1.

1 Introduction
COURSE OUTCOME

CO 1 : Apply engineering knowledge of

basic fundamentals design of steel and
timber structures.

CO 2 : Design the basic structural

components of steel and timber using
relevant codes of practices.

2
PROGRAMME OUTCOME

PO 2 : Identify, formulate, research literature and

analyse complex civil engineering problems
reaching substantiated conclusions using first
principles of mathematics, natural sciences and
engineering sciences.

PO 5 : Create, select and apply appropriate

techniques, resources, and modern engineering
and IT tools, including prediction and modeling,
to complex civil engineering problems, with an
understanding of the limitations.

3
 Structural and Materials Division
LEARNING
Faculty of Civil OUTCOMES
Engineering
Universiti Teknologi MARA Pahang

At the end of this lesson, students should be able

to:

 List out the types of steel(CO1)

 Understand basic concepts of structural steel
element(CO2)

4
INTRODUCTION
AS DESIGNER, WHERE ARE WE?

STRUCTURAL ENGINEER
Determine the best structural
systems/forms to bring the
architect’s concept into
being.
Analyse and design the
structure.
Produce the structural
drawings.
ARCHITECT DRAWING
STRUCTURAL DRAWING
INTRODUCTION
DESIGN DEFINITION

 A process of material selection and

determination of elements sizes of the
structure to be built.
 In consideration of the loadings subjected
to the structure.

8
INTRODUCTION
DESIGN STEPS

1. Idealisation of the structure into frames and elements.

2. Estimation of loads.

3. Analysis to determine the moments and forces.

4. Design of elements.

5. Production of detail drawings and bar schedules.

9
INTRODUCTION
DESIGN OBJECTIVES

FUNCTION AND AESTHETIC

The arrangement of space, span, ceiling height, access ability and traffic
flow must complement the intended use. The structure should fit its
environment and be aesthetically pleasing.

SAFETY AND RELIABILITY

A structure must be strong enough to support all loadings safely.

ECONOMY AND COST EFFECTIVE

The overall cost of the structure should not exceed the client’s budget. The
designer should take into account not only the cost of materials, but also the
buildability, construction time, cost of temporary structures required and cost
of maintenance.

MAINTAINABILITY AND SUSTAINABILITY

A structure should be designed to require minimum maintenance and be
able to be maintained with ease.
10
INTRODUCTION
CODE OF PRACTICE

 Document that provides

recommendations for the
design and construction of
structures.
 It contains detailed
requirements regarding
loads, stresses, strengths,
design formulae and
methods on achieving the
required performance of
completed structures.
11
INTRODUCTION
CODE OF PRACTICE

12
INTRODUCTION
CODE OF PRACTICE

13
INTRODUCTION
CODE OF PRACTICE

14
INTRODUCTION
DESIGN WORKING LIFE

15
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS IN CONSTRUCTION

GLASS STEEL BRICK

REINFORCED TIMBER METAL

CONCRETE

16
INTRODUCTION
STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN
INTRODUCTION
STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN

Introduction

• Steel became an important construction material since 19th

century.

• Hot-rolled steel sections are commonly use as structural

steel section for the construction of steel buildings and
connected together using rivets, bolting and welding.

• Steel is a metal, which consists of an alloy of iron, carbon

plus other elements such as magnesium, manganese,
silicon, phosphorus, aluminum and others. The % of these
elements control the properties of steel such as tensile and
ultimate strength.
 MELTING PROCESS
Materials are charged in a blast
furnace where hot air is pumped to
melt iron and fluxes at 1600°C.

RAW
MATERIALS

Iron ore,
limestone,
dolomite and
coal

REFINING
Into the ingots where
where further casting processes
reduction of takes place
impurities is
done in basic
oxygen furnace
(BOF) and
scrap into
Electric arc
furnace (EAF)
DIFFERENT
PRODUCTS
FOR
DIFFERENT
WORK
PURPOSE
INTRODUCTION
ADVANTAGES OF STEEL
INTRODUCTION
DISADVANTAGES OF STEEL
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
TYPES OF STEEL STRUCTURE
INTRODUCTION
TYPES OF STEEL STRUCTURE
INTRODUCTION
TYPES OF STEEL STRUCTURE
INTRODUCTION
TYPES OF STEEL STRUCTURE
INTRODUCTION
TYPES OF STEEL STRUCTURE
INTRODUCTION
TYPES OF STEEL STRUCTURE
INTRODUCTION
TYPES OF STEEL STRUCTURE
INTRODUCTION
ELEMENTS OF STEEL STRUCTURE
INTRODUCTION
ELEMENTS OF STEEL STRUCTURE
INTRODUCTION
ELEMENTS OF STEEL STRUCTURE
INTRODUCTION
ELEMENTS OF STEEL STRUCTURE
INTRODUCTION
ELEMENTS OF STEEL STRUCTURE
INTRODUCTION
ELEMENTS OF STEEL STRUCTURE
INTRODUCTION
ELEMENTS OF STEEL STRUCTURE
INTRODUCTION
ELEMENTS OF STEEL STRUCTURE
INTRODUCTION
STRUCTURAL STEEL SECTIONS
INTRODUCTION
STRUCTURAL STEEL SECTIONS
INTRODUCTION
STRUCTURAL STEEL SECTIONS
INTRODUCTION
STRUCTURAL STEEL SECTIONS
INTRODUCTION
PROPERTIES OF STEEL

 One of the most important physical properties of

steel is the stress-strain relationship
 This relationship is obtained by testing a steel
coupon using the UTM (Universal Testing
Machine) in the laboratory following the BS
standard
 The tensile properties can be measured using
coupon shaped test pieces of circular or
rectangular cross-section where the loads are
applied through threaded or shouldered end
INTRODUCTION
PROPERTIES OF STEEL

Cross-section area: A

Elongation: 

Gage Length L

Standard test piece geometry steel coupon

 Stress is defined as the axial force divided by

the initial cross-area and strain is defined as
the elongation divided by initial gage length
INTRODUCTION
PROPERTIES OF STEEL
Stress
Ultimate Us
stress
Strain
Hardening
Ys
Yield Yield
Stress Plateau
E (Young’s
Modulus)

Strain
ey est eu
Yield Strain-hardening
strain strain
Ultimate strain

 The Yield Stress (Ys) is defined as the stress beyond

which the tension coupon will have a permanent
elongation when the load is removed
 For engineering purposes, the Yield Stress can also be
considered as the stress beyond which the stress is no
longer proportional to strain
INTRODUCTION
PROPERTIES OF STEEL

 It can be seen from the above figure that

immediately beyond yield stress, the strain can
increase while the stress remains constant. This
region of constant stress is called the “yield
plateau”.
 In elastic region, the stress is proportional to
strain. The slope of the stress-strain relationship
in the elastic region is known as the Young
Modulus (E).
INTRODUCTION
PROPERTIES OF STEEL

 The Young’s Modulus, E, Shear Modulus G, and

Poisson ratio v are given :

E = 210 000 N/mm2

 G = E/[2(1+v)] = 81000 N/mm2
 v = 0.3
INTRODUCTION
PROPERTIES OF STEEL
Common Steel Sections
 There are two common structural steel grades used in
the construction of steel building as listed below:
 Grade S275 (or equivalently Grade 43) called Mild
steel
 Grade S355 (or equivalently Grade 50) called High
strength steel
High strength steel (HS)
Us, HS

Ys, HS Mild steel

(MS)
Us, MS

Comparison stress- Ys, MS

strain between
S275 and S355

e
ey, HS ey, MS eu, HS eu, MS
INTRODUCTION
PROPERTIES OF STEEL

 From this graph, it is noted that:

 Yield stress of the high strength steel (Ys,HS) is higher

than that of the mild steel (Ys,MS).
 Young’s modulus E is unchanged for the mild and the
high strength steel.
 The yield plateau is larger in mild steel than high
strength steel.
 The ratio of Us/Ys decrease in high strength steel
compare to mild.
 The ratio of εu/εy decrease in high strength steel than
mild steel.
INTRODUCTION
STEEL DESIGN THEORY
INTRODUCTION
STEEL DESIGN THEORY
INTRODUCTION
STEEL DESIGN THEORY
INTRODUCTION
STEEL DESIGN THEORY
INTRODUCTION
STEEL DESIGN THEORY
 THANK YOU
SEE YOU IN THE NEXT CLASS!