Evaluation of Road Elements Along Marinduque Circumferential Road

MARINDUQUE STATE COLLEGE Page
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING i
EVALUATION OF ROAD ELEMENTS ALONG

THE CIRCUMFERENTIAL ROAD IN THE
MUNICIPALITY OF GASAN
(0094+875 to 0110+726.3)
by
JOSE G. LUMALANG
ARIEL M. MAGPANTAY
LYKA MAE S. MOAJE
JHONEL S. SAPUNGAN
A Thesis Submitted to the School of Engineering in Partial Fulfillment for

the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
Marinduque State College

December 2019
VISION: Marinduque State College is a research-driven higher education institution pursuing excellence and innovation by 2025.
MISSION: Marinduque State College is committed to pursue progressive and innovative lifelong education founded on humanistic, professional
and technologically advanced programs across cultures and communities by establishing centers of excellence and development and
research-driven outreach programs.
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING ii
APPROVAL SHEET
This thesis entitled “Evaluation of Road Elements Along the Circumferential Road of
Municipality of Gasan” prepared and submitted by ARIEL M. MAGPANTAY,
JHONEL S. SAPUNGAN, JOSE G. LUMALANG, and LYKA MAE S. MOAJE, in
partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of the Bachelor of Science in Civil
Engineering has been examined and is recommended for acceptance and approval for the
oral examination.
ROBERT N. LAMONTE, CE
Adviser
PANEL OF EXAMINERS
Approved and accepted by the committee on oral examination with a grade of _____.
MA. CARISSA M. LANDOY, CE RESTER S. JINANG, CE

Panel Member 1 Panel Member 2
DAISY T. MALAPAD, CE, MCM

Committee Chairman
Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor in Science
in Civil Engineering.
DAISY T. MALAPAD, CE, MCM

Dean, SEng
Date Signed: ________________
MA. EDELWINA M. BLASÉ, Ph.D.

Vice President for Research, Development, Extension and Training
Date Signed: __________________
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SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING iii
CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that the thesis “Evaluation of Road Elements Along the
Circumferential Road of Municipality of Gasan” prepared and submitted by ARIEL
M. MAGPANTAY, JHONEL S. SAPUNGAN, JOSE G. LUMALANG, and LYKA
MAE S. MOAJE in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of the Bachelor
of Science in Civil Engineering has been reviewed, grammatically critiqued, checked and
corrected.
JHON MARK MERCENE

Editor
iii
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING iv
CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that all sources used in this research study have been properly
acknowledged or duly cited.
This is to certify further that the study is an original research undertaking and has
not been copied from previous work.
Signed this ____ day of ___________ 2020 at Boac, Marinduque
ARIEL M. MAGPANTAY
Researcher
JHONEL S. SAPUNGAN
Researcher
JOSE G. LUMALANG
Researcher
LYKA MAE S. MOAJE

Researchers
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researchers would like to extend their deepest gratitude and appreciation to the
following persons who extended their help to complete this research.
First and foremost, to Almighty God, for the spiritual guidance to the researchers
in the completion of this study;
To Engr. Robert N. Lamonte, thesis adviser, for his suggestions and the support
given to improve this research, for his patience, and for sharing all of his knowledge in
every possible way;
To the Panel of Examiners: Engr. Daisy T. Malapad, Engr. Ma. Carissa M.
Landoy, and Engr. Rester S. Jinang, for sharing their knowledge and expertise through
their comments and suggestions to this study;
To Engr. Jinky Monteras of the Department of Public Works and Highways
Planning Department for imparting her knowledge and becoming the researchers’
inspiration to conduct this study.
To Moaje Family of Barangay Cabugao, Gasan, for accommodating and
supporting the researchers;
To Ms. Sarah Lyn N. Abling and Anna Regine Labis, for their selfless support
and being the inspirations to complete this study;
And lastly to their parents, brothers, and sisters, for their financial support,
encouragement, and for serving as the inspiration to fulfill this study.
The Researchers
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DEDICATION
This research is whole-heartedly dedicated to the following persons who served as
inspiration for the researchers and who played vital roles in the completion and realization
of this study.
Magpantay Family
Sapungan Family
Lumalang Family
Moaje Family
Our love ones
Our Friends
Our Almighty God
The Researchers
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE i
THESIS MANUSCRIPT APPROVAL SHEET ii
ENGLISH EDITING CERTIFICATION iii
CERTIFICATION iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v
DEDICATION vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
LIST OF TABLES x
LIST OF FIGURES xii
ABSTRACT xiii
Chapter 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND 1
Introduction 1
Background of the Study 3
Statement of the Problem 5
Significance of the Study 6
Scope and Delimitation 6
Chapter 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES 7
Related Studies 7
Road Geometric Design Elements 8
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Cross-Section of Elements 12
Roadside Condition 17
Serviceability 18
Conceptual Framework 19
Definition of Terms 20
Chapter 3 METHODOLOGY 22
Research Design 22
Research Locale 23
Population Sample 24
Research Instrument 24
Data Collection Procedure 25
Data Analysis Procedure 25
Statistical Treatment of Data 26
Chapter 4 PRESENTATIONS, INTERPRETATION, 28
AND ANALYSIS OF DATA
Chapter 5 SUMMARIES OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION
AND RECOMMENDATIONS 57
Summary of Findings 57
Conclusions 58
Recommendations 59
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Bibliography 60
APPENDICES 62
Appendix A: Research Instrument 62
Appendix B. Checklist of Road Elements along the Circumferential
Road of Municipality of Gasan 63
Appendix C. Gathered Data of the Road Element 64
Appendix D. Stations, locations and length of the Road 73
Elements along the Circumferential Road of the Municipality of Gasan 74
Appendix E. Letters 79
Appendix F. Photographic Documentations 81
CURRICULUM VITAE 82
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Criteria for the Evaluation Based on the 27
Dimension of Road Elements
Table 2. Criteria for the Overall Evaluation of
Road Elements Along the Circumferential Road
on the Municipality of Gasan 28
Table 3: Road Elements along the Circumferential Road 28
of the Municipality of Gasan

Table 3.1: Road Element (Shoulder) 29
Table 3.2: Road Element (Side Slope) 31
Table 3.3: Road Element (Sidewalk) 32
Table 3.4: Road Element (Canal) 32
Table 3.5: Road Element (Signage) 33
Table 3.6: Road Element (Guardrails) 33
Table 3.7: Road Element (Culverts) 35
Table 4: Percentage of Road Elements along the Circumferential 36
Road of the Municipality of Gasan
Table 4.1 36
Table 4.2 37
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Table 5: Percentage of Types of Road Elements along 37
the Circumferential Road of the Municipality of Gasan
Table 5.1: Road Element (Shoulder) 37
Table 5.2: Road Element (Side Slope) 37
Table 5.3: Road Element (Sidewalk) 38
Table 5.4: Road Element (Canal) 38
Table 5.5: Road Element (Signage) 38
Table 5.6: Road Element (Guardrail) 39
Table 5.7: Road Element (Culvert) 39
Table 6. Evaluation of the Cross-section of Road elements 42
Table 6.1: Cross-section of Shoulders 42
Table 6.2: Cross-Section of Sidewalks 44
Table 6.3 Cross-section of Canals or Ditches 45
Table 6.4 Cross-section of Culverts 50
Table 7. Checklist for the Evaluation of the Roadside Condition along the
Circumferential Road in the Municipality of Gasan 51
Table 8: Percentage of Tricycle Drivers on Different Tricycle 54
Operators and Drivers’ Association (TODA)
Table 8.1 54
Table 8.2 54
Table 8.3 55
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Table 8.4 55
Table 9: Overall Evaluation of the Road Elements along the
Circumferential Road in the Municipality of Gasan 56
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Conceptual Paradigm 19
Figure 2. Map of Circumferential Road of Municipality 23
of Gasan, Marinduque
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ABSTRACT
This study primarily focuses on the Evaluation of Road Elements along the
Circumferential Road of Municipality of Gasan such as Locational Referencing Points
(LRP), Shoulders, Side slopes, Sidewalks, Ditches or canals, Signage, Guardrails, and
Culverts, which was conducted in different barangays along the circumferential road of the
concerned municipality. The included barangays were Antipolo, Banuyo, Pinggan,
Bacong-Bacong, Bognuyan, Bachao Ibaba, Banot, Mahunig, Dili, Pangi, Bangbang,
Libtangin, Mangiliol, Masiga, and Bahi.
The researchers utilized percentages and the mean frequency method in

determining the percent of road elements along the circumferential road of the Municipality
of Gasan and the significance of road elements for the Tricycle Operator and Driver’s
Association. This research study evaluated those road elements existing along the
circumferential road of Gasan, such as road elements, stations, locations, actual
dimensions, types, present condition and serviceability. The researchers used three
categories of evaluation namely: evaluation based on cross-section of road elements,
evaluation based on roadside condition and evaluation based on serviceability. In the
evaluation based on the dimensions the researchers compared the actual dimension of the
road elements to the standard dimensions, on the other hand, roadside condition is
determined through a checklist which the researchers used in the inspection of the road
elements, similarly, the serviceability of the road elements is obtained through a survey
whose respondents are from different tricycle drivers association in the Municipality of
Gasan. Results of the three categories of evaluation for each road element are all
satisfactory except the sidewalk on the evaluation category based on cross-section of road
elements.
Keywords: Cross-section of Road Elements, Evaluation, Present condition, Road

Elements, Serviceability
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Chapter I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction
Gregory J. Taylor, (Roadway Geometric Design I: Functions, Controls, and
Alignments, 2017) PE Geometric design is the assembly of the fundamental three-
dimensional features of the highway that are related to its operational quality and safety.
Its basic objective is to provide a smooth-flowing and crash-free facility. Geometric
roadway design consists of three main parts: cross-section (lanes and shoulders, curbs,
medians, roadside slopes and ditches, sidewalks); horizontal alignment (tangents and
curves); and vertical alignment (grades and vertical curves). The combination of these
elements provides a three-dimensional layout for a roadway. Geometric design elements
play an important role in defining the traffic operational efficiency of any roadway. Road
safety is an issue of prime importance in all motorized countries. The road accident results
in a serious social and economic problem; thus studies focused on geometric design and
safety aim to improve highway design and eliminate hazardous locations.
According to Max B. Fajardo (Elements of Roads and Highways), in early 1900,
the transportations in the Philippines depended largely on trails, water, railroad, earth
roads, and partially graveled roads. Highway in the Philippines at the time is nothing more
than a dream to most Filipinos. After the Second World War, the newly independent
Philippine government continued the rehabilitation and construction of roads and bridges.
During the year 1960 to the early part of 1980, cars were no longer regarded as luxury
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items but necessary in transporting people and goods. During this decade, road construction
becomes a matter of government priority under the slogan: “This nation is on wheels.”
Presently, under President Rodrigo R. Duterte, Build-Build Program was
implemented, different projects and improvements are being undertaken and implemented
by the government through the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH). The
agency is responsible for planning, design, construction, maintenance, and improvement
of Public Infrastructure, especially the national roads. One of these improvements includes
the implementation of widening of the circumferential roads and construction of road
elements. From the Department of Public Works and Highways, Department Order no. 22
(series of 2013), with the subject Clarification on the Definition and Difference between
Widening and Paving of Shoulders, road widening is defined as a network development
project which aims to increase the capacity of the existing highway or road to improve the
safety aspects of the road. Road widening projects can solve traffic problems and lessen
the number of road accidents. It can make vehicular movement smooth, which will result
in better connectivity.
Government agencies related to road building has the responsibility to maintain
roads in “reasonable repair so that it is reasonably safe and convenient for public travel.”
Roadways often have to be widened to reduce congestion, and road shall be widened under
the Road Right-Of-Way is a type of easement reserved over the land for transportation
purposes, wherein Executive Order No. 194, 1939 provides that: National Roads shall have
a right-of-way not less than 20 meters, provided that the right-of-way of at least 60 meters
shall be acquired for roads constructed through unpatented land.
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Finally, road elements play an important role in our daily life in terms of safety
travel, improved journey times, reduced delays to public transport, improve air quality from
reducing air pollution generated by slow-moving traffic, traffic speed control, protection
of historic and environmentally-sensitive areas and transporting goods and other products.
Roads make a crucial contribution to economic development and growth and bring
important social benefits. They are of vital importance in order to make a nation grow and
develop. Providing access to employment, social, health, and education services make a
road network crucial in fighting against poverty.
Background of the Study
According to TopGear Philippines, in February 2020, in 2018, a total of 116 906
incidents were reported, representing an increase of 6.25% from the year prior. In 2019,
the total of reported incidents rose to 121 771, representing a year-on-year increase of
4.16%. On average, there were 334 reported accidents per day, with one resulting in a
fatality, 56 being non-fatal, and 276 leading to damage to property.
In a developing country like the Philippines, roads and highways are so essential
for development. It can attract foreign and local investors to put up a business or capital to
invest that may help grow the economic situation of a certain country. Marinduque is a
small island province having a total land area of 952.6 square kilometers, lying about 137
nautical miles south of Manila. It is composed of six municipalities namely, Boac as the
capital, Gasan, Buenavista, Torrijos, Sta. Cruz and Mogpog. The province of Marinduque
is well known in the country for its attractive tourist spots and rich culture. These are why
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many tourists and investors come to the province which results in an increase in population
and traffic volume in the locality.
Marinduque’s physical profile shows that approximately 83% of the province’s
land area are hills and mountains, while 17% are built-up areas, coastal, swamp, and
marshy areas. This proves why most road networks were located along with hilly and
mountainous areas. Roads play an important role in the economic development of the
province and provide safety and convenience to road users. To provide safe and convenient
travel to the road users, certain road projects are being undertaken and improved. One of
these is the road widening project along the circumferential road of the province.
The researchers conducted the study in the Municipality of Gasan primarily along
its circumferential road. Gasan is a third class municipality in the province of Marinduque,
Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it had a population of 34,828 people. The town
is politically subdivided into 25 barangays, in which fifteen (15) of them are located along
the circumferential roads. This municipality acquires many and different tourist spots that
the tourists would love to visit. A better transportation system will increase the number of
tourists and surely increase the province’s income.
This research was conducted and focused on evaluating the road elements along the
circumferential road of Gasan.
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Statement of the Problem
The study aimed to evaluate the existing road elements along the circumferential
road of Gasan.
This study sought to answer the following questions:
1. What road elements are existing along the circumferential road of the municipality
of Gasan?
2. What are the stations, locations, and length of the following road elements along
the circumferential road of the municipality of Gasan:
a) Shoulder
b) Side Slope
c) Sidewalk
d) Canals/Ditches
e) Signage
f) Guardrails
g) Culverts
3. What are the types of road elements along the circumferential road of the
municipality of Gasan?
4. What is the overall evaluation of road elements along the circumferential road of
the municipality of Gasan?
Significance of the Study
This study was conducted to find out, study, and evaluate the economic impact that will
be encountered upon the implementation of the project.
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1. Municipal Government of Gasan. This could be a reference for their future
projects in Gasan.
2. Future researcher. This research can help the future researcher as a guide or basis
that is like for their research.
Scope and Limitation of the Study
This study focused primarily on the evaluation of road elements along the
circumferential road of Gasan. The evaluation of road elements is only limited to the
shoulder, side slope, sidewalk, canals, signage, guardrails, and culvert. The study was also
limited only to the existing road elements considering their types.
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Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Hoel, L., Garber, N., Sadek, A. (Transportation Infrastructure Engineering: A
Multimodal Integration, 2011) Transportation is defined as the movement of people and
goods to meet the basic needs of society that require mobility and access. The purpose of
transportation is to provide a mechanism for the exchange of goods, people, and
information and to support economic improvements for society. Transportation provides
the means to travel for employment, exploration, or personal fulfilment and is a necessary
condition for human activities such as commerce, recreation, and defense. Transportation
design involves the specification of features that comprise the transportation facility such
that it will function efficiently and in accord with appropriate criteria and mathematical
relationships. The final design provides a blueprint for use by the owner and the contractor
to establish the detailed specifications for the project. The design process involves selecting
dimensions for geometric features of alignment and grade as well as structural elements
for bridges and pavements. The explosion of invention, innovation, and construction during
the past 200 years has created a transportation system in the United States that is highly
developed. Today, a complex array of modes, facilities, and service options provide
shippers and the traveling public a wide range of choices for moving goods and passengers.
Each mode offers a unique set of service characteristics in terms of travel time, frequency,
comfort, reliability, convenience, and safety.
Transportation safety experts have recognized that, it is impossible to prevent
crashes completely because of many uncontrollable factors. Instead, the focus is being
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placed on creating a safer vehicle, one in which the occupant will have a lower likelihood
of an injury or fatality if a crash should occur. This strategy has been successful in saving
lives.
Road Geometric Design Elements
Hameed Aswad Mohammed (The Influence of Road Geometric Design Elements
on Highway Safety, 2013) Geometric design elements play an important role in defining
the traffic operational efficiency of any roadway. Key geometric design elements that
influence traffic operations include number and width of lanes, the presence and widths of
shoulders and highway medians, and the horizontal and vertical alignment of the highway.
Generally speaking, any evaluation of road safety, such as in the driving dynamic field, has
been conducted more or less qualitatively. It is safe to say, from a traffic safety point view,
that no one is able to say with great certainty, or prove by measure or number, where traffic
accidents could occur or where accident black spots could develop. However, everyone
agrees that there exists a relationship between traffic safety and geometric design
consistency. By all means, alignment consistency represents a key issue in modern
highway geometric design. A consistency alignment would allow most drivers to operate
safety at their desired speed along the entire alignment. However, existing design speed-
based alignment policies permit the selection of a design speed that is less than the desired
speeds of majority of drivers. Much of the research in highway safety has focused on
different factors which affect roadway safety. The factors are categorized as traffic
characteristics, road geometrics, road surface condition, weather and human factors.
Previous research has shown that geometric design inconsistencies, operations (traffic mix,
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volume, and speed), environment, and driver behavior are the common causes of accidents.
Most of the studies have shown the influence of various geometric design variables on the
occurrence of accidents and have concluded that not all variables have the same level of
influence in all places. From the relation of factor mentioned above, different researchers
have developed the relationship of roadway safety in terms of crash frequency and crash
rates, fatality and injury rates and the road elements, traffic characteristics, and pavement
conditions. Many of these previous studies investigated the relationship of crash rates or
frequency in terms number of lanes, lane width, presence of median, median width, type
of median, shoulder width, access density, speed limit, vertical grade, horizontal curvature,
weather condition. The relationship between safety on the highway and factors mentioned
above is the primary focus in crash reduction and predictions.
An accident is always characterized by multiple causes. The alignment of road is
an important influence factor: dimension of radii, ratio of consecutive curves, dimension
of vertical curves and sight distance conditions. In many evaluation studies of safety effects
of road design elements it turns out the present poor capacity to explain accidentality
phenomenon; in fact the main causes of accident is behavior of driver, which is mainly
influenced by his personality, skills, and experience. Furthermore external impacts like
weather conditions, road conditions, time of day, or light conditions influence the driver
behavior as well. It is out of question that analyzing accidents and their dependence on
technical values or human factors has always to consider these interactions. The relation
between accidents (all, property damage only, slight injuries, severe injuries, fatalies) and
road geometry is proved but it is also a question of the driving behavior, especially of the
velocity. Again and again investigations show that comparable curves (similar geometry)
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are characterized by different accident occurrence. One reason could be a different driving
behavior: lower speeds are less critical than higher speeds in curves. Several studies,
oriented to create relationships between accidentality and independent variables, were
obtained in a particular context; so, in every other different conditions, weather conditions,
user behavior, etc.) the influence of these factors should be considered, e.g. calibration
procedure. Summarized, accidents do not depend on only one factor; accidents are caused
rather by a combination of several factors.
Safety is an important element in the design and operations of the nation’s
transportation system. It is a multidisciplinary activity that involves consideration of the
vehicle, travel way, human factors, the environment, and law enforcement. An essential
element is the cooperation among industry, government officials, and citizens. The
concerted effort underway to reduce or eliminate the number of crashes that occur each
year can be expected to continue throughout the twenty-first century. However,
accomplishing these goals while demand for travel increases will require that crash rates
diminish even further than they have in recent years. Transportation safety improvement
programs have approached the task from three fronts: preventing crashes, minimizing the
effects of crashes when they do occur; and developing data analysis and retrieval systems
that will provide information regarding the most probable cause. Each of these phases
requires the input of engineering and scientific professionals. The ultimate effectiveness of
any safety strategy depends on actions by the drivers or operators of vehicles in the system.
Thus improvements in the nation’s safety record involve systems enhancements coupled
with driver/operator competency, training, maturity, and experience.
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The following are the road inventory elements considered by the researchers that
stored in the Road and Bridge Information Application (RBIA) with its types:
1. The Locational Reference Points (LRP) can be located by kilometer posts.
2. Shoulders (Left and Right) classified as concrete, asphalt, gravel, earth, and none.
3. Side Slope (Left and Right) are classified as embankment (edge of surfacing >
0.3m 0f ground level) and cut (edge of surfacing < 0.3m of ground level).
4. Sidewalks (Left and Right) are classified as concrete, asphalt, and gravel.
5. Ditches/Canals (Left and Right) are classified as unlined ditch, lined open ditch,
lined close ditch and storm drain.
6. Signs (Left and Right) are classified as regulatory, informative and guide.
7. Guardrails (Left and Right) are classified as steel (steel guardrails), wall (concrete
wall or parapet) and temporary (wood).
8. Culverts are classified as pipe (RCPC or circular type) and box (RCPC or square
or rectangular type).
Moreover, to evaluate the road elements the researchers consider variety of factors that
are parameters affecting road safety. The researchers consider the following factors: cross-
section of the road elements, present condition of the road element and serviceability in the
evaluation of the existing road elements along the circumferential road in the Municipality
of Gasan.
Cross-Section of Elements
According to the NJDOT Design Manual-Roadway Major Cross Section Elements,
Section 5, “ The major cross section elements considered in the design of streets and
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highways include the pavement surface type, cross slope, lane widths, shoulders, roadside
or border, curbs, sidewalks, driveways, and medians.” However, the fore mentioned cross
section elements are not always present in every roadway design due to the location of the
roadway and the need for such elements. A study of the Transport and Communications
Bulletin for Asia and the Pacific in 2013 highlights the importance of the geometric design
of a roadway, it says “For example, a study which looked at safety risks on two-lane
undivided highway, found that when the lane width was increased from 2.75 meter to 3.65
meter, the probability for head-on or other related crashes was reduced by fifty percent
(50%). Similarly, the same article of Transport and Communications Bulletin for Asia and
the Pacific stated, “One study found that the probability for road with a 60 cm wide
shoulder on each side, has thirty percent (30%) more crash risk than a road having a 1.8
meter wide shoulder on each side.” Given the fact that the cross-section of the road
elements is a factor detrimental to the safety of motorists, the researchers decided to include
this in the evaluation given its contribution to the increasing number of crashes. To be able
to make an appropriate evaluation, standards dimensions of road elements from different
sources were used as basis of the evaluation.
A shoulder is the portion of the roadway contiguous with the travel lane that
accommodates stopped vehicles, emergency use etc. (Transport and Communications
Bulletin for Asia and the Pacific, 2013). The shoulders serve two primary functions. First,
it provides a stopping facility for vehicles, particularly during an emergency, and second,
it provides lateral support for the pavement structure (Design Standards for Travelways,
Chapter 6, p. 304). The American Association for State Highway and Transportation
Officials (AASHTO) recommends that the useable shoulder widths should be at least 3 m
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and preferably 3.6 m on roads that carry a significant number of trucks on highways with
high traffic volumes and high speeds. This based on the desirability of providing at least a
distance of 0.3 m, and preferably 0.6 m, between the edge of the travelway and a stopped
vehicle on the shoulder. When it is not feasible to provide this minimum width, 1.8-2.4 m
may be used. On the other hand, sidewalks are paved areas beside the roadways allotted
for pedestrians. They are provided mainly on urban streets to facilitate movement of
pedestrians amidst the number of fast passing vehicles. Generally, sidewalks will not be
provided in rural areas. However, sidewalks shall be considered where there is evidence of
heavy pedestrian usage. Sidewalks may be provided to close short gaps in existing sidewalk
and where there are major pedestrian traffic generators such as churches, schools, hospitals,
public transportation facilities, etc., adjacent to the highway or where there is a worn
pedestrian path (NJDOT Design Manual-Roadway Major Cross Section Elements, Section
5). Sidewalks should also be provided along arterials with no shoulders, even though
pedestrian traffic is low. Sidewalks should have a minimum clear width of 1.2 m in
residential areas with a range of 1.2 to 2.4 m in both residential and commercial areas. On
tropical countries like the Philippines, the rainy season last for several months that consist
of moderate to heavy amount of rainfall. Thus, roadways are designed to have drainage
systems that prevent flooding of concrete roads and the slippery of asphalt roads. One road
element that helps the drainage process is the cross slope or the side slope. The cross slopes
on divided highways are achieved by sloping the pavement of each roadway section in two
directions, by providing a crown, or by sloping the entire pavement of each section in one
direction (Geometric Design of Travelways, Chapter 6, p. 308). This helps with the quick
removal of the surface water from the travelway. The American Association for State
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Highway and Transportation Officials recommends that the rates of cross slopes for high-
type pavements should be 1.5-2% and for intermediate-type pavements, 1.5-3%. According
to the DCGS 2015, the gradient side slopes of river/drainage channels shall be set as
follows: The side slopes should be gentler on both landside and riverside of the
embankment than 1V:2H for low embankments (<6.0m) and 1V:3H for high embankments
(>6.0m). Therefore, in case of side slope without revetment, the condition of the side slopes
on both sides of the river/drainage channels shall be set in accordance with the DCGS 2015.
Rural roads are not always constructed on flat terrains especially on provinces like
Marinduque where majority of the barangays and municipalities are located on
mountainous areas. Some are on side of mountainous parts of the province whose other
side is the sea or a cliff, thus, there is a great need to provide barriers that will indicate the
end side of the roadbed as well as ensure the safety of the vehicle on areas with sharp curves
and high embankments. Guardrails serve as permanent barriers on the side of the road.
They are normally placed at embankments with heights greater than 2.4 meters and when
side slopes are greater than 4:1. Guardrails should be properly designed to avoid creating
a hazardous situation when they are paced at a location. (Geometric Design of Travelways,
Chapter 6, p. 307)
Aside from the cross sectional elements of a road way and other elements whose
primary function is the drainage of surface and rain water, road signs also play vital role in
the safety, convenience and comfort while travelling along a roadway. There are two types
of signs present in the locality namely regulatory signs, warning signs and guide or
information signs. According to the DPWH Highway Safety Design Standards, Part 2:
Road Signs and Pavement Markings Manual, “Regulatory signs indicate the application of
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legal or statutory requirements, e.g., obligation to give way at intersections, speed limits,
prohibition of movements at intersections and control of parking of vehicles. Most
regulatory signs are rectangular in shape, with either red or black legend on a generally
white background. The notable exceptions to this are STOP signs (octagonal), GIVE WAY
(triangular) and some manually operated banner used in road works. Most regulatory signs
are usually located on the right side of the carriageway to face the approaching traffic as
close as possible to the position where regulatory action is required.”
There are generally four sizes for regulatory signs (DPWH, Road Signs and Pavement
Markings):
 Size A for urban low speed roads;
 Size B for rural roads with speed limits between 60 and 70 kph;
 Size C for high speed rural highways; multi-lane urban roads
 Size D for expressways
The Department of Public Works and Highways standard dimension for regulatory sign is
600 mm to 750 mm regardless of the shape of the sign whether disc, triangular or
rectangular in shape.
On the other hand, the DPWH Highway Safety Design Standards, Part 2: Road
Signs and Pavement Markings Manual defines warning signs as, “Warning signs are used
to warn motorists of potentially hazardous conditions on or adjacent to the road. The
warning signs advise the motorist of road conditions that require caution and may call for
reduction of speed, in the interest of safety and that of other road users.” Warning signs
can be classified as horizontal alignment signs, intersection and junction signs, road width
15
signs, road obstacle signs, pedestrian and school signs and other warning signs. DPWH
standard dimension for warning signs are 600 millimeters and 750 millimeters. One unique
indicator of warning signs are the red colors of the warning indicated on the triangular, disc
or rectangular plate. Similarly, the DPWH Manual states that, “Guide signs inform road
users about the direction and distances of destinations on the route they are following or
along other roads that intersect their route. They also supply information to identify points
of geographical or historical interest and give directions to rest areas, camping areas or
parking areas. They are usually rectangular in shape and whenever practicable they should
be designed with long axis horizontal. The words, symbols and borders of guide signs
should be reflectorized in all colors except black that contrast with the background of the
sign. Generally, guide signs should be located on the right side of the road where a driver
would expect to see them. Culvert is a transverse and totally enclosed drain under a road
or railway. It is usually circular or box type culvert. Culverts are reinforced concrete
drainage having dimensions of 0.30 m to 2.0 m in diameter and a standard length of 1.0.
They are usually installed along the original stream bed. The laying of the conduit/culvert
must begin at the downstream end of the conduit line (Monitoring Guide for Roads, Item
500: Reinforced Concrete Pipe Culvert). The culvert should be installed with minimum
covering of 300 mm or deeper and should extend to the full width of the roadway. Gutters
or ditches are long narrow excavation in the earth on the side of the road whose main
purpose is draining water. “They are usually located at the pavement side of the curb and,
in conjunction with storm sewer systems, are used mainly in urban areas to control street
runoff. They are usually 0.3 m to 1.8 m wide. In order to prevent any hazard to traffic,
16
gutters are usually constructed with cross slopes of 5 to 8% on a width of 0.6 m to 0.9 m
adjacent to the earth.” (Geometric Design of Travelways, p. 308)
Roadside Condition
The safety of the road does not depend only on the characteristics of the roadway
but also depends on the condition of the roadside. The term “clear zone” is used to
designate the unobstructed, traversable area provided beyond the edge of the travel way for
the recovery of the errant vehicle. The clear zone includes shoulders, bicycle lanes and any
additional space, if available. (Transport and Communications Bulletin for Asia and the
Pacific, No. 83, 2013, p. 21). Numerous clearing operations are conducted to remove
obstructions along roads on urban areas like Metro Manila, aside from the fact that it
contributes to lessen the safeness of a particular roadway, it also creates congestion of
vehicles during rush hour. The volume of traffic on rural areas like Marinduque are not like
the volume of traffic in Manila. However, obstruction on roads that cater a considerable
number of vehicles is a threat to safety of the motorist and the pedestrians. Privately owned
vehicles, temporary stalls of vegetable, fruit and meat or fish vendors, consume the
shoulder and block the view of the driver of whatever road sign there is in the area. This
encourages the researches to evaluate the roadside condition and other road elements.
Serviceability
Serviceability is an indicator that represents the level of the service a pavement
provides to the users. Pavement Serviceability is a concept representing the level of service
which streets and roads offer users riding vehicles, and it is part of the AASHTO (American
Association for State Highway and Transportation Officials) design method of pavement
17
structures. Serviceability is based on the concept that roads are for users’ comfort and
convenience, and that their opinion (or subjective evaluation) can be related to objective
physical pavement measurements (de Solminihac, Salsilli, Kohler, and Bengoa, 2003).
Serviceability in this study refers to whether the road elements serve its purpose or not. A
road element is useless despite its good condition and standard design, if its primary
function of contributing to the ease, comfort, convenience and safety of travel is not
achieved. Thus, the researchers decided to evaluate the serviceability of the road elements
not only to determine the level of service of the elements to the road users, as well as to
know if the drivers or road users are aware of the road elements along the roadway that
they are traversing every day. Moreover, the evaluation of the serviceability of the roadway
aims to determine if the roadway elements are enough to ensure the safety of road users.
18
Conceptual Framework
The research focused on the evaluation of road elements and road obstructions.
Through the ocular survey and inspection, the different road elements and road obstructions
were evaluated. The evaluation was based on the checklist.
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

a) Locational Evaluation of
Referencing Road Elements
Points (LRP) Actual / Ocular along the
b) Shoulder survey and Circumferential
c) Side slope Inspection Road of Gasan
d) Sidewalk Checklist
e) Canal
f) Signs
g) Guardrails
h) Culverts
Figure 1. Conceptual Paradigm
The above paradigm shows the relationships between input, process, and output
of the research study.
19
Definition of Terms
Canal. These are waterways channels or artificial waterways for water conveyance or to
service water transport vehicles.
Circumferential Road. The road that is around a certain area.
Culvert. It is a structure that allows water to flow under a road, railroad, trail, or similar
obstruction from one side to the other side.
Geometric Design. It is the branch of highway engineering concerned with positioning the
physical elements of the roadway according to its standards and constraints.
Guardrails. It is a strong fence at the side of the road that can help protect the driver from
serious injury.
Locational Reference Point. It is a geometric ax with which measurements of position can
be made.
Road Traffic Safety. It refers to the methods and measures used to prevent road users from
being seriously injured.
Shoulder. It is an emergency stopping lane by the verge of a road or motorway.
Sidewalk. It is also known as a footpath or footway that is along the side of a road.
Side Slope. It is the slope of the cut or fills expressed as the ratio of horizontal distance to
a vertical distance located at the side of a road.
20
Signage. There are signs erected at the side of or above roads to give instructions or provide
information to road users.
21
Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the methods utilized for a better understanding of the study.
It includes the research design applied and the population sample. In addition, this chapter
also includes the sources of information or data used in this study. Furthermore, this part
presents the data collection procedure and how the data was gathered and analyzed through
the checklist method for road elements and statistical method for road obstructions.
Research Design
The researchers utilized a descriptive type of research associated with an evaluative
type of execution. The study was primarily concerned with the circumferential road of the
municipality of Gasan, where ocular visit and inspection was conducted. An evaluative
type of research was selected to determine the road elements existing along the concerned
resource area.
22
Research Locale
This study was conducted in the circumferential road of the municipality of Gasan,
Marinduque, wherein the ocular survey was conducted, and the respondents were selected.
LEGEND:
Circumferential Road
Start Point
End Point
Figure 2. Map of Circumferential Road of the Municipality of Gasan, Marinduque
Source: Google Map
23
Population Sample
The study was conducted along the circumferential road of the municipality of
Gasan within its right of way. The municipality of Gasan is consists of 25 barangays, of
which 15 are located along the circumferential road. These barangays were Antipolo,
Banuyo, Pinggan, Bacong-Bacong, Bognuyan, Bachao Ibaba, Banot, Mahunig, Dili, Pangi,
Bangbang, Libtangin, Mangiliol, Masiga, and Bahi. The evaluation of road elements and
road obstructions was subjected along with the concerned resource areas. The researchers
surveyed one hundred (100) tricycle drivers, from different Tricycle Operators and
Drivers’ Association (TODA) in the municipality of Gasan.
Research Instrument
The researchers utilized two research instruments for the evaluation of road
elements. This includes the following:
1. Ocular visit or Inspection. The researchers conducted an ocular visit or inspection
along the circumferential road of the municipality of Gasan within its right of way. It
helped the researchers in determining existing road elements and road obstruction along
the concerned resource area.
2. Checklist. The researchers utilized a checklist in determining the existing road
elements along the concerned resource area. This made the evaluation easy, quick, and
efficient. The checklist contains all road elements that were considered by the
researchers. Remarks were added for reliability and justification of findings.
3. Questionnaire. The researchers utilized questionnaires to determine the percentage of
drivers who participated in the survey.
24
Data Collection Procedure
The researchers asked for information from the Department of Public Works and
Highways concerning the road elements along the circumferential road of the Municipality
of Gasan. The researchers also asked permission from the mayor of the Municipality of
Gasan before conducting the ocular visitation or inspection and evaluation.
The researchers started their ocular visitation or inspection and evaluation from the
boundary of the Municipality of Buenavista and Barangay Antipolo of the Municipality of
Gasan and ended at the boundary of Barangay Bahi and Municipality of Boac.
The researchers used measuring tapes for obtaining the length of road elements.
The data was gathered by horizontal sight distance. Road elements and their types that
existed along the circumferential road of Municipality of Gasan was recorded, and the
locations were specified in the checklist. The presence of road constructions in the area
was also noted. For road elements like signage, direct counting was used. Furthermore, for
the evaluation, the researchers asked 100 drivers for their opinion regarding the
serviceability of the roadway and the roadway elements.
Data Analysis Procedure
The researchers used tables to illustrate the gathered data. The tables contained the
stations, length, and locations of each road elements. The number and locations for signage
were also reflected in the tables. The types of each road elements were also indicated in
the table.
25
Statistical Treatment of Data
Percentage was used to answer the main problem of the study. The formula used
are:
 For the percentage of road elements along the circumferential road,
P1 = Te/Tr (100),
Wherein;
P1 = percentage of road elements
Te = total length of road elements
Tr = the total length of the circumferential road
Note: For road elements located on both sides, the length of both side’s side road
elements must be multiplied to two (2) to get the total length of the road element.
 For the percentage of types of road elements,
P2 = Tt/Te (100)
Wherein;
P2 = percentage of types of road
Tt = total length of types of road elements
Te = total length of road elements
Note: For types of road elements located on both sides, the length of both side’s side type
of road elements must be multiplied to two (2) to get its total length.
 For the percentage of drivers (tricycle drivers) who participated in the survey,
P3 = TD/ TT (100)
Wherein;
P3 = percentage of drivers that participated
26
TD = number of drivers
TT = total number of drivers
Moreover, evaluations of road elements are evaluated on three categories:
 Comparison of actual and standard dimensions of the road elements
 Roadside condition and the condition of the road elements and;
 Serviceability of the road elements
The evaluation based on the comparison of the actual and standard dimensions are based
on the criteria stated on the table below.
Table 1. Criteria for the Evaluation Based on the Dimension of Road Elements
Evaluation Criteria
SATISFACTORY When road element located on both sides
of the road on a station conform to the
standard dimensions assigned for each
element. Standard width of shoulders,
sidewalks and canals are 3 m, 1.2 m, and
0.3 m to 1.8 m respectively. Standard
culvert diameter ranges from 0.3 to 2.0 m.
STANDARD When a road element located on either side
of the road on a station conform to the
standard dimensions assigned for each
element. Standard width of shoulders,
sidewalks and canals are 3 m, 1.2 m, and
0.3 m to 1.8 m respectively. Standard
culvert diameter ranges from 0.3 to 2.0m.
When a road element located on both or
NONSTANDARD either side of the road on a station does not
conform to the standard dimensions
assigned for each element. Standard width
of shoulders, sidewalks and canals are 3 m,
1.2 m, and 0.3 m to 1.8 m respectively.
Standard culvert diameter ranges from 0.3
to 2.0 m.
27
Table 2. Criteria for the Overall Evaluation of Road Elements Along the
Circumferential Road on the Municipality of Gasan
Criteria for Overall Evaluation

Road element has percentage of compliance that ranges
from eighty to one hundred percent (80-100%) which
Complied means that the road element is constructed conforming to
standard dimensions, of good present condition and has
satisfactorily serve its purpose.
Road element has percentage of compliance that ranges

Partially from fifty to seventy percent (50-70%) which means that
Complied the road element has complied partially to the criteria to
considered to assess compliance of road element.
Road element has percentage of compliance less than fifty

Not Complied percent (50%) which means that the road element has
complied but has complied less than 50% of the criteria.
28
Chapter 4
PRESENTATION, DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
This chapter presents the data obtained from the ocular survey and inspection
conducted along the circumferential road of the municipality of Gasan. The stations,
locations, length, and the types of road elements along the circumferential road of the
municipality of Gasan were reflected in the table.
Table 3: Road Elements along the Circumferential Road of the Municipality of Gasan
Table 3.1: Road Element (Shoulder)
LENGTH
ROAD ELEMENTS LRP + DISP 1 LRP + DISP 2 LOCATIONS TYPES
(M)
A. SHOULDER
0095+093 0095+106.75 13.75 Both sides Concrete
0095+106.75 0095+123 16.25 Both sides Concrete
0095+123 0095+433.89 310.89 Both sides Concrete
0095+433.89 0095+469.49 35.6 Both sides Concrete
0095+498.29 0095+512.29 14 Both sides Concrete
0095+512.29 0095+547.04 34.75 Right side Concrete
29
30
0106+343.6 0106+354 10.4 Left side Concrete
0106+354 0106+388.6 34.6 Left side Concrete
0109+081.36 0109+086.96 5.6 Left side Concrete
Table 3.2: Road Element (Side Slope)
LENGTH
(M)
B. SIDE SLOPE
0096+899.06 0096+978.06 79 Left side Embankment
0097+045.56 0097+074.96 29.4 Left side Embankment
0100+850.27 0100+871.27 21 Right side Embankment
0101+213.2 0101+276.15 62.95 Both sides Cut
0101+302.79 0101+666.17 363.38 Both sides Cut
0101+666.17 0101+747.58 81.41 Left side Cut
0101+782.98 0102+307.15 524.17 Left side Cut
0102+662.12 0102+740.8 78.68 Left side Cut
0103+845.09 0103+868.09 23 Left side Cut
31
0106+513.2 0106+538.7 25.5 Right side Cut

0106+555.71 0106+563.61 7.9 Both sides Embankment
0106+765.21 0106+787.56 22.35 Left side Cut
0107+323.83 0107+434.69 110.86 Right side Cut
0107+434.69 0107+452.89 18.2 Both sides Embankment
0107+452.89 0107+473.66 20.77 Right side Embankment
Table 3.3: Road Element (Sidewalk)
LENGTH
(M)
C. SIDEWALK
Table 3.4: Road Element (Canal)
LENGTH
(M)
D. CANAL
0095+106.75 0095+433.89 327.14 Both sides Close
0095+891.29 0095+991.17 99.88 Right side Close
0096+056.97 0096+170.67 113.7 Right side Close
0097+074.96 0098+280.19 1205.23 Right side Open
0098+349.02 0098+824.32 475.3 Right side Open
0099+565.86 0099+725.56 159.7 Right side Close
0099+857.31 0099+918.56 61.25 Right side Close
0100+100.76 0100+790.27 689.51 Both sides Close
0101+009.77 0102+740.8 1731.03 Right side Open
0102+817.75 0103+814.04 996.29 Right side Open
0104+324.1 0104+366.1 42 Right side Open
0104+789.46 0104+850.46 61 Left side Close
0104+850.46 0106+343.6 1493.14 Right side Close
0106+632.76 0106+682.86 50.1 Both sides Open
32
0106+682.86 0106+891.56 208.7 Right side Open

0106+902.71 0106+956.13 53.42 Right side Open
0106+956.13 0107+184.19 228.06 Both sides Open
0107+184.19 0107+254.88 70.69 Right sides Open
0107+261.43 0107+323.83 62.4 Left side Open
0108+837.91 0108+928.81 90.9 Right side Open
0109+081.36 0109+621.66 540.3 Right side Open
0110+051.58 0110+090.58 39 Left side Open
0110+095.58 0110+429.74 334.16 Left side Open
Table 3.5: Road Element (Signage)
LRP + LRP +
ROAD ELEMENTS LENGTH (M) LOCATIONS TYPES
DISP 1 DISP 2
E. SIGNAGE
Regulatory,
39 pieces - - Left side informative,
guide
Regulatory,
36 pieces - - Right side informative,
guide
Table 3.6: Road Element (Guardrails)
LRP + LRP + LENGTH

ROAD ELEMENTS LOCATIONS TYPES
DISP 1 DISP 2 (M)
F. GUARDRAILS
0095+040 0095+073 33 Both sides Concrete
0095+498.29 0095+512.29 14 Right side Concrete
33
0100+929.17 0100+937.67 8.5 Both sides Steel
34
0105+866.47 0105+883.97 17.5 Right side Steel
0106+538.7 0106+545.45 6.75 Both sides Steel
0106+555.71 0106+563.61 7.9 Both sides Steel
0107+696.96 0107+705.36 8.4 Left side Steel
0107+860.51 0107+867.03 6.52 Both sides Steel
0107+867.03 0107+876.97 9.94 Right side Steel
0110+051.58 0110+090.58 39 Right side Concrete
35
Table 3.7: Road Element (Culverts)
LRP + LRP + LENGTH

ROAD ELEMENTS LOCATIONS TYPES
DISP 1 DISP 2 (M)
G. CULVERTS
0096+180.62 0096+390.28 - - Circular
0097+074.96 0097+616.86 - - Circular
0098+280.19 0098+329.99 - - Circular
0102+825.29 0102+842.34 - - Box
0104+850.46 0104+903.05 - - Circular
0105+866.47 0105+883.97 - - Circular
0106+765.21 0106+787.56 - - Circular
0107+876.97 0108+304.41 - - Box
0108+966.97 0108+971.81 - - Circular
0109+621.66 0109+624.46 - - Circular
0110+051.58 0110+090.58 - - Circular
0110+429.74 0110+443.34 - - Box
Table 3 shows the gathered data on road elements along the circumferential road of
the Municipality of Gasan, such as the stations, length, locations, and types of shoulder,
side slope, sidewalk, canal, and guardrails. It also contained the number and locations of
signage along the circumferential road. The stations, locations, and types of culverts were
also reflected in the table.
Table 4: Percentage of Road Elements along the Circumferential Road of the

Municipality of Gasan
36
Table 4.1.
Road Elements Length, Te (meter,m) Percentage (%), P1

a. Shoulder 6,192.37 39.05
b. Side Slope 1,984.60 12.51
c. Sidewalk 214.1 1.35
d. Canal 10,427.71 65.76
e. Guardrail 4,568.05 28.8
Note: The total length of the circumferential road of Municipality Gasan was T r = 15,858.55 meters.
Table 4.1 presents the percentage of existing road elements along the
circumferential road of Municipality of Gasan. Using the formula P1 = Te/Tr (100), the
results were obtained. The most common existing road elements along the circumferential
road of Municipality of Gasan were the canal with 65.76%; the second was shoulder with
39.05%, third was guardrail with 28.80%, fourth was side slope with 12.35%, and lastly,
sidewalk with 1.35%.
Table 4.2
Road Elements Pieces
a. Signage 82
b. Culvert 12
In table 4.2, signage and culvert have no percentages because their data were
obtained by direct counting.
Table 5: Percentage of Types of Road Elements along the Circumferential Road of
the Municipality of Gasan
Table 5.1: Road Element (Shoulder)
37
Length
Types and Length Tt (meter, m) Percentage (%), P2,
Te(
respectively
meter, m) Concrete Asphalt Gravel Earth
6,192.37m 6,192.37 - - 9666.18 39.05 - - 60.95
Note: P2 = Tt/Te(100) was used to obtain the percentages of the types of road elements.
Table 5.1 shows the shoulder types that existed along the circumferential road of
Municipality of Gasan, and the percentages of each were reflected
Table 5.2: Road Element (Side Slope)
Types and Length Tt (meter,

Length Te( meter, m)
m) Percentage (%),
P2, respectively
Embankment Cut
1,984.6m
265.97 1,718.63 13.4 86.6
Table 5.2 reflects the percentage and the types of side slopes that existed along the
circumferential road of the Municipality of Gasan.
Table 5.3: Road Element (Sidewalk)

Length Te( meter, m) Percentage (%), P2,
m) respectively
Concrete Asphalt Gravel
214.1m 214.1 - - 100 - -
Table 5.3 reflects the percentages and the types of sidewalks that existed along the
Table 5.4: Road Element (Canal)
Length Te( Types and Length Tt (meter, m) Percentage (%), P2,

meter, m) Unlined respectively
38
Lined Lined Storm

Canal
Open Closed Drain
10,427.71m - 6,405.74 4,021.97 - - 61.43 38.57 -
Table 5.4 reflects the percentages and the types of canals that existed along the
Table 5.5: Road Element (Signage)
Types Percentage (%), P2,

Pieces
Regulatory Informative Guide respectively
82 26 28 28 31.70 34.15 37.33
Table 5.5 shows the types of signage that existed along the circumferential road of
the Municipality of Gasan and its percentages.
Table 5.6: Road Element (Guardrail)

Length Te( meter, m)Types Percentage (%), P2,
m) respectively
Steel Concrete Wood
4,568.05 95.18 4,472.87 - 2.08 97.92 -
Table 5.6 reflects percentages and the types of guardrails that existed along the
Table 5.7: Road Element (Culvert)
39
Types Percentage (%), P2,

Pieces
Pipe Box Arch respectively
12 9 3 - 75 25 -
Table 4.7 reflects the percentages and the types of culverts that existed along the
circumferential road of the Municipality of Gasan
Evaluation of the Road Elements Along the Circumferential Road of the Municipality
of Gasan considering cross section of road elements, roadside condition and
serviceability
Road elements present along the circumferential road of the Municipality of Gasan are
shoulders, side slopes, sidewalks, guardrails, canals, culverts and signages. In order to
provide an accurate evaluation for the fore mentioned road elements the researchers
consider three factors that will determine the overall evaluation of the road elements.
Cross-section of the road elements considers the length, width, depth, thickness, location,
diameter and color. On the other hand, roadside condition evaluates the road element
whether there are obstructions on shoulders, sidewalks and others or whether the road
elements are in present condition. To evaluate the roadside condition, the researchers use
a checklist to have a detailed evaluation of the roadside condition. Serviceability is
evaluated by asking the drivers from different tricycle operators and drivers association,
40
the researchers believe that they will give more experience-based evaluation of the road
elements given the fact that they traverse the circumferential road on a daily basis
regardless of the present weather condition. In relation to that the researchers provide a
questionnaire to ask the opinion of the drivers regarding the serviceability of the road
elements.
Evaluation of Cross-Section of Road Elements
Road elements are assigned with standard dimensions or minimum dimensions that
should be followed on the design and construction of a certain roadway. The standard
dimensions vary based on the location of the roadway. There is a difference between the
standards for urban and rural roadways which consider the population and the presence of
different establishments that creates traffic and congestion. This study evaluates the actual
dimension of existing road elements such as the shoulder, the sidewalk and the canals or
ditches that are common road elements seen on rural areas especially those areas near
institutional and commercial buildings. However, the researchers failed to evaluate the
dimensions of other road elements such as the side slope, the culverts, the guard rails and
the signage. Side slope are difficult to evaluate considering that standards are given as the
vertical and horizontal measurements. Culverts, on the other hand are not visible on the
road way, thus, the researchers could not determine its actual dimensions and present
41
condition. Moreover, there are a few data regarding guard rails and their present condition
and serviceability are all satisfactory thus the researcher does not evaluate their actual
dimensions. Signage are divided into three categories, and based on the standards provided
the signage are all satisfactory and well-designed because it conform to the standard color,
dimensions and location of the signs.
Table 6: Evaluation of the Cross-section of Road elements
Table 6.1: Cross-section of Shoulders
ROAD
ELEMENTS
and CROSS -
SECTION Standard
Start LRP + End LRP + DIMENSION
Length Width of Evaluation
Distance DISP1 Distance DISP2 S
Shoulder
Shoulders
L R
218 0095+093 231.75 0095+106.75 13.75 3m 3m 3m satisfactory
231.75 0095+106.75 248 0095+123 16.25 3m 3m 3m satisfactory
248 0095+123 558.89 0095+433.89 310.89 3m 3m 3m satisfactory
558.89 0095+433.89 594.49 0095+469.49 35.6 3m 3m 3m satisfactory
623.29 0095+498.29 637.29 0095+512.29 14 3m 3m 3m satisfactory

637.29 0095+512.29 672.04 0095+547.04 34.75 3m 3m standard
672.04 0095+547.04 683.5 0095+558.5 11.46 3m 3m standard
42

3281.89 0098+156.89 3334.74 0098+209.74 52.85 3m 3m standard
8096.42 0102+971.42 8106.07 0102+981.07 9.65 3m 3m standard
43

11468.6 0106+343.6 11479 0106+354 10.4 3m 3m standard
11479 0106+354 11513.6 0106+388.6 34.6 3m 3m standard
3.5
14127.36 0108+995.81 14158.26 0109+026.71 30.9 2.2m 3m satisfactory
m
3.5
14158.26 0109+026.71 14184.91 0109+053.36 26.65 2.2m 3m satisfactory
m
3.5
14212.91 0109+081.36 14218.51 0109+086.96 5.6 3m standard
m
3.5
14218.51 0109+089.96 14337.31 0109+205.76 118.8 2.2m 3m satisfactory
m
3.5
14337.31 0109+205.76 14442.91 0109+311.36 105.6 2.2m 3m satisfactory
m
Table 6.1 shows the width of the shoulder on the left and right side of the road. 59
stations has shoulder located on both sides of the road, based on the comparison of the
standard width for shoulder both shoulders located on the left and right side of the road
conform with the standard. Similarly, 7 stations have shoulders on either of the road and
all the shoulder conform to the standard width indicated. Out of 184 stations, 66 roadway
stations are constructed with a shoulder or about thirty six percent (35.89%) of the stations
are equipped with a shoulder.
44
Table 6.2: Cross-Section of Sidewalks

Start LRP + End LRP + Length ROAD Standard EVALUATION
Distance DISP1 Distance DISP2 ELEMENTS Width of
and CROSS - Sidewalk
SECTION
DIMENSIONS
SIDEWALK
683.5 0095+558.5 920.55 0095+795.55 237.05 1m 1.2 m nonstandard
1667.76 0096+542.76 1888.86 0096+763.86 221.1 1m 1.2 m nonstandard
5225.76 0100+100.76 5505.66 0100+380.66 279.9 1m 1.2 m nonstandard
5505.66 0100+380.66 5826.17 0100+701.17 320.51 1m 1.2 m nonstandard
8114.47 0102+989.47 8117.68 0102+992.68 3.21 1m 1.2 m nonstandard
8324.77 0103+199.77 8368.48 0103+243.48 43.71 1m 1.2 m nonstandard
8569.05 0103+444.05 8662.3 0103+537.3 93.25 1m 1.2 m nonstandard
9030.21 0103+905.21 9070.87 0103+945.87 40.66 1m 1.2 m nonstandard
9070.87 0103+945.87 9323.69 0104+198.69 252.82 1m 1.2 m nonstandard
9975.46 0104+850.46 10028.05 0104+903.05 52.59 1m 1.2 m nonstandard
12016.56 0106+891.56 12027.71 0106+902.71 11.15 1m 1.2 m nonstandard
12081.13 0106+956.13 12084.63 0106+959.63 3.5 1m 1.2 m nonstandard
14103.36 0108+971.81 14127.36 0108+995.81 24 1m 1.2 m nonstandard
14756.01 0109+624.46 14970.81 0109+838.56 214.1 1m 1.2 m nonstandard
Table 6.2 shows the comparison of the actual width of the existing sidewalks along
the circumferential road and the standard width of a sidewalks for roadways on rural area
based on the comparison made on the table above, out of all the existing sidewalks none
conform on the standard width of the sidewalk. The actual dimensions of the sidewalks are
less than 0.2 meters than the standard dimensions. It is considerably a small difference but
it is enough to provide more space for opposing pedestrians especially on areas that has
greater volume of vehicles like markets, schools and churches which need a standard
sidewalk to ensure safe passage of walking pedestrians amidst the number of passing
vehicles.
45
Table 6.3 Cross-section of Canals or Ditches
ROAD
ELEMENTS
and CROSS -
LRP + LRP + DISP2 SECTION Standard
Start End Length EVALUATION
Distance DISP1 Distance DIMENSIONS Width of
Canal
Left Right
Canal Canal
231.75 0095+106.7 248 0095+123 16.25 0.7 m 0.76 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Satisfactory
5
248 0095+123 558.89 0095+433.89 310.89 0.7 m 0.76 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Satisfactory
1016.29 0095+891.2 1116.17 0095+991.17 99.88 0.7 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard

9
1181.97 0096+056.9 1295.67 0096+170.67 113.7 0.7 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
7
2199.96 0097+074.9 2741.86 0097+616.86 541.9 0.7 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
6
2741.86 0097+616.8 3031.44 0097+906.44 289.58 0.7 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
6
3031.44 0097+906.4 3142.04 0098+017.04 110.6 0.7 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
4
3142.04 0098+017.0 3152.14 0098+027.14 10.1 0.7 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
4
3152.14 0098+027.1 3281.89 0098+156.89 129.75 0.7 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
4
3281.89 0098+156.8 3334.74 0098+209.74 52.85 0.7 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
9
3334.74 0098+209.7 3378.22 0098+253.49 43.75 0.7 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
4
3378.22 0098+253.4 3405.19 0098+280.19 26.7 0.7 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
9
3474.02 0098+349.0 3891.87 0098+766.87 417.85 0.7 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
2
3891.87 0098+766.8 3949.32 0098+824.32 57.45 0.7 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
7
4690.86 0099+565.8 4850.56 0099+725.56 159.7 0.7 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
6
4982.31 0099+857.3 5043.56 0099+918.56 61.25 0.7 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
1
5225.76 0100+100.7 5505.66 0100+380.66 279.9 0.7 m 0.7 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Satisfactory
6
46
6
7
6134.77 0101+009.7 6338.2 0101+213.2 203.43 0.7 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
7
6338.2 0101+213.2 6401.15 0101+276.15 62.95 0.7 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
6401.15 0101+276.1 6406.34 0101+281.34 5.19 0.7 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard

5
6406.34 0101+281.3 6427.79 0101+302.79 21.45 0.7 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
4
6427.79 0101+302.7 6791.17 0101+666.17 363.38 0.7 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
9
6791.17 0101+666.1 6800.22 0101+675.22 9.05 0.7 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
7
6800.22 0101+675.2 6872.58 0101+747.58 72.36 0.7 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
2
6872.58 0101+747.5 6907.98 0101+782.98 35.4 0.7 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
8
6907.98 0101+782.9 7412.85 0102+287.85 504.87 0.7 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
8
7412.85 0102+287.8 7432.15 0102+307.15 19.3 0.7 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
5
7432.15 0102+307.1 7501.92 0102+376.92 69.77 0.7 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
5
7501.92 0102+376.9 7640.97 0102+515.97 139.05 0.7 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
2
7640.97 0102+515.9 7787.12 0102+662.12 146.15 0.7 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
7
7787.12 0102+662.1 7865.8 0102+740.8 78.68 0.7 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
2
7942.75 0102+817.7 7950.29 0102+825.29 7.54 0.7 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
5
7950.29 0102+825.2 7967.34 0102+842.34 17.05 0.7 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
9
7967.34 0102+842.3 7985.91 0102+860.91 18.57 0.7 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
4
7985.91 0102+860.9 8009.26 0102+884.26 23.35 0.7 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
1
8009.26 0102+884.2 8015.83 0102+890.83 6.57 0.7 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
6
8015.83 0102+890.8 8027.36 0102+902.36 11.53 0.7 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
3
8027.36 0102+902.3 8031.89 0102+906.89 4.53 0.7 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
6
47
8031.89 0102+906.8 8044.15 0102+919.15 12.26 0.7 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard

9
8044.15 0102+919.1 8049.87 0102+924.87 5.72 0.7 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
5
8049.87 0102+924.8 8053.02 0102+928.02 3.15 0.7 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
7
8053.02 0102+928.0 8063.22 0102+938.22 10.2 0.7 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
2
8063.22 0102+938.2 8093.52 0102+968.52 30.3 0.7 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
2
8093.52 0102+968.5 8095.67 0102+970.67 2.15 0.7 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
2
8095.67 0102+970.6 8096.42 0102+971.42 0.75 0.7 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
7
8096.42 0102+971.4 8106.07 0102+981.07 9.65 0.7 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
2
8106.07 0102+981.0 8114.47 0102+989.47 8.4 0.7 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
7
8114.47 0102+989.4 8117.68 0102+992.68 3.21 0.7 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
7
8117.68 0102+992.6 8160.13 0103+035.13 42.45 0.7 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
8
8160.13 0103+035.1 8209.49 0103+084.49 49.36 0.7 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
3
8209.49 0103+084.4 8233.26 0103+108.26 23.77 0.7 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
9
8233.26 0103+108.2 8241.61 0103+116.61 8.35 0.7 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
6
8241.61 0103+116.6 8277.41 0103+152.41 35.8 0.7 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
1
8277.41 0103+152.4 8283.82 0103+158.82 6.41 0.7 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
1
8283.82 0103+158.8 8324.77 0103+199.77 40.95 0.7 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
2
8324.77 0103+199.7 8368.48 0103+243.48 43.71 0.7 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
7
8368.48 0103+243.4 8387.82 0103+262.82 19.34 0.7 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
8
8387.82 0103+262.8 8397.22 0103+272.22 9.4 0.7 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
2
8397.22 0103+272.2 8424.34 0103+299.34 27.12 0.7 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
2
8424.34 0103+299.3 8438.64 0103+313.64 14.3 0.7 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
4
8438.64 0103+313.6 8495.02 0103+370.02 56.38 0.7 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
4
48
8495.02 0103+370.0 8528.75 0103+403.75 33.73 0.7 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard

2
8528.75 0103+403.7 8569.05 0103+444.05 40.3 0.7 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
5
8569.05 0103+444.0 8662.3 0103+537.3 93.25 0.7 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
5
8662.3 0103+537.3 8669.18 0103+544.18 6.88 0.7 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
8669.18 0103+544.1 8884.23 0103+759.23 215.05 0.7 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard

8
8884.23 0103+759.2 8916.37 0103+791.37 32.14 0.7 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
3
8916.37 0103+791.3 8939.04 0103+814.04 22.67 0.7 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
7
9449.1 0104+324.1 9491.1 0104+366.1 42 0.7 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
9914.46 0104+789.4 9975.46 0104+850.46 61 0.30 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard

6
9975.46 0104+850.4 10028.0 0104+903.05 52.59 0.6 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
6 5
10028.0 0104+903.0 10481.3 0105+356.31 453.26 0.6 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
5 5 1
10481.3 0105+356.3 10991.4 0105+866.47 510.16 0.5 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
1 1 7
10991.4 0105+866.4 11008.9 0105+883.97 17.5 0.5 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
7 7 7
11008.9 0105+883.9 11468.6 0106+343.6 459.63 0.5 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
7 7
6 6 6
11807.8 0106+682.8 11890.2 0106+765.21 82.35 1.1 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
6 6 1
11890.2 0106+765.2 11912.5 0106+787.56 22.35 1.1 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
1 1 6
11912.5 0106+787.5 11931.2 0106+806.26 18.7 1.1 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
6 6 6
11931.2 0106+806.2 11990.9 0106+865.96 59.7 1.1 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
6 6 6
11990.9 0106+865.9 12016.5 0106+891.56 25.6 1.1 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
6 6 6
12027.7 0106+902.7 12081.1 0106+956.13 53.42 1.1 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
1 1 3
3 3 3
3 3 9
49
12309.1 0107+184.1 12386.4 0107+254.88 70.69 1.1 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard

9 9 3
12392.9 0107+261.4 12455.3 0107+323.83 62.4 0.7 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
8 3 8
13969.4 0108+837.9 14060.3 0108+928.81 90.9 0.4 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
6 1 6
14212.9 0109+081.3 14218.5 0109+086.96 5.6 0.4 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
1 6 1
14218.5 0109+089.9 14337.3 0109+205.76 118.8 0.4 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
1 6 1
14337.3 0109+205.7 14442.9 0109+311.36 105.6 0.4 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
1 6 1
14442.9 0109+311.3 14753.2 0109+621.66 0.4 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
1 6 1 31
0.3
15183.8 0110+051.5 15222.8 0110+090.58 39 0.7 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
3 8 3
15227.8 0110+095.5 15549.3 0110+417.14 321.56 0.7 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
3 8 9
15549.3 0110+417.1 15561.9 0110+429.74 12.6 0.7 m 0.3 to 1.8 m Standard
9 4 9
Table 6.4 Cross-Section of Signages

Quantity
Per Side Actual Standard
of the Dimensio Dimensio
Start LRP + End LRP + Road
Length n of n of Evaluation
Distance DISP1 Distance DISP2
Signages Signages Signages
Rig (mm) (mm)
Left
ht
231.75 0095+106.75 248 0095+123 16.25 3 600 x 750 600 x 750 Standard
248 0095+123 558.89 0095+433.89 310.89 2 600 x 750 600 x 750 Standard
558.89 0095+433.89 594.49 0095+469.49 35.6 2 600 x 750 600 x 750 Standard
594.49 0095+469.49 623.29 0095+498.29 28.8 2 600 x 750 600 x 750 Standard
672.04 0095+547.04 683.5 0095+558.5 11.46 2 600 x 750 600 x 750 Standard
920.55 0095+795.55 968.25 0095+843.25 47.7 1 600 x 750 600 x 750 Standard
968.25 0095+843.25 992.59 0095+867.59 24.34 1 600 x 750 600 x 750 Standard
992.59 0095+867.59 1016.29 0095+891.29 23.7 1 600 x 750 600 x 750 Standard
1305.62 0096+180.62 1515.28 0096+390.28 209.66 1 600 x 750 600 x 750 Standard
2057.36 0096+932.36 2103.06 0096+978.06 45.7 2 600 x 750 600 x 750 Standard
2199.96 0097+074.96 2741.86 0097+616.86 541.9 2 600 x 750 600 x 750 Standard
2741.86 0097+616.86 3031.44 0097+906.44 289.58 2 1 600 x 750 600 x 750 Satisfactory
4850.56 0099+725.56 4982.31 0099+857.31 131.75 2 600 x 750 600 x 750 Standard
5225.76 0100+100.76 5505.66 0100+380.66 279.9 1 2 600 x 750 600 x 750 Satisfactory
50
5505.66 0100+380.66 5826.17 0100+701.17 320.51 1 1 600 x 750 600 x 750 Satisfactory
5826.17 0100+701.17 5915.27 0100+790.27 89.1 1 600 x 750 600 x 750 Standard
5915.27 0100+790.27 5963.07 0100+838.07 47.8 3 600 x 750 600 x 750 Standard
6134.77 0101+009.77 6338.2 0101+213.2 203.43 2 1 600 x 750 600 x 750 Satisfactory
6338.2 0101+213.2 6401.15 0101+276.15 62.95 6 600 x 750 600 x 750 Standard
7640.97 0102+515.97 7787.12 0102+662.12 146.15 1 600 x 750 600 x 750 Standard
7787.12 0102+662.12 7865.8 0102+740.8 78.68 1 600 x 750 600 x 750 Standard
7865.8 0102+740.8 7942.75 0102+817.75 76.95 2 600 x 750 600 x 750 Standard
8939.04 0103+814.04 8970.09 0103+845.09 31.05 2 1 600 x 750 600 x 750 Satisfactory
9016.26 0103+891.26 9030.21 0103+905.21 13.95 1 600 x 750 600 x 750 Standard
9030.21 0103+905.21 9070.87 0103+945.87 40.66 1 600 x 750 600 x 750 Standard
9323.69 0104+198.69 9449.1 0104+324.1 125.41 1 1 600 x 750 600 x 750 Satisfactory
9805.32 0104+680.32 9914.46 0104+789.46 109.14 3 600 x 750 600 x 750 Standard
11479 0106+354 11513.6 0106+388.6 34.6 1 600 x 750 600 x 750 Standard
11680.71 0106+555.71 11688.61 0106+563.61 7.9 1 600 x 750 600 x 750 Standard
11931.26 0106+806.26 11990.96 0106+865.96 59.7 1 600 x 750 600 x 750 Standard
12392.98 0107+261.43 12455.38 0107+323.83 62.4 1 600 x 750 600 x 750 Standard
12605.21 0107+473.66 12828.51 0107+696.96 223.3 1 3 600 x 750 600 x 750 Standard
12998.58 0107+867.03 13008.52 0107+876.97 9.94 2 600 x 750 600 x 750 Standard
Satisfactor
13008.52 0107+876.97 13435.96 0108+304.41 427.44 2 2 600 x 750 600 x 750
y
13435.96 0108+304.41 13969.46 0108+837.91 533.5 1 600 x 750 600 x 750 Standard
14218.51 0109+089.96 14337.31 0109+205.76 118.8 1 2 600 x 750 600 x 750 Satisfactory
15590.79 0110+458.54 15838.45 0110+706.2 247.66 1 600 x 750 600 x 750 Standard
51
Table 6.5 Cross-section of Culverts

ROAD
ELEMENTS
and CROSS - Standard
Start LRP + End LRP +
Length SECTION Diameter of EVALUATION
Distance DISP1 Distance DISP2
DIMENSION Culvert
CULVERT
1305.62 0096+180.62 1515.28 0096+390.28 209.66 1m 0.3 m to 2.0 m Satisfactory
15183.83 0110+051.58 15222.83 0110+090.58 39 1m 0.3 m to 2.0 m Satisfactory
Table 6.4 shows the comparison of the actual diameters and the standard the
diameter of a culvert. The actual diameter of the culvert used in several areas along the
circumferential road is 1m, however, the standard diameter of culverts ranges from 0.3
meters to 2.0 meters, thus, the culverts used along the circumferential road in the
Municipality of Gasan are of standard dimensions. The evaluation for the culvert is
satisfactory, since the culvert are placed from the right side of the road to the left side of
the road, the researchers consider that there are culverts located on both sides of the road
and since the culverts are of standard dimension the evaluation is satisfactory.
52
Evaluation of Road Elements based on Roadside Condition
Table 7. Checklist for the Evaluation of the Roadside Condition along the
Circumferential Road in the Municipality of Gasan
ROAD ELEMENTS YES NO REMARKS OR

OVERALL EVALUATION
1. Shoulder
a) Is the shoulder free from SATISFIED

edge break?
b) Is the shoulder in good Most of the shoulders
condition and not encountered are obstructed by
requiring re-sheeting? privately owned vehicles,
c) Is the shoulder free from electric post and other
any obstruction that will privately owned things;
prevent an errant vehicle however, shoulder width is
to use it? more than the required width.
2. Side Slope
d) Is the side slope clear? SATISFIED
e) Is the side slope free

from edge break?
f) Is the side slope
unobstructed by
vegetation?
3. Sidewalk
g) Is the sidewalk in good

condition?
h) Is the sidewalk SATISFIED
unobstructed by
vegetation, parked
vehicles or other
unnecessary objects?
4. Canals
i) Are canals clear? SATISFIED
j) Are open canals free Organic matter and other

from obstruction? waste are present in the canal;
k) Are canals in good however, it does not obstruct
condition? the flow of water given the
53
small amount of flowing

water.
5. Signage
l) Is signage unobstructed SATISFIED

by vegetation?
m) Are signs free of Existing signs are in good
graffiti? condition, though, there are
n) Are warning and obstructions, and it does not
regulatory signs block the view of the road
unobstructed? user of the sign.
6. Guardrails
o) Are guardrails still in

alignment?
p) Are guardrails free from
damage?
q) Are guardrails SATISFIED
unobstructed by
vegetation, unauthorized
parked vehicles and
other objects that
obstruct the view of the
driver of the guardrail
and the end of the
roadbed?
7. Culverts
r) Are culverts clear?
s) Are culverts head walls SATISFIED

in good condition?
t) Are culverts free from
obstruction?
Table 7 shows how the road elements are evaluated based on the roadside condition and
the present condition of the road elements itself. There are three criteria that are considered
in the evaluation of the elements and it is evident that one common criterion is considered
54
in evaluating the road elements, it is whether there is obstruction on the road elements
especially on sidewalks, shoulders and signages. Even though, road elements are designed
and constructed with the standard dimensions and locations, it would be useless if there are
obstructions that consume the width and view of the road elements. Based on the
observation and inspection conducted by the researchers, the road elements condition are
all satisfactory, there are several obstructions like privately owned vehicles and several
electric post located on several parts of the circumferential road but the number is quite
small thus there are plenty of space to be used for emergency purposes and others purposes
that the road element must serve. However, the researchers think that there are many room
for improvements on the current condition of the road elements to give more exemplary
form of service to the pedestrians and motorists. Moreover, several parts of the entire length
of the canal contain organic matter such as fallen dried leaves, small branches of trees and
other solid waste, given the fact that there are organic matter present on the canal it does
not obstruct the flow of water and cause overflow. Thus, based on the evaluation conducted
by the researchers, the researchers comes up with the evaluation that all of the road
elements are all on good condition, despite several obstructions the road elements still are
able to serve its purpose of providing ease and comfort, thus, the evaluation based on
roadside condition is satisfactory but with many room for improvements.
55
Evaluation for Serviceability
Table 8: Percentage of Tricycle Drivers on Different Tricycle Operators and Drivers’

Association (TODA)
1. Pamilyar po ba kayo sa mga sumusunod na road elements?
A. Shoulder e. Signage
B. Side slope f. Guardrails
C. Sidewalk g. Culvert
D. Canal
Table 8.1
Total number of tricycle drivers Oo Hindi Medyo
100 95% 0 5%
Note: P3 = TD/TT(100) was used to obtain the percentages of tricycle drivers of different Tricycle Operators
and Drivers’ Association (TODA).
2. Alam nyo po ba kung ano-ano ang mga uri nito?
Table 8.2
100 90% 0 10%

and Drivers’ Association (TODA)
3. Alam nyo po ba kung para saan ang gamit ng mga ito?
56
Table 8.3
100 98% 0 2%
and Drivers’ Association (TODA).
4. Nakakatulong po ba ang mga ito para sa maayos at ligtas na transportasyon ninyo?
Table 8.4
100 95% 0 5%
and Drivers’ Association (TODA)
Upon careful deliberation and analysis of the answers of the drivers, the
serviceability rating of the road elements along the circumferential road in the Municipality
of Gasan is ninety five percent (95%), which means that the road elements along the road
serve its purpose of providing convenience and comfort while travelling and ensuring
safety of the motorist and the pedestrians that are simultaneously using the roadway.
Overall Evaluation of the Road Elements
The overall evaluation of the road elements are based on the three categories of
evaluation wherein if the road element has an evaluation of satisfactory on all the categories
the road element has an overall evaluation of very good which means that the road element
is well-designed, of good present condition and has satisfactorily serve its purpose.
However, if the road element is constructed conforming to standard dimensions and is of
good present condition but does not satisfactorily serve its purpose of providing safe travel,
57
the overall evaluation for the road element is good. Similarly, if the road element is of good
present condition and has satisfactorily serve its purpose of a safe travel, the overall
evaluation is acceptable. Though, it meets drivers’ expectations and it is of good present
condition, it is still essential that the road element is constructed using standard dimensions.
Table 9: Overall Evaluation of the Road Elements along the Circumferential Road in
the Municipality of Gasan
Percentage of Compliance
Cross- Total
Road Overall
Section Roadside Percentage of
Elements Serviceability Compliance
Evaluation
of Condition
Elements
Shoulder 95.27778 66.66667 95 85.6481481 Complied
Side slope 100 100 95 98.3333333 Complied
Sidewalks 83.33333 100 95 92.7777778 Complied
Canals or Partially
21.47569 66.66667 95 61.0474537
Ditches Complied
Signage 100 100 95 98.3333333 Complied
Guardrails 100 100 95 98.3333333 Complied
Partially
Culverts 100 33.33333 95 76.1111111
Complied
Table 9 shows the overall evaluation of the road elements based on the three
categories of evaluation. Depicted on the table is the percentage of compliance of the road
element on the three categories of evaluation conducted. The overall evaluation of the road
element is based upon the total percentage of compliance which is the average of the three
percentage of compliance from the three categories of evaluation. The overall evaluation
for most of the road elements is complied except the canals and the culverts. This means
that most of the road elements has a percentage of compliance ranging from 80 to 100%
58
meaning most of the road elements are constructed based on standard dimensions, of good
present condition and helps ensure safety of the road users. Partially complied are given to
canals due to the fact, the canal widths are too small compared to the standard width.
However, according to the design manual of the Department of Public Works and
Highways, the width of the canal is also dependent on the volume of water that flow
through it measured on rainy season. This might be one of the factors considered in
designing the width of the existing canals. On the other hand, culverts are also graded
partially complied due to its low percentage of compliance on present roadside condition.
If we will review Table 7, it is depicted there that the head walls of the culvert is not in
good condition.
59
Chapter 5
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter presents a summary of the findings/results, conclusion, and recommendations.
This study was conducted to evaluate the road elements that existed along the
circumferential road of Gasan.
Summary
1. The road elements existing along the circumferential road of the municipality of Gasan
were Locational Referencing Points (LRP), junctions, place name, right of way,
carriageway, number of lanes, surface and pavement type, shoulders, side slope, sidewalks,
canals/ditches, signage, guardrails, bridges, culverts, and spillways.
2. The table shown contains the stations, locations, and length of each road element along
the circumferential road of the municipality of Gasan
The researchers observed an extra carriageway on the left side of the station from
0098+253.49 to 0098+824.32. The researcher also noted the under-construction stations
such as 0095+891.29 to 0096+763.86 and 0098+156.89 to 0098+329.99.
3. From the data gathered, the types of each road elements evaluated along the
circumferential road of the municipality of Gasan are: concrete type for shoulder;
embankment and cut for side slopes; concrete type for sidewalk; lined close and lined open
for the canal; regulatory, informative, and guide for signage; steel and concrete type for
guardrails; and pipe type and box type for culverts.
60
4. From the analysis of data, the overall evaluation on the road elements along the
circumferential road are complied for all the road elements except canals or ditches and
culverts. This means that almost all of the road elements has percentage of compliance of
eighty to one hundred percent. This reflects that the existing road elements along the
circumferential road of Gasan are well-designed due to the total average percentage of
compliance of 85.73% based on the evaluation by dimension, it is also of good present
condition shown on 80.95% percentage of compliance, serviceability is also excellent due
to its 95% percentage of compliance. Thus, the researchers conclude that the road elements
are well-designed, of good present condition and verified to be providing excellent service
to the road users.
Conclusion
Based on the summary of data gathered, seven (7) road elements existed along the
circumferential road of the Municipality of Gasan. Each road element was evaluated
through types, and the stations, locations, and length were also gathered. There were
39.05% of the shoulder, 12.51% of the side slopes, 1.35% of the sidewalks, 65.76% of the
canals, 28.80% of the guardrails, 75 pieces of the signages, and 12 pieces of culverts that
existed along the circumferential road of the Municipality of Gasan. The types of each road
element used were reasonable and well-designed for its purposes, and it also contributes to
the improvement of the road in the Municipality of Gasan.
In general, the researchers concluded that the evaluation of road elements along the
circumferential road of the Municipality of Gasan has to be well-determined and noticed
to provide a safe roadway for its users and to lessen undesirable events while using it.
61
Recommendations
Based on the findings of the study, the following are hereby recommended:
1. The Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) should evaluate
the road elements to know if it is still reasonable to use in the area.
2. The Municipality of Gasan must also evaluate road elements to mitigate
the rate of accidents in the area.
3. For future researcher/s may also evaluate road elements in a different place
or area considering other road elements using by types or by sizes.
62
Bibliography
Book
Fajardo, Jr. Max B (n.y). Elements of Roads and Highways (Second Edition)
Offline Journal
Road and Bridge Information Application: Theories And Procedures
Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) Official Central Database
Online Journals
Hoel, L., Garber, N. & Sadek, A. (2011). Transportation Infrastructure Engineering: A

Multimodal Integration, S1 Edition
https://www.cengage.co.uk/books/9781133377979/
Roess, R., Prassas, E. & Mcshane, W. (2011). Traffic Engineering Fourth Edition
https://www.amazon.com/Traffic-Engineering-4th-Roger-Roess/dp/0136135730
Hameed Aswad Mohammed, (2013). The Influence of Road Geometric Design Elements
on Highway Safety
www.iaeme.com/ijciet.asp
63
Gregory J. Taylor, P.E. (2017). Roadway Geometric Design I: Functions, Controls and
Alignments
www.cedengineering.com
Online Sources
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinduque
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasan,_Marinduque
https://www.topgear.com.ph/news/motoring-news/news-roundup-29-february-2020-
a2619-20200229-lfrm
64
Appendices
Appendix A. Research Instrument
Questionnaire
Name (optional):_____________________
TODA:____________________
Lagyan ng tsek () ang kahong ayon sa iyong sagot.
1. Pamilyar po ba kayo sa mga sumusunod na road elements?
A. Shoulder e. Signage
B. Side slope f. Guardrails
C. Sidewalk g. Culvert
D. Canal
Oo Hindi Medyo
2. Alam nyo po ba kung ano-ano ang mga uri nito?
Oo Hindi Medyo
3. Alam nyo po ba kung para saan ang gamit ng mga ito?
Oo Hindi Medyo
4. Nakakatulong po ba ang mga ito para sa maayos at ligtas na transportasyon ninyo?
Oo Hindi Medyo
65
Appendix B. Checklist of Road Elements along the Circumferential Road of

Municipality of Gasan
Road Elements
LRP LRP
+ + Lengt E
Start End
A B C D F G
Distance DISP Distance DISP h
1 2
L R L R L R L R L R L R
LEGEND
ROAD ELEMENTS:
A – Shoulders E – Signage
B – Side Slope F – Guardrails
C – Sidewalks G – Culverts
D – Canal
66
Appendix C. Gathered Data of the Road Element
ROAD ELEMENTS
Start LRP + End LRP +
Length A B D E F
Distance DISP1 Distance DISP2 C G
L R L R L R L R L R
0 0094+875 165 0095+040 165
165 0095+040 198 0095+073 33
198 0095+073 218 0095+093 20
218 0095+093 231.75 0095+106.75 13.75
231.75 0095+106.75 248 0095+123 16.25 3
248 0095+123 558.89 0095+433.89 310.89 2
558.89 0095+433.89 594.49 0095+469.49 35.6 2
594.49 0095+469.49 623.29 0095+498.29 28.8 2
623.29 0095+498.29 637.29 0095+512.29 14
637.29 0095+512.29 672.04 0095+547.04 34.75
672.04 0095+547.04 683.5 0095+558.5 11.46 2
683.5 0095+558.5 920.55 0095+795.55 237.05
920.55 0095+795.55 968.25 0095+843.25 47.7 1
968.25 0095+843.25 992.59 0095+867.59 24.34 1
992.59 0095+867.59 1016.29 0095+891.29 23.7 1
1016.29 0095+891.29 1116.17 0095+991.17 99.88
1116.17 0095+991.17 1181.97 0096+056.97 65.8
1181.97 0096+056.97 1295.67 0096+170.67 113.7
1295.67 0096+170.67 1305.62 0096+180.62 9.95
1305.62 0096+180.62 1515.28 0096+390.28 209.66 1
67
1515.28 0096+390.28 1667.76 0096+542.76 152.48
1667.76 0096+542.76 1888.86 0096+763.86 221.1
1888.86 0096+763.86 2024.06 0096+899.06 135.2
2024.06 0096+899.06 2057.36 0096+932.36 33.3
2057.36 0096+932.36 2103.06 0096+978.06 45.7 2
2103.06 0096+978.06 2170.56 0097+045.56 67.5
2170.56 0097+045.56 2189.56 0097+064.56 19
2189.56 0097+064.56 2199.96 0097+074.96 10.4
2199.96 0097+074.96 2741.86 0097+616.86 541.9 2
2741.86 0097+616.86 3031.44 0097+906.44 289.58 2 1
3031.44 0097+906.44 3142.04 0098+017.04 110.6
3142.04 0098+017.04 3152.14 0098+027.14 10.1
3152.14 0098+027.14 3281.89 0098+156.89 129.75
3281.89 0098+156.89 3334.74 0098+209.74 52.85
3334.74 0098+209.74 3378.22 0098+253.49 43.75
3378.22 0098+253.49 3405.19 0098+280.19 26.7
3405.19 0098+280.19 3454.99 0098+329.99 49.8
3454.99 0098+329.99 3474.02 0098+349.02 19.03
3474.02 0098+349.02 3891.87 0098+766.87 417.85
3891.87 0098+766.87 3949.32 0098+824.32 57.45
3949.32 0098+824.32 4154.04 0099+029.04 204.72
4154.04 0099+029.04 4199.14 0099+074.14 45.1
68
4199.14 0099+074.14 4690.86 0099+565.86 491.72
4690.86 0099+565.86 4850.56 0099+725.56 159.7
4850.56 0099+725.56 4982.31 0099+857.31 131.75 2
4982.31 0099+857.31 5043.56 0099+918.56 61.25
5043.56 0099+918.56 5098.56 0099+973.56 55
5098.56 0099+973.56 5212.16 0100+087.16 113.6
5212.16 0100+087.16 5225.76 0100+100.76 13.6
5225.76 0100+100.76 5505.66 0100+380.66 279.9 1 2
5505.66 0100+380.66 5826.17 0100+701.17 320.51 1 1
5826.17 0100+701.17 5915.27 0100+790.27 89.1 1
5915.27 0100+790.27 5963.07 0100+838.07 47.8 3
5963.07 0100+838.07 5975.27 0100+850.27 12.2
5975.27 0100+850.27 5996.27 0100+871.27 21
5996.27 0100+871.27 6038.47 0100+913.47 42.2
6038.47 0100+913.47 6054.17 0100+929.17 15.7
6054.17 0100+929.17 6062.67 0100+937.67 8.5
6062.67 0100+937.67 6079.57 0100+954.57 16.9
6079.57 0100+954.57 6102.57 0100+977.57 23
6102.57 0100+977.57 6134.77 0101+009.77 32.2
6134.77 0101+009.77 6338.2 0101+213.2 203.43 2 1
6338.2 0101+213.2 6401.15 0101+276.15 62.95 6
69
6401.15 0101+276.15 6406.34 0101+281.34 5.19
6406.34 0101+281.34 6427.79 0101+302.79 21.45
6427.79 0101+302.79 6791.17 0101+666.17 363.38
6791.17 0101+666.17 6800.22 0101+675.22 9.05
6800.22 0101+675.22 6872.58 0101+747.58 72.36
6872.58 0101+747.58 6907.98 0101+782.98 35.4
6907.98 0101+782.98 7412.85 0102+287.85 504.87
7412.85 0102+287.85 7432.15 0102+307.15 19.3
7432.15 0102+307.15 7501.92 0102+376.92 69.77
7501.92 0102+376.92 7640.97 0102+515.97 139.05
7640.97 0102+515.97 7787.12 0102+662.12 146.15 1
7787.12 0102+662.12 7865.8 0102+740.8 78.68 1
7865.8 0102+740.8 7942.75 0102+817.75 76.95 2
7942.75 0102+817.75 7950.29 0102+825.29 7.54
7950.29 0102+825.29 7967.34 0102+842.34 17.05
7967.34 0102+842.34 7985.91 0102+860.91 18.57
7985.91 0102+860.91 8009.26 0102+884.26 23.35
8009.26 0102+884.26 8015.83 0102+890.83 6.57
8015.83 0102+890.83 8027.36 0102+902.36 11.53
8027.36 0102+902.36 8031.89 0102+906.89 4.53
8031.89 0102+906.89 8044.15 0102+919.15 12.26
8044.15 0102+919.15 8049.87 0102+924.87 5.72
8049.87 0102+924.87 8053.02 0102+928.02 3.15
70
8053.02 0102+928.02 8063.22 0102+938.22 10.2
8063.22 0102+938.22 8093.52 0102+968.52 30.3
8093.52 0102+968.52 8095.67 0102+970.67 2.15
8095.67 0102+970.67 8096.42 0102+971.42 0.75
8096.42 0102+971.42 8106.07 0102+981.07 9.65
8106.07 0102+981.07 8114.47 0102+989.47 8.4
8114.47 0102+989.47 8117.68 0102+992.68 3.21
8117.68 0102+992.68 8160.13 0103+035.13 42.45
8160.13 0103+035.13 8209.49 0103+084.49 49.36
8209.49 0103+084.49 8233.26 0103+108.26 23.77
8233.26 0103+108.26 8241.61 0103+116.61 8.35
8241.61 0103+116.61 8277.41 0103+152.41 35.8
8277.41 0103+152.41 8283.82 0103+158.82 6.41
8283.82 0103+158.82 8324.77 0103+199.77 40.95
8324.77 0103+199.77 8368.48 0103+243.48 43.71
8368.48 0103+243.48 8387.82 0103+262.82 19.34
8387.82 0103+262.82 8397.22 0103+272.22 9.4
8397.22 0103+272.22 8424.34 0103+299.34 27.12
8424.34 0103+299.34 8438.64 0103+313.64 14.3
8438.64 0103+313.64 8495.02 0103+370.02 56.38
8495.02 0103+370.02 8528.75 0103+403.75 33.73
71
8528.75 0103+403.75 8569.05 0103+444.05 40.3
8569.05 0103+444.05 8662.3 0103+537.3 93.25
8662.3 0103+537.3 8669.18 0103+544.18 6.88
8669.18 0103+544.18 8884.23 0103+759.23 215.05
8884.23 0103+759.23 8916.37 0103+791.37 32.14
8916.37 0103+791.37 8939.04 0103+814.04 22.67
8939.04 0103+814.04 8970.09 0103+845.09 31.05 2 1
8970.09 0103+845.09 8993.09 0103+868.09 23
8993.09 0103+868.09 9016.26 0103+891.26 23.17
9016.26 0103+891.26 9030.21 0103+905.21 13.95 1
9030.21 0103+905.21 9070.87 0103+945.87 40.66 1
9070.87 0103+945.87 9323.69 0104+198.69 252.82
9323.69 0104+198.69 9449.1 0104+324.1 125.41 1 1
9449.1 0104+324.1 9491.1 0104+366.1 42
949.1 0104+366.1 9760.39 0104+635.39 269.29
9760.39 0104+635.39 9805.32 0104+680.32 44.93
9805.32 0104+680.32 9914.46 0104+789.46 109.14 3
9914.46 0104+789.46 9975.46 0104+850.46 61
9975.46 0104+850.46 10028.1 0104+903.05 52.59
10028.05 0104+903.05 10481.3 0105+356.31 453.26
10481.31 0105+356.31 10991.5 0105+866.47 510.16
72
10991.47 0105+866.47 11009 0105+883.97 17.5
11008.97 0105+883.97 11468.6 0106+343.6 459.63
11468.6 0106+343.6 11479 0106+354 10.4
11479 0106+354 11513.6 0106+388.6 34.6 1
11513.6 0106+388.6 11638.2 0106+513.2 124.6
11638.2 0106+513.2 11663.7 0106+538.7 25.5
11663.7 0106+538.7 11670.5 0106+545.45 6.75
11670.45 0106+545.45 11680.7 0106+555.71 10.26
11680.71 0106+555.71 11688.6 0106+563.61 7.9 1
11688.61 0106+563.61 11757.8 0106+632.76 69.15
11757.76 0106+632.76 11807.9 0106+682.86 50.1
11807.86 0106+682.86 11890.2 0106+765.21 82.35
11890.21 0106+765.21 11912.6 0106+787.56 22.35
11912.56 0106+787.56 11931.3 0106+806.26 18.7
11931.26 0106+806.26 11991 0106+865.96 59.7 1
11990.96 0106+865.96 12016.6 0106+891.56 25.6
12016.56 0106+891.56 12027.7 0106+902.71 11.15
12027.71 0106+902.71 12081.1 0106+956.13 53.42
12081.13 0106+956.13 12084.6 0106+959.63 3.5
12084.63 0106+959.63 12309.2 0107+184.19 224.56
12309.19 0107+184.19 12386.4 0107+254.88 70.69
12386.43 0107+254.88 12393 0107+261.43 6.55
73
12392.98 0107+261.43 12455.4 0107+323.83 62.4 1
12455.38 0107+323.83 12566.2 0107+434.69 110.86
12566.24 0107+434.69 12584.4 0107+452.89 18.2
12584.44 0107+452.89 12605.2 0107+473.66 20.77
12605.21 0107+473.66 12828.5 0107+696.96 223.3 1 3
12828.51 0107+696.96 12836.9 0107+705.36 8.4
12836.91 0107+705.36 12992.1 0107+860.51 155.15
12992.06 0107+860.51 12998.6 0107+867.03 6.52
12998.58 0107+867.03 13008.5 0107+876.97 9.94 2
13008.52 0107+876.97 13436 0108+304.41 427.44 2 2
13435.96 0108+304.41 13969.5 0108+837.91 533.5 1
13969.46 0108+837.91 14060.4 0108+928.81 90.9
14060.36 0108+928.81 14098.5 0108+966.97 38.16
14098.52 0108+966.97 14103.4 0108+971.81 4.84
14103.36 0108+971.81 14127.4 0108+995.81 24
14127.36 0108+995.81 14158.3 0109+026.71 30.9
14158.26 0109+026.71 14184.9 0109+053.36 26.65
14184.91 0109+053.36 14212.9 0109+081.36 28
14212.91 0109+081.36 14218.5 0109+086.96 5.6
14218.51 0109+089.96 14337.3 0109+205.76 118.8 1 2
14337.31 0109+205.76 14442.9 0109+311.36 105.6
14442.91 0109+311.36 14753.2 0109+621.66 310.3
74
14753.21 0109+621.66 14756 0109+624.46 2.8
14756.01 0109+624.46 14970.8 0109+838.56 214.1
14970.81 0109+838.56 15183.8 0110+051.58 213.02
15183.83 0110+051.58 15222.8 0110+090.58 39
15222.83 0110+090.58 15227.8 0110+095.58 5
15227.83 0110+095.58 15549.4 0110+417.14 321.56
15549.39 0110+417.14 15562 0110+429.74 12.6
15561.99 0110+429.74 15575.6 0110+443.34 13.6
15575.59 0110+443.34 15590.8 0110+458.54 15.2
15590.79 0110+458.54 15838.5 0110+706.2 247.66 1
15838.45 0110+706.2 15847.1 0110+714.8 8.6
15847.05 0110+714.8 15858.6 0110+726.3 11.5
In the table, gathered data on road elements were illustrated, such as the length and
location of the shoulder, side slope, sidewalk, canal, and guardrails. It also contained the
number and location of signage and culverts along the circumferential road.
75
Appendix D. Stations, locations and length of the Road Elements along the
Circumferential Road of the Municipality of Gasan
ROAD ELEMENTS LRP + DISP LRP + LENGTH

LOCATIONS
1 DISP 2 (M)
A. SHOULDER 0095+093 0095+469.49 376.49 both sides
0095+498.29 0095+512.29 14 both sides
0095+512.29 0095+558.5 46.21 right side
0097+906.44 0098+156.89 250.45 both sides
0098+156.89 0098+209.74 52.85 right side
0098+209.74 0098+280.19 70.45 both sides
0098+329.99 0098+349.02 19.03 both sides
0101+782.98 0102+740.8 957.82 both sides
0102+817.75 0102+971.42 153.67 both sides
0102+971.42 0102+981.07 9.65 right side
0102+981.07 0103+814.04 832.97 both sides
0106+343.6 0106+388.6 45 left side
0106+806.26 0106+865.96 59.7 both sides
0108+995.81 0109+053.36 57.55 both sides
0109+081.36 0109+086.96 5.6 left side
0109+089.96 0109+311.36 224.4 both sides
B. SIDE SLOPE
0096+899.06 0096+978.06 79 left side

0097+045.56 0097+074.96 29.4 left side
0098+017.04 0098+027.14 10.1 left side
76
0099+029.04 0099+074.14 45.1 left side

0100+850.27 0100+871.27 21 right side
0101+213.2 0101+276.15 62.95 both sides
0101+302.79 0101+666.17 363.38 both sides
0101+666.17 0101+747.58 81.41 left side
0101+782.98 0102+307.15 524.17 left side
0102+662.12 0102+740.8 78.68 left side
0103+845.09 0103+868.09 23 left side
0106+513.2 0106+538.7 25.5 right side
0106+555.71 0106+563.61 7.9 both sides
0106+765.21 0106+787.56 22.35 left side
0107+323.83 0107+434.69 110.86 right side
0107+434.69 0107+452.89 18.2 both sides
0107+452.89 0107+473.66 20.77 right side
0107+696.96 0107+705.36 8.4 left side
C.SIDEWALK
0109+624.46 0109+838.56 214.1 left side
D. CANAL
0095+106.75 0095+433.89 327.14 both sides
0095+891.29 0095+991.17 99.88 right side
0096+056.97 0096+170.67 113.7 right side
0097+074.96 0098+280.19 1205.23 right side
0098+349.02 0098+824.32 475.3 right side
0099+565.86 0099+725.56 159.7 right side
77
0099+857.31 0099+918.56 61.25 right side

0100+100.76 0100+790.27 689.51 both sides
0101+009.77 0102+740.8 1731.03 right side
0102+817.75 0103+814.04 996.29 right side
0104+324.1 0104+366.1 42 right side
0104+789.46 0104+850.46 61 left side
0104+850.46 0106+343.6 1493.14 right side
0106+632.76 0106+682.86 50.1 both sides
0106+682.86 0106+891.56 208.7 right side
0106+902.71 0106+956.13 53.42 right side
0106+956.13 0107+184.19 228.06 both sides
0107+184.19 0107+254.88 70.69 right sides
0107+261.43 0107+323.83 62.4 left side
0108+837.91 0108+928.81 90.9 right side
0109+081.36 0109+621.66 540.3 right side
0110+051.58 0110+090.58 39 left side
0110+095.58 0110+429.74 334.16 left side
E. SIGNAGE
39 pieces - - left side
36 pieces - - right side
F. GUARDRAILS
0095+040 0095+073 33 both sides
0095+093 0095+106.75 13.75 left side
0095+106.75 0095+433.89 327.14 both sides
78
0095+433.89 0095+469.49 35.6 right side

0095+498.29 0095+512.29 14 right side
0095+843.25 0095+867.59 24.34 right side
0096+899.06 0096+978.06 79 both sides
0097+045.56 0097+064.56 19 both sides
0098+027.14 0098+156.89 129.75 left side
0098+329.99 0098+349.02 19.03 left side
0099+973.56 0100+087.16 113.6 both sides
0100+838.07 0100+913.47 75.4 both sides
0100+929.17 0100+937.67 8.5 both sides
0100+937.67 0100+954.57 16.9 right side
0100+954.57 0100+977.57 23 both sides
0101+782.98 0102+740.8 957.82 right side
0102+817.75 0102+825.29 7.54 right side
0102+860.91 0102+884.26 23.35 right side
0102+890.83 0102+902.36 11.53 right side
0102+906.89 0102+919.15 12.26 right side
0102+924.87 0102+928.02 3.15 right side
0102+938.22 0102+968.52 30.3 right side
0102+970.67 0102+989.47 18.8 right side
0102+992.68 0103+035.13 42.45 right side
0103+084.49 0103+108.26 23.77 right side
0103+116.61 0103+152.41 35.8 right side
0103+158.82 0103+199.77 40.95 right side
79
0103+262.82 0103+272.22 9.4 right side

0103+299.34 0103+313.64 14.3 right side
0103+370.02 0103+403.75 33.73 right side
0103+444.05 0103+537.3 93.25 right side
0103+544.18 0103+759.23 215.05 right side
0103+791.37 0103+814.04 22.67 right side
0103+891.26 0103+905.21 13.95 both sides
0104+680.32 0104+789.46 109.14 both sides
0105+866.47 0105+883.97 17.5 right side
0106+354 0106+388.6 34.6 left side
0106+538.7 0106+545.45 6.75 both sides
0106+555.71 0106+563.61 7.9 both sides
0107+696.96 0107+705.36 8.4 left side
0107+860.51 0107+867.03 6.52 both sides
0107+867.03 0107+876.97 9.94 right side
0108+928.81 0108+966.97 38.16 left side
0108+971.81 0109+026.71 54.9 right side
0109+053.36 0109+086.96 33.6 right side
0109+205.76 0109+621.66 415.9 right side
0110+051.58 0110+090.58 39 right side
0110+095.58 0110+417.14 321.56 left side
0110+417.14 0110+443.34 26.2 both sides
0110+443.34 0110+458.54 15.2 left side
0110+706.2 0110+714.8 8.6 left side
80
0110+714.8 0110+726.3 11.5 both sides
G. CULVERTS
0096+180.62 0096+390.28 - -
0097+074.96 0097+616.86 - -
0098+280.19 0098+329.99 - -
0102+825.29 0102+842.34 - -
0104+850.46 0104+903.05 - -
0105+866.47 0105+883.97 - -
0106+765.21 0106+787.56 - -
0107+876.97 0108+304.41 - -
0108+966.97 0108+971.81 - -
0109+621.66 0109+624.46 - -
0110+051.58 0110+090.58 - -
0110+429.74 0110+443.34 - -
81
Appendix E. Letters
October 25, 2019
HON. VICTORIA L. LIM

Municipal Mayor
Gasan, Marinduque
Madam:
Good day!
The undersigned are currently conducting a thesis entitled “Evaluation of Road Elements along
the Circumferential Road of Municipality of Gasan.” in connection with this, may we request
permission to conduct an ocular visit and evaluation of the circumferential road in your
municipality. Rest assured that all the information will be kept confidential and will be used only
for academic purposes.
Thank you very much. Your favorable response will be highly appreciated.
Sincerely yours,
JOSE G. LUMALANG ARIEL M. MAGPANTAY

Researcher Researcher
LYKA MAE S. MOAJE JHONEL S. SAPUNGAN

Noted by:
ENGR. ROBERT N. LAMONTE, CE

Thesis Adviser
MELITO L. HIRONDO, CE, MEng

Dean, School of Engineering
82
October 25, 2019
MELITO L. HIRONDO, CE, MEng

Dean, School of Engineering
Thru: MR. EDGARDO LARIRIT

Head, Engineering Laboratory
Sir:
Good day!
The undersigned are 5th year Civil Engineering students of this college, who are currently working
an undergraduate thesis entitled “EVALUATION OF ROAD ELEMENTS ALONG THE
CIRCUMFERENTIAL ROAD IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF GASAN.” as a requirement for the
degree of Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering. To be able to complete the said study the
researchers will be conduct data gathering from last week of October until every weekends of
November 2019.
In connection with these, we would like to ask permission to borrow two (2) – 30m or 50m
measuring tapes that are needed in the conduct of the said study. We will assure that these
instruments will be handled with care and be repaired if damaged.
Hoping for your kind and favorable consideration.
Respectfully yours,
JOSE G. LUMALANG ARIEL M. MAGPANTAY

LYKA MAE S. MOAJE JHONEL S. SAPUNGAN

Noted by:
ROBERT N. LAMONTE, CE
Thesis Adviser
83
Appendix F. Photographic Documentations
84
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name: JOSE G. LUMALANG

Born: FEBRUARY 15, 1978
Age: 42 YEARS OLD
Place of Birth: MARINDUQUE
Address: BALARING, BOAC, MARINDUQUE
Citizenship: FILIPINO
Civil Status: SINGLE
Sex: MALE
Email Address: joselumalang8@gmail.com
Phone Number: 09462553266
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
College: Degree: Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering2015-2020
MARINDUQUE STATE COLLEGE
Tanza, Boac, Marinduque
Secondary: MARINDUQUE NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL 1992-1996
Isok, Boac, Marinduque
Elementary: BALARING-CAGANHAO ELEMENTARY 1984-1990
SCHOOL
Caganhao, Boac, Marinduque
SEMINAR ATTENDED
GEOTALKS: DIGGING BEYOND GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
MSC Main Audio-Visual Room (AVR)
85
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name: ARIEL M. MAGPANTAY

Born: AUGUST 18, 1998
Age: 22 YEARS OLD
Address: MAHINHIN, BOAC, MARINDUQUE
Sex: MALE
Email Address: arielmagpantay39@gmail.com
College: Degree: Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering 2015-2020
Secondary: PUTING BUHANGIN NATIONAL HIGH 2011-2015
SCHOOL
Puting Buhangin, Mogpog, Marinduque
Elementary: MAHINHIN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL 2005-2011
Mahinhin, Boac, Marinduqu
SEMINAR ATTENDED

October 25, 2019
86
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name: LYKA MAE S. MOAJE

Born: MAY 30, 1997
Age: 23 YEARS OLD
Address: CABUGAO, GASAN, MARINDUQUE
Sex: FEMALE
Email Address: maymaynibanban16@gmail.com
Secondary: BANGBANG NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL 2009-2013
Bangbang, Gasan, Marinduque
Elementary: TAPUYAN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL 2003-2009
Tapuyan, Gasan, Marinduque
SEMINAR ATTENDED
SEMINAR ON PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

MSC Main Covered Court
December 16, 2014
87
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name: JHONEL S. SAPUNGAN

Born: JANUARY 4, 1999
Age: 21 YEARS OLD
Address: TIGUION, GASAN, MARINDUQUE
Sex: MALE
Email Address: jhonelsaludosapungan@gmail.com
Secondary: TIGUION NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL 2011-2015
Tiguion, Gasan, Marinduque
Elementary: TIGUION ELEMENTARY SCHOOL 2005-2011
Tiguion, Gasan, Marinduque
SEMINAR ATTENDED

October 25, 2019
88
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MARINDUQUE STATE COLLEGE Page

EVALUATION OF ROAD ELEMENTS ALONG

A Thesis Submitted to the School of Engineering in Partial Fulfillment for

Marinduque State College

MA. CARISSA M. LANDOY, CE RESTER S. JINANG, CE

DAISY T. MALAPAD, CE, MCM

DAISY T. MALAPAD, CE, MCM

MA. EDELWINA M. BLASÉ, Ph.D.

Circumferential Road of Municipality of Gasan” prepared and submitted by ARIEL

M. MAGPANTAY, JHONEL S. SAPUNGAN, JOSE G. LUMALANG, and LYKA

JHON MARK MERCENE

Signed this ____ day of ___________ 2020 at Boac, Marinduque

LYKA MAE S. MOAJE

following persons who extended their help to complete this research.

in the completion of this study;

every possible way;

To the Panel of Examiners: Engr. Daisy T. Malapad, Engr. Ma. Carissa M.

their comments and suggestions to this study;

To Engr. Jinky Monteras of the Department of Public Works and Highways

inspiration to conduct this study.

To Moaje Family of Barangay Cabugao, Gasan, for accommodating and

supporting the researchers;

and being the inspirations to complete this study;

encouragement, and for serving as the inspiration to fulfill this study.

This research is whole-heartedly dedicated to the following persons who served as

Our love ones

Our Almighty God

THESIS MANUSCRIPT APPROVAL SHEET ii

ENGLISH EDITING CERTIFICATION iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS vii

LIST OF FIGURES xii

Chapter 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND 1

Background of the Study 3

Statement of the Problem 5

Significance of the Study 6

Scope and Delimitation 6

Chapter 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES 7

Road Geometric Design Elements 8

Data Collection Procedure 25

Data Analysis Procedure 25

Statistical Treatment of Data 26

Chapter 4 PRESENTATIONS, INTERPRETATION, 28

AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

Chapter 5 SUMMARIES OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION

Appendix A: Research Instrument 62

Appendix B. Checklist of Road Elements along the Circumferential

Road of Municipality of Gasan 63

Appendix C. Gathered Data of the Road Element 64

Appendix D. Stations, locations and length of the Road 73

Elements along the Circumferential Road of the Municipality of Gasan 74

Appendix F. Photographic Documentations 81

Table 1: Criteria for the Evaluation Based on the 27

Dimension of Road Elements

Table 2. Criteria for the Overall Evaluation of

Road Elements Along the Circumferential Road

on the Municipality of Gasan 28

Table 3: Road Elements along the Circumferential Road 28

of the Municipality of Gasan

Signed this day of _______ 2020 at Boac, Marinduque