Professional Documents
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Overview:: Directions: Answer The Given Question Base On Your Existing Knowledge
Overview:: Directions: Answer The Given Question Base On Your Existing Knowledge
Overview:: Directions: Answer The Given Question Base On Your Existing Knowledge
Setting Up:__________________________________________________________________________
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References:_________________________________________________________________________
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Assessing Learning:_______________________________________________________________
Activity 1
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7. Only they can possess or practice values such as love, honor, social
relationships, forgiveness, compassion, and altruism.
10. This cannot be said to be moral for it has no freedom or choice but to
work according to what is commanded based on its built-in program.
12. Rules generate a stable system that provides justice, in which even the
richest and most powerful have limitations on what they can do.
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13. Non-normal standards are not the only rules or principles in society, but
they take precedence over other considerations, including aesthetic,
prudential, and even legal ones.
14. Morality requires and allows choice, which means the right to choose even
differently from our fellows.
15. Most philosophers hold that unlike animals, human beings possess some
traits that make it possible for them to be moral.
16. Dealing with human actions and reasons for action, ethics is also
concerned with character.
17. The word ‘ethics’ is derived from Latin ethos, which means
‘character’, or, in plural, ‘manners’.
Activity 2
Name: Score:
Course/Year/Section: _ Date: _
1. Pick four from the following topics and identify four arguments, two for in
favor and two for opposing. In two paragraphs, write down your own
opinion about the chosen topic.
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Lesson Proper:_____________________________________________________________________
Moral Dilemmas
A moral dilemma is a situation that begs an agent to choose between
two alternatives with equal weight wherein both alternatives are either
good or both are evil, but the agent cannot do both or all actions. In this
situation, no matter what the agent chooses you will be left with a moral
failure but not choosing anything impose greater harm or loss for the agent.
For example, Brian is on a crew ship when a fire broke and the ship must be
abandoned. The lifeboats are carrying more people than they were designed
to carry. The lifeboat he’s in is sitting dangerously low in the water and can
potentially sink if added with more weight.
There are still other people swimming around them begging to be
saved. They are asking him to throw the rope so that they can go up the
lifeboat; however, the boat will sink if more people will come abroad. Now,
should Brian throw the rope to the people or keep the rope so that lifeboat
will not sink. In this dilemma here are some of the conflicts that plagued
Brian throughout the decision-making process, number one is if he will help
who are swimming their boat will sink and all of them die, number two is if
he did not throw the rope then those who are in the water will die and lastly
number three is if he can sacrifice himself and help one person but he is not
willing to sacrifice himself either.
The following are the basic concepts of Moral Dilemma; personal
advocates, society, culture religion, family and friends and lastly are
education and experiences. Now let us proceed to the three levels of moral
dilemma, first you have Individual Dilemma, second you have Organizational
Dilemma and third is Structural Dilemma.
The first level of Moral dilemma starts with the personal and
individual interaction of people with situations in their daily lives. In this
level, conflict arrives when a person is asked to choose between two
important values for him or her for example, choosing between one’s duties
to his or her family one’s love for another person. The second level is
Organizational Dilemma unlike individual dilemma this dilemma is
encountered by institutions, business, or organizations in their decision-
making process, at this level the dilemmas that the organizations’
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experiences usually affect more than one person and they can be part of the
internal group or part of an external stakeholder.
For example, Zee has been in a coma for 8 months she only lives
through support machines and she never showed any sign of improvement
and he never responded to any stimulus given to her. In four other hospitals,
there are four patients who are in need of healthy organs such as kidney,
heart, lungs and liver. They are in a critical stage and in need of transplants
immediately. Patient XTZ is a match for all the patients but removing his
organs will cause him death. However, without his organs, the four patients
will all die. Now, is it okay to kill someone to benefit more people? How do
you choose who to save and who to sacrifice? In the given example aside
from the family members, doctors, hospital, sometimes even judges usually
help family members decide for the unconscious patients who cannot
observe their autonomy over’s one body and life. However, decision over
this kind of cases bring up more ethical questions like the following; When
do you consider someone to be dead or still alive? When do families and the
institution stop waiting for a comatose patient to wake up? Who has the
authority to decide over the life of someone who is in the comatose stage? If
the call of duty of the doctor is to save lives, will a recommendation from the
institution conflict with the principle? It is ethical to kill one person to
benefit the many? How do we choose who to save and who to sacrifice? The
last level of dilemmas deals with structural dilemmas that affect a network
of institutions and operative theoretical paradigms like universal care,
juvenile laws, and immigration. Unlike organizational dilemmas, this type of
dilemma can affect a community and even a society at large.
Hence, these are also the most complicated dilemmas that people
face. For example, the issue of undocumented immigration has been widely
discussed in different countries especially since President Donald Trump of
America, openly criticized it and created measures to stop it and even sent
back some immigration to their home countries. However, even if a lot of
American citizens have same sentiments as he does, a growing number of
oppositions claim that it is inhumane to send back immigration from their
homes especially those who moved to America out of circumstances like
extreme poverty, persecution and war, at the same time many immigrants
have families, wives, husbands, and children who will be left once they leave
the country. What do you think about this problem?
References:_________________________________________________________________________
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Assessing Learning:_______________________________________________________________
Activity 3
Name: Score:
Course/Year/Section: _ Date: _
INDIVIDUAL DILEMMA
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7. Only they can possess or practice values such as love, honor, social
relationships, forgiveness, compassion, and altruism.
8. These refer to cases involving network or institutions and operative
theoretical paradigms.
10. This cannot be said to be moral for it has no freedom or choice but
to work according to what is commanded based on its built-in program.
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Lesson Proper:_____________________________________________________________________
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Assessment Learning:____________________________________________________________
Activity 5
Name: Score:
Course/Year/Section: _ Date: _
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Activity 6
Name: Score:
Course/Year/Section: _ Date: _
Directions: Elaborate the Thomas Beauchamp and James Childress “The Four
Principles”, site an example.
2.Beneficence
3.Non-maleficence
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4.Justice
Activity 7
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_ Date: _
1. Descriptive Ethics
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2. Normative Ethics
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3. Meta Ethics
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4. Applied Ethics
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Lesson Proper:_____________________________________________________________________
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References:_________________________________________________________________________
www.frontlearners.com
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Assessment Learning:_____________________________________________________________
Activity 8
Name: Score:
Course/Year/Section: _ Date: _
Course/Year/Section: _ Date: _
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STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES
Activity 10
Name: Score:
Course/Year/Section: _ Date: _
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Lesson Proper:_____________________________________________________________________
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References:_________________________________________________________________________
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Activity 11
Name: Score:
Course/Year/Section:
_ Date: _
1. Plot the stages of your life according to the six stages of moral
development of Lawrence Kohlberg’. Include personal illustrations
and identify where you are now in your moral development
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Setting Up
Name:
Score:
Course/Year/Section: _ Date: _
Directions: Read the text below and answer the following questions.
1. How well do you feel after reading the news clip? Do you feel upset,
angry, sad or indifferent?
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Lesson Proper
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a helpful tool to keep us from getting hurt in the past. Now, how about our
other emotions?
According to Charles Darwin, there are three principles to consider
in understanding the emotions as a response to an experience. These are
the principle of functional habits, the principle of antagonistic-thesis, and the
principle of involvement of the enthused nervous system. The Principle of
Functional Habits states that emotional responses are useful expressive
habits based on experience. They are functional. Examples of this are the
lifting of eyebrows when stunned, the gnarling of teeth when furious, and
sneer when enrage. While the Principle of Antagonistic-Thesis entails that
the purpose of these emotional responses is for communication clarity. It is
the opposite of serviceable habits. The gaping mouth shows wonder or lack
of understanding and the shrugging of shoulders indicates passive
So, can we rely solely on our emotions when making decisions? The
answer is regrettably NO. By now, we have already comprehended the
positive impact of feelings and emotional responses for our survival. Much
today, having some emotions is good as they give us motivation and
curiosity. However, excess of these feelings can cloud our minds from being
able to decide properly, particularly if you are under extreme happiness,
sadness, or fear. An example of this is that the rage’s irritability makes us
feel discontented. These feelings also hinder us from hearing other’s
opinions and thoughts. Anger can also lead to rush decisions. Excessive
confidence can make us lazy in evaluating our opinions. Extreme grief can
stop living our lives to the most complete and appreciating what we have in
life. Unnecessary optimism can make us less cautious with the hazards
associated with our decisions. Obsessions or irrational fears cause people to
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References
B.Hooker(2010)https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289934847_Wh
en_Is_Impartiality_Morally_Appropriate
L. Buan (2019)https://rappler.com/nation/lawyers-say-initial-oplan-
tokhang-documents-show-lack-genuine-probe-killings
E.Macarrone(2008)http://etd.fcla.edu/UF/UFE0006632/maccarone_e.pdf
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Assessing Learning
Activity 12
Name: Score:
Course/Year/Section: _ Date: _
Directions: Read the given articles by following the links (URL). You may
download them directly by clicking the links.
After reading the articles, let us find out how well you comprehend the
lesson. State the most important facts you derived from those materials and
list down at least 10 Definition of Terms.
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Activity 13
Name: _____________________________ Score: _
Course/Year/Section: _ Date: _
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Overview
Learning Objectives:
Setting Up
Name: Score: _
Course/Year/Section: _ Date:
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Directions: Rate your level of happiness in each given situation from 1-10.
The highest happiness rate is 10 and 1 is the lowest. Write your answer in
the column before the given situation.
Virtue ethics
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conduct and correcting them accurately. For the Greeks, virtue is equal to
greatness.
From the word telos come the principle of teleology which is the
ethical theory that considers reason to be the "end" and one's obligation and
good commitment depend on what is the acceptable or attractive result.
Teleology is additionally known to be a consequentialist theory. Aristotle
was not the person who created teleology but rather his form is the most
acclaimed record of this ethical theory.
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Grant, A. & Schwartz, B. (2011).Too much of a good thing: The challenge and
opportunity of the inverted u. Retrieved from
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Too-Much-of-a-Good-Thing%3A-
The-Challenge-and-of-the-Grant
Schwartz/e74f95d380a8a02a9a4903f93c8a8bef1014674c
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Assessing Learning
Activity 14
Name: Score: _
Course/Year/Section: _ Date:
3. This has been regarded as the Ethics of Aristotle since the beginning of the
Christian Era.
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Course/Year/Section: _ Date:
Direction: Enumerate the following items given inside the box below.
Activity 16
Name: Score: _
Course/Year/Section: _ Date: _
2. Explain the quotation of Aristotle, “For all things that have a function or
activity, the good and the well is thought to reside in the function”.
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Lesson Proper
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Let’s focus our lesson on natural law. Aquinas' moral theory rotates
in the possibility of the "Natural Law.” For him, the natural law isn't
particular from divine fortune however in fact pieces of it since it causes us
to see how God really made the universe and ordered it. According to him
what is good is to be done and evil is to be avoided.
All in all, what is the meaning of natural law? For Aquinas, natural
law is our natural comprehension and tendency to do certain things
normally, for example, safeguarding or ensuring one's life, teaching our kids,
keeping our opportunity, working for the benefit of all of the community,
looking for God, and avoiding obliviousness. In this way, we should apply
these standards in a judicious way with a steady impression of our desire to
prosper as people and that piece of nature is that we likewise have carnal
impulses that we should screen.
Along these lines, how might we become virtuous according to St. Thomas
Aquinas? Human nature is normally disposed of being a rational, free, social,
and physical being. We should consistently seek after what is beneficial for
us. On the off chance that something will stop us from prospering as
individuals, it isn't right to look for it. To realize what is acceptable and
terrible for us, we should consistently think about our essential needs and
comprehend the natural law.
Natural law likewise has three moral principles which are essential
to know to comprehend the fundamental principles of Aquinas’ virtue ethics.
Aquinas contended that there are three general qualities that manage our
ethical information where each and every individual who has accomplished
primary education can comprehend.
He said that these qualities are pertinent consistently at all times, places,
and circumstances. They are principles that can be learned through the
reflection of one's very own encounters by analyzing them with human
explanation, aside from faith.
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from the main standards. Its model is, we ought to reimburse the beneficial
things done to us. On account of our parents, we can't reimburse their
penances really; consequently, we should regard and love them consistently.
In conclusion, widespread rules that are not handily seen by individuals so a
savvy educator must assistance clarify it. Furthermore, the best model for
this is we ought to be beneficent to those out of luck.
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The last cardinal excellence is, justice that different from the three, is
centered on going people to productive members of society. Equity is the
ethicalness that administers our connection with others and the state. This
righteousness administers our relationship with others not at all like
different excellences referenced. The reason for this prudence is to cause
individuals to turn out to be productive members of society. The two kinds
of equity are commutative and distributive. Commutative is justice between
common individual residents. While distributive is equity as the aggregate
activities of the individuals from the state.
References
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Activity 17
Name: Score: _
Course/Year/Section: _ Date:
Directions: Differentiate the Four Types of Laws of St. Thomas Aquinas and
give examples.
Eternal Law
Divine Law
Human Law
Natural Law
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Activity 18
Name: Score: _
Course/Year/Section: _ Date:
Directions: Watch the given video by following the links (URL). You may
download them directly by clicking the links.
a)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r_UfYY7aWKo
After watching the video, let us find out how well you comprehend the lesson.
State the most important facts you derived from the materials.
NATURAL LAW THEORY: CRASH COURSE PHILOSOPHY
Activity 19
Name: Score: _
Course/Year/Section: _ Date:
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Lesson Proper______________________________________________________________________
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Maxim
These are two sorts of saying. First is the abstract or the theoretical
goal. This typically benefits an individual. Second is the target or the
absolute objective. This depends on the reason.
Imperatives
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What are the goals? A basic is an order. Models are the signages like
keep off the grass or don't hinder the driveway. There are two sorts of
objectives: hypothetical and categorical.
Categorical Imperative
Example: While at checkout in the grocery store, you noticed that the
bagger accidentally placed items in your bag even if you have not purchased
them. Is it morally okay for you to do this?
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Analysis: If you approve of the maxim (in the example, your maxim is
taking something you have not paid for or simply stealing), then you are
universalizing it, meaning everyone should always do the maxim (stealing)
you approve of.
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Let us look at this example from Sjö stedt-H (2007), “Imagine that I
win the lottery and I’m wondering what to do with the money. I search for
what might be the most amusing to do with it: purchase a yacht, travel in top
of the line far and wide, get that knee activity, and so forth. I conclude that
what might be extremely fun is to give the cash to a good cause and to
appreciate that exceptional inclination you get from satisfying individuals,
so I part with all my lottery cash.”
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Assessing Learning
Activity 19
Name: Score: _
Course/Year/Section: _ Date: _
Directions: Differentiate the Four Types of Laws of St. Thomas Aquinas and
give examples.
Eternal Law
Divine Law
Human Law
Natural Law
Activity 20
Name: Score: _
Course/Year/Section: _ Date: _
Directions: Watch the given video by following the links (URL). You may
download them directly by clicking the links.
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a)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r_UfYY7aWKo
After watching the video, let us find out how well you comprehend the
lesson. State the most important facts you derived from the materials.
NATURAL LAW THEORY: CRASH COURSE PHILOSOPHY
Activity 21
Name: Score: _
Course/Year/Section: _ Date:
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Lesson Proper
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Moral Rights
What are moral rights? Moral rights are rights that are granted to
any human simply because they are human. Everyone has unalienable
access to moral rights. The existence and validity of a moral right do not
depend on the law. Moral rights represent the natural law. Moral rights are
grounded in moral reasons. Moral rights are not enforceable by law.
Legal Rights
What are the legal rights? Legal rights are granted to people under a
legal system (authority, government). Legal rights are mandated by the laws
of the country the individual is subjected to. Legal rights represent positive
law. Legal rights derive from the laws of society. They can be found in legal
codes. Legal rights are enforceable by law which recognizes and protects it.
Rights Theories
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Let us discuss some rights theories that encompass moral and legal
rights, such as Legal Positivism, the Interest Theory, Natural Law, the
Human Rights Doctrine, and the Will Theory.
First is legal positivism. Legal positivists argue that only rights that
exist are legal rights that exist in the legal system. Jeremy Bentham, a legal
philosopher believes that human rights do not exist before it was codified.
Under legal positivism moral rights – they are moral claims that can only be
espoused within the law.
The last theory on our list is a natural law. Believes that humans
have the right to the law simply because they do. Timeless and immutable,
universal, and inalienable. The natural rights are: Right to life, Property, and
Liberty. Given these violations of these rights means that you violate
someone’s very existence or humanity. If we recognize the existence of
natural law then no individual can violate another’s freedom, property, and
endanger the other’s life. Law aims to be just and serve its individual
subjects. It is a collection of the individual natural rights.
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The Law
As indicated by Frederic Bastiat, "The law has gone farther than this;
it has acted contrary to its own motivation. The law has been utilized to
demolish its own target: It has been applied to obliterating the equity that it
should keep up; to restricting and decimating rights which it’s genuine
reason for existing was to regard. The law has put the aggregate power at
the removal of the corrupt who wish without hazard, to misuse the
individual, freedom, and property of others. It has changed over loot into a
right, so as to secure loot. What's more, it has changed over legitimate
safeguard into wrongdoing so as to rebuff legal resistance."
What makes a decent law? A decent law is key for the presence of a
free and well-working society. It secures the life, property, and freedom of
each human. Law punishes murder (infringement of right to life). Law
punishes robbery (infringement of right to property). Law punishes
compulsion (disregards right to opportunity and freedom). Ensures the frail
against the oppression of the solid and forestalls conceding benefits to
uncommon gatherings to the detriment of others.
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EconClips. (2018). “Is Legal The Same As Moral and Just? What Good Law
Should Look Like?” Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=14nxzG4A9jl (July 3, 2019)
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Assessing Learning
Activity 22
Name: _ Score: _
Course/Year/Section: _ Date:
Directions: Differentiate the Four Types of Laws of St. Thomas Aquinas and
give examples.
Eternal Law
Divine Law
Human Law
Natural Law
Activity 23
Name: Score: _
Course/Year/Section: _ Date:
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Directions: Watch the given video by following the links (URL). You may
download them directly by clicking the links.
a)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r_UfYY7aWKo
After watching the video, let us find out how well you comprehend the
lesson. State the most important facts you derived from the materials.
NATURAL LAW THEORY: CRASH COURSE PHILOSOPHY
Activity 27
Name: _____________________________ Score: ____________________ Course/Year/Section:
______________ Date: _____________________
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Lesson Proper_____________________________________________________________________
Utilitarianism
Basic Principles
Origin
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Frameworks
One. There are situations where we happen to be in. If there are instances
where we can make the situation better, we must, even if it means that we
must make a little sacrifice. (If you sit and watch something bad happen and
refuse to get involved, you are still guilty of the crime).
Two. For the value theory, happiness should not be the only available thing
in our life. Well-being should also be considered valuable. G.E. Moore also
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Three. For the theory of right action, since it takes into consideration the act
that will cause more happiness, the alternative is considered less valuable,
what is less valuable is transitive. People have a right not to have their
interest sacrificed for the greater good.
Six. The Diminishing Margin Utility of Wealth – the more resources we have,
the less impact it gives. For example, if a poor man receives 1000 pesos, it
will make him very happy. If a rich businessman, receives 1000 pesos it will
have less impact on him.
Impacts of Utilitarianism
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References
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Assessing Learning
Activity 24
Name: Score: _
Course/Year/Section: _ Date:
Directions: Differentiate the Four Types of Laws of St. Thomas Aquinas and
give examples.
Eternal Law
Divine Law
Human Law
Natural Law
Activity 25
Name: Score: _
Course/Year/Section: _ Date: _
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Directions: Watch the given video by following the links (URL). You may
download them directly by clicking the links.
1.1 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r_UfYY7aWKo
After watching the video, let us find out how well you comprehend the
lesson. State the most important facts you derived from the materials.
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