Universe and

the Solar System

BIG BANG THEORY
- Aleksander Friedman & George Lamaitre (1920)

Due to random fluctuation, there is a great explosion or

expansion sending space, time, matter and energy in all
directions.
 FORMATION OF
BASIC ELEMENTS
THE BIG BANG (3 sec) PERIOD OF MATTER
(10-35 – 10-33 sec) DOMINATION
(300,000 years)

FORMATION OF BIRTH OF STARS

THE UNIVERSE AND GALAXIES
(300 million years)
(10- – 6 sec)
PERIOD OF
RADIATION
(10,000 years)
 Evidences for Big Bang
Theory
• Galaxies moving
away (Hubble, 1924)

• Presence of CMB-
Cosmic Microwave
Background (Penzias &
Wilson, 1960)

• Abundance of Light
Elements
Steady State
Theory
(Bondi, Gold and Hoyle, 1948)

Universe is unchanging in time and uniform in space.

Flat Universe, no magnetic monopoles & Regions have been in
contact with each other
1.Flatness.
- The Geometry of the Universe is nearly
flat (Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy
Probe – WMAP)
2.Monopole.
- No magnetic monopoles observed.
3.Horizon.
- Uniformity of cosmic microwave
background temperature shows that these
regions must have been in contact with
each other in the past.
 Period of exponential expansion of
the universe prior to the more
gradual big bang expansion.
• Flatness. Inflation stretches any initial curvature of the
universe to near flatness.
• Monopole. The theory allows the existence of the
monopoles . During rapid expansion, the density of the
monopoles dropped exponentially to an undetectable
level.
• Horizon. Exponential expansion in the early universe
presupposes that the distant regions were much close
with each other prior to inflation.
Inflation
Theory
(Guth, Linde, Steinhart & Albrecht)
String Theory

Theory of Relativity
Quantum Mechanics

STRINGS (open or closed)

- Strings of vibrating energy

- Claims to unify all forces
and matter in the universe
 M-Theory
- Strings +
membranes
- Origin of the
universe occurs
as a result of the
contact of 2
hyperdimensiona
l branes
Origin of the Solar System
 - Solar system formed into bodies
with nearly circular orbits –
whirlpool-like motion
- Orbit of the planets = 1st
- Satellites around the planets = 2nd

Rene Descartes’
Vortex Theory
- Planets were formed by the collision of
the Sun with a giant comet.
- Resulting debris = planets (rotating in
the same direction)
George Louis Leclerc, Comte de
Buffon’s Collision Theory
 Kant – Laplace Nebular Hypothesis
- Nebula begins to collapse due to
gravitational pull
- Explains how the sun and the planet were
created in a single process
- Assumed that the total angular
momentum of the system was in the SUN
 - Dualistic theory
- Planets were formed from
the substance that was
torn out of the sun.
- Speeding massive star
James Hopwood
Jeans Harold Jeffreys
(near the Sun) →
gravitational attraction →
Jean-Jeffrey’s condensed → planets
Tidal Hypothesis
 Solar Nebular Theory

Movement of solar nebula and the

protosun forming at the center Protoplanets Forming

Spinning Planetary Disk Birth of the Solar System