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Kuliah 1a-Review MetpenStat Desk
Kuliah 1a-Review MetpenStat Desk
DESKRIPTIF
Macam-macam Strategi Penelitian
(Gravetter & Forzano, 2009)
Category Research strategy
Strategies that examine individual Descriptive
variables
Strategies that examine relationships Correlational
between variables by measuring two
(more) variables for each participant
Strategies that examine relationships Experimental
between variables by comparing two (or Quasi-experimental
more) group of scores Non experimental
* Scientific Research:
- Melakukan langkah-langkah secara sistematis
- Melakukan pengujian secara empiris
- Melakukan kontrol
Darimana ‘masalah’ diperoleh?
* Dari hasil pengamatan, perenungan, atau
tindak lanjut dari penemuan orang lain 🡪
menerapkan inductive reasoning.
* Wujud dari rasa penasaran, keingintahuan
(curiosity) dan sense of crisis.
* Practical problems or questions
* Vague & fleeting thoughts
* Behavioral theories
Problem
* Is an interrogative sentence or statement that
asks: what relation exists between two or
more variables?
* Kerlinger & Lee, 2000
Criteria of good
research problem
1. Should express a relation between two or
more variables.
2. Should be stated clearly and unambiguously
in question form.
3. Should be such as to imply possibilities of
empirical testing.
(Kerlinger & Lee, 2000)
Data
Bagaimana data diperoleh?
Dalam Statistika:
1. Penghitungan
⚫ Menghasilkan frekuensi
⚫ Bentuk bilangan bulat/integer
2. Pengukuran
⚫ Menghasilkan nilai metrik atau nilai skala
⚫ Umumnya dinyatakan dalam bilangan
sinambung (continuous)
🡪 Skala: nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio
Modalitas Pengukuran
• Self-report
• Physiological measures
• Behavioral measures
Selecting Research Participant
Populasi
🡪 is the set of all the individuals of interest in particular
study
Sampel
🡪 is a set of individuals selected from a population, usually
intended to represent the population in a research study
Tipe Sampling
Gravetter & Forzano (2011):
1. Random/probability sampling
2. Non-random/non-probability sampling
Random Sampling
* Adanya daftar seluruh individu di populasi
* Setiap elemen di populasi memiliki kesempatan
yang sama dan independen untuk dipilih sebagai
sampel