Coordinates: 15°47′38″S 47°52′58″W

Brasília
Brasília (/brəˈzɪliə/;[3][4] Portuguese: [bɾaˈziljɐ]) is the federal capital of
Brazil and seat of government of the Federal District. The city is located Brasília
at the top of the Brazilian highlands in the country's center-western
Federal capital
region. It was founded by President Juscelino Kubitschek on April 21,
1960, to serve as the new national capital. Brasilia is estimated to be Região Administrativa de Brasília
Brazil's third-most populous city.[1] Among major Latin American cities, Administrative Region of Brasília
it has the highest GDP per capita.[5]

Brasilia was a planned city developed by Lúcio Costa, Oscar Niemeyer

and Joaquim Cardozo in 1956 in a scheme to move the capital from Rio
de Janeiro to a more central location. The landscape architect was
Roberto Burle Marx.[6][7] The city's design divides it into numbered
blocks as well as sectors for specified activities, such as the Hotel Sector,
the Banking Sector, and the Embassy Sector. Brasilia was inscribed as a
UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987 due to its modernist architecture
and uniquely artistic urban planning.[8] It was named "City of Design" by
UNESCO in October 2017 and has been part of the Creative Cities
Network since then.[9]

All three branches of Brazil's federal government are centered in the city:
executive, legislative and judiciary. Brasilia also hosts 124 foreign
embassies.[10] The city's international airport connects it to all other major
Brazilian cities and some international destinations, and it is the third-
busiest airport in Brazil. It was one of the main host cities of the 2014
FIFA World Cup and hosted some of the football matches during the
2016 Summer Olympics; it also hosted the 2013 FIFA Confederations
Cup.

The city has a unique status in Brazil, as it is an administrative division

rather than a legal municipality like other cities in Brazil. Although
Brasilia is used as a synonym for the Federal District through
synecdoche, the Federal District is composed of 31 administrative
regions, only one of which is the area of the originally planned city, also
called Plano Piloto. The rest of the Federal District is considered by
IBGE to make up Brasilia's metro area.[1]

Contents
History
Background
Costa plan
Construction
Geography
Climate
Demographics
Ethnic groups
Religion
Government
International relations
Economy
Services From the top: National Congress;
Planalto Palace; buildings of the South
Industries Banking Sector; headquarters of the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs; Alvorada
Culture Palace; The Justice Statue in front of
Architecture and urbanism the Supreme Federal Court;
Monumental civic scale Metropolitan Cathedral at night and
Notable structures Juscelino Kubitschek bridge.

Education
Transportation
Airport
Road transport
Flag
Metro Seal
Buses Nicknames: Capital Federal, BSB,
Rail Capital da Esperança
Light rail Motto(s): "Venturis ventis"(Latin)
"To the coming winds"
Brasilia Public Transportation Statistics
Sport
Notable people
See also
Purpose-built Brazilian state capitals
Explanatory notes
References Location in the Federal District
External links

History

Background Brasília

Brazil's first capital was

The foundation stone of Brasilia, Hill
of the Centenary, erected in the year
of the celebrations of the 100th
anniversary of Brazil's independence
in 1922
that the capital should be moved from Rio de Janeiro to a place close to
the country's center.
Salvador; in 1763 Rio de Janeiro
became Brazil's capital and
remained so until 1960. During
this period, resources tended to
be centered in Brazil's Location in Brazil
southeastern region, and most of
the country's population was
concentrated near its Atlantic
coast.[11] Brasilia's
geographically central location
fostered a more regionally
neutral federal capital. An article
of the country's first republican
constitution, dated 1891, states

The plan was conceived in 1827 by José Bonifácio, an advisor to

Emperor Pedro I. He presented a plan to the General Assembly of Brazil
for a new city called Brasilia, with the idea of moving the capital
westward from the heavily populated southeastern corridor. The bill was
not enacted because Pedro I dissolved the Assembly.

According to the legend, Italian saint Don Bosco in 1883 had a dream in
which he described a futuristic city that roughly fitted Brasilia's
location.[12] In Brasilia today, many references to Bosco, who founded
the Salesian order, are found throughout the city and one church parish in
the city bears his name.[13]
Brasília
Costa plan

Juscelino Kubitschek was

elected President of Brazil in
1955. Upon taking office in
January 1956, in fulfilment of his
campaign pledge, he initiated the
planning and construction of the
new capital. The following year
an international jury selected
Lúcio Costa's plan to guide the Brasília (South America)
Plano Piloto Coordinates: 15°47′38″S 47°52′58″W
construction of Brazil's new
capital, Brasilia. Costa was a Country Brazil
student of the famous modernist Region Central-West
architect Le Corbusier, and some District Federal District
of modernism's architecture Founded April 21, 1960
features can be found in his plan.
Area
Costa's plan was not as detailed
as some of the plans presented • Federal 5,802 km2
capital (2,240.164 sq mi)
by other architects and city
planners. It did not include land Elevation 1,172 m (3,845 ft)
use schedules, models, Population (2017)
population charts or mechanical • Density 480.827/km2
drawings; however, it was (1,245.34/sq mi)
chosen by five out of six jurors • Urban 3,039,444[2][note 1]
because it had the features • Metro 4,291,577(3rd)[1]
Construction of the Ministries (4th)
required to align the growth of a
Esplanade in 1959 population of the
capital city.[14] Even though the
Federal District
initial plan was transformed over
time, it oriented much of the Demonym(s) Brasiliense
construction and most of its GDP
features survived. • Year 2015 estimate
• Total $65.338 billion (8th)
Brasilia's accession as the new • Per capita $21,779 (1st)
capital and its designation for the HDI
development of an extensive • Year 2014
interior region inspired the • Category 0.839 very high (1st)
symbolism of the plan. Costa
Time zone UTC−03:00 (BRT)
used a cross-axial design
indicating the possession and Postal code 70000-000
conquest of this new place with a Area code(s) +55 61
cross,[15] often likened to a Website www.brasilia.df.gov
Imauguration of Brasília. April 21, .br (http://www.brasili
dragonfly, an airplane or a
1960. a.df.gov.br)
bird.[14] Costa's plan included
(in Portuguese)
two principal components, the
Monumental Axis (east to west) UNESCO World Heritage Site
and the Residential Axis (north to south).
Official name Brasilia
The Monumental Axis was assigned political and administrative Type Cultural
activities, and is considered the body of the city with the style and Criteria i, iv
simplicity of its buildings, oversized scales, and broad vistas and heights, Designated 1987 (11th session)
producing the idea of Monumentality. This axis includes the various Reference no. 445 (https://whc.unes
ministries, national congress, presidential palace, supreme court building co.org/en/list/445)
Region Latin America and
and the television and radio tower.[15] the Caribbean
The Residential Axis was intended to contain areas with intimate
character and is considered the most important achievement of the plan; it was designed for housing and associated
functions such as local commerce, schooling, recreations and churches, constituted of 96 superblocks limited to six
stories buildings and 12 additional superblocks limited to three stories buildings;[14] Costa's intention with superblocks
was to have small self-contained and self-sufficient neighborhoods and uniform buildings with apartments of two or
three different categories, where he envisioned the integration of upper and middle classes sharing the same residential
area.[15] But at that time he did not foresee the growing population in the city. The capacity limit in his plan later
caused the formation of many favelas, poorer, more densely populated satellite cities around Brasilia, peopled by
migrants from other place in the country. [1] (http://www.aboutbrasilia.com/maps/satellite-cities.php)

The urban design of the communal apartment blocks was based on Le

Corbusier's Ville Radieuse of 1935, and the superblocks on the North
American Radburn layout from 1929.[16] Visually, the blocks were intended
to appear absorbed by the landscape because they were isolated by a belt of
tall trees and lower vegetation. Costa attempted to introduce a Brazil that was
more equitable, he also designed housing for the working classes that was
separated from the upper- and middle-class housing and was visually
different, with the intention of avoiding slums (favelas) in the urban
periphery.[14][17] The superquadra has been accused of being a space where
individuals are oppressed and alienated to a form of spatial segregation.[18]

One of the main objectives of the plan was to allow the free flow of Brasilia in 1964
automobile traffic, the plan included lanes of traffic in a north–south direction
(seven for each direction) for the Monumental Axis and three arterials (the
W3, the Eixo and the L2) for the residential Axis;[15] the cul-de-sac access
roads of the superblocks were planned to be the end of the main flow of
traffic. And the reason behind the heavy emphasis on automobile traffic is the
architect's desire to establish the concept of modernity in every level.

Though automobiles were invented prior to the 20th century, mass production
of vehicles in the early 20th made them widely available; thus, they became a
symbol of modernity. The two small axes around the Monumental axis
provide loops and exits for cars to enter small roads. Some argue that his
emphasis of the plan on automobiles caused the lengthening of distances Brasília in 1970
between centers and it attended only the necessities of a small segment of the
population who owned cars.[14] But one can not ignore the bus transportation
system in the city. The buses routes inside the city operate heavily on W3 and
L2. Almost anywhere, including satellite cities, can be reached just by taking
the bus and most of the Plano Piloto can be reached without transferring to
other buses.

Later when overpopulation turned Brasilia into a dystopia, the transportation

system also played an important role in mediating the relationship between the
Pilot plan and the satellite cities. Because of overpopulation, the monument
axis now has to have traffic lights on it, which violates the concept of Brasilia in 1975
modernity and advancement the architect first employed. Additionally, the
metro system in Brasilia was mainly built for inhabitants of satellite cities.
Though the overpopulation has made Brasilia no longer a pure utopia with incomparable modernity, the later
development of traffic lights, buses routes to satellite cities, and the metro system all served as a remedy to the
dystopia, enabling the citizens to enjoy the kind of modernity that was not carefully planned.
At the intersection of the Monumental and Residential Axis Costa planned the city center with the transportation center
(Rodoviaria), the banking sector and the hotel sector,[15] near to the city center, he proposed an amusement center with
theaters, cinemas and restaurants. Costa's Plan is seen as a plan with a sectoral tendency, segregating all the banks, the
office buildings, and the amusement center.[14]

One of the main features of Costa's plan was that he presented a new city with its future shape and patterns evident
from the beginning. This meant that the original plan included paving streets that were not immediately put into use;
the advantage of this was that the original plan is hard to undo because he provided for an entire street network, but on
the other hand, is difficult to adapt and mold to other circumstances in the future.[14] In addition, there has been
controversy with the monumental aspect of Lúcio Costa's Plan, because it appeared to some as 19th century city
planning, not modern 20th century in urbanism.[19]

An interesting analysis can be made of Brasilia within the context of Cold War politics and the association of Lúcio
Costa's plan to the symbolism of aviation. From an architectural perspective, the airplane-shaped plan was certainly an
homage to Le Corbusier and his enchantment with the aircraft as an architectural masterpiece. However, it is important
to also note that Brasilia was constructed soon after the end of World War II. Despite Brazil's minor participation in the
conflict, the airplane shape of the city was key in envisioning the country as part of the newly globalized world,
together with the victorious Allies.[20] Furthermore, Brasilia is a unique example of modernism both as a guideline for
architectural design but also as a principle for organizing society. Modernism in Brasilia is explored in James Holston's
book, The Modernist City.[21]

Construction

Juscelino Kubitschek, president of Brazil from 1956 to 1961, ordered Brasilia's construction, fulfilling the promise of
the Constitution and his own political campaign promise. Building Brasilia was part of Juscelino's "fifty years of
prosperity in five" plan. Already in 1892, the astronomer Louis Cruls, in the service of the Brazilian government, had
investigated the site for the future capital. Lúcio Costa won a contest and was the main urban planner[22] in 1957, with
5550 people competing. Oscar Niemeyer was the chief architect of most public buildings, Joaquim Cardozo was the
structural engineer, and Roberto Burle Marx was the landscape designer. Brasilia was built in 41 months, from 1956 to
April 21, 1960, when it was officially inaugurated.

Geography
The city is located at the top of the Brazilian highlands in the country's
center-western region.

Paranoá Lake, a large artificial lake, was built to increase the amount of
water available and to maintain the region's humidity. It has a marina, and
hosts wakeboarders and windsurfers. Diving can also be practiced and
one of the main attractions is Vila Amaury, an old village submerged in
the lake. This is where the first construction workers of Brasilia used to
live.[23]

Climate

Brasilia from ISS Brasilia has a tropical savanna climate (Aw, according to the Köppen
climate classification), milder due to the elevation and with two distinct
seasons: the rainy season, from October to April, and the dry season,
from May to September. [24] The average temperature is 21.0 °C (69.8 °F).[25] September, at the end of the dry season,
has the highest average maximum temperature, 28.4 °C (83.1 °F), and July has major and minor lower maximum
average temperature, of 25.1 °C (77.2 °F) and 12.9 °C (55.2 °F), respectively.[25] Average temperatures from
September through March are a consistent 22 °C (72 °F).[25] With 241.5 mm (9.5 in), December is the month with the
highest rainfall of the year, while June is the lowest, with only 4.9 mm (0.2 in).[25] During the dry season, the city can
have very low relative humidity levels, often below 30%.[26]
According to Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology (INMET), the record low temperature was 1.6 °C (34.9 °F)
on July 18, 1975, and the record high was 36.4 °C (97.5 °F) on October 18, 2015 [27] and October 8, 2020.[25][28]
The highest accumulated rainfall in 24 hours was 132.8 mm (5.2 in) on November 15, 1963.[29]

Climate data for Brasília (1981–2010, extremes 1961–present)

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Record high 32.6 31.4 32.1 31.6 31.6 31.6 30.8 33.0 34.9 36.4 33.3 32.7 36.4
°C (°F) (90.7) (88.5) (89.8) (88.9) (88.9) (88.9) (87.4) (91.4) (94.8) (97.5) (91.9) (90.9) (97.5)

Average 26.5 27.0 26.7 26.6 25.9 25.0 25.3 26.9 28.4 28.2 26.7 26.3 26.6
high °C (°F) (79.7) (80.6) (80.1) (79.9) (78.6) (77.0) (77.5) (80.4) (83.1) (82.8) (80.1) (79.3) (79.9)

Daily mean 21.6 21.7 21.6 21.3 20.2 19.0 19.0 20.6 22.2 22.4 21.5 21.4 21.0
°C (°F) (70.9) (71.1) (70.9) (70.3) (68.4) (66.2) (66.2) (69.1) (72.0) (72.3) (70.7) (70.5) (69.8)

Average low 18.1 18.0 18.1 17.5 15.6 13.9 13.7 15.2 17.2 18.1 18.0 18.1 16.8
°C (°F) (64.6) (64.4) (64.6) (63.5) (60.1) (57.0) (56.7) (59.4) (63.0) (64.6) (64.4) (64.6) (62.2)

Record low 12.2 11.0 14.5 10.7 3.2 3.3 1.6 5.0 9.0 10.2 11.4 11.4 1.6
°C (°F) (54.0) (51.8) (58.1) (51.3) (37.8) (37.9) (34.9) (41.0) (48.2) (50.4) (52.5) (52.5) (34.9)

Average
209.4 183.0 211.8 133.4 29.7 4.9 6.3 24.1 46.6 159.8 226.9 241.5 1,477.4
precipitation
(8.24) (7.20) (8.34) (5.25) (1.17) (0.19) (0.25) (0.95) (1.83) (6.29) (8.93) (9.51) (58.17)
mm (inches)

Average
precipitation
17 14 14 8 3 1 1 2 5 11 17 19 112
days
(≥ 1.0 mm)

Average
relative
76.2 74.7 76.8 72.2 66.2 58.7 52.7 46.8 50.3 62.8 74.5 78.0 65.8
humidity
(%)

Mean
monthly
150.9 158.9 166.5 204.6 239.5 254.3 268.9 264.4 210.5 183.1 139.9 126.8 2,368.3
sunshine
hours

Source 1: Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia[25]

Source 2: Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)[30]

Demographics

Ethnic groups

According to the 2010 IBGE Census, 2,469,489 people resided in Brasilia

and its metropolitan area,[31] of whom 1,239,882 were Pardo (Multiracial)
(48.2%), 1,084,418 White (42.2%), 198,072 Black (7.7%), 41,522 Asian
(1.6%), and 6,128 Amerindian (0.2%).[32]

In 2010, Brasilia was ranked the fourth-most populous city in Brazil after São The Monumental Axis
Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Salvador.[33] In 2010, the city had 474,871
opposite-sex couples and 1,241 same-sex couples. The population of Brasilia
was 52.2% female and 47.8% male.[32]

In the 1960 census there were almost 140,000 residents in the new Federal district. By 1970 this figure had grown to
537,000. By 2010 the population of the Federal District had surpassed 2,5 million. The city of Brasilia proper, the
plano piloto was planned for about 500,000 inhabitants, a figure the plano piloto never surpassed, with a current
population of only 214,529,[34] but its metropolitan area within the Federal District has grown past this figure.[35]
From the beginning, the growth of Brasilia was greater than original estimates.
According to the original plans, Brasilia would be a city for government
authorities and staff. However, during its construction, Brazilians from all over
the country migrated to the satellite cities of Brasilia, seeking public and
private employment.[36]

At the close of the 20th century, Brasilia was the largest city in the world
which had not existed at the beginning of the century.[37] Brasilia has one of
the highest population growth rates in Brazil, with annual growth of 2.82%,
Brasilia at night from ISS
mostly due to internal migration.

Brasilia's inhabitants include a foreign population of mostly

embassy workers as well as large numbers of Brazilian internal Race and ethnicity in Brasília
migrants. Today, the city has important communities of immigrants Ethnicity Percentage
Pardo
and refugees. The city's Human Development Index was 0.936 in (Multiracial)
48.2%
2000 (developed level), and the city's literacy rate was around White 42.2%
95.65%. Black 7.7%
Asian 1.6%
Amerindian 0.2%
Religion

Christianity, in general, is by far the most prevalent religion in Brazil with

Roman Catholicism being the largest denomination.

Religion Percentage Number

Catholic 56.62% 1,455,134
Protestant 26.88% 690,982
No religion 9.20% 236,528 Inside view of the Cathedral of
Brasilia
Spiritist 3.50% 89,836
Jewish 0.04% 1,103
Muslim 0.04% 972

Source: IBGE 2010.[38]

Government
Brasilia does not have mayor and councillors, because the article 32 of the Dom Bosco Sanctuary
1988 Brazilian Constitution expressly prohibits that the Federal District be
divided in municipalities.

The Federal District is a legal entity of internal public law, which is part of the
political-administrative structure of Brazil of a sui generis nature, because it is
neither a state nor a municipality, but rather a special entity that accumulates
the legislative powers reserved to the states and municipalities, as provided in
Article 32, § 1º of the Constitution, which gives it a hybrid nature, both state
and municipal.[39]

The executive power of the Federal District was represented by the mayor of Buriti Palace, Seat of Government of
the Federal District until 1969, when the position was transformed into the Federal District
governor of the Federal District.[40][41]

The legislative power of the Federal District is represented by the Legislative Chamber of the Federal District, whose
nomenclature includes a mixture of legislative assembly (legislative power of the other units of the federation) and of
municipal chamber (legislative of the municipalities). The Legislative Chamber is made up of 24 district deputies.[42]
The judicial power which serves the Federal District also serves federal
territories as it is constituted, but Brazil does not have any territories.
Therefore, the Court of Justice of the Federal District and of the Territories
only serves the Federal District.

Part of the budget of the Federal District Government comes from the
Constitutional Fund of the Federal District. In 2012, the fund totaled
9.6 billion reais.[43] By 2015, the forecast is 12.4 billion reais, of which more
than half (6.4 billion) is spent on public security spending.[44]
Jabiru's Palace is the official
residence of the Vice President of
Brazil.
International relations
Twin towns and sister cities

Brasilia is twinned with:[45]

Abuja, Nigeria[45] Luxor, Egypt[45]

Asunción, Paraguay[45] Montevideo, Uruguay[45]
Brussels, Belgium[45] Pretoria, South Africa[45]
Buenos Aires, Argentina (since 2002)[45] Santiago, Chile[45]
Gaza City, Palestine[45] Tehran, Iran[45]
Havana, Cuba[45] Vienna, Austria[45]
Khartoum, Sudan[45] Washington, D.C., United States (since
Lisbon, Portugal[46] 2013) [47]
Xi'an, China (since 1997)[45]

Of these, Abuja and Washington, D.C. were likewise cities specifically planned as the seat of government of their
respective countries.

Economy
The major roles of construction and of services (government,
communications, banking and finance, food production, entertainment, and
legal services) in Brasilia's economy reflect the city's status as a governmental
rather than an industrial center. Industries connected with construction, food
processing, and furnishings are important, as are those associated with
publishing, printing, and computer software. The gross domestic product
(GDP) is divided in Public Administration 54.8%, Services 28.7%, Industry
10.2%, Commerce 6.1%, Agrobusiness 0.2%.[48]
South Banking Sector
Besides being the political center, Brasilia is an important economic center. It
has the highest GDP of cities in Brazil, 99.5 billion reais, representing 3.76%
of the total Brazilian GDP. Most economic activity in the federal capital results from its administrative function. Its
industrial planning is studied carefully by the Government of the Federal District. Being a city registered by
UNESCO, the government in Brasilia has opted to encourage the development of non-polluting industries such as
software, film, video, and gemology among others, with emphasis on environmental preservation and maintaining
ecological balance, preserving the city property.

According to Mercer's city rankings of cost of living for expatriate employees, Brasilia ranks 45th among the most
expensive cities in the world in 2012, up from the 70th position in 2010, ranking behind São Paulo (12th) and Rio de
Janeiro (13th).

Services
(91% of local GDP, according to the IBGE):

Government – the public sector is by far the largest employer,

accounting for around 40% of the city jobs. Government jobs
include all levels, from the federal police to diplomacy, from the
transportation bureau to the armed forces;
Communications – the telephone system used to be a state
monopoly, and Brasilia held the HQ of Telebrás, the central state
company. One of the enterprises that resulted from the
privatization of the system in the 1990s, Brasil Telecom, keeps its Brasília National Library at night.
HQ in the city; the official Postal Service (Correios) HQ is located
in the city as well; as it is the main place of Federal Government
news, it is also notable the activities of TV stations, including the main offices of four public networks
(TV Brasil/Agência Brasil, TV Câmara, TV Senado and TV Justiça), the regional offices of four major
private television networks (Rede Globo, SBT, Rede Bandeirantes and Rede Record) and a main
affiliate of RedeTV!;
Banking and finance – headquarters of the Banco do Brasil and the Caixa Econômica Federal, both
controlled by the Federal Government, and the Banco de Brasilia, controlled by the city local
government; it is also the site of the headquarters of the Central Bank, the main government regulatory
agency of the financial sector;
Entertainment – the shopping malls Conjunto Nacional, ParkShopping, Pátio Brasil Shopping, Brasilia
Shopping, Boulevard Shopping, Taguatinga Shopping, Terraço Shopping, Gilberto Salomão and
Iguatemi Brasilia.
Information technology (Politec, Poliedro, CTIS, among others), and legal services.
Estructural dump, the main landfill (closed in January 2018)

Industries

Industries in the city include construction (Paulo Octavio, Via Construções,

and Irmãos Gravia among others); food processing (Perdigão, Sadia);
furniture making; recycling (Novo Rio, Rexam, Latasa and others);
pharmaceuticals (União Química); and graphic industries. The main
agricultural products produced in the city are coffee, guavas, strawberries,
oranges, lemons, papayas, soybeans, and mangoes. It has over 110,000 cows
and it exports wood products worldwide.

The Federal District, where Brasilia is located, has a GDP of R$133,4 billion South Hotel Sector
(about US$64.1 billion), about the same as Belarus according to The
Economist. Its share of the total Brazilian GDP is about 3.8%.[49] The Federal
District has the largest GDP per capita income of Brazil US$25,062, slightly higher than Belarus.[49]

The city's planned design included specific areas for almost everything, including accommodation, Hotels Sectors
North and South. New hotel facilities are being developed elsewhere, such as the hotels and tourism Sector North,
located on the shores of Lake Paranoá. Brasilia has a range of tourist accommodation from inns, pensions and hostels
to larger international chain hotels. The city's restaurants cater to a wide range of foods from local and regional
Brazilian dishes to international cuisine.

Culture
As a venue for political events, music performances and movie festivals, Brasilia is a cosmopolitan city, with around
124 embassies, a wide range of restaurants and a complete infrastructure ready to host any kind of event. Not
surprisingly, the city stands out as an important business/tourism destination, which is an important part of the local
economy, with dozens of hotels spread around the federal capital. Traditional parties take place throughout the year.

In June, large festivals known as "festas juninas" are held celebrating Catholic saints such as Saint Anthony of Padua,
Saint John the Baptist, and Saint Peter. On September 7, the traditional Independence Day parade is held on the
Ministries Esplanade. Throughout the year, local, national, and international events are held throughout the city.
 Christmas is widely celebrated, and New Year's Eve usually hosts major
events celebrated in the city.[50]

The city also hosts a varied assortment of art works from artists like Bruno
Giorgi, Alfredo Ceschiatti, Athos Bulcão, Marianne Peretti, Alfredo Volpi, Di
Cavalcanti, Dyllan Taxman, Victor Brecheret and Burle Marx, whose works
have been integrated into the city's architecture, making it a unique landscape.
The cuisine in the city is very diverse. Many of the best restaurants in the city
can be found in the Asa Sul district.[51]
Cultural Complex of the Republic
The city is the birthplace of Brazilian rock and place of origin of bands like:
Legião Urbana, Capital Inicial, Aborto Elétrico, Plebe Rude and Raimundos.
Brasilia has the Rock Basement Festival which brings new bands to the
national scene. The festival is held in the parking Brasilia National Stadium
Mané Garrincha.

Since 1965, the annual Brasilia

Festival of Brazilian Cinema is one of
Museum of the City
the most traditional cinema festivals
in Brazil, being compared only to the
Brazilian Cinema Festival of
Gramado, in Rio Grande do Sul. The difference between both is that the
festival in Brasilia still preserves the tradition to only submit and reward
Brazilian movies. Cláudio Santoro National Theater

The International Dance Seminar in Brasilia has brought top-notch dance to

the Federal Capital since 1991. International teachers, shows with choreographers and guest groups and scholarships
abroad are some of the hallmarks of the event. The Seminar is the central axis of the DANCE BRAZIL program and
is promoted by the DF State Department of Culture in partnership with the Cultural Association Claudio Santoro. [2]
(http://www.seminario.dancebrasil.art.br/)

Brasilia has also been the focus of modern-day literature. Published in 2008, The World In Grey: Dom Bosco's
Prophecy, by author Ryan J. Lucero, tells an apocalyptical story based on the famous prophecy from the late 19th
century by the Italian saint Don Bosco.[52] According to Don Bosco's prophecy:[53] "Between parallels 15 and 20,
around a lake which shall be formed; A great civilization will thrive, and that will be the Promised Land". Brasilia lies
between the parallels 15° S and 20° S, where an artificial lake (Paranoá Lake) was formed. Don Bosco is Brasilia's
patron saint.

American Flagg!, the First Comics comic book series created by Howard Chaykin, portrays Brasilia as a cosmopolitan
world capital of culture and exotic romance. In the series, it is a top vacation and party destination. The 2015 Rede
Globo series Felizes para Sempre? was set in Brasilia.[54]

Architecture and urbanism

 Aerial view of downtown Brasília (Pilot Plan) along the Monumental Axis, especially the new Mane Garrincha Stadium (left),
the National Congress and the Three Powers Plaza (right). The entire residential area of North Wing (Asa Norte) is seen in the
middle of the image.

At the Square of Three Powers, Brazilian architect Oscar Niemeyer and Brazilian
structural engineer Joaquim Cardozo made buildings in the style of modern Brazilian
architecture.[55] The Congress also occupies various other surrounding buildings,
some connected by tunnels.

The National Congress building is located in the middle of the Eixo Monumental, the
city's main avenue. In front lies a large lawn and reflecting pool. The building faces
the Praça dos Três Poderes where the Palácio do Planalto and the Supreme Federal
Court are located.

The Brazilian landscape architect Roberto Burle Marx designed landmark modernist
gardens for some of the principal buildings.

In residential areas, buildings were built that were inspired in French modernist and
Brazilian Flag and the bauhaus design.[56]
National Congress in spring

Monumental civic scale

Although not fully accomplished, the "Brasilia utopia" has produced a city of
relatively high quality of life, in which the citizens live in forested areas with
sporting and leisure structure (the superquadras) surrounded by small
commercial areas, bookstores and cafés; the city is famous for its cuisine and
efficiency of transit.[57]

Even these positive features have sparked controversy, expressed in the

nickname "ilha da fantasia" ("fantasy island"), indicating the sharp contrast
between the city and surrounding regions, marked by poverty and Aerial view of South Wing (Asa Sul)
disorganization in the cities of the states of Goiás and Minas Gerais, around district
Brasilia.[57]

Critics of Brasilia's grand scale have characterized it as a modernist bauhaus platonic fantasy about the future:

Nothing dates faster than people's fantasies about the future. This is what you get when perfectly decent,
intelligent, and talented men start thinking in terms of space rather than place; and single rather than
multiple meanings. It's what you get when you design for political aspirations rather than real human
needs. You get miles of jerry-built platonic nowhere infested with Volkswagens. This, one may fervently
hope, is the last experiment of its kind. The utopian buck stops here.

— Robert Hughes, The Shock of the New, Episode 4: "Trouble in Utopia", (1980)
 Monumental Axis and Brasilia TV
Tower

Panorama of the Monumental Axis

Notable structures

The Cathedral of Brasilia in the capital of the Federative Republic of Brazil, is

an expression of the atheist architect Oscar Niemeyer and the structural
engineer Joaquim Cardozo. This concrete-framed hyperboloid structure,
seems with its glass roof reaching up, open, to the heavens. The cathedral's
structure was finished on May 31, 1970, and only the 70 m (229.66 ft)
diameter of the circular area were visible. Niemeyer's and Cardozo's project of
Cathedral of Brasilia is based in the hyperboloid of revolution which sections
are asymmetric. The hyperboloid structure itself is a result of 16 identical
Cathedral of Brasilia.
assembled concrete columns. There is controversy as to what these columns,
having hyperbolic section and weighing 90 t, represent, some say they are two
hands moving upwards to heaven, others associate it to the chalice Jesus used
in the last supper and some claim it represent his crown of thorns. The
cathedral was dedicated on May 31, 1970.

At the end of the Eixo Monumental ("Monumental Axis") lies the Esplanada
dos Ministérios ("Ministries Esplanade"),[58] an open area in downtown
Brasilia. The rectangular lawn is surrounded by two eight-lane avenues where
many government buildings, monuments and memorials are located. On
Sundays and holidays, the Eixo Monumental is closed to cars so that locals
may use it as a place to walk, bike, and have picnics under the trees. Praça dos Três Poderes (Three
Powers Plaza)
Praça dos Três Poderes (Portuguese for Square of the Three Powers) is a
plaza in Brasilia. The name is derived from the encounter of the three federal
branches around the plaza: the Executive, represented by the Palácio do Planalto (presidential office); the Legislative,
represented by the National Congress (Congresso Nacional); and the Judiciary branch, represented by the Supreme
Federal Court (Supremo Tribunal Federal). It is a tourist attraction in Brasilia, designed by Lúcio Costa and Oscar
Niemeyer as a place where the three branches would meet harmoniously.

The Palácio da Alvorada is the official residence of the president of Brazil. The palace was designed, along with the
rest of the city of Brasilia, by Oscar Niemeyer and inaugurated in 1958. One of the first structures built in the republic's
new capital city, the "Alvorada" lies on a peninsula at the shore of Lake Paranoá. The principles of simplicity and
modernity that in the past characterized the great works of architecture motivated Niemeyer. The viewer has an
impression of looking at a glass box, softly landing on the ground with the support of thin external columns. The
building has an area of 7,000 m2 with three floors consisting of the basement, landing, and second floor. The
auditorium, kitchen, laundry, medical center, and administration offices are at basement level. The rooms used by the
presidency for official receptions are on the landing. The second floor has four suites, two apartments, and various
 private rooms which make up the residential part of the palace. The building
also has a library, a heated Olympic-sized swimming pool, a music room, two
dining rooms and various meeting rooms. A chapel and heliport are in
adjacent buildings.

The Palácio do Planalto is the official workplace of the president of Brazil. It

is located at the Praça dos Três Poderes in Brasilia. As the seat of government,
the term "Planalto" is often used as a metonym for the executive branch of
government. The main working office of the President of the Republic is in
The Palácio da Alvorada
the Palácio do Planalto. The President and his or her family do not live in it,
rather in the official residence, the Palácio da Alvorada. Besides the President,
senior advisors also have offices in the "Planalto", including the Vice-
President of Brazil and the Chief of Staff. The other Ministries are along the
Esplanada dos Ministérios. The architect of the Palácio do Planalto was Oscar
Niemeyer, creator of most of the important buildings in Brasilia. The idea was
to project an image of simplicity and modernity using fine lines and waves to
compose the columns and exterior structures. The Palace is four stories high,
and has an area of 36,000 m2 . Four other adjacent buildings are also part of
the complex.
The Palácio do Planalto
Education
The city has six international schools: American School of Brasilia, Brasilia
International School (BIS), Escola das Nações, Swiss International School
(SIS), Lycée français François-Mitterrand (LfFM) and Maple Bear Canadian
School.[59] August 2016 will see the opening of a new international school –
the British School of Brasilia. Brasilia has two universities, three university
centers, and many private colleges.

The main tertiary educational institutions are: Universidade de Brasilia –

University of Brasilia (UnB) (public); Universidade Católica de Brasilia – University of Brasilia.
Catholic University of Brasilia (UCB); Centro Universitário de Brasilia
(UniCEUB); Centro Universitário Euroamaricano (Unieuro); Centro
Universitário do Distrito Federal (UDF); Universidade Paulista (UNIP); and Instituto de Educação Superior de Brasilia
(IESB).

Transportation

Airport

Brasilia–Presidente Juscelino Kubitschek International Airport serves the

metropolitan area with major domestic and international flights. It is the third
busiest Brazilian airport based on passengers and aircraft movements.[60]
Because of its strategic location it is a civil aviation hub for the rest of the
country.

This makes for a large number of takeoffs and landings and it is not unusual
for flights to be delayed in the holding pattern before landing. Following the
Brasilia International Airport (BSB) airport's master plan, Infraero built a second runway, which was finished in
2006. In 2007, the airport handled 11,119,872 passengers.[60] The main
building's third floor, with 12 thousand square meters, has a panoramic deck, a
food court, shops, four movie theaters with total capacity of 500 people, and space for exhibitions. Brasilia Airport has
136 vendor spaces. The airport is located about 11 km (6.8 mi) from the central area of Brasilia, outside the metro
system. The area outside the airport's main gate is lined with taxis as well as several bus line services that connect the
airport to Brasilia's central district. The parking lot accommodates 1,200 cars.[61] The airport is serviced by domestic
and regional airlines (TAM, GOL, Azul, WebJET, Trip and Avianca), in addition to a number of international carriers.
 In 2012, Brasilia's International Airport was won by the InfraAmerica
consortium, formed by the Brazilian engineering company ENGEVIX and
the Argentine Corporacion America holding company, with a 50% stake
each.[62] During the 25-year concession, the airport may be expanded to up to
40 million passengers a year.[63]

In 2014 the airport received 15 new boarding bridges, totaling 28 in all. This
was the main requirement made by the federal government, which transferred
the operation of the terminal to the Inframerica Group after an auction. The
Aerial view of the airport
group invested R$750 million in the project. In the same year, the number of
parking spaces doubled, reaching three thousand. The airport's entrance have
a new rooftop cover and a new access road. Furthermore, a VIP room was
created on Terminal 1's third floor. The investments resulted an increase the capacity of Brasilia's airport from
approximately 15 million passengers per year to 21 million by 2014.[64] Brasilia has direct flights to all states of Brazil
and direct international flights to Buenos Aires, Lisbon, Miami, Orlando, Panama City, Lima, Santiago de Chile,
Asunción and Cancún.

Brasília Air Force Base - ALA1, one of their most important bases of the Brazilian Air Force, is located in Brasília.

Road transport

Like most Brazilian cities, Brasilia has a good network of taxi companies.
Taxis from the airport are available outside the terminal, but at times there can
be quite a queue of people. Although the airport is not far from the downtown
area, taxi prices do seem to be higher than in other Brazilian cities. Booking in
advance can be advantageous, particularly if time is limited, and local
companies should be able to assist airport transfer or transport requirements.

The Juscelino Kubitschek bridge, also known as the 'President JK Bridge' or

the 'JK Bridge', crosses Lake Paranoá in Brasilia. It is named after Juscelino
Kubitschek de Oliveira, former president of Brazil. It was designed by The Juscelino Kubitschek Bridge
architect Alexandre Chan and structural engineer Mário Vila Verde. Chan
won the Gustav Lindenthal Medal[65] for this project at the 2003 International
Bridge Conference in Pittsburgh due to "...outstanding achievement
demonstrating harmony with the environment, aesthetic merit and successful
community participation".

It consists of three 60 m (200 ft) tall asymmetrical steel arches that crisscross
diagonally. With a length of 1,200 m (0.75 miles), it was completed in 2002 at
a cost of US$56.8 million. The bridge has a pedestrian walkway and is
accessible to bicyclists and skaters.
Traffic crawls at the Ministries
Esplanade
Metro

The Brasilia Metro is Brasilia's underground metro system. The system has 24
stations on two lines, the Orange and Green lines, along a total network of
42 km (26 mi), covering some of the metropolitan area. Both lines begin at the
Central Station and run parallel until the Águas Claras Station. The Brasilia
metro is not comprehensive so buses may provide better access to the center.

The metro leaves the Rodoviária (bus station) and goes south, avoiding most
of the political and tourist areas. The main purpose of the metro is to serve
cities, such as Samambaia, Taguatinga and Ceilândia, as well as Guará and
Águas Claras. The satellite cities served are more populated in total than the Brasilia Metro
Plano Piloto itself (the census of 2000 indicated that Ceilândia had 344,039
inhabitants, Taguatinga had 243,575, and the Plano Piloto had approximately
400,000 inhabitants), and most residents of the satellite cities depend on public transportation.[66]
A high-speed railway was planned between Brasilia and Goiânia, the capital of the state of Goias, but it will probably
be turned into a regional service linking the capital cities and cities in between, like Anápolis and Alexânia.[67]

Buses

The main bus hub in Brasilia is the Central Bus Station, located in the
crossing of the Eixo Monumental and the Eixão, about 2 km (1.2 mi) from the
Three Powers Plaza. The original plan was to have a bus station as near as
possible to every corner of Brasilia. Today, the bus station is the hub of urban
buses only, some running within Brasilia and others connecting Brasilia to the
Brasília Bus station
satellite cities.

In the original city plan, the interstate buses would also stop at the Central
Station. Because of the growth of Brasilia (and corresponding growth in the bus fleet), today the interstate buses leave
from the older interstate station (called Rodoferroviária) located at the western end of the Eixo Monumental. The
Central Bus Station also contains a main metro station. A new bus station was opened in July 2010. It is on Saída Sul
(South Exit) near Parkshopping Mall with its metro station, and is also an inter-state bus station, used only to leave the
Federal District.

Rail

There is no passenger rail service in Brasilia, but the Expresso Pequi rail line is planned to link Brasilia and Goiânia.

Light rail

A 22 km light rail line is planned, estimated to cost between 1 billion reais (US$258 million) and 1.5 billion reais with
capacity to transport around 200,000 passengers per day.[68]

Brasilia Public Transportation Statistics

The average commute time on public transit in Brasilia, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 96 min. 31%
of public transit riders, ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or
station for public transit is 28 min, while 61% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average
distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 15.1 km (9.4 mi), while 50% travel for over 12 km
(7.5 mi) in a single direction.[69]

Sport
The main stadiums are the Brasilia National Stadium Mané Garrincha (which
was re-inaugurated on May 18, 2013), the Serejão Stadium (home for
Brasiliense) and the Bezerrão Stadium (home for Gama).

Estádio Nacional de Brasilia
Brasilia was one of the host cities of the 2014 FIFA World Cup and 2013
FIFA Confederations Cup, for which Brazil is the host nation. Brasilia hosted
the opening of the Confederations Cup and hosted 7 World Cup games.[70]
Brasilia also hosted the football tournaments during the 2016 Summer
Olympics held in Rio de Janeiro.

Brasilia is known as a departing point for the practice of unpowered air sports,
sports that may be practiced with hang gliding or paragliding wings. Practitioners of such sports reveal that, because of
the city's dry weather, the city offers strong thermal winds and great "cloud-streets", which is also the name for a
maneuver quite appreciated by practitioners. In 2003, Brasilia hosted the 14th Hang Gliding World Championship, one
of the categories of free flying. In August 2005, the city hosted the 2nd stage of the Brazilian Hang Gliding
Championship.
Brasilia is the site of the Autódromo Internacional Nelson Piquet which
hosted a non-championship round of the 1974 Formula One Grand Prix
season. An IndyCar race was cancelled at the last minute in 2015.

The city is also home to Uniceub BRB, one of Brazil's best basketball clubs.
Currently, NBB champion (2010, 2011 and 2012). The club hosts some of its
games at the 16,000 all-seat Nilson Nelson Gymnasium.

Notable people
Nilson Nelson Gymnasium
Juscelino Kubitschek (1902-1976), Brazilian politician, the 21st
President of Brazil and the founder of Brasilia (born in Diamantina,
Minas Gerais, but founded and lived in Brasilia).
Felipe Anderson (born 1993), Brazilian professional footballer and attacking midfielder for the Premier
League club West Ham United and the Brazil national team (born in Santa Maria, an administrative
region located in the Federal District next to Brasilia).
Kaká (born 1982), Brazilian retired professional footballer who played as an attacking midfielder (born
in Gama, an administrative region located in the Federal District next to Brasilia).
Leandro Brasilia (born 1987), Brazilian footballer who plays for Rio Preto as midfielder (born in
Brasilia).
Athos Bulcão (1918-2008), Brazilian painter and sculptor (born in Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro but
lived until his death in Brasilia).
Cláudio Santoro (1919-1989), Brazilian composer, conductor and violinist (born in Manaus, Amazonas
but lived until his death in Brasilia).
Ketleyn Quadros (born 1987), Brazilian judoka, bronze medalist in the 57 kg weight class at the 2008
Summer Olympics and the first Brazilian woman to win an Olympic medal in an individual sport (born
in Ceilândia, an administrative region located in the Federal District next to Brasilia).
Lúcio (born 1978), Brazilian former footballer who played as a central defender (born in Planaltina, an
administrative region located in the Federal District next to Brasilia).

See also
List of purpose-built national capitals

Purpose-built Brazilian state capitals

Aracaju
Belo Horizonte
Boa Vista
Palmas
Teresina

Explanatory notes
1. The administrative region of Brasília recorded a population of 214,529 in a 2012 survey; IBGE
demographic publications do not make this distinction and considers the entire population of the
Federal District.

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External links
 Regional Administration of Brasilia website (https://web.archive.org/web/20140607024959/http://www.
brasilia.df.gov.br/)
Government of the Federal District website (https://web.archive.org/web/20140625040004/http://df.gov.
br/)
Geographic data related to Brasília (https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/2758138) at
OpenStreetMap
Brasilia UNESCO property on Google Arts & Culture (https://artsandculture.google.com/story/brasilia/V
ALybi8YVtNuLQ)
"The airport: About Inframerica" (https://www.bsb.aero/en/o-aeroporto/a-inframerica/). Aeroporto de
Brasíla. 2020.

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