Personality Disorders
The pattern is stable and long duration,
 When personality traits become
inflexible & maladaptive & significantly
interfere with how a person functions in
society or cause the person emotional
stress.
General Characteristics:
 Ego intact but maybe defective; may
not control impulse of ID.
 Superego underdeveloped
 Lack of insight & denial of maladaptive
behavior
 Inflexible & defensive behavior
 Poor stress tolerance and judgement
 Remain in mainstream in society,
despite occupational or social problems
 In contact with reality, but has difficulty
dealing with it
 Lack of self-responsibility
DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA
a. An enduring pattern of inner experience
and behavior that deviates markedly
from the expectations of the
individual’s culture. This pattern is
manifested in two (or more) of the
following areas:
1. Cognition (ex. Ways of perceiving and
interpreting self, other people, and
events)
2. Affectivity (ex. The range, intensity,
lability and appropriateness of
emotional response)
3. Interpersonal functioning
4. Impulse control
b. The enduring pattern is inflexible and
pervasive across a broad range of
personal and social situations
c. The enduring pattern leads to clinically
significant distress or impairment in
social, occupational, or other important
areas
d.
and its onset can be traced at least to
adolescence or early adulthood
e. The enduring pattern is not better
explained as a manifestation or
consequence of another mental
disorder.
f. The enduring pattern is not attributable
to the physiological effects of a
substance (ex. A drug abuse, a
medications) or another medical
condition (ex. Head trauma)
CATEGORIES OF PD
a. Cluster A (MAD) Odd or Eccentric –
1. Paranoid
2. Schizoid
3. Schizotypal
b. Cluster B (BAD) Dramatic, Emotional,
Erratic
1. Anti-social psychopath, sociopath,
dissocial
2. Borderline: maladaptive
3. Histrionic: egocentric &
4. Narcissistic personality disorder
c. Cluster C (SAD) Anxious or Fearful
1. Avoidant
2. Dependent &
3. OCD Personality Disorder
CLUSTER A (MAD) Odd or Eccentric
1. Paranoid PD (649)
- Pervasive mistrust, suspicious,
distrustful, unforgiving, jealous,
short tempered, aloof, withdrawn,
hypervigilance
Projection – blaming other people,
or events for their own difficulties
2. Schizoid PD (652)
- Pervasive detachement from social
relationships & a restricted range of
emotional expression in
interpersonal settings
 - No leisure/pleasurable activities
because they rarely experience
enjoyment
3. Schizotypal PD (655)
- Pervasive pattern of social &
interpersonal deficits marked by a
discomfort with and reduced
capacity for close relationships as
well as by cognitive or perceptual
distortions & behavioral
eccentricities.
CLUSTER B (BAD) Dramatic, Emotional, Erratic
1. Anti-social psychopath sociopath (659)
- Pervasive pattern of disregard for
and violation of rights of other and
with central characteristics of deceit
and manipulation
- “lawless” – violator of human right
irresponsible and manipulative with
impaired conscience
2. Borderline PD (663)
- Pervasive pattern of unstable
interpersonal relationships, self-
image, and affect as well as marked
impulsivity
- With unstable, intense relationships
and erratic change in emotion,
labile mood, irritability, impaired
judgement, lack of insight
3. Histrionic: Egocentric (667)
- Center of attention; hysterical,
excessive emotionality and
dramatic attention-seeking
- Seductive, proactive flirtatious; uses
body to gain attention, approval
and ambition
4. Narcissistic PD (669)
- Patterns of grandiosity (fantasy or
behavior), need for admiration
- Self-love & self- importance, self-
esteem is almost fragile and
vulnerable, hypersensitive to
criticism and needs the constant
attention
CLUSTER C (SAD) Anxious or Fearful
1. Avoidant PD (672)
- Social discomfort & reticence, low
self-esteem and hypersensitivity to
negative evaluation
2. Dependent PD (675)
- Excessive need to be taken care of,
which leads to submissive & clinging
to people behavior, cannot fxn
alone with fear of separation and
abandonment
- Motto “Any relationship better than
none at all”
Other Related Disorders:
a. Depressive PD
- Pervasive pattern of depressive
cognitions and behaviors in various
contexts (occurs equally in men and
women)
b. Passive – aggressive PD
- Negative attitude and a pervasive
pattern of resistance to demands
for adequate social and
occupational performance
Methods: TX PD
1. Cognitive and Behavioral Techniques
2. Psychoactive drugs
3. Psychotherapy
4. Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)