GROUP MINI PROJECT REPORT

TOPIC

Mini Project report submitted in partial fulfilment of

the requirements for the award of the Degree of
Bachelor of Science

BY
Names Register Numbers
Monisha.SS 18bbt031
Naganandhini.N 18bbt032
Narendran.M 18bbt033
Nisha.B 18bbt034
Nivedhitha.P 18bbt035

CO-ORIDINATOR
Name:
Designation
Department
 Department of Biotechnology/Microbiology
Sri Krishna Arts and Science College
Coimbatore 641 008.
APRIL 2021
Sri Krishna Arts and Science College

Accredited by NAAC with ‘A’ grade

An ISO 9001 : 2008 Certified Institution

Affiliated to Bharathiar University

Kuniamuthur, Coimbatore - 641008

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the Mini Project report entitled “Moisturizing lotion
with anti-microbial properties” submitted to Sri Krishna Arts and Science
College, affiliated to Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, in partial fulfilment
of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Science is an
original work and it has not been previously formed the basis for the award
of any Degree, Diploma, Associateship, Fellowship or similar titles to any
other university or body during the period of my study.

Place: Coimbatore

Date:12.4.2021

Signature of the Candidates

Monisha.SS
Naganandhini.N
Narendran.M
Nisha.B
Nivedhitha.P
 Sri Krishna Arts and Science College

Accredited by NAAC with ‘A’ grade

An ISO 9001 : 2008 Certified Institution

Affiliated to Bharathiar University

Kuniamuthur, Coimbatore – 641008.

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Mini Project report entitled “Moisturizing lotion
with anti-microbial properties” in partial fulfilment of the requirements
for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Science to Sri Krishna Arts and
Science College, affiliated to Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, is a record
of bonafide work carried out by Monisha.SS, Naganandhini.N,
Narendran.M, Nisha.B, Nivedhitha.P and that no part of this has been
submitted for the award of any other degree or diploma and the work has
not been published in popular journal or magazine.

Signature of the HOD Signature of the Guide

Viva voce conducted on: 12.4.2021

Place: Coimbatore

Date: 12.4.2021

Examiner 1: Examiner 2:
I. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

INDEX

S. No TITLE PAGE.No

01. Introduction 01

02. Review of Literature 06

03. Objectives 11

04. Materials and Methods 12

05. Discussion 20

06. Results 20

07. Summary 21

08. Reference 22

INTRODUCTION
The concept of beauty and cosmetics dates back to antient mankind and
civilization. Generally herbal Cosmetics are also refer to as  Natural cosmetics.
Cosmetics can be defined as the materials of various sources, technically
compounded substances which can be used to cleanse, nourish, and moisturizes
the skin of the face and other parts of the body.

The word cosmetic was obtained from  "Kosm tikos",a Greek word,
means having the influence, arrange, and ability in decorating .In
industrialized countries,10-50% of the population regularly uses herbal
products. Cosmetics are the effective products used broadly all over the
world for sustaining and brushing general outlook of the face and other
body parts, for example, hand, mouth, finger, hair, lip, and eye.

In spite of this, cosmetics contain numerous chemical toxins, chemicals,

toxic matter, chemical dyes, and their derived products, which can cause
human health troubles and side effects directing to countless diseases.
Therefore, the allopathic system is not sufficient for healthy benefits and
there is a need to opt herbal cosmetics.

Herbal cosmetics are the composition incorporating phytochemicals from

various botanical sources, impacting the skin functions, and allocate
nutrients which are beneficial for the healthy and glowing skin or hairs. 
The need for herbal cosmetics is increasing rapidly in comparison to
conventional cosmetics due to lesser side effects. Herbal cosmetics are
favorable because they are produced by the herbs and shrubs. 

ALMOND OIL

Almond oil is one of the best natural sources of healthy fatty acids ,
antioxidants.it can be used by almost everyone, irrespective of their skin
types. Sweet almond oil  is the kind that's better suited to our skin.

It contains,

   • Vitamin A, Vitamin E, Zinc, Omega-3 fatty acids. 

Applying Almond oil to the skin may have the following benefits:

    • Lighten scars &Marks, Moisturize the skin, Reduce puffiness &under-
eye circles, Reduce Acne, soothe flaking &itching of the scalp. 

SHEA BUTTER

Shea butter is fat that’s extracted from the nuts of the Shea tree.  Shea
trees are native to West Africa, and most shea butter still comes from that
region.

It contains,

   •Linoleic, Palmitic, Stearic, Oleic fatty acids 

Applying Shea Butter to the  skin may  have to the following benefits:

    •Removes dryness from skin, Does not make skin oily, Reducing skin
inflammation & irritation, Soothing sunburns & rashes, It has anti-aging
properties.

HONEY

  Honey is the sweet, sticky substance that bees produce and store in hives.
It also possesses strong anti-bacterial, antiseptic and anti-inflammatory
properties and it has been used for ages for revamping skin health the
natural way.

Applying Honey to the skin may have the following benefits:

 • Moisturises the skin deeply ,Acts as a pore cleanser ,Gentle exfoliator,

Useful in sunburn,Fights acne & pimple,Hydrates the skin.

VITAMIN E OIL

Vitamin E oil has both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties

which are best for skin health. Vitamin E oil moisturizes and nourishes
your skin. 

Applying Vitamin E oil to the skin may have the following benefits:

    •Wound healing, Skin care prevention, Reducing skin itching, Treating

acne scarring, Reduce hyperpigmentation.

Vitamin E oral supplements:

     •Vitamin E oral supplements can support your body’s nutritional
needs.A benefit of vitamin E oral supplements may be glowing skin that
looks younger.

ESSENTIAL OIL (LAVENDER)

Lavender oil is an essential oil made from the Lavender plant. Lavender
oil is available in a concentrated form on its own (which should be stored
in a cool, dark place) but is also used in creams, moisturizers, oils, and
mists. 

Essential oils can be harsh on the skin, it is important to mix them with a
carrier oil first. Depending on the purpose, a person might mix lavender oil
with argan, coconut, or jojoba oil, among others. 

It contains,

 •Linalool, Linalyl acetate, Lavandula, Geraniol.

 Applying Lavender oil to the skin may have the following benefits:

    •Fights acne, Soothes Eczema & Dry skin, Anti-inflammatory

Superstar, Detoxifies Skin, Heals Injured Skin, Helps Prevent Wrinkles.

HERB Acalypha indica:

Acalypha indica(Kuppaimeni) is an herbaceous annual that has catkin-

like inflorescences with cup-shaped involucres surrounding the minute
flowers. It is also called as "Indian Nettle". This plant is held in high
esteem in traditional Tamil Siddha medicine as it is believed to rejuvenate
the body.

It contains,

•Phenolic compounds, Flavonoids, Steroids, Tannins, Saponins.

Applying Kuppaimeni to the skin may have the following benefits:

•Anti-bacterial,Anti-Vatha,Anthelmintic,Anti-inflammatory,Anti-
fertility,Anti-fungal,Analgesic ,Anti-ulcer, Diuretic, Purgative ,
Rejuvenating.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE:

Creams and lotions are, along with soap, among the oldest products used
by humans on the skin. Early humans—with skin exposed to wind, sun,
and extreme temperatures—likely used oils and fats to relieve the pain
associated with dry, burned, and chapped skin. Human skin is the body's
largest organ and a complex biological system known as the
integumentary system. As the interface between a body and the
environment, skin serves many functions. It provides a protective layer
around the body, keeps moisture in and toxin out, regulates body
temperature, and produces vitamin D, which is essential for the growth and
strength of human bones. While humans have long experimented with
products used on the skin's surface, the dermis, creams and lotions have
changed. Facial cleansing creams are available in formulations including
foam, fizz, cream, milk, and gel. Toners, disposable cleansing cloths,
facial scrubs and masks, and even exfoliation are considered part of a well-
rounded skin care regimen. Creams and lotions oils are available in multi-
function formulations, so that one product can provide cleansing,
moisturizing, self-tanning, and sun screening benefits to the user. This
makes it difficult to separate creams and lotions into discrete classes.
While the standard Dove and classic Pond's brand names still exist, they
each now lead a cavalry of multi-functional products within their
respective lines.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) refers to skin care

products as cosmetics. The U.S. Census Bureau refers to skin care
products like creams and lotions broadly as toiletries and reports on them
every five years in the Economic Census and during off years in
the Annual Survey of Manufactures. Because both governmental agencies
use generic terms to refer to a broad class of products, the skin care market
is referred to, generally, as the cosmetics and toiletries industry. The FDA
does not regulate cosmetics and toiletries, and critics like the Campaign
for Safe Cosmetics claim that consequently it is a marketplace where rule
of law barely exists. Others insist it is a highly self-regulated and well-
functioning market.
Manufacturers may use any ingredient or raw material (except for color
additives and a few prohibited substances) to make cosmetic and toiletries
products without government oversight, review, or approval. Companies
are not required to substantiate performance claims or conduct safety
testing. Labeling regulations, however, do apply. The Fair Packaging and
Labeling Act requires an ingredient declaration on cosmetics and toiletries
products. Ingredients must be listed in descending order of quantity.

Creams and lotions are classic nondurable consumer goods. Nondurable

goods are purchased for immediate or almost immediate consumption and
have a life span ranging from minutes to three years. Nondurable goods
are destroyed by their use so consumers need to repeatedly replenish their
supply throughout the year. Generally this equates to a large variety of
affordable products for consumers to choose from in the market.

The product classes covered here are a subset of those in the Census
Bureau's creams, lotions and oils division of the Toilet Preparations
Manufacturing industry.
Figures are in thousands of dollars unless otherwise specified.
Percentage
1997 Percent 2002 Percent
Product Class Change 1997
Shipments of Total Shipments of Total
to 2002
Cleansing 378,976 12.9 2,059,669 37.2 443.5
Creams
Premoistened 647,433 22.1 1,112,713 20.1 71.9
Towelettes
Hand Lotion 678,038 23.1 911,291 16.4 34.4
Moisturizing 884,453 30.1 805,213 14.5 −9.0
Creams
Body Lotion, 255,851 8.7 458,174 8.3 79.1
excluding bath
lotions
The product classes covered here are a subset of those in the Census
Bureau's creams, lotions and oils division of the Toilet Preparations
Manufacturing industry.
Figures are in thousands of dollars unless otherwise specified.
Percentage
1997 Percent 2002 Percent
Product Class Change 1997
Shipments of Total Shipments of Total
to 2002
Facial Scrubs 58,599 2.0 118,991 2.1 103.1
and Masks
Cosmetic Oils 30,752 1.0 75,304 1.4 144.9
― ― ―
Total 2,934,102 5,541,355 88.9

Creams and lotions are part of the $28 billion per year U.S. cosmetics and
toiletries market. The U.S. Census Bureau refers to such skin care products
as toiletries and reported the value of all shipments of them in one of
the 2002 Economic Census series of reports titled "Toilet Preparation
Manufacturing: 2002." The major toilet preparation divisions are presented
in Figure 77 and are, from largest to smallest: (1) Cosmetics; (2) Hair
preparations; (3) Creams, lotions, and oils; (4) Perfumes; (5) Shaving
preparations, and (6) Other toilet preparations. The creams, lotions, and
oils accounted for 21 percent or $5.9 billion of the total $28 toiletries
industry in 2002.

The creams and lotions discussed in this essay are a subset of the Census
Bureau's third toiletries division, creams, lotions, and oils. Product classes
discussed are listed in Figure 78 with total U.S. shipments for 1997 and
2002.

Moisturizing Creams

The only creams and lotions product class that declined between 1997 and
2002 was moisturizing creams. Shipments of these products in the United
States dropped 9.7 percent between 1997 and 2002, from $884 million to
$806 million. As a result, moisturizing creams lost their historic first place
spot due to the vigorous growth of cleansing creams and pre-moistened
towelettes. Many creams and lotions have been reformulated to perform
simultaneous functions such as cleansing, moisturizing, self-tanning, and
sunscreening. Consequently, it may be assumed that this decline in the
shipments of moisturizing creams is not a sign of reduced use of
moisturizers but rather a sign that other products are now being used to
fulfill the moisturizing function. For instance, Dove Energy Glow can be
purchased as either a face moisturizer or a body lotion.

According to Market Share Reporter 2007, the top facial moisturizing

creams in 2006 were Olay, Neutrogena, and Pond's. An examination of the
classic Pond's Cold Cream that moisturizes as it cleans might explain the
decline in shipment value of the moisturizing creams class. Pond's classic
Cold Cream that removes make-up while it also moisturizes has a whole
family of classic products to support. Additions to the classic brand
include Dry Skin Cream, Deep Cleanser & Makeup Remover with
cucumber in a lighter lotion format, Clean Sweep cleansing & make-up
removing towelettes that clean down to the pores, and Exfoliating Clean
Sweep cucumber cleansing towelettes that gently exfoliate while removing
make-up. Pond's also sells Dramatic Results age-defying towelettes that
fight visible signs of aging while cleansing.

Body Lotions

Shipments of body lotions grew 79 percent between 1997 and 2002, rising
from $256 million to $458 million. According to Market Share Reporter
2007, the top hand and body creams in 2006 were: Vaseline Intensive
Care, Aveeno, Jergen's Natural Glow, Olay Body Quench, Eucerin,
Cetaphil, Nivea Body, and Jergen's.

Aveeno, the number two best seller after Vaseline Intensive Care, is made
by Johnson & Johnson. Top selling Aveeno body lotions encompass six
lines. Daily Moisturizing utilizes natural colloidal oatmeal, natural oils,
and emollients; it is available in both a lotion and a creamy moisturizing
oil. Stress Relief Lotion is natural colloidal oatmeal combined with
lavender and essential chamomile and ylang-ylang oils. Continuous
Radiance is a self-tanner line that utilizes soy and color enhancers
gradually deepening skin color. Positively Radiant body lotions use soy to
even out skin tone/texture and comes in formulations including a
moisturizer with SPF 30, a moisturizer with SPF 15, a daily moisturizer,
and an anti-wrinkle cream. Positively Smooth body lotions are formulated
with skin-silkening soy extract and skin conditioners to minimize the
appearance of unwanted hair.

According to Market Share Reporter 2007, Johnson & Johnson

consistently captures 28 percent of the U.S. creams, lotions, and oils mass
market. It makes Aveeno, Lubriderm, and Neutrogena products, among
others. In 2006 J&J introduced a natural products infant care line called
Johnson's Soothing Naturals, its biggest product launch in a decade. The
line includes a lotion, a cream, and a balm, all touted as using the healing
power of pure vitamin E, special minerals to regulate "cell water balance,"
and olive leaf extract.

Objectives:

 To prepare a lotion which has both moisturizing and antimicrobial

effects.
  To prove the antimicrobial activity of the herb Acalypha indica by
Kirby Bauer Assay(Anti-Bacterial Assay)

Materials Required:

 Almond oil, Acalypha Indica extract, Vitamin E oil, Lavender oil,

shea butter, emulsifying wax, honey, distilled water, preservative,
Bacterial Broth, Soil sample, Permanent marker
  Glasswares : Beaker, pipettes, measuring jar, boiling water bath,
Petri Plate, Cotton Swab, Sterile wire loop, Antibiotic disks,
Graduated cylinder, Sterile bottle with lid, Conical Flasks, Test
Tubes, Test tube stand and sterile forceps.

 Chemicals: Mueller-Hinton Agar (MHA), Nutrient agar.

Chemical Preparation:

a) MHA Agar:

1. Suspend 38 gm of the medium in one liter of distilled water.

2. Heat with frequent agitation and boil for one minute to
completely dissolve the medium.
3. Autoclave at 121°C for 15 minutes. Cool to room
temperature.
4. Pour cooled Mueller Hinton Agar into sterile petri dishes on
a level, horizontal surface to give uniform depth.
5. Allow to cool to room temperature.
6. Check for the final pH 7.3 ± 0.1 at 25ºC.
7. Store the plates at 2-8 ºC.
Composition of MHA

Ingredients In Gram/Litre

Beef Extract 2.00 gm

Acid Hydrolysate of Casein 17.50 gm

Starch 1.50 gm

Agar 17.00 gm

Distilled Water 1000 ml

b) Preparation of Nutrient Agar

1. Suspend 28 g of nutrient agar powder in 1 litre of distilled water.

2. Heat this mixture while stirring to fully dissolve all components.

3. Autoclave the dissolved mixture at 121 degrees Celsius for 15 minutes.

4. Once the nutrient agar has been autoclaved, allow it to cool but not
solidify.

5. Pour nutrient agar into each plate and leave plates on the sterile surface
until the agar has solidified.
6. Replace the lid of each Petri dish and store the plates in a refrigerator.

Methodology:
 Sample collection
 Sample Preparation
 Kirby Bauer assay ( Anti-Bacterial Assay)
 Preparation of Lotion

SAMPLE COLLECTION:

Isolating bacteria from soil is an important first step. A tiny amount of

soil is collected which can contain millions of bacteria, which makes it
necessary to dilute a soil sample before isolating bacteria from the
sample.

SAMPLE PREPARATION:

1. Measure 100 ml. distilled water in the graduated cylinder and add it
to the sterile bottle.
2. Weigh out 1 g of the soil sample and add it to the bottle of distilled
water. Tightly cap the bottle and shake it to thoroughly mix the
solution.

3. Label the sterile test tubes "10^-3," "10^-4," "10^-5," and "10^-6."
Add 9 ml of distilled water to each of the tubes, using one of the
pipettes.

4. Transfer 1 ml of the solution in the bottle to the tube labeled "10^-

3," using a new pipette. Cap the tube and swirl it gently until the
solution is well mixed.

5. Transfer 1 ml of the solution in the "10^-3" test tube to the "10^-4"

tube with a new pipette. Cap the "10^-4" tube and swirl to mix.
Repeat this method to transfer solution from the "10^-4" tube to the
"10^-5" tube and then from the "10^-5" tube to the "10^-6" tube.

6. Plate three samples each from the "10^-4," "10^-5" and "10^-6"
tubes. Use a new pipette to transfer 1 ml of solution from the tube
into a Petri plate. Add about 15 ml of nutrient agar to the plate; then
put the lid on the plate and swirl gently so that the agar covers the
bottom of the plate.

7. Make a control plate by putting 1 ml of distilled water into a Petri

plate, using a new pipette. Add agar; put the lid on and swirl the
plate.
 8. Leave the Petri plates upright until the agar has set. Then invert the
plates and incubate them—either in an incubator or at room
temperature—for as little as 24 hours and up to five days.

9. Remove the plates from the incubator after the desired amount of
incubation time.

10. Finally , the growth of bacterial colonies can be observed.

ANTI-BACTERIAL ASSAY:(DISK DIFFUSION METHOD)

Now we have to spread the bacteria in the petri plate containing agar using
Streak Plate Method,

Streak Plate Method:

1. Flame and cool the loop, then take a loop full of culture from the
agar surface and drag it rapidly several times across the surface area
one. Turn the petridish to 90 degree.
2. Then touch the loop of a corner of the culture in area one and drag it
several times across the area two. The loop should never enter the
area one again.
3. Again turn the dish to 90 degree. Streak the area three also in the
same manner as area two.
4. Without reflaming the loop, again turn disc to 90 degree and then
drag the culture form a corner of area three, across area three and
four using a wider streak, do not let the loop touch any of the
previously streaked areas.
5. The plates were incubated at 37 degree Celsius for 24 hours.
Procedure:

i. After incubation , we can observe the even growth of the bacteria in

the culture plate
ii. Using sterile forceps or disk dispenser, place antibiotic disk which is
loaded with Acalypha indica extract on the surface of the inoculated
plate.
iii. Immediately press it down lightly with the instrument to ensure
complete contact between the disk and the agar surface. Do not
move a disk once it has come into contact with the agar surface since
some diffusion of the extract occurs instantaneously.
iv. Position disks such that the minimum center - center distance is 24
mm and no closer than 10 to 15 mm from the edge of the petri dish.
v. Incubate plates in an inverted position at 30°C or at an optimum
growth temperature.
vi. Observe for the zone of inhibition after 16 to 18 hours. Slow
growing organisms may require longer incubation period.

Measurement Of Zones Of Inhibition:

1. The zone of inhibition is the point at which no growth is visible to the

unaided eye.
2. Observe the occurrence of fuzzy zones .
PREPARATION OF LOTION:

1. Take 65g of distilled water in a beaker

2. Add 2g honey to the beaker and mix thoroughly
3. Take another beaker and add 9g almond oil, 9g Acalypha indica
extract,10g shea butter and 5g emulsifying wax.
4. Heat both the beakers simultaneously at the same temperature using
double boiler or heating method. It will take about 20 minutes for the
oil and wax to melt down completely.
5. Once everything is melted , slowly pour the heated water phase into
the oil phase. Use a spatula to stir until everything is combined and
allow it to cool.
6. Use an electric whisk or immersion blender to whip up the lotion
until it’s fully emulsified and has a thick, creamy texture. It will
thicken as it cools and takes approximately 5 minutes of blending
7. Add the preservative, antioxidants and lavender oil(1 or less than
1%) using a pipette at exact percentage and mix them thoroughly.
TABLE:

PHASE INGREDIENT FUNCTION PERCENT(%) WEIG

HT(g)
OIL(33%) Shea Butter Butter 10 10
Almond oil Carrier Oil 9 9

Acalypha Indica Antimicrobial 9 9

Extract
Emulsifying Wax Emulsifier 5 5

WATER(67%) Distilled water Water 65 65

Honey Humectant 2 2

Cool down Preservative ECO Preservative 1 1

Vitamin E Oil Antioxidant 1 1

Lavender Oil Fragrance 1 1

DISCUSSION:
 From the anti-bacterial assay, we can observe the zone of inhibition
around the disk as a circle, thus it proves the anti-bacterial activity
of the herb Acalypha indica.

 The lotion is handmade and it turns out to have good moisture

content and lavender essential oil provides a pleasant fragrance
when added. The preparation process was simple and easy that it
didn’t consume much time and effort.
RESULT:
i. The Zone of Inhibition is observed around the loaded disk , thus the
herb contains Anti-Bacterial property.
ii. The moisturizing lotion with anti-microbial properties is eventually
produced in correct creamy texture.
SUMMARY:
A Moisturizing lotion with anti-microbial properties is prepared which
helps to reduce skin problems caused by extreme dryness and mainly it
prevents itching providing a soothing feel . In our project we have used
the herb Acalypha indica(kuppaimeni) which has immense anti-
inflammatory, anti-bacterial , anti-fungal properties and it rejuvenates
the skin , Almond oil - helps in moisturizing and soothes the skin, vitamin
e oil- reduces hyper pigmentation and has anti-oxidant property , Shea
butter- removes dryness from the skin and doesn’t make skin oily , Honey-
act as a pore cleanser , hydrates the skin, gentle exfoliator, useful in
sunburn and finally lavender essential oil- detoxifies skin and reduces
wrinkles . We have also checked the anti-bacterial property of Acalypha
indica by Disk Diffusion method and implemented it.
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icles/lavender-oil-for-
skin&ved=2ahUKEwitzbv_5PLvAhVz8XMBHXw2A24QFjAQegQI
MhAC&usg=AOvVaw34QTp0hHmcyJBrFL6AGu6g&cshid=161802
7303072
13. https://www.google.com/url?
sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.byrdie.com/lavender-oil-
for-skin-
4801192&ved=2ahUKEwitzbv_5PLvAhVz8XMBHXw2A24QFjAYe
gQIEhAC&usg=AOvVaw2pxFgt4QiXCk-
L9fDpdxEw&cshid=1618027333348

14. https://www.google.com/url?
sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://theindianmed.com/12-benefits-
of-kuppaimeni-that-you-never-
knew/&ved=2ahUKEwjZpdaT7_LvAhWX9nMBHaEOAfAQFjALeg
QIGxAC&usg=AOvVaw31N2npZRjbjzIHBkOEECsg&cshid=161802
9969891