PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION NOTES
Purposive Communication: Using English in Multilingual Context by Madrunio, M. & Martin, I. (2018)
UNIT 1: LANGUAGE AND COMMUNICATION
LESSON 1: THE NATURE OF LANGUAGE
Language – a human capacity that consists of:
(a) A system of rules (grammar),
(b) A sound system (phonology), and
(c) A vocabulary (lexicon)
Language Acquisition – the process where
people acquire the language of the speech
community while growing up.
Mother tongues – also referred as first
languages (L1), are the languages acquired
while growing up.
LESSON 2: TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
Communication – generally defined as the
exchange of thoughts, ideas, concepts, and
views between or among two or more people.
Context – the circumstance or environment in
which communication takes place. Such
circumstance may include:
- Physical or actual setting
- Value positions of a speaker/listener
- Relevance and appropriateness of the
message conveyed
Factors surrounding the context of
communication: physical, cultural, social, and
psychological
Communication may be classified according
to:
(1) Communication mode
(2) Context
(3) Purpose and style
Types of Communication According to Mode:
verbal – non-verbal and visual
Verbal – Non-verbal Communication –
effective communication calls for the blending
Second Language (L2) – the other languages
needed for various reasons.
Language Learning -the process where people
learn their second languages, whether in
school or on their own.
Language Change – result of language
contact; a natural behavior of all languages.
of these two types. One cannot be separated
from the other.
Visual Communication – uses visuals to
convey information and/or messages.
Example: signs, symbols, imagery,
maps graph, charts, diagrams,
pictograms, photos, drawings or
illustrations, and even various forms
of electronic communication—emojis,
emoticons, and animation
Types of Communication According to
Context: intrapersonal, interpersonal,
extended, organizational communication, and
intercultural communication
Intrapersonal Communication – (the Latin
prefix intra- means within or inside) talking to
oneself.
- inner talk, inner monologue,
or inner dialogue.
- (for psychologists) self-
verbalization or self-statement.
Interpersonal Communication – (the Latin
prefix inter- means between, among, and
together) an interactive exchange (but not goals, and objective an organization
necessarily a transaction). developed.
- meant to establish, maintain, - is of utmost
or deepen social relationships. significance since it will dictate the
- characterized by less kind of behavior that employees
seriousness or formality. should possess, as well as the extent
of commitment expected from them
Transactional Communication – aims
by the organization.
to achieve or resolve something at the
end of the conversation. Intercultural Communication –
- more formal and communication between or among people
profound. having different linguistic, religious, ethnical,
social, and professional backgrounds.
Extended Communication – involves the use
of electronic media. It is important to pay attention to
intercultural communication to avoid
Electronic media: TV and radio; tele,
miscommunication and/or
audio or phone conferencing; video-
communication breakdown.
conferencing; Skype calls; and other
technological means Types of Communication According to Style
and Purpose: formal and informal (focuses on
Organizational Communication – the focus is
the communication setting and the mode of
on the role that communication plays in
delivery)
organizational context.
Formal Communication – employs formal
Organizations – comprise individuals
language delivered orally or in written form.
who work for the company.
Main objectives: to inform, to
Two types of organizational structure:
entertain, and to persuade.
(1) Formal Structure – allows
Informal Communication – does not involve
communication to take place via
formal language as it involves personal and
designated channels of message
ordinary conversation with family, friends,
flow between positions in the
and acquaintances about anything under the
organization.
sun.
Four approaches: downward
Purpose: to socialize and enhance
communication, upward
relationships.
communication, horizontal
communication, and cross-wise
communication.

(2) Informal Communication – comes

from unofficial channels of
message flow.
-
(grapevine) messages from the
different levels of organization are
transmitted.

Organizational Culture – the core

values, vision and mission statements,
LESSON 3: COMMUNICATION PROCESSES, PRINCIPLES, AND ETHICS

Why is it important to know the communication models?

- To understand how a communication process work.

- By knowing the communication flow, one will be able to make the communication process
effective.

Model – often abstract; a representation of a real-world phenomenon applied to different forms.

4 Conceptual Models of Human Communication: Aristotle’s model; Laswell’s model; Shannon-

Weaver’s model; and David Berlo’s model of communication

Aristotle’s Communication Model

SPEAKER SPEECH AUDIENCE

Laswell’s Communication Model – Harold Dwight Laswell (1948)

Who Say what In which channel To whom

With what effect
     

Effect
Communicator Message Medium Receiver

Shannon-Weaver’s Communication Model – Claude Elwood Shannon & Warren Weaver (1949)

Information source
Transmitter Reception Destination

Channel

Sender Encoder Sender Encoder

Noise

Feedback

Berlo’s Communication Model

ENCODES DECODES

Source Message Channel Receiver

Communication Communication
Content Hearing
Skills Skills
Element Seeing
Attitudes Attitudes
Treatment Touching
Knowledge Knowledge
Structure Smelling
Social Culture Social Culture
Code Tasting
Culture Culture
General Principles of Effective Communication

1. Know your purpose.

2. Know your audience.
3. Know your topic.
4. Adjust your speech or writing to the context of the situation.
5. Work on the feedback given on you.

Principle of Effective Oral Communication

1. Be clear with your purpose.

2. Be complete with the message you deliver.
3. Be concise.
4. Be natural with your delivery.
5. Be specific and timely with your feedback.

Principles of Effective Written Communication: The 7Cs

1. Clarity – be clear about your message.

2. Conciseness – be concise. Be brief by focusing on the main point.
3. Concreteness – be concrete. Support your claims with enough fact.
4. Correctness – be correct. Observe grammatical correctness in your writing.
5. Coherence – be coherent. Convey a logical message. Ideas should be connected with each
other and must relate to the topic.
6. Completeness – be complete. Include all necessary and relevant information.
7. Courtesy – be courteous. The tone of the writing should be friendly.

Ethics of Communication

Communication Ethics – emphasizes that morals influence the behavior of an individual, group, or
organization thereby affecting their communication.

One’s behavior should be regulated by honesty, decency, truthfulness, sincerity, and moral
uprightness.

Guide to achieve ethical communication:

1. Establish an effective value system that will pave the way for the development of your
integrity as a person.
2. Provide complete and accurate information.
3. Disclose vital information adequately and appropriately.

Code of Ethics - determines the kind of behavior that is proper and desirable over one that is
displeasing and offensive.

- is important for any organization. Without it, confusion, misunderstanding, and conflicts
arise within structure since there are no standards to be observed.
UNIT 2: MODES OF COMMUNICATION

LESSON 1: FORMS OF COMMUNICATION

Communication Mode – refers to the channel through which one expresses his/her communicative
intent. It is a medium through which one conveys his/her thoughts.

4 Modes of Communication: face-to-face interaction; video; audio; and text-based

Face-to-face Interaction – an informal or casual conversation between two or more people.

Video – web cameras are used so that two or more people who can’t interact face-to-face can
communicate.

Audio – transmitted sound. Only the voice of the speaker is heard.

- quite difficult especially if you are listening to people with different accent.

Text-based Communication – has a wider reach and can disseminate information to a bigger
audience quickly.

LESSON 2: COMMUNICATION AND TECHNOLOGY