Concrete and Concrete Structure

Presented by
Shalini
CONCRETE

Concrete is a composite material in which a binding

material mixed in water on solidification binds the inert
particles of well graded fine and coarse aggregate.
Cement, and lime are generally used as
binding materials, whereas sand cinder is
used as fine aggregates and crushed stones,
gravel, broken bricks, clinkers are used as
coarse aggregates.
 GRADES OF CONCRETE
➢Indian standard IS 456-2000 specifies fifteen grades of
concrete, designated as M10, M15, M20, M25, M30, M35,
M40, M45, M50, M55, M60, M65, M75 and M80.
➢M refers mix, and number specifies characteristic strength
(fck) of 150 mm cube at 28 days, expressed in N/mm2.
➢Characteristic strength is defined as the strength of the
material below which not more than 5% of the test results are
expected to fail..
 Group Grade Designation
M10
Ordinary concrete
M15
M20
M25
Standard concrete
M30
M35
M40
M45
M50
M55
M60
High strength concrete M65
M70
M75
M80
 IMPORTANCE OF WATER CEMENT RATIO
➢Water cement ratio is the ratio of volume of water mixed in
concrete to volume of cement used.
➢Strength
➢Workability
➢Cement requires about 1/5 to 1/4 of its weight of water to
become completely hydrated. This suggests complete hydration
will not be secured if water cement ratio less than 0.4 .
➢For 1:1:2 - 0.50
1:1.5:3 - 0.55
1:2:4 - 0.60
 PROPERTIES OF FRESH CONCRETE
➢Workability.
➢Setting.
➢Segregation.
➢Plastic Shrinkage.
➢Thermal Shrinkage.
➢Thermal Expansion.
➢Water Cement Ratio
 WORKABILITY

➢Workability, in the simplest language, is the ease with which

freshly prepared concrete can be transported and placed for the job
and compacted to a dense mass.
➢A workable concrete should have a right balance between the
plasticity and mobility for a particular job in particular place.
➢To develop such a balance, you must select the right type of
aggregates, proper proportioning of cement, sand, coarse
aggregates, and water, and thorough mixing of the constituents.
WORKABILITY TESTS

For quality construction, the following three tests are required to be

carried out.
➢Slump test.
➢Compacting factor test.
➢Vee-Bee Consistometer test.
 1. Slump test
The concrete slump test measures the consistency of fresh concrete before it
sets. It is performed to check the workability of freshly made concrete, and
therefore the ease with which concrete flows. It can also be used as an indicator
of an improperly mixed batch. The test is popular due to the simplicity of
apparatus used and simple procedure. The slump test is used to ensure
uniformity for different loads of concrete under field conditions.
 2. Compaction Factor Test
In this test samples of concrete are weighed first when concrete is
partially compacted, and then after the full compaction.Then, the samples
are compacted using specified techniques and apparatus.
The ratio between partially compacted weight to the fully compacted
weight gives a measure of compaction factor. It is always less than 1.
Suitable for very stiff and dry concrete.
Vee-Bee Consistometer Test
In this test samples of fresh concrete is taken in a metallic cone and compacted
by a specified vibrator to an ultimate shape of a flat cylindrical mass.
Total time taken for this process, in seconds, is recorded.
This is called Vee-Bee time and gives a measure
of compatibility of the concrete.
This test is useful in determining the
workability of concrete mixes with
aggregates size up to 20 mm.
FACTORS AFFECTING WORKABILITY
➢Cement content of concrete
➢Water content of concrete
➢Mix proportions of concrete
➢Size of aggregates
➢Shape of aggregates
➢Grading of aggregates
➢Surface texture of aggregates
➢Use of admixtures in concrete
➢Use of supplementary cementitious materials
 SETTING

➢When concrete changes its state from fresh to hardened then this
process is called setting. And the time required to complete this
process is known as setting time of cement.
➢Setting time depends on the type of cement, aggregates, etc., used
in concrete-mix. For increasing or decreasing the setting time
Admixtures is used.
➢The setting time for Portland cement is about 30 – 45 minutes.
 PLASTIC SHRINKAGE

This is the shrinkage that the fresh concrete undergoes until it sets
completely. It may also be called initial shrinkage.
This can be due to excessive loss of water from the concrete due to
evaporation, bleeding, and soaking by formwork.
Excessive shrinkage at initial stages may develop cracks. Therefore,
all precautions should be taken to avoid excessive loss of water.
In absence of test data, the approximate value of the total shrinkage
strain for design may be taken as 0.0003
THERMAL SHRINKAGE

This may be due to falling in temperature of concrete-mix from the

time it laid to the time it sets completely.
Due to change in temperature, some shrinkage may be expected.
Sometimes, It may be negligible on its own account.
THERMAL EXPANSION

In massive concrete works, when the upper layers are laid before the
lower layers have completely set, there may arise a phenomenon of
thermal expansions – in the lower layers.
This is because the heat of hydration gets accumulated in those
layers and may attain magnitudes beyond acceptable limits.
The coefficient of thermal expansion depends on the nature of
cement, aggregate, cement content, relative humidity and size of
section.
CONSISTANCY
COHESIVENESS
The other aspect of workability is Cohesiveness. It tells whether a concrete
mixture is plastic, harsh or sticky. Concrete is required to be plastic which
allows it to be molded and hold a shape when formed.
Harsh mix:
has low plasticity
components tend to segregate
may have very high or very low water content
may have low cement content
Plastic mix:
is cohesive
is not either sticky or harsh
do not segregate easily
Sticky mix:
may have a high cement content
may have large amounts of fine particles (dust, sand …)
do not separate easily
needs high amounts of water to get minimal workability
develop excessive shrinkage cracking
 BLEEDING

BLEEDING in concrete is a phenomenon in which free water in the mix rises

up to the surface and forms a paste of cement on the surface known as
“laitance”.
Bleeding occurs in concrete when course aggregates tends to settle down and
free water rises up to the surface. This upward movement of water while
traversing from bottom to top, makes continuous channels.
If the water cement ratio used is 0.6 or more, the bleeding channel will remain
continues
Bleeding is a type of segregation, in which water comes out of concrete.
Causes of bleeding

➢Segregation is the cause of bleeding in the concrete mix.

➢Bleeding will be more frequent on the surface of concrete, when water to
cement ratio is higher.
➢The type of cement used, quantity of fine aggregate also plays a key role in
rate of bleeding.
Effects of bleeding

➢Due to bleeding concrete loses its homogeneity.

➢Bleeding is responsible for causing permeability in concrete.
➢As far as safety is concerned, water that accumulates below the reinforcing
bars, reduces the bond between the reinforcement and concrete.
➢In the process of bleeding the accumulation of water creates a water voids
and reduces bond between the aggregate and cement paste.
➢Due to bleeding pumping ability of concrete is reduced.
Methods of reducing bleeding

➢Add minimum water content in the concrete mix, use chemical admixtures to
reduce demand to water for a required workability.
➢Design the concrete mix properly.
➢Use fly ash or other supplementary cementitious materials.
➢Using air entraining admixtures is very effective in reducing the bleeding.
➢Add more cement in the mix.
➢Increase the amount of fine aggregate if sand is coarser (fineness modulus of
2.5 to 2.8 best suited) in mix and reduce aggregate proportionally
SEGREGATION
Causes of segregation
Causes of Segregation
Prevention of segregation
Prevention of segregation
 PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE

➢Grades (M20, M25, M30 etc.)

➢Compressive strength
➢Characteristic Strength
➢Tensile strength
➢Durability
➢Creep
➢Unit weight
➢Modular Ratio
➢ Poisson’s ratio
 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
➢Compressive strength is the capacity of material or structure to resist or
withstand under compression. The Compressive strength of a material is
determined by the ability of the material to resist failure in the form cracks
and fissure.
➢In this test, the push force applied on the both faces of concrete specimen and
the maximum compression that concrete bears without failure is noted.
➢As we all know that concrete is a mixture of sand, cement, and aggregate.
The strength of the concrete depends upon many factors like individual
compressive strength of its constituents (Cement, Sand, aggregate), quality of
materials used, air entrainment mix proportions, water-cement ratio, curing
methods and temperature effects.
➢Compressive strength gives an idea of the overall strength and above-
mentioned factors. Through conducting this test, one can easily judge the
concrete strength psi and quality of concrete produced.
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

➢Concrete gains maximum strength at 28days. Since in construction sector

great amount of capital is at stake, so instead of checking strength at 28 days
we can check strength in terms of concrete strength psi at 7 and 14 days to
predict the target strength of construction work.
➢From the below table it is clear that, Concrete gains 16 % of its strength
within 24 hrs. , whereas concrete gains 65% of the target strength by the time
of 7 days of its casting.
➢Till 14 days concrete shows 90% of the target strength and thereafter the gain
in strength slows down and it takes 28days to achieve 99% of strength.
Compressive Strength of Different Grades of Concrete

Compressive Compressive Compressive Compressive

Concrete Grade strength in N/mm² strength in N/mm² strength in N/mm² strength in N/mm²
at 3 days at 7 days at 14 days at 28 days

M10 4 6.5 9 10

M15 6 9.75 13.5 15

M20 8 13 18 20

M25 10 16.25 22.5 25

M30 12 19.5 27 30

M35 14 22.75 31.5 35

M40 16 26 36 40

M45 18 29.25 40.5 45

M50 20 32.5 45 50
Factors affecting compressive strength of concrete

➢Coarse aggregate
➢Air-entrainment
➢Water/Cement ratio
BEHAVIOUR OF CONCRETE IN TENSION
➢Concrete is weak in tension.
➢Tensile stress occur in concrete due to flexure, shear, shrinkage and temperature
stresses etc.
➢The direct tensile strength of concrete is about 7% to 15% of compressive
strength of concrete.
➢Direct tension test is difficult. Thus indirect tension tests are performed using
Flexure test or cylinder splitting test.
Modulus of Rupture of concrete
For a linear stress distribution across the section, the theoretical maximum tensile
stress which is developed in the extreme fiber is called as modulus of rupture (fcr)
of concrete.
fcr = M/Z (where M is bending moment and Z is section modulus)
But the actual stress distribution across the section is not linear. IS 456:2000
recommends the use of following formula for (fcr)
fcr = 0.7√𝑓𝑐𝑘

Splitting tensile strength of concrete

Here cylinder splitting test is performed which gives more uniform results.
The splitting tensile strength (fct) = 2P/𝜋dL
Where, P is the maximum load
applied till failure, d is the
diameter of the cylinder specimen,
L is the length of the
cylinder specimen.
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY

Concrete is not only inelastic, it is non-linear also.

We have to define these constants for concrete in order to make possible the analysis of
structure
The young’s modulus of elasticity is the ratio of axial stress to axial strain under
uniaxial loading within the linear elastic range and it is a constant.
For concrete under uniaxial compression, this is valid only in the very initial portion of
the stress-strain curve which is nearly linear i.e. loading is of low intensity and short
duration.
Creep introduced even at low loading intensity.
➢Initial tangent modulus
➢Dynamic modulus of elasticity
➢Static modulus of elasticity
The long term effects of creep decreases the effective modulus elasticity of concrete.
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY OF CONCRETE

Short term modulus of elasticity

Ec = 5000 √𝑓𝑐𝑘
Long term modulus of elasticity
Ec = (5000 √𝑓𝑐𝑘)/(1 + Ɵ)
CREEP OF CONCRETE
It increases the deflections of certain concrete elements (beams, slabs).
Increases deflection of very long/slender columns.
Slowly transfers the load from concrete to reinforcing steel over a period of
time.
It causes loss of prestress in prestressed concrete members.
Factors influencing creep of concrete
✓High cement content
✓High water cement ratio
✓Aggregate content
✓Air entrainment
✓Relative humidity
✓Loading period
 In the absence of experimental data creep strain may be estimated from
following values of creep coefficient

Creep coefficient = ultimate creep strain/elastic strain

Age at loading Creep Coefficient

7 days 2.2
28 days 1.6
1 year 1.1
 Environmental Exposure Conditions
Sl No. Environment Exposure Condition
1. Mild Concrete surface protect against weather or aggressive
conditions, except those situated in coastal area.
2. Moderate Concrete surfaces sheltered from severe rain or freezing whilst
wet. Concrete exposed to condensation and rain. Concrete
continuously under water. Concrete In contact or buried under
non-aggressive soil/ground water. Concrete surface sheltered
from saturated salt air in coastal area.
3. Severe Concrete surfaces exposed to severe rain , alternate wetting and
drying or occasional freezing whilst wet or severe condensation.
Concrete completely immersed in sea water. Concrete exposed
to coastal environment.
4. Very severe Concrete surfaces exposed to sea water spray. Corrosive fumes
or severe freezing conditions whilst wet .Concrete contact with
or buried under aggressive sub-soil/ground water.
5. Extreme Surface of members in tidal zone . Members in direct contact
with liquid /solid aggressive chemicals.
 Concreting in extreme weather conditions

➢The destructive action of aggressive waters on concrete is progressive.

➢The rate of deterioration decreases as the concrete is made stronger and more
impermeable, and increases as the salt content of water increases.
➢Drainage
At sites where alkali concentrations are high or may become very high, the
ground water should be lowered by drainage.
➢Compaction
➢Finishing
➢Curing
During hot or cold weather, the concreting should be done as per IS 7861 (Part
1) or (Part 2)
UNDER WATER CONCRETING
In case of under water concreting water cement ratio shall not exceed 0.6
depending on the grade of concrete or the type of chemical attack.
For aggregate of 40 mm maximum particle size, the cement content shall be at
least 350 kg/m3.
UNDER WATER CONCRETING
TESTING OF HARDEN CONCRETE
Destructive test
a) Load test
b) Core cut test
Non-destructive test
a) Rebound hammer test
b) Ultrasonic pulse velocity test
TESTING OF CONCRETE