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General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 8e: Bettelheim, Brown, Campbell, & Farrell
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 8e: Bettelheim, Brown, Campbell, & Farrell
H + + N AD H
N AD + Citric
N AD +
acid
cycle
(8 s teps) N AD H + H +
FAD H2 CoA CO 2
FAD N AD +
N AD H + H +
GTP
GDP CO 2
:
N N
Ad Ad
NAD+ N AD H
(oxidized form) (reduced form)
O
CH3 -C-S-CoA
Acetyl coenzyme A
(An acyl CoA )
H + + N AD H
N AD + Citric
N AD +
acid
cycle
(8 s teps) N AD H + H +
FAD H2 CoA CO 2
FAD N AD +
N AD H + H +
GTP
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GDP CO 2
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27-17
27Citric Acid Cycle
• Step 1: condensation of acetyl CoA with
oxaloacetate:
• The high-energy thioester of acetyl CoA is hydrolyzed.
• This hydrolysis provides the energy to drive Step 1.
O
CH3 C-SCoA
Acetyl-CoA citrate CH2 -COO-
s yn th ase
+ HO C-COO- + CoA-SH
-
CH2 -COO- Coenzyme A
O C-COO
CH2 -COO- Citrate
Oxaloacetate
• Citrate synthase, an allosteric enzyme, is inhibited by
NADH, ATP, and succinyl-CoA.
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27-18
27Citric Acid Cycle
• Step 2: dehydration and rehydration, catalyzed by
aconitase, gives isocitrate.
CH2 -COO - CH2 -COO - CH2 -COO -
- H2 O H2 O
HO C-COO - C-COO - H C-COO -
Aconitas e
CH2 -COO - CH- COO - HO CH- COO -
Citrate Aconitate Is ocitrate
• Citrate and aconitate are achiral; neither has a
stereocenter.
• Isocitrate is chiral; it has 2 stereocenters and 4
stereoisomers are possible.
• Only one of the 4 possible stereoisomers is formed in
the cycle.
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27-19
27Citric Acid Cycle
• Step 3: oxidation of isocitrate followed by
decarboxylation gives a-ketoglutarate.
CH2 -COO - N AD + N AD H + H+
H C-COO -
isocitrate
HO CH- COO - dehydrogenase
Is ocitrate
CH2 -COO - CO 2 CH2 -COO -
H C-COO - H C-H
O C-COO - O C-COO -
Oxalos uccinate a-Ketoglutarate
Pyruvate
Acetyl-CoA
Oxaloacetate
a-Ketoglutarate intermediates
Succinyl-CoA of the citric
Fumarate acid cycle
Malate
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27-26
27Oxidative Phosphorylation
• Carried out by four closely related multisubunit
membrane-bound complexes and two electron
carriers, coenzyme Q and cytochrome c.
• In a series of oxidation-reduction reactions, electrons
from FADH2 and NADH are transferred from one
complex to the next until they reach O2.
• O2 is reduced to H2O.
O2 + 4H+ + 4e- 2H2 O + energy
H + + N AD H
N AD + Citric
N AD +
acid
cycle
(8 s teps) N AD H + H +
FAD H2 CoA CO 2
FAD N AD +
N AD H + H +
End GTP
GDP CO 2
Chapter 27
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27-39