DISCLOSURES Potential conflict of interest: Nothing to report. REFERENCES 1. Reuben DB, Rosen S.

Principles of geriatric assessment. In: Halter JB, Ouslander JG, Tinetti ME, et al., eds. Hazzard’s Principles
of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology. 6th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2009. 2. Tinetti ME. Clinical
practice: preventing falls in elderly persons. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 42–49. 3. Ganz DA, Bao Y, Shekelle
PG, et al. Will my patient fall? JAMA 2007; 297: 77–86. 4. Studenski S, Perera S, Patel K, et al. Gait speed
and survival in older adults. JAMA 2011; 305: 50–58. 5. Podsiadlo D, Richardson S. The timed ‘‘Up & Go’’:
a test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons. J Am Geriatr Soc 1991; 39: 142–148. 6. Dalton
DS, Cruickshanks KJ, Klein BE, et al. The impact of hearing loss on quality of life in older adults.
Gerontologist 2003; 43: 661–668. 7. Bagai A, Thavendiranathan P, Detsky AS. Does this patient have
hearing impairment? JAMA 2006; 295: 416–428. 8. Sindhusake D, Mitchell P, Smith W, et al. Validation
of self-reported hearing loss. The Blue Mountains Hearing Study. Int J Epidemiol 2001; 30: 1371–1378. 9.
Reuben DB, Walsh K, Moore AA, et al. Hearing loss in community-dwelling older persons: national
prevalence data and identification using simple questions. J Am Geriatr Soc 1998; 46: 1008–1011. 10.
Mitchell J, Bradley C. Quality of life in age-related macular degeneration: a review of the literature.
Health Qual Life Outcomes 2006; 4: 97. 11. American Academy of Ophthalmology. Preferred Pattern
Guidelines: comprehensive adult medical eye evaluation. http://www.aoa.org/documents/CPG1.pdf.
Published September 2005. Accessed May 2008. 12. American Optometric Association Consensus Panel
on Comprehensive Adult Eye and Vision Examination. Practice Guideline: comprehensive adult eye and
vision examination. Reference Guide for Clinicians. http://www.aoa.org/documents/CPG-1.pdf.
Published April 28, 2005. Accessed May 2008. 13. Johnson TM II, Bernard SL, Kincade JE, et al. Urinary
incontinence and risk of death among communityliving elderly people: results from the National Survey
on Self-Care and Aging. J Aging Health 2000; 12: 25–46. 14. Brown JS, Bradley CS, Subak LL, et al. The
sensitivity and specificity of a simple test to distinguish between urge and stress urinary incontinence.
Ann Intern Med 2006; 144: 715–723. 15. Reuben DB, Greendale GA, Harrison GG. Nutrition screening in
older persons. J Am Geriatr Soc 1995; 43: 415–425. 16. Guigoz Y, Lauque S, Vellas BJ. Identifying the
elderly at risk for malnutrition: the Mini Nutritional Assessment. Clin Geriatr Med 2002; 18: 737–757. 17.
Guigoz Y. The Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) review of the literature–What does it tell us? J Nutr
Health Aging 2006; 10: 466–487. 18. Wilson MM, Thomas DR, Rubenstein LZ, et al. Appetite assessment:
simple appetite questionnaire predicts weight loss in community-dwelling adults and nursing home
residents. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 82: 1074–1081. 19. Covinsky KE, Martin GE, Beyth RJ, et al. The
relationship between clinical assessments of nutritional status and adverse outcomes in older
hospitalized medical patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 1999; 47: 532–538. 20. O’Dea D, Kokaua J, Wheadon M.
SF-36 health status questionnaire. J Epidemiol Community Health 1995; 49: 647. 21. Ware J Jr, Kosinski
M, Keller SD. A 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey: construction of scales and preliminary tests of
reliability and validity. Med Care 1996; 34: 220–233. 22. Holsinger T, Deveau J, Boustani M, et al. Does
this patient have dementia? JAMA 2007; 297: 2391–2404. 23. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The
PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med 2001; 16: 606–613. 24. Kroenke
K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The Patient Health Questionnaire-2: validity of a two-item depression
screener. Med Care 2003; 41: 1284–1292. 25. Hoyl MT, Alessi CA, Harker JO, et al. Development and
testing of a five-item version of the Geriatric Depression Scale. J Am Geriatr Soc 1999; 47: 873–878. 26.
Burke WJ, Roccaforte WH, Wengel SP. The short form of the Geriatric Depression Scale: a comparison
with the 30-item form. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1991; 4: 173–178. 27. Calandra B. Bankruptcies up for
older adults. AARP Bull January 6, 2011.; http://www.aarp.org/money/ credit-loans-debt/info-01-
2011/bankruptcies up for older americans .html. 28. Leviton R. Reverse mortgage d DISCLOSURES
Potential conflict of interest: Nothing to report. REFERENCES 1. Reuben DB, Rosen S. Principles of
geriatric assessment. In: Halter JB, Ouslander JG, Tinetti ME, et al., eds. Hazzard’s Principles of Geriatric
Medicine and Gerontology. 6th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2009. 2. Tinetti ME. Clinical practice:
preventing falls in elderly persons. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 42–49. 3. Ganz DA, Bao Y, Shekelle PG, et al.
Will my patient fall? JAMA 2007; 297: 77–86. 4. Studenski S, Perera S, Patel K, et al. Gait speed and
survival in older adults. JAMA 2011; 305: 50–58. 5. Podsiadlo D, Richardson S. The timed ‘‘Up & Go’’: a
test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons. J Am Geriatr Soc 1991; 39: 142–148. 6. Dalton
DS, Cruickshanks KJ, Klein BE, et al. The impact of hearing loss on quality of life in older adults.
Gerontologist 2003; 43: 661–668. 7. Bagai A, Thavendiranathan P, Detsky AS. Does this patient have
hearing impairment? JAMA 2006; 295: 416–428. 8. Sindhusake D, Mitchell P, Smith W, et al. Validation
of self-reported hearing loss. The Blue Mountains Hearing Study. Int J Epidemiol 2001; 30: 1371–1378. 9.
Reuben DB, Walsh K, Moore AA, et al. Hearing loss in community-dwelling older persons: national
prevalence data and identification using simple questions. J Am Geriatr Soc 1998; 46: 1008–1011. 10.
Mitchell J, Bradley C. Quality of life in age-related macular degeneration: a review of the literature.
Health Qual Life Outcomes 2006; 4: 97. 11. American Academy of Ophthalmology. Preferred Pattern
Guidelines: comprehensive adult medical eye evaluation. http://www.aoa.org/documents/CPG1.pdf.
Published September 2005. Accessed May 2008. 12. American Optometric Association Consensus Panel
on Comprehensive Adult Eye and Vision Examination. Practice Guideline: comprehensive adult eye and
vision examination. Reference Guide for Clinicians. http://www.aoa.org/documents/CPG-1.pdf.
Published April 28, 2005. Accessed May 2008. 13. Johnson TM II, Bernard SL, Kincade JE, et al. Urinary
incontinence and risk of death among communityliving elderly people: results from the National Survey
on Self-Care and Aging. J Aging Health 2000; 12: 25–46. 14. Brown JS, Bradley CS, Subak LL, et al. The
sensitivity and specificity of a simple test to distinguish between urge and stress urinary incontinence.
Ann Intern Med 2006; 144: 715–723. 15. Reuben DB, Greendale GA, Harrison GG. Nutrition screening in
older persons. J Am Geriatr Soc 1995; 43: 415–425. 16. Guigoz Y, Lauque S, Vellas BJ. Identifying the
elderly at risk for malnutrition: the Mini Nutritional Assessment. Clin Geriatr Med 2002; 18: 737–757. 17.
Guigoz Y. The Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) review of the literature–What does it tell us? J Nutr
Health Aging 2006; 10: 466–487. 18. Wilson MM, Thomas DR, Rubenstein LZ, et al. Appetite assessment:
simple appetite questionnaire predicts weight loss in community-dwelling adults and nursing home
residents. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 82: 1074–1081. 19. Covinsky KE, Martin GE, Beyth RJ, et al. The
relationship between clinical assessments of nutritional status and adverse outcomes in older
hospitalized medical patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 1999; 47: 532–538. 20. O’Dea D, Kokaua J, Wheadon M.
SF-36 health status questionnaire. J Epidemiol Community Health 1995; 49: 647. 21. Ware J Jr, Kosinski
M, Keller SD. A 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey: construction of scales and preliminary tests of
reliability and validity. Med Care 1996; 34: 220–233. 22. Holsinger T, Deveau J, Boustani M, et al. Does
this patient have dementia? JAMA 2007; 297: 2391–2404. 23. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The
PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med 2001; 16: 606–613. 24. Kroenke
K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The Patient Health Questionnaire-2: validity of a two-item depression
screener. Med Care 2003; 41: 1284–1292. 25. Hoyl MT, Alessi CA, Harker JO, et al. Development and
testing of a five-item version of the Geriatric Depression Scale. J Am Geriatr Soc 1999; 47: 873–878. 26.
Burke WJ, Roccaforte WH, Wengel SP. The short form of the Geriatric Depression Scale: a comparison
with the 30-item form. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1991; 4: 173–178. 27. Calandra B. Bankruptcies up for
older adults. AARP Bull January 6, 2011.; http://www.aarp.org/money/ credit-loans-debt/info-01-
2011/bankruptcies up for older americans .html. 28. Leviton R. Reverse mortgage d DISCLOSURES
Potential conflict of interest: Nothing to report. REFERENCES 1. Reuben DB, Rosen S. Principles of
geriatric assessment. In: Halter JB, Ouslander JG, Tinetti ME, et al., eds. Hazzard’s Principles of Geriatric
Medicine and Gerontology. 6th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2009. 2. Tinetti ME. Clinical practice:
preventing falls in elderly persons. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 42–49. 3. Ganz DA, Bao Y, Shekelle PG, et al.
Will my patient fall? JAMA 2007; 297: 77–86. 4. Studenski S, Perera S, Patel K, et al. Gait speed and
survival in older adults. JAMA 2011; 305: 50–58. 5. Podsiadlo D, Richardson S. The timed ‘‘Up & Go’’: a
test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons. J Am Geriatr Soc 1991; 39: 142–148. 6. Dalton
DS, Cruickshanks KJ, Klein BE, et al. The impact of hearing loss on quality of life in older adults.
Gerontologist 2003; 43: 661–668. 7. Bagai A, Thavendiranathan P, Detsky AS. Does this patient have
hearing impairment? JAMA 2006; 295: 416–428. 8. Sindhusake D, Mitchell P, Smith W, et al. Validation
of self-reported hearing loss. The Blue Mountains Hearing Study. Int J Epidemiol 2001; 30: 1371–1378. 9.
Reuben DB, Walsh K, Moore AA, et al. Hearing loss in community-dwelling older persons: national
prevalence data and identification using simple questions. J Am Geriatr Soc 1998; 46: 1008–1011. 10.
Mitchell J, Bradley C. Quality of life in age-related macular degeneration: a review of the literature.
Health Qual Life Outcomes 2006; 4: 97. 11. American Academy of Ophthalmology. Preferred Pattern
Guidelines: comprehensive adult medical eye evaluation. http://www.aoa.org/documents/CPG1.pdf.
Published September 2005. Accessed May 2008. 12. American Optometric Association Consensus Panel
on Comprehensive Adult Eye and Vision Examination. Practice Guideline: comprehensive adult eye and
vision examination. Reference Guide for Clinicians. http://www.aoa.org/documents/CPG-1.pdf.
Published April 28, 2005. Accessed May 2008. 13. Johnson TM II, Bernard SL, Kincade JE, et al. Urinary
incontinence and risk of death among communityliving elderly people: results from the National Survey
on Self-Care and Aging. J Aging Health 2000; 12: 25–46. 14. Brown JS, Bradley CS, Subak LL, et al. The
sensitivity and specificity of a simple test to distinguish between urge and stress urinary incontinence.
Ann Intern Med 2006; 144: 715–723. 15. Reuben DB, Greendale GA, Harrison GG. Nutrition screening in
older persons. J Am Geriatr Soc 1995; 43: 415–425. 16. Guigoz Y, Lauque S, Vellas BJ. Identifying the
elderly at risk for malnutrition: the Mini Nutritional Assessment. Clin Geriatr Med 2002; 18: 737–757. 17.
Guigoz Y. The Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) review of the literature–What does it tell us? J Nutr
Health Aging 2006; 10: 466–487. 18. Wilson MM, Thomas DR, Rubenstein LZ, et al. Appetite assessment:
simple appetite questionnaire predicts weight loss in community-dwelling adults and nursing home
residents. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 82: 1074–1081. 19. Covinsky KE, Martin GE, Beyth RJ, et al. The
relationship between clinical assessments of nutritional status and adverse outcomes in older
hospitalized medical patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 1999; 47: 532–538. 20. O’Dea D, Kokaua J, Wheadon M.
SF-36 health status questionnaire. J Epidemiol Community Health 1995; 49: 647. 21. Ware J Jr, Kosinski
M, Keller SD. A 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey: construction of scales and preliminary tests of
reliability and validity. Med Care 1996; 34: 220–233. 22. Holsinger T, Deveau J, Boustani M, et al. Does
this patient have dementia? JAMA 2007; 297: 2391–2404. 23. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The
PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med 2001; 16: 606–613. 24. Kroenke
K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The Patient Health Questionnaire-2: validity of a two-item depression
screener. Med Care 2003; 41: 1284–1292. 25. Hoyl MT, Alessi CA, Harker JO, et al. Development and
testing of a five-item version of the Geriatric Depression Scale. J Am Geriatr Soc 1999; 47: 873–878. 26.
Burke WJ, Roccaforte WH, Wengel SP. The short form of the Geriatric Depression Scale: a comparison
with the 30-item form. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1991; 4: 173–178. 27. Calandra B. Bankruptcies up for
older adults. AARP Bull January 6, 2011.; http://www.aarp.org/money/ credit-loans-debt/info-01-
2011/bankruptcies up for older americans .html. 28. Leviton R. Reverse mortgage d DISCLOSURES
Potential conflict of interest: Nothing to report. REFERENCES 1. Reuben DB, Rosen S. Principles of
geriatric assessment. In: Halter JB, Ouslander JG, Tinetti ME, et al., eds. Hazzard’s Principles of Geriatric
Medicine and Gerontology. 6th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2009. 2. Tinetti ME. Clinical practice:
preventing falls in elderly persons. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 42–49. 3. Ganz DA, Bao Y, Shekelle PG, et al.
Will my patient fall? JAMA 2007; 297: 77–86. 4. Studenski S, Perera S, Patel K, et al. Gait speed and
survival in older adults. JAMA 2011; 305: 50–58. 5. Podsiadlo D, Richardson S. The timed ‘‘Up & Go’’: a
test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons. J Am Geriatr Soc 1991; 39: 142–148. 6. Dalton
DS, Cruickshanks KJ, Klein BE, et al. The impact of hearing loss on quality of life in older adults.
Gerontologist 2003; 43: 661–668. 7. Bagai A, Thavendiranathan P, Detsky AS. Does this patient have
hearing impairment? JAMA 2006; 295: 416–428. 8. Sindhusake D, Mitchell P, Smith W, et al. Validation
of self-reported hearing loss. The Blue Mountains Hearing Study. Int J Epidemiol 2001; 30: 1371–1378. 9.
Reuben DB, Walsh K, Moore AA, et al. Hearing loss in community-dwelling older persons: national
prevalence data and identification using simple questions. J Am Geriatr Soc 1998; 46: 1008–1011. 10.
Mitchell J, Bradley C. Quality of life in age-related macular degeneration: a review of the literature.
Health Qual Life Outcomes 2006; 4: 97. 11. American Academy of Ophthalmology. Preferred Pattern
Guidelines: comprehensive adult medical eye evaluation. http://www.aoa.org/documents/CPG1.pdf.
Published September 2005. Accessed May 2008. 12. American Optometric Association Consensus Panel
on Comprehensive Adult Eye and Vision Examination. Practice Guideline: comprehensive adult eye and
vision examination. Reference Guide for Clinicians. http://www.aoa.org/documents/CPG-1.pdf.
Published April 28, 2005. Accessed May 2008. 13. Johnson TM II, Bernard SL, Kincade JE, et al. Urinary
incontinence and risk of death among communityliving elderly people: results from the National Survey
on Self-Care and Aging. J Aging Health 2000; 12: 25–46. 14. Brown JS, Bradley CS, Subak LL, et al. The
sensitivity and specificity of a simple test to distinguish between urge and stress urinary incontinence.
Ann Intern Med 2006; 144: 715–723. 15. Reuben DB, Greendale GA, Harrison GG. Nutrition screening in
older persons. J Am Geriatr Soc 1995; 43: 415–425. 16. Guigoz Y, Lauque S, Vellas BJ. Identifying the
elderly at risk for malnutrition: the Mini Nutritional Assessment. Clin Geriatr Med 2002; 18: 737–757. 17.
Guigoz Y. The Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) review of the literature–What does it tell us? J Nutr
Health Aging 2006; 10: 466–487. 18. Wilson MM, Thomas DR, Rubenstein LZ, et al. Appetite assessment:
simple appetite questionnaire predicts weight loss in community-dwelling adults and nursing home
residents. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 82: 1074–1081. 19. Covinsky KE, Martin GE, Beyth RJ, et al. The
relationship between clinical assessments of nutritional status and adverse outcomes in older
hospitalized medical patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 1999; 47: 532–538. 20. O’Dea D, Kokaua J, Wheadon M.
SF-36 health status questionnaire. J Epidemiol Community Health 1995; 49: 647. 21. Ware J Jr, Kosinski
M, Keller SD. A 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey: construction of scales and preliminary tests of
reliability and validity. Med Care 1996; 34: 220–233. 22. Holsinger T, Deveau J, Boustani M, et al. Does
this patient have dementia? JAMA 2007; 297: 2391–2404. 23. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The
PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med 2001; 16: 606–613. 24. Kroenke
K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The Patient Health Questionnaire-2: validity of a two-item depression
screener. Med Care 2003; 41: 1284–1292. 25. Hoyl MT, Alessi CA, Harker JO, et al. Development and
testing of a five-item version of the Geriatric Depression Scale. J Am Geriatr Soc 1999; 47: 873–878. 26.
Burke WJ, Roccaforte WH, Wengel SP. The short form of the Geriatric Depression Scale: a comparison
with the 30-item form. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1991; 4: 173–178. 27. Calandra B. Bankruptcies up for
older adults. AARP Bull January 6, 2011.; http://www.aarp.org/money/ credit-loans-debt/info-01-
2011/bankruptcies up for older americans .html. 28. Leviton R. Reverse mortgage d DISCLOSURES
Potential conflict of interest: Nothing to report. REFERENCES 1. Reuben DB, Rosen S. Principles of
geriatric assessment. In: Halter JB, Ouslander JG, Tinetti ME, et al., eds. Hazzard’s Principles of Geriatric
Medicine and Gerontology. 6th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2009. 2. Tinetti ME. Clinical practice:
preventing falls in elderly persons. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 42–49. 3. Ganz DA, Bao Y, Shekelle PG, et al.
Will my patient fall? JAMA 2007; 297: 77–86. 4. Studenski S, Perera S, Patel K, et al. Gait speed and
survival in older adults. JAMA 2011; 305: 50–58. 5. Podsiadlo D, Richardson S. The timed ‘‘Up & Go’’: a
test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons. J Am Geriatr Soc 1991; 39: 142–148. 6. Dalton
DS, Cruickshanks KJ, Klein BE, et al. The impact of hearing loss on quality of life in older adults.
Gerontologist 2003; 43: 661–668. 7. Bagai A, Thavendiranathan P, Detsky AS. Does this patient have
hearing impairment? JAMA 2006; 295: 416–428. 8. Sindhusake D, Mitchell P, Smith W, et al. Validation
of self-reported hearing loss. The Blue Mountains Hearing Study. Int J Epidemiol 2001; 30: 1371–1378. 9.
Reuben DB, Walsh K, Moore AA, et al. Hearing loss in community-dwelling older persons: national
prevalence data and identification using simple questions. J Am Geriatr Soc 1998; 46: 1008–1011. 10.
Mitchell J, Bradley C. Quality of life in age-related macular degeneration: a review of the literature.
Health Qual Life Outcomes 2006; 4: 97. 11. American Academy of Ophthalmology. Preferred Pattern
Guidelines: comprehensive adult medical eye evaluation. http://www.aoa.org/documents/CPG1.pdf.
Published September 2005. Accessed May 2008. 12. American Optometric Association Consensus Panel
on Comprehensive Adult Eye and Vision Examination. Practice Guideline: comprehensive adult eye and
vision examination. Reference Guide for Clinicians. http://www.aoa.org/documents/CPG-1.pdf.
Published April 28, 2005. Accessed May 2008. 13. Johnson TM II, Bernard SL, Kincade JE, et al. Urinary
incontinence and risk of death among communityliving elderly people: results from the National Survey
on Self-Care and Aging. J Aging Health 2000; 12: 25–46. 14. Brown JS, Bradley CS, Subak LL, et al. The
sensitivity and specificity of a simple test to distinguish between urge and stress urinary incontinence.
Ann Intern Med 2006; 144: 715–723. 15. Reuben DB, Greendale GA, Harrison GG. Nutrition screening in
older persons. J Am Geriatr Soc 1995; 43: 415–425. 16. Guigoz Y, Lauque S, Vellas BJ. Identifying the
elderly at risk for malnutrition: the Mini Nutritional Assessment. Clin Geriatr Med 2002; 18: 737–757. 17.
Guigoz Y. The Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) review of the literature–What does it tell us? J Nutr
Health Aging 2006; 10: 466–487. 18. Wilson MM, Thomas DR, Rubenstein LZ, et al. Appetite assessment:
simple appetite questionnaire predicts weight loss in community-dwelling adults and nursing home
residents. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 82: 1074–1081. 19. Covinsky KE, Martin GE, Beyth RJ, et al. The
relationship between clinical assessments of nutritional status and adverse outcomes in older
hospitalized medical patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 1999; 47: 532–538. 20. O’Dea D, Kokaua J, Wheadon M.
SF-36 health status questionnaire. J Epidemiol Community Health 1995; 49: 647. 21. Ware J Jr, Kosinski
M, Keller SD. A 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey: construction of scales and preliminary tests of
reliability and validity. Med Care 1996; 34: 220–233. 22. Holsinger T, Deveau J, Boustani M, et al. Does
this patient have dementia? JAMA 2007; 297: 2391–2404. 23. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The
PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med 2001; 16: 606–613. 24. Kroenke
K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The Patient Health Questionnaire-2: validity of a two-item depression
screener. Med Care 2003; 41: 1284–1292. 25. Hoyl MT, Alessi CA, Harker JO, et al. Development and
testing of a five-item version of the Geriatric Depression Scale. J Am Geriatr Soc 1999; 47: 873–878. 26.
Burke WJ, Roccaforte WH, Wengel SP. The short form of the Geriatric Depression Scale: a comparison
with the 30-item form. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1991; 4: 173–178. 27. Calandra B. Bankruptcies up for
older adults. AARP Bull January 6, 2011.; http://www.aarp.org/money/ credit-loans-debt/info-01-
2011/bankruptcies up for older americans .html. 28. Leviton R. Reverse mortgage d DISCLOSURES
Potential conflict of interest: Nothing to report. REFERENCES 1. Reuben DB, Rosen S. Principles of
geriatric assessment. In: Halter JB, Ouslander JG, Tinetti ME, et al., eds. Hazzard’s Principles of Geriatric
Medicine and Gerontology. 6th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2009. 2. Tinetti ME. Clinical practice:
preventing falls in elderly persons. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 42–49. 3. Ganz DA, Bao Y, Shekelle PG, et al.
Will my patient fall? JAMA 2007; 297: 77–86. 4. Studenski S, Perera S, Patel K, et al. Gait speed and
survival in older adults. JAMA 2011; 305: 50–58. 5. Podsiadlo D, Richardson S. The timed ‘‘Up & Go’’: a
test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons. J Am Geriatr Soc 1991; 39: 142–148. 6. Dalton
DS, Cruickshanks KJ, Klein BE, et al. The impact of hearing loss on quality of life in older adults.
Gerontologist 2003; 43: 661–668. 7. Bagai A, Thavendiranathan P, Detsky AS. Does this patient have
hearing impairment? JAMA 2006; 295: 416–428. 8. Sindhusake D, Mitchell P, Smith W, et al. Validation
of self-reported hearing loss. The Blue Mountains Hearing Study. Int J Epidemiol 2001; 30: 1371–1378. 9.
Reuben DB, Walsh K, Moore AA, et al. Hearing loss in community-dwelling older persons: national
prevalence data and identification using simple questions. J Am Geriatr Soc 1998; 46: 1008–1011. 10.
Mitchell J, Bradley C. Quality of life in age-related macular degeneration: a review of the literature.
Health Qual Life Outcomes 2006; 4: 97. 11. American Academy of Ophthalmology. Preferred Pattern
Guidelines: comprehensive adult medical eye evaluation. http://www.aoa.org/documents/CPG1.pdf.
Published September 2005. Accessed May 2008. 12. American Optometric Association Consensus Panel
on Comprehensive Adult Eye and Vision Examination. Practice Guideline: comprehensive adult eye and
vision examination. Reference Guide for Clinicians. http://www.aoa.org/documents/CPG-1.pdf.
Published April 28, 2005. Accessed May 2008. 13. Johnson TM II, Bernard SL, Kincade JE, et al. Urinary
incontinence and risk of death among communityliving elderly people: results from the National Survey
on Self-Care and Aging. J Aging Health 2000; 12: 25–46. 14. Brown JS, Bradley CS, Subak LL, et al. The
sensitivity and specificity of a simple test to distinguish between urge and stress urinary incontinence.
Ann Intern Med 2006; 144: 715–723. 15. Reuben DB, Greendale GA, Harrison GG. Nutrition screening in
older persons. J Am Geriatr Soc 1995; 43: 415–425. 16. Guigoz Y, Lauque S, Vellas BJ. Identifying the
elderly at risk for malnutrition: the Mini Nutritional Assessment. Clin Geriatr Med 2002; 18: 737–757. 17.
Guigoz Y. The Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) review of the literature–What does it tell us? J Nutr
Health Aging 2006; 10: 466–487. 18. Wilson MM, Thomas DR, Rubenstein LZ, et al. Appetite assessment:
simple appetite questionnaire predicts weight loss in community-dwelling adults and nursing home
residents. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 82: 1074–1081. 19. Covinsky KE, Martin GE, Beyth RJ, et al. The
relationship between clinical assessments of nutritional status and adverse outcomes in older
hospitalized medical patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 1999; 47: 532–538. 20. O’Dea D, Kokaua J, Wheadon M.
SF-36 health status questionnaire. J Epidemiol Community Health 1995; 49: 647. 21. Ware J Jr, Kosinski
M, Keller SD. A 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey: construction of scales and preliminary tests of
reliability and validity. Med Care 1996; 34: 220–233. 22. Holsinger T, Deveau J, Boustani M, et al. Does
this patient have dementia? JAMA 2007; 297: 2391–2404. 23. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The
PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med 2001; 16: 606–613. 24. Kroenke
K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The Patient Health Questionnaire-2: validity of a two-item depression
screener. Med Care 2003; 41: 1284–1292. 25. Hoyl MT, Alessi CA, Harker JO, et al. Development and
testing of a five-item version of the Geriatric Depression Scale. J Am Geriatr Soc 1999; 47: 873–878. 26.
Burke WJ, Roccaforte WH, Wengel SP. The short form of the Geriatric Depression Scale: a comparison
with the 30-item form. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1991; 4: 173–178. 27. Calandra B. Bankruptcies up for
older adults. AARP Bull January 6, 2011.; http://www.aarp.org/money/ credit-loans-debt/info-01-
2011/bankruptcies up for older americans .html. 28. Leviton R. Reverse mortgage d DISCLOSURES
Potential conflict of interest: Nothing to report. REFERENCES 1. Reuben DB, Rosen S. Principles of
geriatric assessment. In: Halter JB, Ouslander JG, Tinetti ME, et al., eds. Hazzard’s Principles of Geriatric
Medicine and Gerontology. 6th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2009. 2. Tinetti ME. Clinical practice:
preventing falls in elderly persons. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 42–49. 3. Ganz DA, Bao Y, Shekelle PG, et al.
Will my patient fall? JAMA 2007; 297: 77–86. 4. Studenski S, Perera S, Patel K, et al. Gait speed and
survival in older adults. JAMA 2011; 305: 50–58. 5. Podsiadlo D, Richardson S. The timed ‘‘Up & Go’’: a
test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons. J Am Geriatr Soc 1991; 39: 142–148. 6. Dalton
DS, Cruickshanks KJ, Klein BE, et al. The impact of hearing loss on quality of life in older adults.
Gerontologist 2003; 43: 661–668. 7. Bagai A, Thavendiranathan P, Detsky AS. Does this patient have
hearing impairment? JAMA 2006; 295: 416–428. 8. Sindhusake D, Mitchell P, Smith W, et al. Validation
of self-reported hearing loss. The Blue Mountains Hearing Study. Int J Epidemiol 2001; 30: 1371–1378. 9.
Reuben DB, Walsh K, Moore AA, et al. Hearing loss in community-dwelling older persons: national
prevalence data and identification using simple questions. J Am Geriatr Soc 1998; 46: 1008–1011. 10.
Mitchell J, Bradley C. Quality of life in age-related macular degeneration: a review of the literature.
Health Qual Life Outcomes 2006; 4: 97. 11. American Academy of Ophthalmology. Preferred Pattern
Guidelines: comprehensive adult medical eye evaluation. http://www.aoa.org/documents/CPG1.pdf.
Published September 2005. Accessed May 2008. 12. American Optometric Association Consensus Panel
on Comprehensive Adult Eye and Vision Examination. Practice Guideline: comprehensive adult eye and
vision examination. Reference Guide for Clinicians. http://www.aoa.org/documents/CPG-1.pdf.
Published April 28, 2005. Accessed May 2008. 13. Johnson TM II, Bernard SL, Kincade JE, et al. Urinary
incontinence and risk of death among communityliving elderly people: results from the National Survey
on Self-Care and Aging. J Aging Health 2000; 12: 25–46. 14. Brown JS, Bradley CS, Subak LL, et al. The
sensitivity and specificity of a simple test to distinguish between urge and stress urinary incontinence.
Ann Intern Med 2006; 144: 715–723. 15. Reuben DB, Greendale GA, Harrison GG. Nutrition screening in
older persons. J Am Geriatr Soc 1995; 43: 415–425. 16. Guigoz Y, Lauque S, Vellas BJ. Identifying the
elderly at risk for malnutrition: the Mini Nutritional Assessment. Clin Geriatr Med 2002; 18: 737–757. 17.
Guigoz Y. The Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) review of the literature–What does it tell us? J Nutr
Health Aging 2006; 10: 466–487. 18. Wilson MM, Thomas DR, Rubenstein LZ, et al. Appetite assessment:
simple appetite questionnaire predicts weight loss in community-dwelling adults and nursing home
residents. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 82: 1074–1081. 19. Covinsky KE, Martin GE, Beyth RJ, et al. The
relationship between clinical assessments of nutritional status and adverse outcomes in older
hospitalized medical patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 1999; 47: 532–538. 20. O’Dea D, Kokaua J, Wheadon M.
SF-36 health status questionnaire. J Epidemiol Community Health 1995; 49: 647. 21. Ware J Jr, Kosinski
M, Keller SD. A 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey: construction of scales and preliminary tests of
reliability and validity. Med Care 1996; 34: 220–233. 22. Holsinger T, Deveau J, Boustani M, et al. Does
this patient have dementia? JAMA 2007; 297: 2391–2404. 23. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The
PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med 2001; 16: 606–613. 24. Kroenke
K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The Patient Health Questionnaire-2: validity of a two-item depression
screener. Med Care 2003; 41: 1284–1292. 25. Hoyl MT, Alessi CA, Harker JO, et al. Development and
testing of a five-item version of the Geriatric Depression Scale. J Am Geriatr Soc 1999; 47: 873–878. 26.
Burke WJ, Roccaforte WH, Wengel SP. The short form of the Geriatric Depression Scale: a comparison
with the 30-item form. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1991; 4: 173–178. 27. Calandra B. Bankruptcies up for
older adults. AARP Bull January 6, 2011.; http://www.aarp.org/money/ credit-loans-debt/info-01-
2011/bankruptcies up for older americans .html. 28. Leviton R. Reverse mortgage d DISCLOSURES
Potential conflict of interest: Nothing to report. REFERENCES 1. Reuben DB, Rosen S. Principles of
geriatric assessment. In: Halter JB, Ouslander JG, Tinetti ME, et al., eds. Hazzard’s Principles of Geriatric
Medicine and Gerontology. 6th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2009. 2. Tinetti ME. Clinical practice:
preventing falls in elderly persons. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 42–49. 3. Ganz DA, Bao Y, Shekelle PG, et al.
Will my patient fall? JAMA 2007; 297: 77–86. 4. Studenski S, Perera S, Patel K, et al. Gait speed and
survival in older adults. JAMA 2011; 305: 50–58. 5. Podsiadlo D, Richardson S. The timed ‘‘Up & Go’’: a
test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons. J Am Geriatr Soc 1991; 39: 142–148. 6. Dalton
DS, Cruickshanks KJ, Klein BE, et al. The impact of hearing loss on quality of life in older adults.
Gerontologist 2003; 43: 661–668. 7. Bagai A, Thavendiranathan P, Detsky AS. Does this patient have
hearing impairment? JAMA 2006; 295: 416–428. 8. Sindhusake D, Mitchell P, Smith W, et al. Validation
of self-reported hearing loss. The Blue Mountains Hearing Study. Int J Epidemiol 2001; 30: 1371–1378. 9.
Reuben DB, Walsh K, Moore AA, et al. Hearing loss in community-dwelling older persons: national
prevalence data and identification using simple questions. J Am Geriatr Soc 1998; 46: 1008–1011. 10.
Mitchell J, Bradley C. Quality of life in age-related macular degeneration: a review of the literature.
Health Qual Life Outcomes 2006; 4: 97. 11. American Academy of Ophthalmology. Preferred Pattern
Guidelines: comprehensive adult medical eye evaluation. http://www.aoa.org/documents/CPG1.pdf.
Published September 2005. Accessed May 2008. 12. American Optometric Association Consensus Panel
on Comprehensive Adult Eye and Vision Examination. Practice Guideline: comprehensive adult eye and
vision examination. Reference Guide for Clinicians. http://www.aoa.org/documents/CPG-1.pdf.
Published April 28, 2005. Accessed May 2008. 13. Johnson TM II, Bernard SL, Kincade JE, et al. Urinary
incontinence and risk of death among communityliving elderly people: results from the National Survey
on Self-Care and Aging. J Aging Health 2000; 12: 25–46. 14. Brown JS, Bradley CS, Subak LL, et al. The
sensitivity and specificity of a simple test to distinguish between urge and stress urinary incontinence.
Ann Intern Med 2006; 144: 715–723. 15. Reuben DB, Greendale GA, Harrison GG. Nutrition screening in
older persons. J Am Geriatr Soc 1995; 43: 415–425. 16. Guigoz Y, Lauque S, Vellas BJ. Identifying the
elderly at risk for malnutrition: the Mini Nutritional Assessment. Clin Geriatr Med 2002; 18: 737–757. 17.
Guigoz Y. The Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) review of the literature–What does it tell us? J Nutr
Health Aging 2006; 10: 466–487. 18. Wilson MM, Thomas DR, Rubenstein LZ, et al. Appetite assessment:
simple appetite questionnaire predicts weight loss in community-dwelling adults and nursing home
residents. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 82: 1074–1081. 19. Covinsky KE, Martin GE, Beyth RJ, et al. The
relationship between clinical assessments of nutritional status and adverse outcomes in older
hospitalized medical patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 1999; 47: 532–538. 20. O’Dea D, Kokaua J, Wheadon M.
SF-36 health status questionnaire. J Epidemiol Community Health 1995; 49: 647. 21. Ware J Jr, Kosinski
M, Keller SD. A 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey: construction of scales and preliminary tests of
reliability and validity. Med Care 1996; 34: 220–233. 22. Holsinger T, Deveau J, Boustani M, et al. Does
this patient have dementia? JAMA 2007; 297: 2391–2404. 23. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The
PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med 2001; 16: 606–613. 24. Kroenke
K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The Patient Health Questionnaire-2: validity of a two-item depression
screener. Med Care 2003; 41: 1284–1292. 25. Hoyl MT, Alessi CA, Harker JO, et al. Development and
testing of a five-item version of the Geriatric Depression Scale. J Am Geriatr Soc 1999; 47: 873–878. 26.
Burke WJ, Roccaforte WH, Wengel SP. The short form of the Geriatric Depression Scale: a comparison
with the 30-item form. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1991; 4: 173–178. 27. Calandra B. Bankruptcies up for
older adults. AARP Bull January 6, 2011.; http://www.aarp.org/money/ credit-loans-debt/info-01-
2011/bankruptcies up for older americans .html. 28. Leviton R. Reverse mortgage d