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Toaz - Info Introduction To Criminology and Psychology of Crimes PR
Toaz - Info Introduction To Criminology and Psychology of Crimes PR
Toaz - Info Introduction To Criminology and Psychology of Crimes PR
-1)
What is Criminology?
It includes:
-The processes of making laws, of breaking laws, and of reacting toward the breaking of
laws
• Based on the premise, criminology can also be defined as the scientific
study of causes of crime in relation to man and society who set and defined
r u l e s a n d regulations for himself and others to govern.
Making of laws
• Law is passed because of the consensus of the will of the public.
I n t h e P hilippines, we have bicameral system of legislation. It is called bica
meral b e c a u s e i t i s c o m p o s e d o f t w o h o u s e s ; t h e S e n a t e a n
d t h e H o u s e o f Representatives. We have three major divisions or branches in
the government; t h e e x e c u t i v e , v e s t e d o n t h e o f f i c e o f t h e p r e s i d e n t ; t h e
l e g i s l a t i v e , c i t e d a n d explained above; and the judiciary vested on the Supreme
Court. We are being represented by the legislative branch in making laws.
Breaking of Laws
• All violations of laws are violations of the will of the majority in the society.
Violation of the provisions of the criminal laws created by the public thru
representation is called CRIME
.Crime- is an act or omission in violation of criminal law. Act- is outward movement tending
to produce effect. Omission- Reaction of the society towards the breaking of laws
•
Society either reacts positively or negatively when someone commits crime.
However, seldom has the society reacted positively; it reacts negatively by
imposing punishment on the law-breaker.
• Criminology is interdisciplinary:
• S o c i o l o g y
• C r i m i n a l j u s t i c e
•Political science
• P s y c h o l o g y
• E c o n o m i c s
• N a t u r a l s c i e n c e
Objectives of Criminology
The development of a body of general and verified principles and of other types of knowledge
regarding this process of law, crime, and its control and prevention, and the treatment of the
youthful offenders.
Nature of Criminology
Criminology continues to bring together in a very amorphous manner people who do the following
kinds of work:
1.academicians (often sociologists) who teach students a subject called cri minology,
including those criminologists who also do research and write on the subject;
2.teachers who train other
p e o p l e f o r p r o f e s s i o n a l r o l e s i n c r i m e c o n t r o l a n d criminal justice work;
3.those who are involved in policy research within the criminal justice system; and
4.those who apply criminology that is all the people who are employed in
criminal j u s t i c e a g e n c i e s , r a n g i n g f r o m p o l i c e m e n t o l a w y e r s t o p r i s o n
w a r d e n s t o correctional workers. Even this list of broad groupings does not exhaust the
possibilities as criminology and criminal justice increasingly play prominent roles in the
further development of society.
Is Criminology a Science?
The Criminologist
Criminologists are interested as how criminal laws are created, who has the power to create them,
what are the purpose of such laws, how they are enforced and violated. The
criminologists study the kinds of sanctions or incentives that can best protect the
environment. The criminologists study the relationship between ideology and power in
the making, enforcing, and breaking of laws.
Criminologist, defined
1. Criminogenic Processes - Explain human behavior and the experience which help d e t e r m i n e t h e
n a t u r e o f a p e r s o n ’ s p e r s o n a l i t y a s a r e a c t i n g m e c h a n i s m ; t h a t factors or
experiences in connection thereto infringe differentially upon different personalities, producing
conflict which is the aspect of crime.
2. Criminal Psychodynamics - the study of mental processes of criminals in action;
the study of genesis, development, and motivation of human behavior that
conflicts with accepted norms and standards of society; this study concentrates on the study of
individuals as opposed to general studies of mass populations with respect to their
general criminal behavior.
3. Cultural Conflicts - A c l a s h b e t w e e n s o c i e t i e s b e c a u s e o f c o n t r a r y b e l i e f s
o r substantial variances in their respective customs, language, institutions, habits,
learning, tradition, etc.
4. Dementia Praecox - a collective terms of mental disorder that begins at, or shortly after puberty
and usual leads to general failure of the mental faculties, with the corresponding
physiological impairment.
5. Delusion - In medical jurisprudence, a false belief about self, caused by morbidity, present in
paranoia and dementia praecox.
6. Episodic Criminal - A n o n - c r i m i n a l p e r s o n w h o c o m m i t s a c r i m e w h e n
u n d e r extreme emotional stress; a person who breaks down and commits a crime as a
single incident during the regular course of natural and normal events.
7. Erotomania - A morbid propensity to love or make love; uncontrollable sexual desire,
or excessive sexual craving by members of either sex.
8. Inheritance - the transmission of physical characteristics, mental traits, tendency to disease, etc.,
from parents to offspring. In genetics, the tendency manifested by an organism to develop
in the likeness of a progenitor due to the transmission of genes in the productive process.
9. Hereditary- Have been believe to share about equally in determining disposition, that is, whether a
person is cheerful or gloomy, his temperament, and his nervous stability.
10.Hallucination - An individual with a strongly self-centered pattern of emotion, fantasy,
and thought.
11. Kleptomaniac - a n u n c o n t r o l l a b l e m o r b i d p r o p e n s i t y t o s t e a l o r p a t h o l o g i c a l
stealing. The symptoms of this disease usually consist of peculiar motives for stealing
and hoarding.
12. Masochism - a condition of sexual perversion in which a person derives pleasure from being
dominated or cruelly treated.
13.Melancholia
- A mental disorder characterized by excessive brooding and
depression of spirits; typical of manic-depressive psychosis, accompanied by delusions
and hallucination.
14.Megalomania
- A m e n t a l d i s o r d e r i n w h i c h s u b j e c t t h i n k s h i m s e l f g r e a t o r exalted.
15. Necrophilism - Morbid craving, usually of an erotic nature for dead bodies. It is also a
form of perversion where sexual gratification is achieved either through sexual
intercourse with, or mutilation of a dead body. 16.Anthropology
- it is the science devoted to the study of mankind and its
development in relation to its physical, mental and cultural history.
17.Autophobia - it is a morbid fear of ones self, or of being alone.
18.Biometry- In Criminology, a measuring or calculating of the probable duration of human life;
the attempt to correlate the frequency of crime between parents and children or brothers
and sister (siblings).
19.Biosocial Behavior - A p e r s o n s b i o l o g i c a l h e r i t a g e , p l u s h i s e n v i r o n m e n t a n d
heritage, influence his social activity. It is through the reciprocal actions of
his biological and social heritages that a persons personality is developed.
20. Logomacy - A statement that we would have no crime if we had no criminal law, and that we
could eliminate all crime merely by abolishing all criminal laws.
Important Personalities in the Study of Criminology
1. Dr. Cesar Lombroso - Italian Doctor. Considered as the father of Criminology. The
world famous authority in the field of criminology who advocated
the Positivist theory: that crime is essentially a social and moral phenomenon and it
cannot be treated and by
the imposition of punishment; and that a criminal is just any person who is sick, that
he should be treated in the hospital for his possible rehabilitation and reformation.
2. Dr. Charles Goring - E n g l i s h s t a t i s t i c i a n w h o s t u d i e d t h e c a s e h i s t o r i e s o f
2 , 0 0 0 convicts and found that heredity is more influential as determinant criminal behavior than
environmental.
3. Alphonse Bertillon - One who originate a system of classifying criminals according to bodily
measurements. Human skeleton is unchangeable for the period of twenty years.
4. Edwin Sutherland - American authority in criminology who in his book, Principle of Criminology,
considered criminology at present as not a science but it hopes of becoming a science.
5. R. Garafalo - Italian authority in criminology, who developed a concept of the naturalcrime and
defined it as a violation of the prevalent sentiment of pity and probity.
6. W.A. Bonger - An international authority in criminology who classified crimes by
motives of the offender as economic crimes, sexual crimes, political crimes,
a n d vengeance as the principal motives.
7. Cesare Beccaria - Who, in his book: An Essay of Crimes and Punishment, advocated and applied
doctrine penology, that is to say make punishment less arbitrary and severe;
that all persons who violated a specific law should receive identical
p u n i s h m e n t regardless of age, sanity, wealth, position, or circumstance.
8. Enrico Ferri - Italian born 1856, published the book in 1878-The Theory of Imputable and Denial
of Free Will. He emphasizes on the following:
5. R . H . G o d d a r d
- w h o a d v o c a t e d t h e t h e o r y t h a t f e e b l e m i n d e d n e s s i n h e r i t e d a s Mendelian Unit,
causes crime for the reason that a feebleminded persons is unable to appreciate the consequences of
his behavior, or appreciate the meaning of the law.
6. David W. Maurer - an American authority in police administration who, in his book the Big
Con, once said, the dominant culture could control the predatory cultures w i t h o u t
difficulty, and what is more, it would exterminate them, for no criminal
subculture can operate continuously and professionally without the connivance of the law.
7. Peter Rentzel - a private person who in 1669, established a work house in Hamburgat
his own expense because he had observed that thieves and prostitutes were made worse
instead of better by pillory, and he hoped that they might be improved by work and religious
instruction in the workhouse.
8. John Howard- the great prison reformer, who wrote the State of Prisons in England in 1777, after
a personal investigation of practically all the prisons in England.
*TERMS OF CRIMINOLOGY
Atavism
:Atavism refers to Lombroso'stheory that while most individuals evolve, some devolve, becoming
primitive or "atavistic". These evolutionary "throwbacks" are "born criminals," the most
violent criminals in society. Born criminals could be identified through their atavistic stigmata. (For
a good account of Lombroso's theories of atavism, see Gould's The Mismeasure of Man, pages 151-
75.)
Culture: The development of criminology to some degree can be told as the story of a deepening
understanding of culture. For early sociological criminologists—and for many today —'culture' is
primarily understood as the values and goals that orient individual actors.
Many sub cultural and labeling theorists deepen this understanding, seeing a 'culture' as the
understandings and behaviors that arise, in the words of Howard Becker , ". . . in response to a
problem faced in common by a group of people . . ." (Outsiders,81).Finally, recent criminologists—
especially feminist and critical criminologists—view culture very broadly, as the beliefs and values,
tastes and interests, knowledge, behavior, and even the very ways that individuals conceive their of
'selves'. Culture, in short, has come to be seen as the fabric out of which the social is made.
Deterrence
:A strategy of punishment associated with the Classical School. Deterrence can either be specific,
punishing an individual so that she won't commit a crime again, or general, punishing an individual
to set an example to society, so that others will not commit the same crime. For the
Classical School, punishment was primarily justified in terms of general deterrence. See also
Retribution, Rehabilitation, and Incapacitation.
Etiology:
Epistemology
:Strictly speaking, refers to philosophies or theories of the nature of knowledge. In social science,
epistemology often refers to how individuals perceive "truth," and the social processes by which
knowledge is constructed and accepted as "true."
Extrinsic
Instrumental
:Actions done to accomplish a greater consequence or end. For example, punishments carried out in
the name of (general) deterrence punish particular individuals in order to prevent others in society
from commiting the same actions; punishment teaches others in society a lesson. This is in contrast
to retributionist justifications for punishments.
Reciprocal
:Something exchanged, given, or owed between two or more individuals. According to The
Classical School, the basis of order in society are those promises that every individual in society
would make if they thought about it rationally, and therefore would make reciprocally.
Until the 20th century, theories about criminality were explicitly derived from more general
ideas about "human nature." For the " classical school " of criminology (a very b r o a d c a t e g o r y
f o r t h e l e g a l t h e o r i s t s a n d r e f o r m e r s o f t h e 1 7 t h a n d 1 8 t h c e n t u r i e s ) criminal
behavior was a natural consequence of people's drive toward hedonism --a drive perceived to be
held by all individuals. A well-ordered state would not attempt to change people's behavior, but
would attempt to construct a social and legal environment in which criminal behavior was not in
people's self-interest. While this view was also held by the"
positivist school " of criminology (the Italian criminal anthropologists of the late 19thand early
20th centuries),
true criminal behavior was the product of those people in society who did not possess
"civilized" human nature. The constitution of these "born criminals" was less than human ,
"primitive," "savage," and "
atavistic," needing to bea l t e r e d o r s e p a r a t e d f r o m s o c i e t y . T h u s f o r t h e
c l a s s i c a l s c h o o l , c r i m i n a l s a r e l i k e ourselves, while for the positivist schools, criminals
are very different.
A Brief History of Criminology
• A Recent Development
•The study of crime and criminality is relatively young, however criminal
codes have existed for thousands of years
•Middle Ages (1200 – 600)
•Witches and demons
• T h e I n q u i s i t i o n
• B u r n e d t o d e a t h
•Classical Criminology
•Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794)
• Essays on Crimes and Punishments
•His writings have become the core of what we call “Classica
l Criminology”
• t h e p u r p o s e o f c r i m i n a l p u n i s h m e n t i s t o e n s u r e t h e p r o t e c t i o n a n d order of
society
• Jeremy Bentham
•Hedonistic Calculus
•people will naturally seek the greatest pleasure over the
greatest pain
• p u n i s h m e n t s s h o u l d b e c r e a t e d w i t h t h i s i d e a i n m i n d t o create
deterrence
• B a s i c E l e m e n t s
1.Believed people have free will to choose criminal or lawful
l solutions to meet their needs
2.Crime is attractive because it usually requires less work for a
greater payoff
3.Choice is controlled by fear of punishment
4.Punishment should be severe, swift, and certai n to control behavior
•Positivist Criminology
•Positivistic Criminology
• S o c i a l p o s i t i v i s m d e v e l o p e d t o s t u d y t h e m a j o r s o c i a l changes
(Sociology)
1.Population
2 . M a c h i n e r
1.Crime is normal
•Poverty and prosperity
2.Rising crime rates can signal the need for social change
•Programs to relieve human Suffering
3.Anomie = Norm and role confusion = “normlessness”
• The Chicago School and Beyond
•Conflict Criminology
• M a r x ( 1 8 1 8 - 8 8 3 )
1.Relationship between bourgeoisie (capitalists) and proletariat
(labor) developing class conflicts
2.Development of conflict theory (the linkage between crime and
capitalism)
•Contemporary Criminology
•Criminal Statistics
•Sociology of Law
•Sub area of criminology concerned with the role of social forces in sha ping
criminal law
- E x a m p l e - the legality of art works
•Criminologists help lawmakers alter the content of criminal law to respond to the
changing times
• Theory Construction
• Social theory:
•A set of interrelated statements or principles that explain some
aspect of social life
• I d e a l l y b a s e d o n social facts
•Can be quantified and measured
• H y p o t h e s i s
•Testable expectations
• Innovative methods
• Criminal behavior system
•Research on specific criminal types and patterns
•white-collar crime
• C r i m e t y p o l o g i e s
• Penology
•Correction and control of known criminal offenders
•Victimology
•Victim surveys, costs of crime, factors that increase likelihood of
b e i n g victimized, victim services
• symbolic interaction
• Defining Crime
•Crime is a violation of societal rules of behavior as
i n t e r p r e t e d a n d expressed by the criminal law, which reflects public opinion,
traditional values, and the viewpoint of people currently holding social
and political power
•The definition combines all three criminological perspectives
•Consensus, conflict, and interactionist
• Criminal law
• Common Law