FOR OBTAINED MODELS
7.1 FEA Results for Model 1
MODEL 1
Cancellous Deformation Vertical Cancellous Deformation Oblique 300
Cancellous Stress Vertical Cancellous Stress Oblique 300

Fig: 7.1.1
47
MODEL 2
Fig: 7.2.1

48
MODEL 3
Fig: 7.3.1

49
MODEL 4
Fig: 7.4.1

50
MODEL 5
Fig: 7.5.1

51
MODEL 6
Fig: 7.6.1

52
MODEL 7

Fig: 7.7.1

53
MODEL 8

Fig: 7.8.1

54
MODEL 9

Fig: 7.9.1

55
MODEL 10

Fig: 7.10.1

56
MODEL 11

Fig: 7.11.1

57
MODEL 12

.
Fig: 7.12.1

58
MODEL 13

Fig: 7.13.1

59
MODEL 14

Fig: 7.14.1

60
MODEL 15

Fig: 7.15.1

61
MODEL 16
Fig: 7.16.1

62
MODEL 17

Fig: 7.17.1

63
MODEL 18

Fig: 7.18.1

64
MODEL 19

Fig: 7.19.1

65
MODEL 20

Fig: 7.20.1

66
MODEL 21

Fig: 7.21.1

67
MODEL 22

Fig: 7.22.1

68
MODEL 23

Fig: 7.23.1

69
MODEL 24

Fig: 7.24.1

70
MODEL 25

Fig: 7.25.1

71
MODEL 26

Fig: 7.26.1

72
MODEL 27
.
Fig: 7.27.1

73
MODEL 28

Fig: 7.28.1

74
MODEL 29
Cancellous Stress Vertical Cancellous Stress Oblique 300.

Fig: 7.29.1

75
MODEL 30
030
Cancellous Stress Vertical Fig: 7.30.1Cancellous Stress Oblique 30

76
MODEL 31

Fig: 7.31.1

77
MODEL 32
Cancellous Deformation Vertical s Cancellous Deformation Oblique 300
0
Cancellous Stress Vertical Fig: 7.32.1Cancellous Stress Oblique 30

78
7.33 Results of FEA Models
Table: 7.3 Result of FEA

79
8. DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT
Design of experiments (DOE) is a systematic method to determine the relationship between factors
affecting a process and the output of that process. In other words, it is used to find cause-and-effect
relationships. This information is needed to manage process inputs in order to optimize the output.
Prepare
design
Collect
data
Statistical
analysis of
data
Derivation
of
conclusion
Formulate
results
 Controllable input factors, or x factors, are those input parameters that can be modified in an
experiment or process.
 Uncontrollable input factors are those parameters that cannot be changed. These factors need to
be recognized to understand how they may affect the response.
 Responses, or output measures, are the elements of the process outcome that gage the desired
effect.
 Hypothesis testing helps determine the significant factors using statistical methods. There are
two possibilities in a hypothesis statement: the null and the alternative. The null hypothesis is
valid if the status quo is true. The alternative hypothesis is true if the status quo is not valid.
Testing is done at a level of significance, which is based on a probability.
 Blocking and replication: Blocking is an experimental technique to avoid any unwanted
variations in the input or experimental process. For example, an experiment may be conducted
with the same equipment to avoid any equipment variations. Practitioners
also replicate experiments, performing the same combination run more than once, in order to get
an estimate for the amount of random error that could be part of the process.

80
 Interaction: When an experiment has three or more variables, an interaction is a situation in

which the simultaneous influence of two variables on a third is not additive.

Hypothesis test
Hypothesis testing is an essential procedure in statistics. A hypothesis test evaluates two mutually
exclusive statements about a population to determine which statement is best supported by the
sample data.
Null hypothesis
The hypothesis that there is no significant difference between specified populations, any observed
difference being due to sampling or experimental error.
Null hypothesis is obtained when stress values are same.
Alternative hypothesis
An alternative hypothesis is one that states there is a statistically significant relationship between
two variables.
Alternative hypothesis is obtained when stress values are distinct.
8.1 Regression
In statistical modelling, regression analysis is a set of statistical processes for estimating the
relationships among variables. It includes many techniques for modelling and analysing several
variables, when the focus is on the relationship between a dependent variable and one or
more independent variables (or 'predictors'). More specifically, regression analysis helps one
understand how the typical value of the dependent variable (or 'criterion variable') changes when
any one of the independent variables is varied, while the other independent variables are held
fixed.

81
Regression line
Definition: In statistics, a regression line is a line that best describes the behaviour of a set of data.
In other words, it’s a line that best fits the trend of a given data
R-squared and the Goodness-of-Fit
R-squared evaluates the scatter of the data points around the fitted regression line. It is also called
the coefficient of determination, or the coefficient of multiple determination for multiple
regression. For the same data set, higher R-squared values represent smaller differences between
the observed data and the fitted values.
R-squared is the percentage of the dependent variable variation that a linear model explains.
R-squared is always between 0 and 100%.
 0% represents a model that does not explain any of the variation in the response variable
around its mean. The mean of the dependent variable predicts the dependent variable as
well as the regression model.
 100% represents a model that explains all of the variation in the response variable around
its mean.
Usually, the larger the R2, the better the regression model fits the observations. The general value
of R2 should be greater than 80% according to Pareto analysis.
The R2 values obtained are as follow:
 Model 1: 99.40%
Interpreting Regression Coefficients for Linear Relationships
The sign of a regression coefficient tells you whether there is a positive or negative correlation
between each independent variable the dependent variable. A positive coefficient indicates that as
the value of the independent variable increases, the mean of the dependent variable also tends to

82
increase. A negative coefficient suggests that as the independent variable increases, the dependent
variable tends to decrease.
Regression analysis
Fig: 8.1.1
8.2 ANOVA
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is a statistical technique that is used to check if the means of two
or more groups are significantly different from each other. ANOVA checks the impact of one or
more factors by comparing the means of different samples.
One-way ANOVA
The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to determine whether there are any
statistically significant differences between the means of three or more independent (unrelated)
groups.
F Value

83
The F value is the result of a test where the null hypothesis is that all of the regression coefficients
are equal to zero. In other words, the model has no predictive capability. Basically, the f-test
compares your model with zero predictor variables (the intercept only model) and decides whether
your added coefficients improved the model. If you get a significant result, then whatever
coefficients you included in your model improved the model’s fit.
One way ANOVA
Fig 8.1.2 One-way ANOVA
 Interaction Plots for Model 1:

84
Main Effects Plot for SN ratios

Data Means
Length Diameter Pitch

-24
-25
Mean of SN ratios
-26
-27
10 15 3.5 5.0 0.85 1.20
Thick ness Depth
-24
-25
-26
-27
0.07 0.19 0.21 0.41
Signal-to-noise: Smaller is better
Fig 8.1.3 Main Effects Plot for SN ratios for Model 1
Main Effects Plot for Means

Data Means
Length Diameter Pitch
22
20
18
Mean of Means
16
10 15 3.5 5.0 0.85 1.20
Thickness Depth
22
20
18
16
0.07 0.19 0.21 0.41
Fig 8.1.4 Main Effects Plot for Means for Model 1
For calculating stress intensity, the objective function smaller the better type was used.

85
The factor levels corresponding to the highest S-N ratio where chosen to optimize the condition.
Higher S-N ratio was obtained for the following parameter levels:
a. Depth: Low level (0.21mm)

b. Pitch: Low level (0.85mm)
c. Thickness: High level (0.19mm)
d. Daimeter: Low level (3.50mm)
e. Length: High level (15.00mm)
Fig 8.1.5 Interaction plot For SN ratios for Model1

86
Fig 8.1.6 Interaction Plot for means of

Model1
From the above plots, since the curves do not intersect we can interpret that variation in pitch and
thickness while keeping depth constant do not have any combined effect on stress intensity in
selected range.
When the pitch is keep constant variation in thickness has no significant effect while variation in
depth has considerable effect on stress intensity.
Similarly, effect of variation of depth is substantial while effect of variation in pitch do not affect
much when thickness is constant.
From the above plots, since the curves do not intersect we can interpret that variation in pitch and
thickness while keeping depth constant do not have any combined effect on stress intensity in
selected range.When the pitch is keep constant variation in thickness has no significant effect while
variation in depth has considerable effect on stress intensity.
Similarly, effect of variation of depth is substantial while effect of variation in pitch do not affect
much when thickness is constant.

87
9. RESULT:
1. From regression analysis following equations are obtained.
Stress Intensity = (99.8*Depth) + (1.91*Pitch) – (5.9*thickness) – (14.7)
2. Optimised models are as follows:
Model Depth Pitch Thickness Diameter Length
Model 1 0.21 0.85 0.19 3.50 15.00
Table 9.1 Result Table
Fig 9.1 Optimization graph

88
10. Final Design and Manufacturing:-
By performimg various optimization technique on different profile parameter of

implant, we found optimized parameter which satisfy our aim to reduce stresses in bone.
Detailed Drafting :-
Fig 10.1 Drafting

89
10.1 Manufacturing Approach
As we are aimimg towards indigenous manufacturing of dental implant we found out various
available machinig processes by which we can fabricate our custom dental Implant.
As Pune has been one of the largest hub for manufacturing in India, we decided to carry out
market survey about various manufacturing technique available for our desired machining
approach
After market survey and investigating various manufacturing industrial area we found out some
manufacturing methods which are enlisted below.
Fig 10.1.1 Different types of machine

90
10.1.1 CNC Lathe machine

CNC stands for Computerized Numerical Control and the machine it has been used in is Called
CNC Machining. CNC is a type of motion control system where the basic objective is to control
the machine using a Computer instead of cams or template to cut apart. It is controlled by
Computer.
Computer Numerical Control formally known as CNC is a computerized framework of Lathe
Machine but the only difference is that NC is controlled by the Computer, we only have to put
the required drawing of the object in the computer program in order to get the required results.
10.1.2 VMC
VMC Stands for Vertical Machining Center, it is a type of Computer Numerical Control (CNC)
Machine, typically enclosed and most often used for cutting metal. VMC is very expensive and
at the same time are very precise. Here is one of the Pictures of Vertical Machine Center.
The difference between CNC and VMC is that the VMC is sometimes used as a part in the CNC
Machining. It is controlled by the CNC, it finds its application because of the High Precision but
one disadvantage is that it is costly to make and implement. In addition to VMC, CNC
technology can also control lasers, 3D printers, water jets, plasma cutters, saws, etc.
In VMC the work piece is held on the table and the cutting tools are fixed which is controlled by
“Vertical Spindle Z Axis” The table can move in X as well as Y-Axis.
Using the Means of the Computer Numerical control machine we use Vertical Machining center
tool to make sure the part made is highly precise.
A VMC is a type of CNC machine, typically enclosed and most often used for cutting metal.
They are usually very precise and very expensive. Here is a pic of a popular VMC, built by Haas,
that uses CNC controls.

91
10.1.3 3D PRINTING:
3D Printing or Additive manufacturing is a novel method of manufacturing parts directly from

digital model by using layer by layer material build-up approach. This tool-less manufacturing
method can produce fully dense metallic parts in short time, with high precision. Features of
additive manufacturing like freedom of part design, part complexity, light weighting, part
consolidation and design for function are garnering interests in metal additive manufacturing for
aerospace, oil & gas, marine and automobile applications. Powder bed fusion, in which each
powder bed layer is selectively fused by using energy source like laser, is the most promising
additive manufacturing technology that can be used for manufacturing small, low volume,
complex metallic parts.
3D Printed sample Implant 3D Printed sample Implant

Prototype Scale – 1 : 1 Scale - 1 : 2.5
Fig 10.1.3 3D printed models

92
10.2 Implant Production

The process of making an implant involves feeding a long titanium rod through a machine for
cutting, threading and shaping it -- hundreds of implants can be made from a single rod. A
variety of treatments may then be applied to the surface of the implants to increase the chance of
successful osseointegration - a number of studies have shown that rough, porous surfaces tend to
work better than smooth. Treatments may include acid-etching, anodization, various types of
coatings and sand or grit-blasting.
Titanium implants can be made as a two-piece system: a root component is placed at the level of
underlying bone, and an abutment component that protrudes from the gums is attached to hold
the prosthesis. The two-piece approach increases placement flexibility, and also allows for the
option of both permanent fixtures and removable ones, such as dentures
SELECTED MANUFACTURING PROCESS
10.2.1 Procurement of material
Titanium grade V ( Ti4Al6V): Diameter 6mm
Fig 10.2.1 Titanium Bar

93
10.2.2 Operation on CNC machine
Fig 10.2.2 Operation on CNC machine
10.2.3 Sparking operation.
Fig: 10.2.3

94
10.3 CNC Program

00420;
N3;
T0303;
G0 X20 Z25;
Z5;
Z0.2;
M11;
M0;
G0 Z25;
G28 U0 W0;
M1;
N6;
G99 G40;
G50 S600;
G97 S600 M3;
T0606;
G0 X8 Z25 M8;
Z5;
Z2;
G1 Z0.0 F0.6;
X -1.2 F0.08;
G0 Z2;
X6;
G90 X5.5 Z-15 F0.12;
X5;
X4.5;
X4;
X3.8;
G0 Z2;
G0 Z0.5;
X1.94;
G1 X3 Z-8.333 F0.03;
G0 Z0.5;
X1.94;
G1 X2.5 Z-4.167;
G0 Z2;
X-2;
G1 G42 X-1 Z1 F0.6;
G1 Z0.0 F0.06;
X1.058;
G03 X2.056 Z-0.47 R0.5;

95
G1 X3.5 Z-12.5;
Z-15;
X4.5;
X6 Z-15.75;
X8;
G40;
G0 Z2;
G28 U0 W0;
M1;
N2;
G99 G40;
G50 S600;
G97 S600 M3;
T0202;
G0 X4 Z25 M8;
Z5;
Z2;
G1 Z-12.9 F0.2;
G92 X3.5 Z-14.05 F0.2;
X3.45;
X3.4;
X3.375;
X3.35;
X3.25;
X3.3;
G0 Z2;
Z25;
G28 U0 W0;
M00;
N1;
G99 G40;
G50 S600;
G97 S600 M4;
T0101;
G0 X4 Z25 M8;
Z5;
Z2;
G92 X3.5 Z-12.5 R-0.85 F 0.6;
X3.45;
X3.3;
X3.25;
X3.2;
X3.15;
X3.125;

96
X3.1;
X3.1;
G0 Z2;
Z25;
G28 U0 W0;
M00;
N8;
G99 G40;
G50 S600;
G97 S600 M3;
T0808;
G0 X7 Z25 M8;
Z5;
Z2;
G1 Z-16.1 F0.9;
X5 F0.04;
X5.2;
X4;
X4.2;
X3;
X3.2;
X2.5;
X3 M9;
G04 X5;
X-2.5;
X6.5 F0.2;
G0 X7 Z25 M5;
G28 U0 W0;
M30;
%

97
11.CONCLUSION:
This project proposes study of effect of variations in parameters on the stress intensity on
the cancellous bone and the manufacturing of implant. The result shows that variations in all
these parameters have effect on stress intensity. Study of variation of individual parameter
shows that not all the parameters have significant effect on stress intensity. Similar
conclusion can be obtained by interaction plots of variations of two parameters at a time.
1. From this project we studied that variation in selected parameters of dental implant have
effect on stress intensity.
2. Favourable conditions for minimizing stress intensity are smaller depth, smaller pitch
and larger thickness.
3. For the selected range of parameters, the results obtained are not widely spread.
4. Optimised profile was obtained for model.
5. The low cost manufacturing of this dental implant design has been carried out.
12.FUTURE SCOPE
 In the current study, we have studied the effect of variations of five parameters of threads
while keeping other parameters constant. In future, effect of variations of more parameters
could be studied. The analysis however would contain complex mathematics and complex
statistical operations. The parameters that could be varied are length, diameter, types of
notches etc. Further variations can be made with respect to types of threads. The threads
used in the current study are spiral and buttress type. The analysis using other types of
threads can be studied. Variation in thread parameters like thread angles, number of
threads, etc. can be studied.
 In the current study, the optimized profile is found out by FEA analysis. Since the
manufacturing of implant is quite costly and requires precision equipments, the scope for
the current study did not include the manufacturing. In future, the optimized implant profile
obtained through FEA analysis could be manufactured and the results could be verified
experimentally.
 For the current study all the loading conditions taken are static. Analysis of dynamic
loading is complex and hence kept out of scope. In future using dynamic analysis software
study of dynamic loading conditions can be studied.

98
13. REFERENCES:
1. Dauglas Montgomery, Design and Analysis of Experiments 8th edition, 2012.

2. Abuhussein H, Pagni G, Rebaudi A, Wang HL. The effect of thread pattern upon implant
osseointegration. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2010;21:129–136.
3. Taguchi G, Konishi S ,Taguchi Methods, orthogonal arrays and linear graphs, tools for
quality American supplier institute, American Supplier Institute; 1987 [p. 8-35]
4. Hansson S, Werke M. The implant thread as a retention element in cortical bone: the effect
of thread size and thread profile: a finite element study. J Biomech. 2003;36:1247–1258.
5. Brunski JB. In vivo bone response to biomechanical loading at the bone/dental-implant
interface. Adv Dent Res. 1999;13:99–119.
6. Aisyah Ahmad Shafi2,b), C. Y. Khor1,c), W. M. Faizal W. A. Rahim. The effect of different
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Optimization and Manufacturing of Custom Dental Implant Profile Parameter Variation For Bio-Mechanical Property Enhancement

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Savitribai Phule Pune University

Optimization and Manufacturing of Custom

Under the guidance of

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Pune, B.E. (Mechanical)

This is to certify that

Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Pune, B.E. (Mechanical)

It gives us great pleasure to present a project on “Optimization of Custom Dental

We will fail in our duties if we won’t acknowledge a great sense of gratitude to

Ms. Prajakta T. Tathe Ms. Shivam K.Shende

Mr. Ninad B. Kulkarni Mr. Chanchal V. Dhiman

Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Pune, B.E. (Mechanical)

Chapter Contents Page no

Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Pune, B.E. (Mechanical)

3.8 Summary of Literature Review 25

6.1 Taguchi Method 42

Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Pune, B.E. (Mechanical)

7.13 FEA Results for Model 13 59

Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Pune, B.E. (Mechanical)

Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Pune, B.E. (Mechanical)

Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Pune, B.E. (Mechanical)

Fig 7.9.1 FEA Results for Model 9 55

Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Pune, B.E. (Mechanical)

Fig 8.1.6 Interaction Plot for means of Model1 87

Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Pune, B.E. (Mechanical)

Figure Page no.

Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Pune, B.E. (Mechanical)

Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Pune, B.E. (Mechanical)

1.1 Dental Implants

Fig 1.1 Dental implant

Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Pune, B.E. (Mechanical)

 Abutment: A tooth or implant used to support prosthesis

Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Pune, B.E. (Mechanical)

Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Pune, B.E. (Mechanical)

 Topography: Precise detailed study of the surface features of a region

• The implant root or screw

The following are the components of the implant root or screw:

• The implant abutment

• The crown/dental prosthesis

1.4 Cortical Bone

Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Pune, B.E. (Mechanical)

1.5 Cancellous Bone

1.6 Properties of Jaw Bones

Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Pune, B.E. (Mechanical)

1.7 Mechanical Properties of Bones

Materials Young Modulus E (GPa) Poisson Ratio (ν)

Table 1.7 Properties of Bones

Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Pune, B.E. (Mechanical)

Osseointegration may also be defined as:

1. Osseous integration, the apparent direct attachment or connection of osseous tissue to an

 Dental implants are by far the main field of application

Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Pune, B.E. (Mechanical)

2. Profile measurement of selected implant geometry specifications (diameter, length, pitch,

4. 3D modelling of the selected implants by using CAD software.

6. Interpretation of the results and optimization by Design of Experiments (DOE) for

7. Precise Manufacturing of selected optimized implant.

Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Pune, B.E. (Mechanical)

• Selected commercial implant- Biohorizon,

 Measurement of selected dental implant profile parameter by using vertical profile

 Analysis of designed dental implant is carried out using FEA software

• Meshing of CAD model in Hypermesh

 Interpretation of the results obtained from FEA software.