Bio potential

1.Resting potential
2. Action potential

Resting potential
The membrane potential caused by the difference concentration of ions is called as resting
potential.

The range of resting potential is - 60 to - 100mv

 Action potential
When a cell membrane is excited by some form of externally applied energy, the membrane
changes its electrical characteristics and begins to allow some of the Na+ ions to enter. The
movement of Na+ ions into the cell constitutes ionic current which further reduces the barrier of
the membrane to Na+ ions. The net result in Na+ ions rush into the cell and try to balance with the
ions outside. At the same time K+ ions present inside the cell try to leave the cell. But they are
unable to move as rapidly as Na+ ions. As a result the cell has a slightly positive potential. This
positive potential of the cell membrane during excitation is called action potential and is about
20mv, As long as the action potential exists, the cell is said to be depolarized.

 The process of changing from resting state to action potential is called as

“depolarization”.


C1, C2 = Concentration of the selected ion on two sides of the membrane.

F1,F2 = Activity coefficient of the ions on two sides of the membrane.

Surface electrode
Depth electrode
Needle electrode
 Selection criteria for transducers and electrodes
 Operating range : The range of transducer should be appropriate for measurement to get
a good resolution.

 Operating Principle : The transducers are selected on the basis of operating principle it
may be resistive, inductive, capacitive, optical etc.

 Accuracy : The accuracy should be as high as possible or as per the measurement.

 Range : The transducer can give good result within its specified range, so select
transducer as per the operating range.

 Sensitivity : The transducer should be more sensitive to produce the output or sensitivity
should be as per requirement.

 Environmental compatibility : The transducer should maintain input and output

characteristic for the selected environmental condition.

 Loading effect: The transducer’s input impedance should be high and output impedance
should be low to avoid loading effect.

 Errors : The error produced by the transducer should be low as possible.

 Frequency Response :It should be smooth (flat) over the entire desired range.

 Ruggedness of Transducer :A transducer should be rugged enough to withstand

overload.

 Reliability and Stability of Transducer : Reliability should be high so that minimum errors are
encountered in measurement due to temperature variations, vibrations and other various changes
in surroundings. The transducer should be stable. it should repeat the results without error. It is
classification of transducer and selection criteria of transducer.

Repeatability :A transducer’s ability to produce identical output upon stimulation by the same
input is termed as repeatability.
Noise : All transducers have some random noise in their output. Small signals are largely
affected by noise in comparison to larger signals. Noise should be minimum