Docu Wid Number Edited

Technological Institute of the Philippines
An Equipment Design
on the
PRODUCTION OF VINYL CHLORIDE MONOMER VIA GAS –

PHASE DEHYDROCHLORINATION OF 1, 2 – DICHLOROETHANE
PROCESS
Presented to the Faculty of Chemical Engineering Department

Technological Institute of the Philippines – Manila
363 P. Casal Street, Quiapo, Manila
In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the course
Equipment Design
Presented by:
Adame, Jeanette B.
Dula, Angela Clariz A.
Mallari, CJ
Sacobo, Carl James
Sagnip, Regina Pau B.
October 2019
Table of Contents
Letter of Transmittal
Approval Sheet
Dedication
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Nomenclatures
Introduction................................................................................................................................ i
Product Description............................................................................................................... 174
Raw Materials Specification................................................................................................. 184
Process Selection.................................................................................................................. 198
Overall Material Balance...................................................................................................... 373
Overall Energy Balance........................................................................................................ 427
Equipment Design................................................................................................................. 501
Table of Standards.............................................................................................................. 1237
References........................................................................................................................... 1245
Appendices
A. Material and Safety Data Sheet
B. Process Flow Diagram
C. Instrumentation and Process Control
D. Equipment Drawings
E. Equipment Layout
ii
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
Engr. Charles Bonn Mayo
Equipment Design Instructor and Adviser
Technological Institute of the Philippines – Manila
363 P. Casal Street, Quiapo, Manila
Dear Engr. Mayo,

In compliance with the requirements leading to the Degree of Bachelor
of Science in Chemical Engineering, we, the undersigned students take the
pleasure in transmitting to you our study entitled “Production of Vinyl Chloride
Monomer Via Gas – Phase Dehydrochlorination of 1, 2 – Dichloroethane
Process”.
After devoting wholly all our efforts, intellect and fine, we hope this
project will meet your standard.
Respectfully Yours,
Adame,Jeanette B. Dula, Angela Clariz A.
Mallari,CJ Sacobo, Carl James
Sagnip, Regina Pau B.
iii
APPROVAL SHEET
This is to certify that this study entitled “Production of Vinyl

Chloride Monomer Via Gas-Phase Dehydrochlorination of 1,2 –
Dichloroethane Process presented by Jeanette Adame, Angela
Dula, CJ Mallari, Carl James Sacobo and Regina Pau Sagnip has
been fully approved, and accepted, and meet the necessary
requirements for the course Equipment Design.
Engr. Robert Delfin Engr. Michael Ramos

Panelist Panelist
Engr. Khiara Espinosa Engr. James Laurence Ravis

Panelist Panelist
Engr. Charles Bonn Mayo

Course Adviser
Engr. Lorraine A. Carrillo

Chairperson, Chemical Engineering Department
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our deepest appreciation and gratitude to all

the people who have extended their help, assistance, guidance, and
encouragement in conducting this study. The paper would not be accomplished
without the following:
To our course instructor and adviser, Engr. Charles Bonn Mayo, who
have shown his support and patience in our Equipment Design class, for always
having time when we need him and for always pushing us to finish our project
and tasks.
To our former professors and current professors, Engr. Lorraine
Carrillo, Engr. Michael Allan Ramos, Engr. Michael Fernandez, Engr. James
Laurence Ravis, and Engr. Khiara Claudine Espinosa for their time during
consultation despite their busy schedules, for sharing their knowledge to
improve our project. The information that these respectable people imparted to
us has significantly helped us to get through this semester. We will carry what
we have acquired and use these in the next semester.
To our friends, for the help, trust, and unending moral support,
especially during our defense and submission of requirements.
To our families, for giving us the fullest support, for understanding and
caring, for helping us in everything we do. We will always be grateful for that.
And most of all, we are grateful to our Almighty God for the
unconditional love, for relentless guidance and protection, and for all the
blessings including the undeserved grace that allowed us to continue, to pursue
and to finish this thesis.
v
DEDICATION
This work is dedicated to our Parents who have never failed to give us financial
and moral support, for giving all our needs during the time we developed this
project and for teaching us that even the largest task can be accomplished if it is
done one step at a time. And lastly, to our Almighty God for giving us the light
that guided us throughout this work.
vi
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1 Physical and Chemical Properties of 13

Vinyl Chloride
Table 1.2 Potential Hazards and Prevention 14
Measures for Vinyl Chloride Monomer
Table 1.3 First Aid Measures and Prevention of 15
Hazards for Vinyl Chloride Monomer
Table 2.1 Composition of Ethylene Dichloride 19
Table 2.2 Physical Properties of Ethylene Dichloride 20
Table 2.3 Potential Health Hazards of Ethylene Dichloride 21
Table 2.4 First Aid Measures and Personal Protective 22
Equipment for Ethylene Dichloride
Table 2.5 Composition of Chlorine 25
Table 2.6 Physical Properties of Chlorine 25
Table 2.7 Potential Health Hazards of Chlorine 27
Table 2.8 First Aid Measures and Personal Protective 28
Equipment for Chlorine
Table 3.1 Cost of Raw Materials for Process 1 36
Table 3.2 Number of Intensive Equipment for Process 1 39
Table 3.3 Health Hazard Rating 40
Table 3.4 Toxicity Levels of Raw Materials for Process 1 41
Table 3.5 Toxicity Level Score of Raw Materials for Process 1 41

vii

Table 3.14 Evaluation Summary and Scoring for Process 60
Selection Evaluation
Table 3.15 Summary of Scores for Process Selection Evaluation 65
viii
LIST OF NOMENCLATURE
OVERALL MATERIAL BALANCE
AND ENERGY BALANCE
Conventional
Symbol Description
Units
kg
min Mass Flowrate in
day
kg
mout Mass Flowrate out
day
P Pressure Pa
T Temperature K
Tin Inlet Temperature K
Tout Outlet Temperature K
Tref Reference Temperature K
J
Q Heat
day or KW
J
Cp Specific Heat of Water
kmol
J
Qs Heat Duty
day or KW
kg
ms Mass flowrate of Steam
s
J
QC2H3Cl Heat of VCM
day or KW
J
QC2H4Cl2 Heat of EDC
day or KW
J
QC2H3Cl2 Heat of Trichloroethane
day or KW
ix
J
QC2H2 Heat of Acetylene
day or KW
J
QC4H10 Heat of Butane
day or KW
J
QH2 Heat of Hydrogen
day or KW
J
QHCl Heat of Hydrochloric acid
day or KW
J
QCH4 Heat of Methane
day or KW
J
QRXN Heat of reaction
day or KW
J
QTotal Total heat
day or KW
Change in Enthalpy of J
Hvaporisation
Vaporization day or KW
Change in Enthalpy of J
Hcondensation
Condensation day or KW
kmol
n Molar flowrate
day
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS x
Abbreviations Meaning
EDC Ethylene Dichloride
VCM Vinyl Chloride Monomer
HCl Hydrogen Chloride
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
CNS Central Nervous System
MSDS Material Safety Data Sheet
xi
PRODUCT
DESCRIPTION
VINYL CHLORIDE MONOMER
DESCRIPTION:
Vinyl chloride is an organochloride that is also called vinyl chloride

monomer (VCM). It is a colorless, ﬂammable gas at ambient temperature with
a sweetish odor. This compound is an important industrial chemical chiefly
used to produce the polymer polyvinyl chloride (PVC). VCM is among the top
twenty largest petrochemicals (petroleum-derived chemicals) in world
production. The industrial production of vinyl chloride is based on three
methods: the thermal cracking of 1,2 – dichloroethane; the hydrochlorination
of acetylene; and the synthesis of vinyl chloride from ethylene and chlorine.
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Table 1.1 Physical and Chemical Properties of Vinyl Chloride

(ref. Material Safety Data Sheet, MSDS Vinyl Chloride Monomer)
VINYL CHLORIDE
Molecular Formula C2H3Cl
Molecular Weight 62.5 gram/mole
Appearance Colorless gas
Odor Pleasant
Boiling Point -13.4°C
Melting Point -153.8°C
Density 0.910 gram/mL
Flash Point -78 °C
Auto-ignition Temperature 472 °C
Vapor Pressure 2660 mmHg @ 25 °C
Vapor Density 2.15
Relative Density 0.91 @ 25/25 °C
Volatility 100%
Solubility Slightly soluble in water (1.1 g/L) at
13
25°C
Soluble in ethanol
Very soluble in diethyl ether, carbon
tetrachloride and benzene
POTENTIAL HAZARD AND PROTECTION
Vinyl chloride is thought to depress the CNS via a solvent effect on lipids and
protein components of neural membranes that interrupts signal transmission.
Reactive metabolic intermediates may also cause specific target organ toxicity
by covalently bonding to tissue or initiating destructive chain reactions such as
lipid peroxidation. There may be a latent period of hours to days between
exposure and symptom onset. Vinyl chloride is rapidly metabolized and the
metabolites are eliminated in the urine.
Table 1.2 Potential Hazards and Prevention Measures for Vinyl Chloride
Monomer
ACUTE
PREVENTION FIRE FIGHTING
HAZARDS
FIRE & Extremely NO open flames, Shut off supply; if
EXPLOSIO flammable. Gives NO sparks and not possible and
N off irritating or NO smoking. no risk to
toxic fumes (or Closed system, surroundings, let
gases) in a fire. ventilation, the fire burn itself
Gas/air mixtures explosion-proof out. In other cases
are explosive. electrical extinguish with
equipment and powder, carbon
lighting. Use non- dioxide, water
sparking hand spray. See Notes.
tools. In case of fire:
keep cylinder cool 14
by spraying with
water. Combat fire
from a sheltered
position.
CHRONIC EXPOSURE
Prolonged absorption of vinyl chloride can induce hepatotoxicity and hepatic

cancers, including angiosarcoma. Portal hypertension and cirrhosis can occur.
Vinyl chloride toxicity is thought to result from the binding of reactive epoxide
metabolites to hepatic DNA. Other effects of chronic exposure include sensory-
motor polyneuropathy; pyramidal, extrapyramidal, and cerebellar
abnormalities; neuropsychiatric symptoms such as sleep disorders, loss of
libido, headaches, and irritability; EEG alterations; and immunopathologic
phenomena such as purpura and thrombocytopenia. Vinyl chloride disease is a
syndrome consisting of Raynaud's phenomenon, acroosteolysis (dissolution of
the bones of the terminal phalanges and sacroiliac joints), and scleroderma-like
skin changes.
Table 1.3 First Aid Measures and Prevention of Hazards for Vinyl Chloride
Monomer
SYMPTOMS PREVENTION FIRST AID

Dizziness.
Drowsiness.
Use ventilation, Fresh air, rest.
Headache.
local exhaust or Refer immediately
Inhalation Unconsciousness.
breathing for medical
Blurred vision.
protection. attention.
Numbness.
Tingling sensation.
ON FROSTBITE:
rinse with plenty of
Protective gloves.
ON CONTACT water, do NOT
Cold-insulating
Skin WITH LIQUID: remove clothes. 15
gloves. Protective
FROSTBITE. Refer immediately
clothing.
for medical
attention.
Wear safety Rinse with plenty of

goggles or eye water (remove
protection in contact lenses if
Eyes Redness. Pain.
combination with easily possible).
breathing Refer for medical
protection. attention.
STORAGE
Aside from the risk of fire and explosion, vinyl chloride presents no other very
serious problem in general handling. The presently accepted upper limit of
safety as a health hazard is 500 ppm. Vinyl chloride should always be handled
with full recognition of its flammability. Precautions should be taken both to
keep the material enclosed and to eliminate sources of ignition. If there should
be any unavoidable leaks, reliance must be placed upon the elimination of all
sources of ignition and on the provision of sufficient ventilation to keep
escaping vapors at nonflammable levels.
 Corrosion
Vinyl chloride is noncorrosive at normal atmospheric temperatures when dry
(moisture free). In contact with water, at elevated temperatures vinyl chloride
accelerates corrosion of iron or steel.
 Volatility
Vinyl chloride is very volatile and is a gas at normal atmospheric conditions.
Containers used for handling vinyl chloride at atmospheric temperature are
always under pressure.
16
 Temperature Requirements
Inhibited vinyl chloride may be stored at normal atmospheric conditions in

suitable pressure vessel. Uninhibited vinyl chloride may be stored either under
refrigeration or at normal atmospheric temperature in the absence of air or
sunlight but only for a duration of a few days. If for longer periods, regular
checks should be made for the presence of polymers.
USUAL SHIPPING CONTAINERS
Approved ICC cylinders and tank cars designed to carry liquid gases under
pressure and equipped with safety relief devices. All parts of valve and safety
devices in contact with contents of containers must be of metal or other
material, suitably treated if necessary, which will not cause formation of any
acetylides.
CLASSIFICATION AND LABELLING
17
RAW
MATERIAL
SPECIFICATION
RAW MATERIAL SPECIFICATION

In the production of Vinyl Chloride Monomer, two main raw materials
were used. These are ethylene dichloride and chlorine. The description,
properties, potential hazards and the storage and handling of these ingredients
are described in this chapter.
ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE
DESCRIPTION
The chemical compound 1,2-dichloroethane, commonly known as ethylene
dichloride (EDC), is a chlorinated hydrocarbon, mainly used to produce vinyl
chloride monomer (VCM, chloroethene), the major precursor for PVC
production. EDC is also used as an intermediate in the manufacture of
chlorinated and fluorinated compounds. EDC has been used as a solvent in the
textile, metal cleaning and adhesive industries.
Table 2.1 Composition of Ethylene Dichloride

COMPONENT PURITY
Ethylene Dichloride 99.9%
Source: www.alibaba.com

Ethylene dichloride is a heavy, oily, liquid which burns with a smoky
flame. Usually it is colorless but it will darken in the presence of air, moisture,
and light. It has a pleasant chloroform-like odor and irritating vapors. Ethylene
dichloride is slightly soluble in water and miscible with alcohol, chloroform,
and ether (Merck, 1989). When in heated water, ethylene dichloride will
corrode iron and other metals (HSDB, 1995).
19
Table 2.2 Physical Properties of Ethylene Dichloride

(ref. pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
PROPERTY DESCRIPTION
Chemical Name Ethylene Dichloride
IUPAC Name 1-2, dichloroethane
Chemical Formula C2H4Cl2
Molecular Weight 98.9 g/mol
Physical State Liquid
Color Colorless
Odor Pleasant, chloroform-like
Boiling Point 83.5 OC
Melting Point -35.5 OC
Density 1.25 g/cm3
Vapor Density in Air 3.42
Vapor Pressure 64 mmHg at 20 OC
Solubility in Water 0.87 g/100 mL
Viscosity 0.84 mPa-s at 20 OC
Corrodes iron and other metals at elevated

Corrosiveness
temperatures when in contact with water
Flash Point 13 OC
Auto-Ignition 440 OC
POTENTIAL HAZARDS AND TOXICITY

Below is the list of the potential health hazards from ethylene dichloride if 20
not carefully handled. Other hazards such as fire and explosion are indicated.
Also, first aid measures and personal protective equipment are identified to
prevent and avoid these hazards.
Table 2.3 shows the potential health hazards in exposure to ethylene
dichloride with their corresponding cause of contact.
Table 2.3 Potential Health Hazards of Ethylene Dichloride

(ref. Material Safety Data Sheet, Ethylene Dichloride MSDS)
POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS

Direct contact of EDC with the eyes will
result in pain, watering, and inflammation. Eye
Eye
irritant. Contact may cause stinging, water and
redness.
Prolonged exposure of the skin to EDC will
remove the skin’s natural oils, causing the
Skin affected area to become red, rough and dry. If
exposure continues, the EDC may produce a
burning sensation.
Toxic if inhaled. May cause respiratory tract
irritation. Exposure to decomposition products
Inhalation
may cause a health hazard. Serious effects may be
delayed following exposure.
Accidental ingestion of EDC may result in
irritation of the gastrointestinal tract, nausea,
Ingestion
vomiting, diarrhea, unconsciousness and death.
EDC is a liver and kidney poison.
Table 2.4 shows the first aid measures and the personal protective
21
equipment to their corresponding cause of contact. In addition, a source of clean
water should be available in the work area for flushing eyes and skin.
Impervious clothing should be worn as needed.
Table 2.4 First Aid Measures and Personal Protective Equipment for
Ethylene Dichloride
(ref. Material Safety Data Sheet, Ethylene Dichloride MSDS)
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE
FIRST-AID MEASURES
EQUIPMENT (PPE)
Wear appropriate protective
Rinse immediately with eyeglasses or chemical safety
plenty of water, also under goggles as described by OSHA's
the eyelids, for at least 15 eye and face protection
Eye
minutes. Immediate regulations in 29 CFR 1910.133
medical attention is or European Standard EN166.
required. Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Face-shield.
Wash off immediately Wear appropriate protective
with plenty of water for at gloves and clothing to prevent
Skin least 15 minutes. skin exposure.
Immediate medical
attention is required.
Inhalation Move to fresh air. If Use a properly fitted, air-
breathing is difficult, give purifying or air-fed respirator
oxygen. Do not use mouth- complying with an approved
22
to-mouth method if victim standard if a risk assessment
ingested or inhaled the indicates this is necessary.
substance; give artificial Respirator selection must be
respiration with the aid of based on known or anticipated
a pocket mask equipped exposure levels, the hazards of
with a one-way valve or the product and the safe working
other proper respiratory

medical device. Immediate
limits of the selected respirator.
medical attention is
required.
Wash out mouth with Proper labeling, handling and
water. Remove dentures if storage of EDC will reduce the
any. Remove victim to likelihood of accidental
fresh air and keep at rest in ingestion.
a position comfortable for
breathing. If material has
been swallowed and the
Ingestion exposed person is
conscious, give small
quantities of water to
drink. Stop if the exposed
person feels sick as
vomiting may be
dangerous. Do not Get 23
medical attention.
FIREFIGHTING MEASURES
EDC is extremely flammable. Direct contact with open flames or a high
energy heat source will result in combustion and corrosive, noxious gases. If
combustion occurs, extinguish fires using dry chemical, foam, or carbon
dioxide. Water may be ineffective, but should be used to keep fire-exposed
containers cool.
PROPER HANDLING AND STORAGE

It is important that all engineering controls are operating, and the personal
protective equipment requirements and personal hygiene measures are being
followed. Use only under a chemical fume hood. Use explosion-proof
electrical/ventilating/lighting/equipment. Ensure that eyewash stations and
safety showers are close to the workstation location. Ensure adequate
ventilation, especially in confined areas.
Ethylene dichloride should be stored in tightly closed containers and
maintained in a cool, and well-ventilated place. Keep away from heat and
sources of ignition. Bulk storage containers should be constructed of mild,
carbon, or stainless steel. Do not use aluminum as a material of construction for
any wetted metal parts. Storage tanks should not be constructed of, nor contain,
any non-compatible plastic components. The storage tanks exterior should be
cleaned, primed and painted with a white or aluminum colored paint to aid in
keeping the tank and its contents cool.
CHLORINE
DESCRIPTION
24
Chlorine is an element used in industry and found in some household products. It is used
in the manufacture of chlorinated organic compounds, and in bleaching, purifying water and
sewage, and shrink-proofing wool. When liquid chlorine is released, it quickly turns into
a gas that stays close to the ground and spreads rapidly. Chlorine gas can be recognized by its
pungent, irritating odor, which is like the odor of bleach.
Table 2.5 Composition of Chlorine

COMPONENT PURITY
Chlorine 99.5%
Source: www.mvc.com.ph

Chlorine is a halogen element that is isolated as a heavy greenish-yellow
diatomic gas of pungent odor and is used especially as a bleach, oxidizing
agent, and disinfectant in water purification. It can be converted to a liquid
under pressure or cold temperatures.
Table 2.6 Physical Properties of Chlorine

(ref. pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
PROPERTY DESCRIPTION
Chemical Name Chlorine
IUPAC Name Molecular chlorine
Chemical Formula Cl2
Molecular Weight 70.9 g/mol
Physical State Gas
Color Greenish-yellow
25
Odor Strong pungent odor
Boiling Point -34.04 OC
Melting Point -101.5 OC
Density 3.214 g/L
Vapor Density in Air 2.48
Vapor Pressure 6.73 kPa at 20 OC
1.46 g/100 cc at 0 OC
Solubility in Water
0.57 g/100 cc at 30 OC
Highly corrosive to all metals in the

Corrosiveness
presence of any humidity factor
Heat of Vaporization 17.76 kJ/mol at 25 OC
POTENTIAL HAZARDS AND TOXICITY

Chlorine is an important commercial chemical and has a wide range of uses as a
disinfectant. Handling of chlorine gas can be dangerous, however. Therefore, the use and
wearing of personal protective equipment should be prioritized. Exposure to air can cause
several health damages and conditions when inhaled. Listed in the table below are the
potential health hazards and ways to avoid further damages. Other hazards such as fire and
explosion and its preventive measures are indicated.
Table 2.7 shows the potential health hazards in exposure to chlorine gas
with their corresponding cause of contact.
Table 2.7 Potential Health Hazards of Chlorine

26
(ref. Material Safety Data Sheet, Chlorine MSDS)
POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS

The gas irritates or burns the eyes. Permanent damage
including blindness can result. Direct contact with the
Eye
liquefied gas can freeze the eye. Permanent eye damage or
blindness can result.
The gas irritates or burns the skin. Permanent scarring can

result. Direct contact with the liquefied gas can chill or freeze
the skin (frostbite). Symptoms of mild frostbite include
Skin numbness, prickling and itching. Symptoms of more severe
frostbite include a burning sensation and stiffness. The skin
may become waxy white or yellow. Blistering, tissue death
and infection may develop in severe cases.
Very toxic, can cause death. Can cause severe irritation of the
nose and throat. Can cause severe lung injury. Can cause life-
Inhalation threatening accumulation of fluid in the lungs (pulmonary
edema). Symptoms may include coughing, shortness of
breath, difficult breathing and tightness in the chest.
Ingestion is not a likely route of exposure for chlorine due to
Ingestion
its gaseous form.
Table 2.8 First Aid Measures and Personal Protective Equipment for
Chlorine
(ref. Material Safety Data Sheet, Chlorine MSDS)
27
PERSONAL
FIRST AID MEASURES PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT (PPE)
Eye Immediately flush the Wear chemical safety
contaminated eye(s) with goggles. A face shield
lukewarm, gently flowing water (with safety goggles) may
for 5 minutes, while holding the also be necessary.
eyelid(s) open. If irritation or

pain persists, see a doctor.
Wear chemical
protective clothing e.g.
Flush with lukewarm, gently gloves, aprons, boots.
flowing water for 5 minutes. If Coveralls or long sleeve
irritation or pain persists, see a shirts and pants in some
Skin doctor. Immediately call a operations. Wear a
Poison Centre or doctor. chemical protective, full-
Treatment is urgently required. body encapsulating suit
Transport to a hospital. and self-contained
breathing apparatus
(SCBA).
Move victim to fresh air. Keep The use of masks to
at rest in a position comfortable avoid inhalation exposure.
for breathing. If breathing is
difficult, trained personnel
should administer emergency
oxygen. DO NOT allow victim
Inhalation
to move about unnecessarily.
28
Symptoms of pulmonary edema
may be delayed. Immediately
call a Poison Centre or doctor.
Treatment is urgently required.
Transport to a hospital.
FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARD

May ignite other combustible materials (wood, paper, oil, etc.). Mixture with fuels may
cause explosion. Container may explode in heat of fire. Vapor explosion and poison hazard
indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Hydrogen and chlorine mixtures (5-95%) are exploded by

almost any form of energy (heat, sunlight, sparks, etc.). May combine with water or steam to
produce toxic and corrosive fumes of hydrochloric acid. Emits highly toxic fumes when heated.
Avoid plastics and rubber. Avoid heat and contact with hydrogen gas or powdered metals.
(EPA, 1998)
FIREFIGHTING MEASURES
Evacuate area endangered by gas. Stay upwind; keep out of low areas. Wear positive
pressure breathing apparatus and full protective clothing. Move container from fire area if you
can do so without risk. Spray cooling water on containers that are exposed to flames until well
after fire is out. If it is necessary to stop the flow of gas, use water spray to direct escaping gas
away from those effecting shut-off. Will not burn, but most combustible materials will burn
in chlorine as they do in oxygen; flammable gases will form explosive mixtures with chlorine.
Dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, fog or foam. (EPA, 1998)
PROPER HANDLING AND STORAGE
Precautions for safe handling:

Put on appropriate personal protective equipment. Contains gas under
29
pressure. Do not get in eyes or on skin or clothing. Do not breathe gas. Avoid
release to the environment. Use only with adequate ventilation. Wear
appropriate respirator when ventilation is inadequate. Keep away from clothing,
incompatible materials and combustible materials. Keep reduction valves free
from grease and oil. Empty containers retain product residue and can be
hazardous. Do not puncture or incinerate container. Use equipment rated for
cylinder pressure. Close valve after each use and when empty. Protect cylinders
from physical damage; do not drag, roll, slide, or drop. Use a suitable hand
truck for cylinder movement.
Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:

Store in accordance with local regulations. Store in a segregated and

approved area. Store away from direct sunlight in a dry, cool and well-
ventilated area, away from incompatible materials. Store locked up. Separate
from acids, alkalies, reducing agents and combustibles. Keep container tightly
closed and sealed until ready for use. Cylinders should be stored upright, with
valve protection cap in place, and firmly secured to prevent falling or being
knocked over. Cylinder temperatures should not exceed 52 °C (125 °F). Keep
away from heat, sparks, open flames and incompatible substances.
Non suitable packaging material:

Acetal , aluminum, brass, Bronze, carbon steel, cast iron, chrome, CPVC,
epoxy, LDPE, natural rubber, neoprene, nitrile, nylon, polyetherether ketone
(PEEK), polypropylene, polyurethane, PPS, PVC, silicone, titanium.
30
PROCESS
SELECTION
PROCESS 1
Production of Vinyl Chloride via
Gas-Phase Dehydrochlorination
of 1,2- Dichloroethane
I. PROCESS DESCRIPTION
The gas-phase dehydrochlorination is the most important route and

industrially used for the production of vinyl chloride. The reaction occurs via a
first-order free radical chain mechanism, which starts with the hemolytic
cleavage of a C – Cl bond:
1) ClCH2–CH2Cl → ClCH2–C·H2 +Cl ·
2) Cl · + ClCH2–CH2Cl → ClCH2–C·HCl + HCl
3) ClCH2–C·HCl → CH2 = CHCl + Cl
4) Cl · + ClCH2–CH2Cl → ClCH2–C·HCl + HCl
Because chlorine is readily available in vinyl chloride plants and

because of its minimal interference, chlorine is primarily used as a promoter.
Promoter concentration in the 1,2-dichloroethane feed may vary between a few
hundred mg/kg and up to 5%. Good results were achieved when chlorine was
fed at different points to the reaction zone, which may, however, be difficult to
realize. Even though 1,1-dichloroethane is more difficult to crack, good
conversions are obtainable if the 1,1-dichloroethane concentration does not
exceed 10% in the feed.
The crack reaction is industrially carried out at temperatures between

400 and 650 ◦C, preferably, however, between 500 and 550 ◦C. Reactor
pressure may vary from 0.1 to 4.0 MPa. However, high-pressure processes (2.0
– 3.0 MPa) are preferred because high pressure reduces furnace size, improves
heat transfer, and makes the downstream separation easier, due to increased
boiling points. Mean residence time is about 10 – 20 s. The 1,2-dichloroethane
conversion is kept at 50 – 60%per pass to control byproduct formation and
coking, which significantly increases at higher conversion rates and causes
yield losses. At these conversion rates, vinyl chloride yields of 95– 99% are
obtainable.
34
The byproducts of 1,2-dichloroethane cracking can be theoretically
divided into two groups:
1) Volatile impurities such as ethylene, acetylene,

vinylacetylene, 1,3-butadiene,
2-chloro-1,3-butadiene, benzene, chlorobenzene, 1,2- and
1,1-dichloroethylene,
1,1-dichloroethane, 1,1,1- and 1,1,2-trichloroethane, methyl
and methylene chloride, chloroform, and tetrachloromethane.
2) Tars and coke. To remove these, special filters are used.
Pure 1,2-dichloroethane is fed to the evaporator in the upper part of the

cracking furnace. The gas phase is separated from the remaining liquids and fed
to the cracking zone. After having passed
the cracking zone in the furnace, the gases are cooled and quenched. Hydrogen
chloride is removed from the reaction mixture in the first distillation tower and
sent back to the Oxy – EDC process or used for other purposes (e.g., methanol
hydrochlorination). Vinyl chloride is distilled in the second tower and drawn
off as a head product. It can be washed with diluted caustic in order to remove
the last traces of hydrogen chloride and 1,2-dichloroethane. The bottoms of the
vinyl chloride column are purified in two more distillation stages. First, the
low-boiling impurities are removed in the light ends column, followed by 1,2-
dichloroethane separation from the heavy ends in the last tower. The purified
1,2-dichloroethane is recycled to the cracking furnace.
II. SUSTAINABILITY
35
The main compound needed in the process, 1,2-dichloroethane is not
commonly produced here in the Philippines. Prominent suppliers and
distributors of this chemical can be located in the mainland. The table below
shows the estimated price of the raw materials needed for this process and the
corresponding amount.
Table 3.1 Cost of Raw Materials for Process 1
Raw Material Amount Price

1,2-Dichloroethane 500ml Php 5,339.44
Source: rightpricechemicals.com, alibaba.com
ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
To assess the environmental impact of the chemicals involved in the

production of vinyl chloride, we calculated the Environmental Index of each
process using Biwer’s Environmental Factor Method. The total EIproc of any
components that appeared in both the inlet and outlet streams was calculated by
summing the EIcomp values. This method ensures a conservative estimate
when dealing with environmental impact, hopefully precluding the possibility
of an environmental disaster. To identify the highest impact compounds, we
look for the components with the highest EIcomp values. For all three
processes, vinyl chloride was the highest impact component. The other high
impact molecules were hydrogen chloride, and chlorine, which was also present
in the three processes.
Below is a map of how the impact categories and impact groups were sectioned
together, and which categories are used for input or output environmental
factors (Biwer, 2004)
36
To calculate the environmental impact of all of the chemicals involved in the
reaction, we looked up literature for the factor values from the Environmental
Protection Agency, along with other governmental and independent research
agencies (CDC, NIOSH, US Human Health and Safety).
The formulas were provided in the paper describing Biwer’s assessment

method: They provide the equations to calculate the Environmental Factors and
Environment Indices for each component and overall process.
37
Component: 1,2-Dichloroethane
Impact Impact Impact
Impact Category Impact Group Group
EF Value
Category ABC Group ABC Numerical
Rating Rating Rating
AT B Organisms A 1 0.65
ChT A Organisms
ED B Organisms
Component
ThR A A 1
Risk
GWP C Air B 0.3
ODP C Air
AP C Air
POCP B Air
OD C Air
EP B Water/Soil B 0.3
OCPP B Water Soil
Higher EF values translate to great environmental impact risk. Therefore the
processes to be assessed are to be evaluated by which has the lowest EF Values
for each component.
Component: Vinyl Chloride

Impact Impact Impact Impact
Category Category Group Group
Impact EF Value
ABC ABC Numerical
Group
ChT A Organisms
ED B Organisms
ThR A Component A 1
Risk
GWP B Air B 0.3
ODP B Air
AP B Air
POCP C Air
OD B Air
III. MANUFACTURABILITY
Manufacturability relates to process a finished product with relative ease

at minimum cost and maximum reliability. First, the number of intensive
equipment is accounted. This relates to the energy consumption that is signified
through high pressure and high temperature. Second is the number of industries
using stated process. Higher number of process usage by the industry may
denote process is more effective as compare to other.
Number of Intensive Equipment
Table 3.2 Number of Intensive Equipment for Process 1
Type of Intensive
Quantity Complexity
Equipment
Reactor 1 - Requires up to 650℃
- High temperature
Reboiler 3
requirement
Process Usage in the Industry
Dow Chemical and Hoechst Philippines Inc, Ethyl Corporation in Virgina,

USA, B.F Goodrich in Charlotte, North Carolina and Wacker which has also a 39
plant here in the Philippines uses this process either noncatalized or catalized.
IV. SAFETY
Human Safety
Toxicity level of raw materials was analyzed, which may be seen in

Table 3.4 below, based on the corresponding health hazards that it may cause to
humans. Basis for attaining the level of toxicity was in table 3.5, which explains
in detail the health hazards of the raw materials obtained from the Material
Safety Data Sheet of each raw material used in the process. Health hazard rating
from Table 3.3 was used to evaluate the toxicity level of the raw material.
Table 3.3 Health Hazard Rating
HEALTH HAZARD RATING

0 For minimal hazard and no significant risk to health
For slight hazard or minor reversible injury
1
possible
For moderate hazard temporary or minor injury
2
may occur
For serious hazard major injury likely unless
3
prompt action is taken and medical treatment given
4 For severe hazard, life-threatening, major of
permanent damage may result from single or
repeated exposures
Table 3.4 Toxicity Levels of Raw Materials for Process 1
CRITERIA 1,2- Dichloroethane

Contact with liquid or vapor causes severe burns and possible
irreversible eye damage. 40
Severity of Immediate
Harmful if swallowed.
Effects
High concentration inhalation causes respiratory tract
irritation.
No information on the sensitization potential of this substance
Sensitization Level
was identified.
Carcinogenicity Level Suspect carcinogen
Reproductive Toxicity No data available to indicate product or any components
Level present at greater than 0.1% may cause birth defects.
Prolonged or repeated skin contact may cause dermatitis.
Severity of Chronic
Prolonged or repeated eye contact may cause conjunctivitis.
Effects
May cause liver and kidney damage.
Table 3.5 Toxicity Level Score of Raw Materials for Process 1
CRITERIA 1,2- Dichloroethane
Severity of Immediate Effects 2
Sensitization Level 1
Carcinogenicity Level 3
Reproductive Toxicity Level 0
Severity of Chronic Effects 4

Subtotal 10
Total 10
41
Equipment Safety
The process includes equipment which operates at high temperature and
pressure ranging from 400°C to 650°C and 2.0-3.0 MPa. The crack furnace
should be operated carefully as it contains huge amount of heat when in use.
The process also includes a reactor which needs to be operated carefully since it
is the most complicated equipment to be used.
V. ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECT
This process imposes an adverse impact on the environment mainly
because of the raw material, 1,2-dichloroethane, which is highly toxic. Also
because of the volatile impurities that are present in its by-products such as
1,1,1- and 1,1,2- trichloroethane which are listed as an environmental hazard.
42
PROCESS II
Production of Vinyl Chloride

Monomer via Catalytic
Hydrochlorination of Acetylene
The catalytic hydrochlorination of acetylene is done on gaseous phase. In

this process the gaseous reactants are brought into contact with the catalyst at
slightly increased pressure (0.1 – 0.3MPa) and 100 –250 ◦C (contact time 0.1 –
1 s) and then quenched and partially liquified. The reaction products are
separated, recycled, or submitted to final purification. The molar feed ratios,
varying from almost equimolar to a 10-fold excess of HCl, depend heavily on
catalyst performance. Acetylene conversions of 95– 100% at almost
quantitative yields are achieved. The acetylene fed to the reactor has to be free
of common catalyst poisons such as sulfur, phosphorus and arsenic compounds.
The hydrogen chloride must be free of chlorine to avoid explosion and should
not contain chlorinated hydrocarbons, which could also act as catalyst poisons
Reactions Involve:
1.)
2.)
Acetylene and hydrogen chloride are mixed and fed with recycle gas to
the reactor. The gases leaving the reactor are compressed and fed to a first
tower, where most of the vinyl chloride is withdrawn as a liquid from the
bottom. Most of the overhead product (HCl, C2H2 and C2H3Cl) is recycled to
the reactor. For removal of inert matter, a small part of this recycle stream is
drawn off and washed with heavies—preferably 1,1-dichloroethane formed by
competitive addition of HCl to vinyl chloride—to recover vinyl chloride and
acetylene. In the second tower, the crude vinyl chloride is purified and
withdrawn at the head section. The heavy bottoms are submitted to a final
stripping in the heavies column with the underflow of the washing tower and
removed at the bottom for further use or for incineration. The overheads from
the heavies treatment (acetylene and vinyl chloride) are recirculated to the
compressor suction for optimal product recovery.
44
II. SUSTAINABILITY
The main compound needed in the process, acetylene is commonly
produced here in the Philippines. Prominent suppliers and distributors of this
chemical are Air Liquide Philippines Inc., Sugeco Chemicals, Floper Air
Medical Oxygen and Industrial Gas, and ZIG3 Industrial Gas Trading Co. Ltd.
As for hydrogen chloride, it is readily available in the Philippine market, for it
is commonly used in the production in different plants. The table below shows
the estimated price of the raw materials needed for this process and the
corresponding amount.

Acetylene 6.5 kg (cylinder) Php 3,561.46
Hydrogen Chloride 25 kg (cylinder) Php 508.78
Source: alibaba.com
Environmental Sustainability
Component: Acetylene
EF Value
AT B Organisms B 0.3 0.225
ChT A Organisms
ED B Organisms
Component
ThR B B 0.3
Risk
GWP C Air C 0 45
ODP C Air
AP C Air
POCP B Air
OD C Air
EP B Water/Soil B 0.3
OCPP B Water Soil
Component: Chlorine
EF Value
Avb C Resources C 0 0.15
CS C Grey Input C 0
CM C Grey Input
AT B Organisms B 0.3
ChT A Organisms
ED C Organisms
Component
ThR B B 0.3
Risk
Component: Hydrogen Chloride
46
EF Value
AT A Organisms B 0.3 0.5
ChT B Organisms
ED B Organisms
Component
ThR C C 0
Risk
GWP C Air B 0.3
ODP C Air
AP A Air
POCP C Air
OD B Air
EP B Water/Soil C 0
OCPP B Water/Soil

EF Value
AT B Organisms B 0.3 0.475
ChT A Organisms
ED B Organisms
Component
ThR A A 1
Risk
GWP B Air B 0.3
47
ODP B Air
AP B Air
POCP C Air
OD B Air
EP C Water/Soil B 0.3
OCPP B Water/Soil
Type of Intensive
Quantity Complexity
Equipment
Reactor 2 - Requires high pressure
- High temperature
Reboiler 1
requirement
Qihua PVC plant in China uses this process to manufacture vinyl chloride.
IV. SAFETY
Human Safety

Table 3.8 below, based on the corresponding health hazards that it may cause to
humans. Basis for attaining the level of toxicity was in table 4.1b, which
48
explains in detail the health hazards of the raw materials obtained from the
Material Safety Data Sheet of each raw material used in the process. Health
hazard rating from Table 3.9 was used to evaluate the toxicity level of the raw
material.
Hydrogen Mercury II
CRITERIA Acetylene
Chloride Chloride
Causes severe
skin and
gastrointestinal
irritation. May
be fatal if
absorbed by skin
and swallowed.
May cause anesthetic Extremely hazardous
May cause burns
effects. In high by the following route
concentrations may of exposure: of skin to the
Severity of
cause asphyxiation contact (corrosive), of respiratory tract.
Immediate
by inhalation. eye contact Acute exposure
Effects (corrosive), of
to high
No adverse effect on inhalation (lung
concentrations
skin. corrosive).
of mercury
vapors may
cause severe
respiratory tract
irritation.
Sensitization Level No information on Corrosive. Corrosive.

the sensitization
potential of this
substance was
identified.
Carcinogenicity No carcinogenic No carcinogenic Suspected of
Level effect. effect. causing cancer
No known mutagenic
Reproductive No mutagenic effect. Suspected of
effect.
Toxicity No teratogenic damaging fertility
No known
Level effect. or the unborn child
reproductive toxicity.
Prolonged or
repeated skin
contact may cause
Chronic occupational dermatitis. Chronic
exposure to inhalation and
Severity of Chronic No chronic health hydrochloric acid has ingestion may cause
Effects hazard. been reported to effects similar to
cause chronic those of acute
bronchitis inhalation and
ingestion. May
cause reproductive
and fetal effects.
Hydrogen Mercury II
CRITERIA Acetylene
Chloride Chloride
50
2 2 4
Effects
Sensitization Level 0 2 4
Carcinogenicity Level 0 0 4
Reproductive Toxicity
0 0 4
Level
Severity of Chronic
0 1 4
Effects
Subtotal 2 5 20
Total 9
Equipment Safety
Reactor should be operated carefully since this is the most complicated
equipment in this process.
V. ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECT
This process only has a slim chance of imposing an adverse impact in

the environment because the generated by-product HCl has been fully utilized
to react with acetylene so that liquid waste generated is zero avoiding mass
production of waste acid.
51
PROCESS III
Production of Vinyl Chloride

from Ethylene via Direct Routes
The production is carried out exclusively by passing through the 1,2

dichloroethane as intermediate for the production of vinyl chloride, chlorinating
the ethylene according to direct chlorination and oxychlorination reactions and
finally performing the pyrolysis in a cracking furnace:
1.
2.
3.
The plant structure is made by three different reactors and two separation
section for the purification of the intermediate and of the product respectively.
Ethylene is usually split in almost equal parts and supplied to the two
chlorination units, direct chlorination and oxychlorination, where reactions and
occur respectively yielding selectively to 1,2-dichloroethane (EDC). After
purification EDC is vaporised and sent to the furnace where pyrolysis occurs.
After cracking reactor the process stream is mainly com sent to the VCM
purification section where almost pure HCl and VCM are drawn. Two main
recycle streams are present: the 1,2-dichloroethane is fed back to its purification
section while hydrogen chloride is supplied to the oxy-chlorination reactor after
recovery by distillation. Furthermore, it must be evident that during steady state
operation a feed of fresh hydrogen chloride is absent and the same pyrolysis
reactor provides the entire amount of reactant required by the oxychlorination
section. Posed by vinyl chloride, hydrogen chloride and unreacted 1,2-
dichloroethane and it is sent to the VCM purification section where almost pure
HCl and VCM are drawn. Two main recycle streams are present: the 1,2-
dichloroethane is fed back to its purification section while hydrogen chloride is
supplied to the oxychlorination reactor after recovery by distillation.
Furthermore, it must be evident that during steady state operation a feed of
fresh hydrogen chloride is absent and the same pyrolysis reactor provides the
entire amount of reactant required by the oxychlorination section.
II. SUSTAINABILITY
The main compound needed in the process, ethylene can be produced here
in the Philippines. Prominent suppliers and distributors of this chemical are Air
Liquide Philippines, Linde Industrial Gases and Suntra International Trading
Corp. As for hydrogen chloride and chlorine, both are readily available in the
Philippine market, for these are commonly used in the production in different
plants. The table below shows the estimated price of the raw materials needed
for this process and the corresponding amount.

Ethylene 40 L (cylinder) Php 3,052.68
Hydrogen Chloride 25 kg (cylinder) Php 508.78
Chlorine 1 metric ton Php 51, 437
Source: alibaba.com
Environmental Sustainability
Component: Ethylene
EF Value
Avb B Resources B 0.3 0.825
CS B Grey Input A 1
CM A Grey Input
AT A Organisms A 1
ChT B Organisms
ED B Organisms 54
Component
ThR A A 1
Risk
Component: Chlorine
EF Value
Avb C Resources C 0 0.325
CS C Grey Input C 0
CM C Grey Input
AT B Organisms A 1
ChT A Organisms
ED C Organisms
Component
ThR B B 0.3
Risk
Component: Hydrogen Chloride

EF Value
AT A Organisms A 1 0.5
ChT B Organisms
ED A Organisms
Component
ThR C C 0
Risk
GWP C Air A 1
ODP C Air 55
AP A Air
POCP C Air
OD B Air
EP B Water/Soil C 0
OCPP B Water/Soil
EF Value
ChT A Organisms
ED B Organisms
Component
ThR A A 1
Risk
GWP B Air B 0.3
ODP B Air
AP B Air
POCP C Air
OD B Air
EP C Water/Soil B 0.3
OCPP B Water/Soil

56
Type of Intensive
Quantity Complexity
Equipment
Reactor 3 - Requires high pressure
- High temperature
Reboiler 1
requirement
Scrubber 1 -High cost installation
Ethyl Corp., Goodrich, Mitsui Toatsu Chemicals, Monsanto, Scientific

Design and RhBne-Poulenc which are all international industries uses this
manufacturing process.
IV. SAFETY
Human Safety

Table 4.2c below, based on the corresponding health hazards that it may cause
to humans. Basis for attaining the level of toxicity was in table 4.1c, which
explains in detail the health hazards of the raw materials obtained from the
Material Safety Data Sheet of each raw material used in the process. Health
hazard rating from Table 4.1a was used to evaluate the toxicity level of the raw
material.
CRITERIA Ethylene Chlorine 57
Fatal if inhaled.
Direct contact with liquid
Severity of Immediate form can cause frostbite
Causes severe skin burns and eye
Effects and freeze-burns in
damage.
exposed tissues.
Ethylene is not known to

Sensitization Level cause skin or respiratory Irritant.
sensitization in humans.
Carcinogenicity Level No carcinogenic effect. No carcinogenic effect.
Reproductive Toxicity No reproductive toxicity
No known mutagenic effect.
effects have been
Level No known reproductive toxicity.
described for Ethylene.
Chronic exposure to
Chronic exposure may cause
oxygen-deficient
respiratory tract burns, skin
atmospheres (below 18%
Severity of Chronic Effects burns, eye burns, kidney damage,
oxygen in air) may affect
tooth erosion, respiratory system
the heart and nervous
effects.
system.
CRITERIA Ethylene Chlorine

4 4 58
Effects
Sensitization Level 0 4
Carcinogenicity Level 0 0
Reproductive Toxicity
0 0
Level
Severity of Chronic
3 3
Effects
Subtotal 7 11
Total 9
Equipment Safety
The process includes an equipment which operates at high
temperature which ranges from 300°C-600°C and pressure which ranges from
2.0-3.0 MPa. The process also includes reactor which has to be operated
carefully since it is the most complicated equipment to be used.
V. Environmental Aspect
This process can impose an adverse impact on the environment due to
the incineration of the heavy by-products accounting 3% of the total production
in order to recover an aqueous HCl.
SUMMARY OF PROCESS SELECTION

Table 3.14 Evaluation Summary and Scoring for Process Selection Evaluation
EVALUATION SUMMARY AND SCORING OF PROCESS SELECTION
59
PARAMETERS PROCESS 1 PROCESS 2 PROCESS 3
1. Sustainability
Cost of Raw Acetylene and
Materials 1,2- Hydrogen Chloride
Ethylene,
Dichloroethane is are the main raw
Hydrogen
the main raw materials for
Chloride and
material for process 2 that costs
Chlorine are the
process 1 that Php 3,561.46 per
main raw
costs PHP 6.5 kg (cylinder)
materials for
5,339.44 per mL for acetylene and
process 3 that
which is the Php 508.78 per 25
costs Php
lowest among the kg (cylinder) for
3,052.68 per 40 L
three processes. HCl which is the
(cylinder) for
Since it gives the highest value
ethylene, Php
lowest cost, a among the three
508.78 per 25 kg
perfect score of 5 processes
(cylinder) for
HCl, and Php 51,
437 per metric
Therefore, lowest ton of chlorine.
score of 1.43 was The score given
given, which is is 2.72. Score
was given to it. made by was made by
multiplying 5 by multiplying 5,
the ratio of the being the highest
least cost given by score, by the ratio
process 3 to that of of the least cost
process 2. given by process
1 to that of
process 3.
Based on the data Based on the data Based on the data

Environmenta
given above, given above, there given above,
l
there are two are four there are four
Sustainability
components that components that components that
may affect may affect may affect
environmental environmental environmental
sustainability sustainability sustainability
which are EDC which are which are
and vinyl acetylene, HCl, ethylene, HCl,
chloride that chlorine and vinyl chlorine and
yields EF values chloride that yields vinyl chloride
of 0.65 and 0.65, EF values of that yields EF
61
0.225, 0.15, 0.5,
and 0.475,
values of 0.825,
respectively. This
respectively. This 0.325, 0.5, and
process is given a
process is given a 0.65,
score of 2.72
score of 5 respectively. This
because it has
because it has the process is given a
higher elements
least number of score of 1.43
than process 1 but
elements because it yields
same to process 3
compared to the the highest EF
but yields lower
two processes. values among the
EF values.
three processes.
2. Manufacturability
Process includes Process involves Process includes
only four (4) three (3) intensive four (4) intensive
Number of
intensive equipment which equipment
Intensive
equipment which is composed of 2 2 composed of 3
Equipment
is composed of 1 reactors and 1 reactors and 1
reactor, and 3 reboiler. A score of reboiler. A score
reboilers. A score 4 is given to this of 1.43 is given
of 2.72 is given process because it to this process
because it has compose of least because it has the
more intensive equipment among most number of
equipment than the three intensive
process 2 but processes. equipment which
same as process is same as
3. process 1 but
consist of 3
reactors.
There are three

international and There are five
two local international
company companies using
companies using the process. A
Process Usage in this process. A score of 3.33 was
Industry score of 5 was There is one given because it
given. One local international has higher
Number of company using the
company number of 62
Manufacturing process. A score of
equivalents to 3 companies using
Companies Using 1 is given.
international this process
the Process
company in compare to
which compared process 2.
to the other two
processes.
3. Safety
Health Hazards
of Raw Materials Raw materials Raw materials give
Raw materials
give higher the lowest level of
give the highest
health hazard health hazard with
level of health
level compared to a mark of 9.
hazard with a
that of process 2 Therefore, a score
mark of 9.
and 3 with a of 4 was given to
Therefore, a
mark of 10. it.
Therefore, a
score of 4 was
score of 2 was
given to it.
given to it.
An equipment
operates at 400-
An equipment
650°C so it was
operates at 300-
given the lowest
600°C so it was
score of 1 which
given a score of
is made by There is no data
Operating
3.
comparing to the given. Therefore, a
Temperature
operating score of 1 is
temperature 63
given.
given by process
3.
Operating
Pressure
Equipment No specific data An equipment
operates at 2-3 given but it operates at 2-3
MPa. There is involves reactors MPa and there is
also a reactor which should be an reactor
which should be operated carefully involved here
operated thus, a score of 2 is which should be
carefully so it given. operated
was given a score carefully. It was
of 2 because it given a score of
can’t guarantee 2.
100% safeness.
4. Environmental Aspect
As stated, the
As stated, process can
process imposes impose adverse
adverse impact impact on the
As stated, the
on the environment due
process has a slim
environment to incineration of
Environmental chance of
because the raw heavy by-
Hazards of Raw imposing an 64
material EDC is products, giving
Materials adverse effect on
highly toxic as a score of 2.5.
the environment,
well as its by-
giving a score of 3.
products which
are listed as
environmental
hazards, giving a
score of 1.
Process selection was done to obtain the most viable process for the
production of vinyl chloride. Factors such as sustainability, manufacturability,
safety and environmental aspects are considered in the selection. In accordance
with the calculations and depiction of each parameter for every process, the
summary and scoring of scores are illustrated as a summary.
Table 3.15 Summary of Scores for Process Selection Evaluation
SCORESHEET
SCORE SCORE X WEIGHT OVERALL SCORE
ATTRIBUTES WEIGHT
P1 P2 P3 P1 P2 P3 P1 P2 P3
SUSTAINABILITY
Cost of Raw
5 1.43 2.72 20 5.72 10.88
Materials
4 20 8.3 8.3
Environmental
5 2.72 1.43 20 10.88 5.72
Sustainability
MANUFACTURABILITY
Number of
Intensive 2.72 4 1.43 10.88 16 5.72
Equipment
Process Usage in
Industry 4 15.44 10 6.19
(Number of
5 1 3.33 20 4 6.66
Manufacturing
Companies Using
the Process)
SAFETY
Health Hazards of
2 4 4 8 16 16
Raw Materials
Operating
4 1 1 3 4 4 12 6.67 10 10.67
Temperature
Operating
2 2.5 2 8 10 4
Pressure
ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECT
Environmental
Hazards of Raw 4 1 3 2 4 12 8 4 12 8
Materials
TOTAL 37 46.11 40.3 33.16
CONCLUSION:
Based on the score sheet, it can be noted that process 1 which is the
Production of Vinyl Chloride via Gas-Phase Dehydrochlorination of 1,2-
Dichloroethane is the most viable method to be used. Process 1 gives the lowest
cost of raw materials, has lesser components which means lesser effect on the
environmental sustainability, most preferred method used by companies and
also has two local companies that uses this method. After the analysis it is
therefore concluded that process 1 was evaluated to be a feasible process that
can be used in this design project.
OVERALL
MATERIAL
BALANCE
Equipment Name: Reactor

Equipment Code: R-101
Temperature: 773. 15 K
Operating Parameters:
Pressure: 20 atm
Description:
Vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) is produced by the thermal cracking of ethylene
dichloride (EDC) through the following reactions:
C2H4Cl2 C2H3Cl + HCl (Main Reaction)
C2H4Cl2 + Cl2 C2H3Cl3 + HCl (Side Reaction)
Basis:
 The amount of feed is assumed to be kg/day to produce 10,000.58 kg

VCM/day (160.137 kmol/day).
 Selectivity: 99.9% (Lakshmanan & Biegler, 1995)
 Conversion: 60% (Lakshmanan & Biegler, 1995)
STREAM 5
COMPONENT MASS (kg/day)
Cl2 6.020675915
TOTAL 6.020675915
STREAM 4 STREAM 6
COMPONENT MASS (kg/day) COMPONENT MASS (kg/day)
EDC 26422.41208 EDC 10576.4199
Methane 2.138436674 Methane 1.283330113
H2 0.005346092 H2 0.003208325
C4H10 0.155036659 C4H10 0.093246152
Acetylene 0.034749596 Acetylene 0.020854114
Trichloroethane 0.011324 Trichloroethane 11.33511975
VCM 0.999958 HCl 5840.105307
TOTAL 26425.75693 VCM 10001.58371
TOTAL 26430.84467
68
Moles of EDC/day:
kg 1 kmol
(
EDC Feed= 10000.58375
day
VCM )(
62.45 kg
VCM
1
0.6 )( )( 10.999 )
kmol
= 267.1629128 C2 H 4 Cl 2
day
kmol
(
Total Moles of Feed/day = 267.1629128
day )(10.99947 )
kmol
= 267.30458
day
Mass of Feed (Stream 4):
kmol 98.9 kg
(
EDC = 267.1629128
day
C2 H 4 Cl 2
kmol)( C2 H 4 Cl 2 )
kg
= 26422.41208 C2 H 4 Cl 2
day
Methane=Mass ¿ Stream2+ Mass ¿ Stream 39

kg
¿ 1.283330 CH 4
day
H 2=Mass ¿ Stream 2+ Mass¿ Stream39

kg
¿ 0.003208 H2
day
C 4 H 10=Mass ¿ Stream 2+ Mass ¿ Stream39

kg kg
(
¿ 0.093041
day
+ 0.000205
day )
kg
¿ 0.093246 C 4 H 10
day
C2 H 2=Mass ¿ Stream 2+ Mass¿ Stream39

kg
= 0.020854 C 2H 2
day
69
C2 H 3 Cl 3=Mass¿ Stream2+ Mass ¿ Stream39
kg
= 0.011324 C2 H3 Cl 3
day
C2 H 3 Cl=Mass¿ Stream2+ Mass ¿ Stream 39
kg
= 0.999958 C2 H 3 Cl
day
Total Mass of Stream 4:
kg kg kg
26422.41208 C2 H 4 Cl 2 + 1.283330 CH 4 + 0.003208 H2
day day day
kg kg
+ 0.093246 C 4 H 10 +0.020854 C 2H 2
day day
kg kg
+ 0.011324 C2 H3 Cl 3 +0.999958 C2 H 3 Cl
day day
kg
= 26424.824
day
EDC to impurities =
(26422.41208 kmol
day
C2 H 4 Cl 2 ) – ( 10576.4199
kg
day
C2 H 4 Cl 2) –
(10000.58375 kgday VCM )( 162.45

kmol
kg
VCM )(
98.9 kg
kmol
C 2 H 4 Cl 2 )
kg
= 8.398375853 C2 H 4 Cl 2
day
kg 1 kmol kg
(
Cl 2= 8.398375853
day
C 2H 4 Cl 2 )(
98.9 kg
C 2H 4 Cl 2 70.9 )(
kmol
Cl 2 ) 70
kg
= 6.020675915 Cl 2
day

Stream 4 + Stream 5
kg kg
= 26424.824 + 6.020675915
day day
kg
= 24630.84467
day
Exit Stream of Reactor (Stream 6)
Main Reaction:
C2H4Cl2 C2H3Cl + HCl
Mass of Products from Main Reaction:
kg
VCM=10000.58375 C2 H 3 Cl
day
kg 1 kmol 36.35 kg HCl

(
HCl= 10000.58375
day
VCM )(
62.45 kg
VCM )(
1 kmol VCM )
kg
¿ 5837.010051 HCl
day
EDC = Mass of Feed in Stream 4 –
(( Mass of Product∈Stream6 ) (162.45

kmol
kg
VCM )(
98.9 kg EDC 1
1 kmol VCM )( 0.99947 ) )
(26422.41208 kmol
day (
C2 H 4 Cl 2 )− ( 10000.58375
kg
day
VCM )(
1 kmol
62.45 kg
VCM )(
98.9 kg EDC 1
1 kmol VCM )( 0.999
kg 71
= 10576.4199 EDC
day
Total Mass of Products per day:
kg kg kg
10000.58375 +5837.010051 +¿ 10576.4199
day day day
kg
= 26414.0137
day
Side Reaction:
C2H4Cl2 + Cl2 C2H3Cl3 + HCl
Mass of Products from Side Reaction:

1 kmol
Formula: (Mass of EDC to Impurities) ( C2 H 4 Cl 2) (MW of Product from
98.9 kg
side rxn)
+ Mass of Product in Stream 4
Trichloroethane =
kg 1 kmol l33.35 kg
(8.398375853 day C2 H 4 Cl 2)(
98.9 kg
C2 H 4 Cl 2)(
kmol
C2 H3 Cl 3)
kg
+ 0.011324 C2 H 3 Cl 3
day
kg
= 11.33511975 C2 H 3 Cl 3
day
kg 1 kmol 36.45 kg
(
HCl = 8.398375853
day
C2 H 4 Cl 2 )(
98.9 kg
C2 H 4 Cl 2
kmol )( )
kg
= 3.095255812 HCl
day
Total Mass of Products per day:
kg kg
11.33511975 + 3.095255812 HCl
day day
kg
= 14.43037556 72
day
Mass of Impurities of the Reactant:
Methane=Mass ¿ Stream2+ Mass ¿ Stream 39

kg
¿ 1.283330 CH 4
day
H 2=Mass ¿ Stream 2+ Mass¿ Stream39

kg
¿ 0.003208 H2
day
C 4 H 10=Mass ¿ Stream 2+ Mass ¿ Stream39

kg kg
(
¿ 0.093041
day
+ 0.000205
day )
kg
¿ 0.093246 C 4 H 10
day
C2 H 2=Mass ¿ Stream 2+ Mass¿ Stream39

kg
= 0.020854 C 2H 2
day
C2 H 3 Cl 3=Mass¿ Stream2+ Mass ¿ Stream39

kg
= 0.011324 C2 H3 Cl 3
day
C2 H 3 Cl=Mass¿ Stream2+ Mass ¿ Stream 39
kg
= 0.999958 C2 H 3 Cl
day
Total Mass of Impurities per day:
kg kg kg
1.283330 CH 4 + 0.003208 H 2 + 0.093246 C 4 H 10
day day day
73
kg kg
+0.020854 C 2H 2 +0.999958 C2 H 3 Cl
day day
kg
= 2.400597074
day
Mass in = Mass out

Mass of Stream 4 + Mass of Stream 5 = Mass of Stream 6
kg kg kg kg
26424.824 + 6.020675915 = 26414.0137 + 14.43037556 +¿
day day day day
kg
2.400597074
day
kg kg
26430.84467 = 26430.84467
day day
Equipment Name: Quencher

Equipment Code: V-103
Temperature:
592.366 K
Operating Parameters: 74
Pressure:
101325 Pa
Description:
The effluent stream coming from the EDC cracking furnace (reactor) is fed into a
quencher to cool down the mixture and avoid the formation of unnecessary coke. The
liquid outlet streams from Flash tank 1 (V-104) and Flash tank 2 (V-105) are fed into
the quencher with the EDC content as the wash fluid.
STREAM 7
VCM 10000.583749
HCl 5840.105306
EDC 27392.986117
TRICHLOROETHANE 106.488698
METHANE 2.138437
H2 0.005346
C4H10 0.155037
ACETYLENE 0.034750
TOTAL 43342.497439
STREAM 10
EDC 3467.712198
TOTAL 3523.269984
STREAM 6
VCM 10000.58375
HCl 5840.105306
EDC 10576.4199
METHANE 2.138436674
H2 0.005346092
C4H10 0.155036659
ACETYLENE 0.034749596
TOTAL 26430.76632
STREAM 13
EDC 13348.854016
TOTAL 13388.46113

kg
VCM=10000.58375 C2 H 3 Cl
day
75
HCl=¿Mass from Main Reaction in Stream 6 + Mass from Side Reaction in
Stream 6
kg kg
¿ 5837.010051 HCl + 3.095255812 HCl
day day
kg
= 5840.105306 HCl
day

kmol
kg
VCM )(
98.9 kg EDC 1
1 kmol VCM )( 0.99947 ) )
(26422.41208 kmol
day
C2 H 4 Cl 2 )−(( 10000.58375
kg
day
VCM )(
1 kmol
62.45 kg
VCM )(
98.9 kg EDC 1
1 kmol VCM )( 0.999
kg
= 10576.4199 EDC
day
Trichloroethane =
kg 1 kmol l33.35 kg
(8.398375853 day C2 H 4 Cl 2)(
98.9 kg
C2 H 4 Cl 2)(
kmol
C2 H3 Cl 3)
kg
= 11.32379596 C2 H 3 Cl 3
day
Methane=(Moles ¿original reactor )( Molecular Weight )
kmol kg
(
¿ 0.133652292
day
16)(
kmol )
kg
¿ 2.138436674 CH 4
day
H 2=(Moles¿original reactor )(Molecular Weight)
kmol kg
(
¿ 0.002673046
day
2)(
kmol )
kg
¿ 0.005346092 H2
day
76
C 4 H 10=( Moles¿original reactor )(Molecular Weight)
kmol kg
(
¿ 0.002673046
day
58)(
kmol )
kg
¿ 0.155036659 C 4 H 10
day
C2 H 2=(Moles¿original reactor )( Molecular Weight)
kmol kg
(
¿ 0.001336523
day )(
26
kmol )
kg
¿ 0.034749596 C2 H 2
day
kg kg kg
10000.58375 C2 H3 Cl + 5840.105306 HCl + 10576.4199 EDC +
day day day
kg kg
11.32379596 C2 H 3 Cl 3+ 2.138436674 CH 4+ 0.005346092
day day
kg
H2
day
kg kg
+ 0.155036659 C 4 H 10+ 0.034749596 C2 H 2
day day
kg
= 26430.76632
day
EDC = ( Mass¿Stream 8 ) −¿)
kg kg
= 27392.986117 EDC – 23925.273918 EDC
day day
kg
= 3467.712198 EDC
day
Trichloroethane = ( Mass¿Stream 8 ) −¿)
kg kg 77
= 106.500022 C2 H 3 Cl 3 −¿50.942236 C2 H 3 Cl 3
day day
kg
= 55.557786 C2 H 3 Cl 3
day

kg kg
3467.712198 EDC + 55.557786 C2 H 3 Cl 3
day day
kg
= 3523.269984
day
EDC = ( Mass¿Stream 11 )−¿)
kg kg
= 23925.273918 EDC – 10576.419903 EDC
day day
kg
= 13348.854016 EDC
day
Trichloroethane =( Mass¿Stream 11 )−¿)
kg kg
= 50.942236 C2 H 3 Cl 3 −¿11.335120 C2 H 3 Cl 3
day day
kg
= 39.607116 C2 H 3 Cl 3
day

kg kg
13348.854016 EDC + 39.607116 C2 H 3 Cl 3
day day
kg
= 13388.46113
day
Exit Stream of Quencher (Stream 7)
78
Mass of Stream 7:
kg
VCM=10000.58375 C2 H 3 Cl
day
HCl=Mass ¿ Stream6=¿Mass from Main Reaction + Mass from Side Reaction

kg kg
¿ 5837.010051 HCl + 3.095255812 HCl
day day
kg
= 5840.105306 HCl
day
EDC = Mass from Stream 6 + Mass from Stream 10 + Mass from Stream 13
kg kg kg
= 10576.4199 EDC + 3467.712198 EDC+ ¿13348.854016 EDC
day day day
kg
= 27392.986117 EDC
day
Trichloroethane = Mass from Stream 6 + Mass from Stream 10 + Mass from

Stream 13
kg kg
= 11.32379596 C2 H 3 Cl 3 + 55.557786 C2 H 3 Cl 3
day day
kg
+ 39.607116 C2 H 3 Cl 3
day
kg
= 106.488698 C2 H 3 Cl 3
day
Methane=(Moles ¿original reactor )( Molecular Weight )
kmol kg
(
¿ 0.133652292
day
16)(
kmol )
79
kg
¿ 2.138436674 CH 4
day
H 2=(Moles¿original reactor )(Molecular Weight)
kmol kg
(
¿ 0.002673046
day
2)(
kmol )
kg
¿ 0.005346092 H2
day
C 4 H 10=( Moles¿original reactor )(Molecular Weight)
kmol kg
(
¿ 0.002673046
day
58)(
kmol )
kg
¿ 0.155036659 C 4 H 10
day
C2 H 2=(Moles¿original reactor )( Molecular Weight)
kmol kg
(
¿ 0.001336523
day
26)(
kmol )
kg
¿ 0.034749596 C2 H 2
day
kg kg kg
10000.58375 C2 H3 Cl + 5840.105306 HCl + 27392.986117 EDC
day day day
kg kg
+ 106.488698 C2 H 3 Cl 3 + 2.138436674 CH 4 + 0.005346092
day day
kg kg kg
H 2 + 0.155036659 C 4 H 10 + 0.034749596 C2 H 2
day day day
kg
= 43342.49743
day
Mass in = Mass out

Mass of Stream 6 + Mass of Stream 10 + Mass of Stream 13 = Mass of Stream 7
kg kg kg
26430.76632 + 3523.269984 +¿ 13388.46113 = 43342.497439 80
day day day
kg
day
kg kg
43342.49743 = 43342.49743
day day
Equipment Name: Flash Tank 1

Temperature:
353.15 K
Pressure:
101325 Pa
Description:
The effluent stream from the quencher, after passing through the heat exchanger,
proceeds to the first flash tank for the separation of the liquid and gas components. The
gas exit stream proceeds to the second flash tank and the liquid exit stream which
contains EDC and trichloroethane will be recycled back to the quencher.
STREAM 8
VCM 10001.583707
HCl 5840.105306
EDC 27392.986117
METHANE 1.283330
H2 0.003208
C4H10 0.093246
ACETYLENE 0.020854
TOTAL 43342.575791
STREAM 9
VCM 10001.583707
HCl 5840.105306
EDC 23925.273918
METHANE 1.283330
H2 0.003208
C4H10 0.093246
ACETYLENE 0.020854
TOTAL 39819.305807
STREAM 10
EDC 3467.712198
TOTAL 3523.269984
Vapor Pressure of EDC:

 T = 353.15 K
C2
Ps = exp (C1 + +C 3lnT +C 4 ( T )C 5)
T 82
−6920.4
Ps = exp (92.335 + +−10.651 ln ( 353.15 )+ 9.14 E−06 ( 353.15 )2)
353.15
Ps = 88498.14217 Pa
Vapor Pressure of Trichloroethane:

 T = 353.15 K
C2
Ps = exp (C1 + +C 3lnT +C 4 ( T )C 5)
T
−6041.8
Ps = exp (54.513 + +−4.5383 ln ( 353.15 ) +4.98 E−18 ( 353.15 )6)
353.15
Ps = 48466.86378 Pa
Fraction Vapor of EDC:

P s 488498.14217 Pa
Xvap = = = 0.873408756
P 101325 Pa
Fraction Vapor of Trichloroethane:

P s 48466.86378 Pa
Xvap = = = 0.478330755
P 101325 Pa
VCM=¿ Mass of Product from Stream 6 + Mass from Feed in Stream 4

kg kg
= 10000.58375 C2 H3 Cl + 0.999958 C2 H 3 Cl
day day
kg
= 10001.583707 C2 H 3 Cl
day
HCl=¿ Mass from Main Reaction in Stream 6 + Mass from Side Reaction in
Stream 6
kg kg
¿ 5837.010051 HCl + 3.095255812 HCl
day day
83
kg
= 5840.105306 HCl
day
EDC = (Mass from Stream 13)÷ (Xvap of EDC)
kg 1
(23925.273918 day C2 H 4 Cl 2)(
0.873408756 )
kg
= 27392.986117 C 2H 4 Cl 2
day
Trichloroethane = (Mass from Stream 13)÷ (Xvap of Trichloroethane)
kg 1
(
¿ 50.942236
day
C 2 H3 Cl 3 )(
0.478330755 )
kg
=106.500022 C2 H 3 Cl 3
day
Methane=Mass ¿ Stream6+ Mass¿ Stream39

kg
¿ 1.283330 CH 4
day
H 2=Mass ¿ Stream 6+ Mass ¿ Stream 39

kg
¿ 0.003208 H2
day
C 4 H 10=Mass ¿ Stream 6+ Mass ¿ Stream 39

kg kg
(
¿ 0.093041
day
+ 0.000205
day )
kg
¿ 0.093246 C 4 H 10
day
C2 H 2=Mass ¿ Stream 6+ Mass ¿ Stream 39

kg
= 0.020854 C 2H 2
day 84
kg kg
10001.583707 C2 H 3 Cl + 5840.105306 HCl +
day day
kg
27392.986117 C 2H 4 Cl 2 +
day
kg kg kg
106.500022 C2 H 3 Cl 3 + 1.283330 CH 4 + 0.003208 H2
day day day
kg kg
+ 0.093246 C 4 H 10 + 0.020854 C 2H 2
day day
kg
= 43342.575791
day
Exit Streams of Flash Tank 1

(Stream 9 and Stream 10)
Mass of Stream 9:

kg kg
= 10000.58375 C2 H3 Cl + 0.999958 C2 H 3 Cl
day day
kg
= 10001.583707 C2 H 3 Cl
day
Stream 6
kg kg
¿ 5837.010051 HCl + 3.095255812 HCl
day day
kg
= 5840.105306 HCl
day
kg 1
(
¿ 10576.4199
day
C2 H 4 Cl 2 )(
0.442060556 )
kg 85
= 23925.273918 C2 H 4 Cl 2
day
kg 1
(
= 11.335120
day
C 2 H3 Cl 3 )(
0.22250927 )
kg
= 50.942236 C2 H 3 Cl 3
day

kg
¿ 1.283330 CH 4
day

kg
¿ 0.003208 H2
day

kg kg
(
¿ 0.093041
day
+ 0.000205
day )
kg
¿ 0.093246 C 4 H 10
day

kg
= 0.020854 C 2H 2
day

kg kg
10001.583707 C2 H 3 Cl + 5840.105306 HCl + 23925.273918
day day
kg
C2 H 4 Cl 2 + 86
day
kg kg kg
50.942236 C2 H 3 Cl 3+ 1.283330 CH 4 + 0.003208 H2
day day day
kg kg
+ 0.093246 C 4 H 10 + 0.020854 C 2H 2
day day
kg
= 39819.305807
day
Mass of Stream 10:
EDC = ( Mass¿Stream 8 ) −¿)
kg kg
= 27392.986117 EDC – 23925.273918 EDC
day day
kg
= 3467.712198 EDC
day
Trichloroethane = ( Mass¿Stream 8 ) −¿)
kg kg
= 106.500022 C2 H 3 Cl 3 −¿50.942236 C2 H 3 Cl 3
day day
kg
= 55.557786 C2 H 3 Cl 3
day

kg kg
3467.712198 EDC + 55.557786 C2 H 3 Cl 3
day day
kg
= 3523.269984
day
Mass in =Mass out

Mass of Stream 8 = Mass of Stream 9 + Mass of Stream 10
kg kg kg
43342.575791 =39819.305807 + 3523.269984
day day day
kg kg
43342.575791 =¿ 43342.575791
day day
Temperature:
333.15 K
Pressure:
101325 Pa
Description:
The gas effluent stream from the first flash tank, after passing through the heat
exchanger, proceeds to the second flash tank for the separation of the liquid and gas
components. The gas exit stream proceeds to the third flash tank and the liquid exit
stream which contains EDC and trichloroethane will be recycled back to the quencher.
STREAM 11
VCM 10001.583707
HCl 5840.105306
EDC 23925.273918
METHANE 1.283330
H2 0.003208
C4H10 0.093246
ACETYLENE 0.020854
TOTAL 39819.305807
STREAM 12
VCM 10001.583707
HCl 5840.105306
EDC 10576.419903
METHANE 1.283330
H2 0.003208
C4H10 0.093246
ACETYLENE 0.020854
TOTAL 26430.844675
STREAM 13
EDC 13348.854016
TOTAL 13388.46113

 T = 333.15 K
C2
Ps = exp (C1 + +C 3lnT +C 4 ( T )C 5)
T 88
−6920.4
Ps = exp (92.335 + +−10.651 ln ( 333.15 )+ 9.14 E−06 ( 333.15 )2)
333.15
Ps = 44791.78589 Pa

 T = 333.15 K
C2
Ps = exp (C1 + +C 3lnT +C 4 ( T )C 5)
T
−6041.8
Ps = exp (54.513 + +−4.5383 ln ( 333.15 ) +4.98 E−18 ( 333.15 )6)
333.15
Ps = 22545.75183 Pa

P s 44791.78589 Pa
Xvap = = = 0.442060556
P 101325 Pa

P s 22545.75183 Pa
Xvap = = = 0.22250927
P 101325 Pa

kg kg
= 10000.58375 C2 H3 Cl + 0.999958 C2 H 3 Cl
day day
kg
= 10001.583707 C2 H 3 Cl
day
Stream 6
89
kg kg
¿ 5837.010051 HCl + 3.095255812 HCl
day day
kg
= 5840.105306 HCl
day
kg 1
(
¿ 10576.4199
day
C2 H 4 Cl 2 )(
0.442060556 )
kg
= 23925.273918 C2 H 4 Cl 2
day
kg 1
(
¿ 11.335120
day
C2 H3 Cl 3 )(
0.22250927 )
kg
= 50.942236 C2 H 3 Cl 3
day

kg
¿ 1.283330 CH 4
day

kg
¿ 0.003208 H2
day

kg kg
(
¿ 0.093041
day
+ 0.000205
day )
kg
¿ 0.093246 C 4 H 10
day
90

kg
= 0.020854 C 2H 2
day

kg kg
10001.583707 C2 H 3 Cl + 5840.105306 HCl + 23925.273918
day day
kg
C2 H 4 Cl 2 +
day
kg kg kg
50.942236 C2 H 3 Cl 3+ 1.283330 CH 4 + 0.003208 H2
day day day
kg kg
+ 0.093246 C 4 H 10 + 0.020854 C 2H 2
day day
kg
= 39819.305807
day

Mass of Stream 12:
VCM=¿ Mass from Main Reaction + Mass from Reactor Feed Stream
kg kg
= 10000.58375 C2 H3 Cl + 0.999958 C2 H 3 Cl
day day
kg
= 10001.583707 C2 H 3 Cl
day
HCl=¿Mass from Main Reaction in Stream 6 + Mass from Side Reaction in

Stream 6
kg kg
¿ 5837.010051 HCl + 3.095255812 HCl
day day
kg
= 5840.105306 HCl
day

kmol
kg
VCM )(
98.9 kg EDC 1
1 kmol VCM )( 0.99947 ) )
= 91
(26422.41208 kmol
day
C2 H 4 Cl 2 )−(( 10000.58375
kg
day
VCM )(
1 kmol
62.45 kg
VCM )(
98.9 kg EDC 1
1 kmol VCM )( 0.999
kg
= 10576.4199 EDC
day
Trichloroethane =
kg 1 kmol l33.35 kg
(8.398375853 day C2 H 4 Cl 2)(
98.9 kg
C2 H 4 Cl 2)(
kmol
C2 H3 Cl 3)
kg
+ 0.011324 C2 H 3 Cl 3
day
kg
= 11.335120 C2 H 3 Cl 3
day

kg
¿ 1.283330 CH 4
day

kg
¿ 0.003208 H2
day

kg kg
(
¿ 0.093041
day
+ 0.000205
day )
kg
¿ 0.093246 C 4 H 10
day

kg
= 0.020854 C 2H 2
day
kg kg kg
10001.583707 C2 H 3 Cl + 5840.105306 HCl + 10576.4199 EDC
day day day 92
+
kg kg kg
11.335120 C2 H 3 Cl 3 + 1.283330 CH 4 + 0.003208 H2
day day day
kg kg
+ 0.093246 C 4 H 10 + 0.020854 C 2H 2
day day
kg
= 26430.844675
day
Mass of Stream 13:
EDC = ( Mass¿Stream 11 )−¿)
kg kg
= 23925.273918 EDC – 10576.419903 EDC
day day
kg
= 13348.854016 EDC
day
Trichloroethane = ( Mass¿Stream 11 )−¿)

kg kg
= 50.942236 C2 H 3 Cl 3 −¿11.335120 C2 H 3 Cl 3
day day
kg
= 39.607116 C2 H 3 Cl 3
day

kg kg
13348.854016 EDC + 39.607116 C2 H 3 Cl 3
day day
kg
= 13388.46113
day
Mass in = Mass out

kg kg kg
39819.305807 =26430.844675 + 13388.46113
day day day
93
kg kg
39819.305807 =¿ 39819.305807
day day

Temperature:
315.15 K
Pressure:
101325 Pa
Description: 94
The effluent stream from the second flash tank, after passing through the heat
exchanger, proceeds to the third flash tank for the separation of the liquid and gas
components. The gas exit stream proceeds to the HCl column and the liquid exit stream
which contains EDC and trichloroethane will proceed to the mixer where it will mixed
with the bottoms product of the VCM column.
STREAM 15
VCM 10001.583707
HCl 5840.105306
EDC 1915.788009
METHANE 1.283330
H2 0.003208
C4H10 0.093246
ACETYLENE 0.020854
TOTAL 17760.0273
STREAM 14
VCM 10001.583707
HCl 5840.105306
EDC 10576.419903
METHANE 1.283330
H2 0.003208
C4H10 0.093246
ACETYLENE 0.020854
TOTAL 26430.844675

 T = 315.15 K
C2
Ps = exp (C1 + +C 3lnT +C 4 ( T )C 5)
T 95
−6920.4
Ps = exp (92.335 + +−10.651 ln ( 315.15 )+ 9.14 E−06 ( 315.15 )2)
315.15
Ps = 18353.77395 Pa

 T = 315.15 K (Giovanni)
C2
Ps = exp (C1 + +C 3lnT +C 4 ( T )C 5)
T
−6041.8
Ps = exp (54.513 + +−4.5383 ln ( 315.15 ) +4.98 E−18 ( 315.15 )6)
315.15
Ps = 10276.68431 Pa

P s 18353.77395 Pa
Xvap = = = 0.181137665
P 101325 Pa

P s 10276.68431 Pa
Xvap = = = 0.101422989
P 101325 Pa

kg kg
= 10000.58375 C2 H3 Cl + 0.999958 C2 H 3 Cl
day day
kg
= 10001.583707 C2 H 3 Cl
day
Stream 6
kg kg
¿ 5837.010051 HCl + 3.095255812 HCl 96
day day
kg
= 5840.105306 HCl
day

kmol
kg
VCM )(
98.9 kg EDC 1
1 kmol VCM )( 0.99947 ) )
=
kmol kg 1 kmol 98.9 kg EDC 1
( 26422.41208
day ) ((
C2 H 4 Cl 2 − 10000.58375
day
VCM
62.45 kg
VCM )( )(
1 kmol VCM )( 0.999
kg
= 10576.4199 EDC
day
Trichloroethane =
kg 1 kmol l33.35 kg
(8.398375853 day C2 H 4 Cl 2)(
98.9 kg
C2 H 4 Cl 2)(
kmol
C2 H3 Cl 3)
kg
+ 0.011324 C2 H 3 Cl 3
day
kg
= 11.335120 C2 H 3 Cl 3
day

kg
¿ 1.283330 CH 4
day

kg
¿ 0.003208 H2
day

kg kg
(
¿ 0.093041
day
+ 0.000205
day )
kg
¿ 0.093246 C 4 H 10
day
97
kg
= 0.020854 C 2H 2
day

kg kg kg
10001.583707 C2 H 3 Cl + 5840.105306 HCl + 10576.4199 EDC
day day day
+
kg kg kg
11.335120 C2 H 3 Cl 3 + 1.283330 CH 4 + 0.003208 H2
day day day
kg kg
+ 0.093246 C 4 H 10 + 0.020854 C 2H 2
day day
kg
= 26430.84467
day

Mass of Stream 15:

kg kg
= 10000.58375 C2 H3 Cl + 0.999958 C2 H 3 Cl
day day
kg
= 10001.583707 C2 H 3 Cl
day
Stream 6
kg kg
¿ 5837.010051 HCl + 3.095255812 HCl
day day
kg
= 5840.105306 HCl
day
98
EDC = ( Mass of EDC¿ Stream14 )¿Xvap of EDC)

kg
= 10576.4199 EDC (0.181137665)
day
kg
= 1915.788009 EDC
day
Trichloroethane = ( Mass¿ Stream14)¿Xvap of Trichloroethane)
kg
= 11.335120 C2 H 3 Cl 3 (0.101422989)
day
kg
= 1.149641721 C2 H 3 Cl 3
day

kg
¿ 1.283330 CH 4
day

kg
¿ 0.003208 H2
day

kg kg
(
¿ 0.093041
day
+ 0.000205
day )
kg
¿ 0.093246 C 4 H 10
day

kg
= 0.020854 C 2H 2
day
Total Mass of Stream 15: 99

kg kg
10001.583707 C2 H 3 Cl + 5840.105306 HCl + 1915.788009
day day
kg
EDC +
day
kg kg kg
1.149641721 C2 H 3 Cl 3 + 1.283330 CH 4 + 0.003208 H2
day day day
kg kg
+ 0.093246 C 4 H 10 + 0.020854 C 2H 2
day day
kg
= 17760.0273
day
Mass of Stream 16:
EDC = ( Mass¿Stream 14 ) −¿ 15)
kg kg
= 10576.4199 EDC −¿ 1915.788009 EDC
day day
kg
= 8660.631893 EDC
day
Trichloroethane = ( Mass¿Stream 14 ) −¿ 15)
kg kg
= 11.335120 C2 H 3 Cl 3 −¿1.149641721 C2 H 3 Cl 3
day day
kg
= 10.185478 C2 H 3 Cl 3
day
Total Mass Stream 16:
kg kg
8660.631893 EDC + 10.185478 C2 H 3 Cl 3
day day
kg
= 8670.817371
day
Mass in = Mass out

kg kg kg 100
26430.844675 =17760.0273 + 8670.817371
day day day
kg kg
26430.844675 =¿ 26430.844675
day day
Equipment Name: HCl Column

Equipment Code: T-101
Temperature:
242.1465337 K
Pressure:
1031860.714 Pa
Description: 101
The gas effluent stream from Flash tank 3 will proceed to the HCl column where most of
the HCl content will be recovered in the distillate for storage and in the bottoms will be
VCM and the other by-products in which it will proceed to the VCM Column.
STREAM 19
VCM 1.000058
HCl 5839.521296
METHANE 2.138437
H2 0.005346
C4H10 0.000001
ACETYLENE 0.034747
TOTAL 5842.699884
STREAM 15
VCM 10001.583707
HCl 5840.105306
EDC 1915.788009
METHANE 1.283330
H2 0.003208
C4H10 0.093246
ACETYLENE 0.020854
TOTAL 17760.0273
STREAM 17
VCM 9999.583691
HCl 0.584011
EDC 1915.788009
C4H10 0.155036
ACETYLENE 0.000003
TOTAL 11917.259243

kg kg
= 10000.58375 C2 H3 Cl + 0.999958 C2 H 3 Cl
day day
kg
= 10001.583707 C2 H 3 Cl
day
Stream 6
kg kg
¿ 5837.010051 HCl + 3.095255812 HCl
day day
kg
= 5840.105306 HCl
day
EDC = ( Mass of EDC¿ Stream14 )¿Xvap of EDC)
kg
= 10576.4199 EDC (0.181137665)
day
kg
= 1915.788009 EDC
day
Trichloroethane = ( Mass¿ Stream14)¿Xvap of Trichloroethane)
kg
= 11.335120 C2 H 3 Cl 3 (0.101422989)
day
kg
= 1.149641721 C2 H 3 Cl 3
day

kg
¿ 1.283330 CH 4
day

kg
¿ 0.003208 H2
day

103
kg kg
(
¿ 0.093041
day
+ 0.000205
day )
kg
¿ 0.093246 C 4 H 10
day

kg
= 0.020854 C 2H 2
day
kg kg
10001.583707 C2 H 3 Cl + 5840.105306 HCl + 1915.788009
day day
kg
EDC +
day
kg kg kg
1.149641721 C2 H 3 Cl 3 + 1.283330 CH 4 + 0.003208 H2
day day day
kg kg
+ 0.093246 C 4 H 10 + 0.020854 C 2H 2
day day
kg
= 17760.0273
day
Exit Streams of HCl Column

Mass of Stream 19:
Formula: (DxDi)(Molecular weight)
kmol kg kg
(
VCM = s 0.016013745
day )(
62.45
kmol )
= 1.000058
day
kmol kg kg
(
HCl = 160.2063456
day )(
36.45
kmol )
= 5839.521296
day
kmol kg kg
(
Methane = 0.133652292
day
16 )(
kmol )
= 2.138437
day 104
kmol kg kg
(
H 2= 0.002673046 )( )
day
2
kmol
=¿ 0.005346
day
kmol kg kg
C 4 H 10=( 9.3204E-09 )( 58 ) = 0.000001
day kmol day
kmol kg kg
Acetylene=( 0.001336523 )( 26 ) = 0.034747
day kmol day

kg kg kg kg
1.000058 + 5839.521296 + 2.138437 + 0.005346
day day day day
kg kg
+ 0.000001 + 0.034747
day day
kg
= 5842.699884
day
Mass of Stream 17:

Formula: (BxBi)(Molecular weight)
kmol kg kg
(
VCM = 160.1214362
day)(
62.45
kmol )
= 9999.583691
day
kmol kg kg
HCl = ( 0.016022235
day )( kmol )
36.45 = 0.584011
day
kmol kg kg
EDC = ( 19.37096066
day )( kmol )
98.9 = 1915.788009
day
kmol kg kg
Trichloroethane = ( 0.008612623
day )( kmol )
133.35 = 1.148493227
day
kmol kg kg
C 4 H 10=( 0.002673037
day )( kmol )
58 = 0.155036
day
kmol kg kg
Acetylene=( 1.02579E-07
day )( kmol )
26 = 0.000003
day
Total Mass of Stream 17: 105

kg kg kg kg
9999.583691 + 0.584011 + 1915.788009 + 1.148493227
day day day day
kg kg
+ 0.155036 + 0.000003
day day
kg
= 11917.259243
day
Mass in = Mass out

kg kg kg
17760.027304 =¿5842.699884 + 11917.259243
day day day
kg kg
17760.027304 =¿17759.95913
day day
Equipment Name: VCM Column

Temperature:
309.4990955 K
Pressure:
549360.7143 Pa 106
Description:
The liquid effluent stream from the bottoms of the HCl column will proceed to the VCM
column where the desired product, the vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) will be collected
in the distillate stream and the bottoms stream containing mostly EDC and traces of
VCM and other by-product will proceed to the mixer where it will be mixed with the
liquid effluent stream from Flash tank 3 in which mostly composed of EDC.
STREAM 27
VCM 9998.583732
HCl 0.584011
EDC 0.191579
C4H10 0.154831
ACETYLENE 0.000003
TOTAL 9999.514156
STREAM 24
VCM 9999.583691
HCl 0.584011
EDC 1915.788009
C4H10 0.155036
ACETYLENE 0.000003
TOTAL 11917.259243
STREAM 25
VCM 0.999958
EDC 1915.596431
C4H10 0.000205
TOTAL 1917.745087
107
kmol kg kg
(
VCM = 160.1214362
day )(
62.45
kmol )
= 9999.583691
day
C2 H 3 Cl 2
kmol kg kg
(
HCl = 0.016022235
day)(
36.45
kmol )
= 0.584011
day
kmol kg kg
EDC = ( 19.37096066 )( 98.9 ) = 1915.788009
day kmol day
kmol kg kg
Trichloroethane = ( 0.008612623 )( 133.35 ) = 1.148493
day kmol day
kmol kg kg
C 4 H 10=( 0.002673037 )( 58 ) = 0.155036
day kmol day
kmol kg kg
(
Acetylene= 1.02579E-07
day )(
26
kmol )
= 0.000003
day

kg kg kg kg
9999.583691 + 0.584011 + 1915.788009 + 1.148493
day day day day
kg kg
+ 0.155036 + 0.000003
day day
kg
= 11917.259243
day
Exit Streams of VCM Column

Mass of Stream 27:
108
Formula: (DxDi)(Molecular weight)
kmol kg kg
(
VCM = 160.1054241
day )(
62.45
kmol )
= 9998.583732
day
kmol kg kg
(
HCl = 0.016022237 )(
day
36.45
kmol )
= 0.584011
day
kmol kg kg
EDC = ( 0.001937096
day )( kmol )
98.9 = 0.191579
day
kmol kg kg
C2 H 3 Cl 3 = ( 1.78743 E−09
day )( kmol )
133.35 = 0.0000002
day
kmol kg kg
C 4 H 10=( 0.002669507
day )( kmol )
58 = 0.154831
day
kmol kg kg
Acetylene=( 1.02579E-07
day )( kmol )
26 = 0.000003
day

kg kg kg
9998.583732 + 0.584011 + 0.191579
day day day
kg kg
+ 0.154831 + 0.000003
day day
kg
= 9999.514156
day
Mass of Stream 25:
kmol kg kg
(
VCM = 0.016012144 )(
day
62.45
kmol )
= 0.999958
day
kmol kg kg
EDC = ( 19.36902356 )( 98.9 ) = 1915.596431
day kmol day
kmol kg kg
Trichloroethane = ( 0.008612621 )( 133.35 ) = 1.148493
day kmol day 109
kmol kg kg
(
C 4 H 10= 3.52964E-06
day )(
58
kmol )
= 0.000205
day

kg kg kg kg
0.999958 + 1915.596431 + 1.148493 + 0.000205
day day day day
kg
= 1917.745087
day
Mass in = Mass out

kg kg kg
11917.259243 =¿9999.514156 + 1917.745087
day day day
kg kg
11917.259243 =¿ 11917.259243
day day
Equipment Name: Heavies Column

110
Temperature:
472.1037014 K
Pressure:
1376503.571 Pa
Description:
The exit stream from the mixer (V-110) is fed into the Heavies column where EDC is
purified. The distillate which contains mostly EDC will proceed to a mixer where it will
be mixed with fresh EDC from the storage tank. The bottoms stream which contains the
heavies residue will proceed to waste disposal.
STREAM 36
VCM 0.999958369
HCl 1.36801E-11
EDC 10565.6521
C4H10 0.000204719
ACETYLENE 1.18266E-17
TOTAL 10566.66358
STREAM 33
VCM 0.999958
EDC 10576.228324
C4H10 0.000205
TOTAL 10588.562458
STREAM 34
EDC 10.57622832
TOTAL 21.88870025
111
VCM=Mass¿ Stream16+ Mass ¿ Stream32

kg
= 0.999958 C2 H 3 Cl 2
day
EDC=Mass¿ Stream16+ Mass ¿ Stream 32

kg kg
(
¿ 8660.631893
day )(
+ 1915.596431
day )
kg
= 10576.228324
day
C2 H 3 Cl 3=Mass¿ Stream16+ Mass ¿ Stream 32

kg kg
(
= 10.185478
day )(
+ 1.148493
day )
kg
= 11.333971
day

kg
= 0.000205
day

kg kg kg kg
0.999958 + 10576.228324 + 11.333971 + 0.000205
day day day day
kg
= 10588.562458
day
Exit Streams of Heavies 1 Column

Mass of Stream 36:
Formula: (DxDi)(Molecular weight) 112
kmol kg kg
(
VCM = 0.016012144 )(
day
62.45
kmol )
= 0.999958
day
kmol kg kg
EDC = ( 106.8316693 )( 98.9 ) = 10565.6521
day kmol day
kmol kg kg
Trichloroethane = ( 8.49179E-05 )( 133.35 ) = 0.011323796
day kmol day
kmol kg kg
C 4 H 10=( 3.52964E-06 )( 58 ) = 0.000204719
day kmol day
Total Mass of Top Products:

kg kg kg
0.999958 + 10565.6521 + 0.011323796
day day day
kg kg
+ 0.000204719 + 1.18266E-17
day day
kg
= 10566.66358
day
Mass of Stream 34:

kmol kg kg
(
EDC = 0.106938608
day )(
98.9
kmol )
= 10.57622832
day
kmol kg kg
(
Trichloroethane = 0.084832935
day )(
133.35
kmol )
= 11.31247192
day

kg kg
10.57622832 + 11.31247192 113
day day
kg
= 21.88870025
day
Mass in = Mass out

kg kg kg
10588.562458 =10566.66358 + 21.88870025
day day day
kg kg
10588.562458 =¿ 10588.55228
day day
114
OVERALL
ENERGY
BALANCE
For Cp of Liquid
Reference: Table of Heat Capacity Coefficient of Liquid; Yaws’ Handbook of

Thermodynamic and Physical Properties of Chemical Compounds; Yaws 2003
115
For Cp of Gas
Heat Capacity of Gas (J/mol-K)

Cp = A + BT + CT^2 + DT^3 + ET^4
A B C D E
C2H3Cl 17.193 0.14565 -0.000064281 -3.2385E-09 6.7882E-12
C2H4Cl2 15.73 0.261 -0.00021489 9.5761E-08 -1.8004E-11
Cl2 27.213 0.030426 -0.000033353 1.5961E-08 -2.7021E-12
HCl 29.244 -0.0012615 0.000001121 4.9676E-09 -2.4963E-12
C2H2 19.36 0.11519 -0.00012374 7.237E-08 -1.659E-11
CH4 34.942 -0.039957 0.00019184 -1.5303E-07 3.9321E-11
H2 25.399 0.020178 -0.000038549 3.188E-08 -8.7585E-12
H2O 33.933 -0.0084186 0.000029906 -1.7825E-08 3.6034E-12
C4H10 20.056 0.28153 -0.000013143 -9.4571E-08 3.4149E-11
C2H3Cl3 28.881 2.4893E-01 -1.7639E-04 5.2632E-08 -4.0744E-11
C2H6 28.146 0.043447 0.00018946 -1.9082E-07 5.3349E-11
Reference: Table of Heat Capacity Coefficient of Gas; Yaws’ Handbook of

For Cp of Liquid
Heat Capacity of Liquid (J/mol-K)

Cp = A + BT + CT^2 + DT^3
A B C D
C2H3Cl 45.366 0.28792 -0.0011535 2.1636E-06
C2H4Cl2 57.325 0.56014 -0.0018136 2.5617E-06
Cl2 127.601 -0.60215 0.0015776 -5.3099E-06
HCl 73.993 -0.12946 -0.00007898 2.6409E-06
C2H2 20.019 0.7226 -3.5650E-03 7.6296E-06
CH4 -0.018 1.1982 -0.0098772 0.0003167
H2 50.607 -6.1136 0.3093 -0.004148
H2O 92.053 -0.039953 -0.00021103 0.0053469
C4H10 62.873 -0.58913 -0.0023588 4.2257E-06
C2H3Cl3 24.934 8.8054E-01 -2.3306E-03 2.6455E-06
C2H6 38.332 0.41006 -0.0023024 5.9347E-06
Heat of Vaporization (J/mol)

Hvap
Hvap = A (1 - T/Tc)^n
A Tc n
C2H3Cl 35.586 432 0.483 20206.78405
C2H4Cl2 42.18 523 0.367 30942.90949
Cl2 28.56 417.15 0.401 17270.91486
HCl 30.54 324.65 0.647 6037.030148
C2H2 16.74 308.32 -0.056 20264.20524
CH4 10.312 190.58 0.265 909.6940679
H2 0.659 33.18 0.38 39.38617334
H2O 52.053 647.13 0.321 42692.97854
C4H10 33.02 425.18 0.377 20940.05352
C2H3Cl3 44.083 545 0.385 32497.14771
C2H6 21.342 305.42 0.403 4731.728327
Reference: Table of Enthalpy Vaporization; Yaws’ Handbook of
Equipment Name: EDC Preheater

Equipment Code: E-101
Operating temperature: 472.176 K
Description:
The EDC Preheater is used to increase the temperature of the fresh EDC from the
storage tank before it proceeds to the mixer where it will be mixed with the purified
EDC from the heavies column. 117
STREAM 1 STREAM 2
EDC 15856.75998 EDC 15856.75998
Methane 2.138436674 Methane 2.138436674
H2 0.005346092 H2 0.005346092
C4H10 0.15483194 C4H10 0.15483194
Trichloroethane 2.04E-07 Trichloroethane 2.04E-07
TOTAL 15859.09334 TOTAL 15859.09334
FOR EDC:
T2 T1
2 2
T2 T1 3
T2 T13 4 4
Q=n ( A ( T 2 −T 1 )+ B( − )+C ( − )+ D ( − )
2 2 3 3 4 4
472 .1757336 2 303 . 152 118
Q=0 . 001604167(57 . 325(472 .1757336−303 .15 )+0 .56014 ( − )
2 2
3 3 4 4
472 . 1757336 303 .15 472 .1757336 303 .15
-0. 0018136( − )+2 . 5617E-06 ( − )
3 3 4 4
J kmol 1 kJ 1 day
Q=-3387121. 307( )( )( )( )
kmol day 1000 J 86400 sec
Q=-0 . 039202793KW
FOR C2H2:
T2 T1
2 2
T2 T 1 3
T 24 T 14
3
T2 T1 5 5
Q=n ( A ( T 2 −T 1 )+ B( − )+C ( − )+ D( − )+ E ( − ))
2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5
472. 17573362 303 .15 2
Q=0 . 000798398(20 . 019(472 .1757336−303 .15 )+0 .7226( − )
2 2
472 .1757336 3 303. 153 472 . 17573364 303 . 154
-0.003565( − )+7 . 63E-06 ( − )
3 3 4 4
J kmol 1 kJ 1day
Q=29 . 89370075( )( )( )( )
kmol day 1000 J 86400sec
Q=3 .45992E -07 KW
FORC4H10:
T2 T1
2 2
T2 T1 3
T 24 T 14
3
T2 T1 5 5
Q=n ( A (T 2 −T 1 )+ B( − )+C ( − )+ D( − )+ E ( − ))
2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5
472 .1757336 2 303. 152
Q=0 . 001600855(62 .873( 472. 1757336−303. 15 )-0. 58913( − )
2 2
3 3 4 4
472 .1757336 303. 15 -06 472 .1757336 303 .15
-0 . 0023588( − )+4 .23E ( − )
3 3 4 4
J kmol 1kJ 1 day
Q=-72. 44333081( )( )( )( )
Q=-8 . 38464E -07 KW
FOR CH4:
119
4 4
T2 T1
2 2
T2 T 1
3 3
T2 T1 T2 T1 5 5
Q=n ( A (T 2 −T 1 )+ B( − )+C ( − )+ D( − )+E ( − ))

2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5
472 . 17573362 303 .152
Q=0 . 080008315(-0. 018(472 . 1757336−303 . 15)+1 .1982( − )
2 2
472 .17573363 303 . 153 472 .1757336 4 303 . 154
-0. 0098772( − )+0 . 000317( − )
3 3 4 4
J kmol 1 kJ 1day
Q=2 47264 . 3291( )( )( )( )
Q=0 . 002861856KW
FOR H2:
T2 T1
2 2
T2 T 1 3
T 24 T 14
3
T2 T1 5 5
Q=n ( A (T 2 −T 1 )+ B( − )+C ( − )+ D( − )+E ( − ))

2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5
472. 17573362 303 .15 2
Q=0. 001604 (50 . 607( 472. 1757336−303 . 15)-6. 1136( − )
2 2
472 .17573363 303 . 153 472 .1757336 4 303 .15 4
+0 . 3093( − )-0. 00415( − )
3 3 4 4
J kmol 1000 mol 1 kJ 1 day
Q=-56464 . 4107( )( )( )( )( )
mol-K day kmol 1000 J 86400sec
Q=-0 . 000653523KW
Q T =Q EDC+¿QC2H 2+¿ QCH4+¿QC 4H 10+¿Q H 2 ¿ QT=--0.036995KW ¿ ¿

¿
Steam Requirement:
Compound A B C D E 120
Water 33.933 -0.00842 3.00E-04 -1.78E-08 3.69E-12
Thermodynamic and Physical Properties of Chemical Compounds; Yaws
2003
Qs=−Qtotal
Qs=nCpdT
T out
Qs=moles steam ∫ ( C 1+C 2 T +C 3T 2 +C 4 T 3 +C 5 T 4 ) dT

T¿
333.15K
Qs=molesofsteam ∫ 33 .933−0.0842T +3 x 10−4 T 2−1 .78 x 10−8 T 3 +3 .69 x 10−12 T 4
303.15K
Qs
moles of steam= T 773.15
∫ ( 33.933+−0.00842 T +3.00E-04 T 2 +−1.78E-08 T 3 +3.69E-12 T 4 ) dT

T 823.15
KJ
-0 . 036995
s
moles of steam=
J 1 KJ
-1833 . 179713
kmol 1000 J ( )
kmoles
moles of steam=0 . 020180756
s
kmoles kg
mass of steam =0 .020180756
s
18
kmole ( )
kg kg
mass of steam required=0. 363253612 ≈31385 . 11208
s day
Equipment Name: EDC Preheater

Operating temperature: 472.176 K
Description:
The EDC Preheater is used to vaporize and increase the temperature of the EDC from 121
the mixer before it proceeds to the EDC cracking furnace for pyrolysis.
STREAM 3 STREAM 4
EDC 26422.41208 EDC 26422.41208
Methane 2.138436674 Methane 2.138436674
H2 0.005346092 H2 0.005346092
C4H10 0.155036659 C4H10 0.155036659
VCM 0.999958 VCM 0.999958
TOTAL 26425.75693 TOTAL 26425.75693
FOR QC 2 H 3 Cl:
Q C 2 H 3 Cl =Qin+Qout +ΔH condensation
T out T ref
Q C 2 H 3 Cl =n ∫ C 1 +C 2 T +C 3 T 2 +C 4 T 3 +n ∫ C 1 +C 2 T +C 3 T 2 +C 4 T 3 +C 5 T 4
T ref T in
122
T 0 . 483
[(
+ n −35 . 586(1−
432
) )]
298 .15 K
2 -06 3
Q C 2 H 3 Cl =0 .016012138 ∫ 45 .366 +0 .28792T-0 .0011535T + 2. 1636E T
472 .1757336 K
683.15 K
+0 . 016012138 ∫ 17 . 193+0 .14565T−0 . 000064281T 2 -3. 2385E-09 T 3 +6. 7882E-12 T 4
298.15 K
472 .1757336 0 . 483

[ (
160 . 1534621 −35 .586 (1-
432
) )]
J kmol 1kJ 1 day
Q C 2 H 3 Cl=(-312.5483474+446 .7064097+4593 .961266)( )( )( )( )
kmol day 1000J 86400 sec
Q C 2 H 3 Cl=5.47236E -05 KW
FOR QC2H4Cl2:
Q C 2 H 4 Cl 2 =Qin+Qout
T ref T out
Q C 2 H 4 Cl 2 =n ∫ C 1 +C 2 T +C 3 T 2 +C 4 T 3 +C 5 T 4 +n ∫ C 1 +C 2 T +C 3 T 2 +C 4 T 3
T in T ref
¿ 315 . 15 K ¿¿
J kmol 1 kJ 1day
Q C 2 H 4 Cl 2 =(5752585. 266+3219500 .598 )( )( )( )( )
Q C 2 H 4 Cl 2 =0 . 103843586KW
FOR QC2H3Cl3:
T ref T out
Q C 2 H 3 Cl 3 =n ∫ C 1 +C 2 T +C 3 T +C 4 T +n ∫ C 1 +C 2 T +C 3 T 2 +C 4 T 3 +C 5 T 4
2 3
T in Tref
123
¿ 683. 15 K ¿ ¿¿ J kmol 1kJ 1day

Q C 2 H 3 Cl 3 =(-2. 678779316+3. 609705615)( )( )( )( )
Q C 2 H 3 Cl 3 =1. 07746E -08 KW
FOR QC4H10:
Q C 4 H 10 =Qin+Qout+ ΔH condensation
T ref T out
T
T in T ref
[
Q C 4 H 10 =n ∫ C 1 +C 2 T +C 3 T 2 +C 4 T 3 +n ∫ C 1 +C 2 T +C 3 T 2 +C 4 T 3 +C 5 T 4 + n(−33.02(1−
425.18
)0 .377 ) ]
333.15 0.377
[ (
¿ 683.15K ¿+ 0.001604387 −33.02(1- ) ¿¿
425.18
Q C 4 H 10 =(74.30882362+89.29938855+1237.663787)(
J
)(
kmol 1kJ
)( )(
1day
)
)]
Q C 4 H 10 =1.62184E -05 KW
FOR QC2H2:
Q C 2 H 2 =Qin+Qout +ΔH vaporization
T ref T out
T
T in T ref
[
Q C 2 H 2 =n ∫ C 1 +C 2 T +C 3 T 2+C 4 T 3 +n ∫ C 1+C 2 T +C 3 T 2 +C 4 T 3+C 5 T 4 + n(−16 . 74(1−
308 .32
)-0 .056 ) ]
298. 15 K
Q C 2 H 2 =0 . 000798392 ∫ 20 .019+ 0. 7226T-0. 003565T2 +7 .6296E-06 T 3
472.1757336 K
683. 15 K
2 -08 3 -11 4
+0 . 000798392 ∫ 19 .36+0. 11519T−0 . 00012374T +7 . 237E T -1. 659E T
298. 15 K
308 . 3 -0. 056
[ (
+ 0 . 000798392 −16 . 74(1-
308 . 32
) )]
J kmol 1kJ 1day
Q C 2 H 2 =( -30.38199297+16 .34118684+22934 .96415)( )( )( )( )
Q C 2 H 2 =0.000265288KW
FOR QCH4:
Q CH 4 =Qin+Qout + ΔH condensation
T ref T out
Q CH 4 =n ∫ C 1 +C 2 T +C 3 T +C 4 T +n ∫ C 1 +C 2 T +C 3 T 2 +C 4 T 3 +C 5 T 4
2 3
T in T ref
T
[(
+ n −10 .312(1−
190. 58
)0. 265 )]
298. 15 K
Q CH 4 =0 .080008292 ∫ -0 .018+1 . 1982T-0. 0098772T2 +0 . 0003167T 3
472. 1757336 K
683 .15 K
2 -07 3 -11 4
+0 . 080008292 ∫ 34 . 942-0 . 039957T+0 . 00019184T -1 . 5303E T + 3. 9321E T
298 .15 K
190. 56 0 .265
[ (
0. 080008292 −10 . 312(1-
190. 58
) )]
J kmol 1 kJ 1 day
Q CH 4 =(-250494 . 4291+1417 . 657205+72783. 06841 )( )( )( )( )
Q CH 4 =-0. 002040436KW
125
FOR QH2:
Q H 2 =Qin+Qout+ ΔH condensation
T ref T out
T
T in T ref
[(
Q H 2 =n ∫ C 1 +C 2 T +C 3 T 2 +C 4 T 3 +n ∫ C 1 +C 2 T +C 3 T 2 +C 4 T 3 ++ C 5 T 4 + n −0 .659(1−
33 .18
)0.38 )]
298. 15 K
Q H 2 =0 . 001604 ∫ 50 .607-6 .1136T +0 .3093T 2 -0 . 004148T 3
472. 1757336 K
683. 15 K
2 -08 3 -12 4
+0 . 001604 ∫ 25. 399+0 . 020178T-0. 000038549T +3 . 188E T -8 . 7585E T
298. 15 K
33. 16 0. 38
[ (
+ 0 . 001604 −0 .659 (1-
33. 18
) )]
J kmol 1 kJ 1day
Q H 2 =(57152.76292+18.04572255-63.17542204)( )( )( )( )
Q H 2 =0.000660968KW
Q T =Q VCM+¿ QEDC+¿QC2H 3Cl3+¿QC2H 2+¿QCH4+¿ QC4H 10+¿Q H 2 ¿QT=0.102801822KW ¿¿¿ ¿

¿
Steam Requirement:
Compound A B C D E
Water 33.933 -0.00842 3.00E-04 -1.78E-08 3.69E-12
2003
Qs=−Qtotal
Qs=nCpdT
T out

T¿
333.15K
Qs=molesofsteam ∫ 33 .933−0. 0842T +3 x10−4 T 2−1.78 x 10−8 T 3 +3. 69 x 10−12 T 4
303.15K
126
Qs
∫ ( 33.933+−0.00842 T +3.00E-04 T 2 +−1.78E-08 T 3 +3.69E-12 T 4 ) dT

T 823.15
KJ
0 .102801822
s
moles of steam=
J 1 KJ
1833. 179713
kmol 1000 J ( )
kmoles
moles of steam=0 . 05607842
s
kmoles kg
mass of steam=0 .05607842
s
18
kmole ( )
kg kg
s day
127
Equipment Name: Chlorine Storage

Operating pressure 101325 Pa
Description:
The chlorine storage tank supplies the chorine needed for the pyrolysis of ethylene
dichloride in the EDC cracking furnace.
STREAM 5
Cl2 6.020675915
TOTAL 6.020675915
Q Cl =Qin+Qout
2
T ref T out
Q Cl =moles Cl 2 fed ∫ C 1+C 2T +C 3 T +C 4 T + C 5 T + moles Cl 2 out ∫ C 1+C 2 T +C 3T 2 +C 4 T 3

2 3 4
2
T¿ T ref
298.15
kmol
QCl =0.084917855 ∫ 27.213± 3.04E-02 T ±3.34E-05 T 2+ 1.60E-08T 3 ± 2.701E-12 T 4+ 0.084
2
day 288.71
J
Q Cl =¿1.14E+06
2
day
Equipment Name: Reactor

Equipment Code: R-101
Temperature:
773.15 K
Pressure:
20 atm
Description: 128
Vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) is produced by the thermal cracking of ethylene

dichloride (EDC) through the following reactions:
C2H4Cl2 C2H3Cl + HCl (Main Reaction)
C2H4Cl2 + Cl2 C2H3Cl3 + HCl (Side Reaction)
STREAM 5
Cl2 6.020675915
TOTAL 6.020675915
STREAM 4 STREAM 6
EDC 26422.41208 EDC 10576.4199
Methane 2.138436674 Methane 1.283330113
H2 0.005346092 H2 0.003208325
C4H10 0.155036659 C4H10 0.093246152
VCM 0.999958 HCl 5840.105307
TOTAL 26424.824 VCM 10001.58371
TOTAL 26430.84467
T Ref T out
Q=moles feed ∫ nCpdT ( gas ) +Qrxn+moles product ∫ nCpdT (gas)

T¿ T Ref
129
Q Total =Q EDC +Q VCM + Q HCl +Q Cl2 +Q Methane+Q H 2 +Q C 4 H 10 +Q C 2 H 2 +Q trichloroethane +

Q rxn
FOR Q C 2 H 4 Cl 2
QC 2 H 4 Cl 2=Qin+Qout
T ref T ou
2 3 4
QC 2 H 4 Cl 2=moles C 2 H 4 Cl 2 fed ∫ (C 1+C 2 T + C 3 T +C 4 T +C 5 T ) dT + moles C 2 H 4 Cl 2 out ∫
T¿ T ref
T 298.15
Q C 2 H 4 Cl 2=267.1629128 k moles C 2 H 4 Cl 2 fed ∫ 5.73+0.261 T +0.00021489 T 2+ 9.5761E-08T 3 +

T 683.15
QC 2 H 4 Cl 2=¿-5044892068 J/day
For CH4
QCH 4 =Qsensible
T out
QCH 4 =moles CH 4 fed ∫ (C 1+C 2 T +C 3T 2 +C 4 T 3 +C 5 T 4 )dT

T¿ 130
T 773.15
Q CH 4 =moles CH 4 fed ∫ 34.942+−0.039957 T +0.00019184 T 2+−1.5303E-07T 3 +3.9321E-11 T 4

TT 683.15
Q CH 4 =¿1662961.877 J/day
For Q H 2
Q H 2 =Qsensible
T out
Q H 2 =moles H 2 fed ∫ (C 1+C 2 T +C 3 T 2 +C 4 T 3 +C 5 T 4 )dT

T¿
T 773.15
Q H 2 =0.08020813 k moles H 2 fed ∫ 29.244+ 0.020178T +−0.000038549 T 2 +3.188E-08 T 3+−8.75

TT 683.15
Q H 2 =¿19122.51779 J/day
For Q C 4 H 10
QC 4 H 10=Qsensible
T out
QC 4 H 10=moles C 4 H 10 fed ∫ (C 1+C 2 T +C 3T 2 +C 4 T 3 +C 5 T 4 )dT

T¿
T 773.15
Q C 4 H 10=0.001607692moles C 4 H 10 fed ∫ 20.056+0.28153 T +−0.000013143T 2 +−9.4571E-08 T

TT 683.15
Q C 4 H 10=¿105270.2004 J/day
For Q C 2 H 2 131
QC 2 H 2=Qsensible
T out
QC 2 H 2=moles C 2 H 2 fed ∫ (C 1+C 2T +C 3 T 2 +C 4 T 3+ C 5 T 4 )dT

T¿
T 773.15
Q C 2 H 2=0.000802081 moles C 2 H 2 fed ∫ 19.36+ 0.11519 T +−0.00012374 T 2 +7.237E-08 T 3 +−1.6

TT 683.15
QC 2 H 2=¿ 18263.25293 J/day
For Q Cl2
Q Cl2 =Qin
T ref
QCl2 =moles Cl 2 fed ∫ ( C 1+ C 2T +C 3 T 2+C 4 T 3 +C 5 T 4) dT

T¿
T 298.15
Q Cl2 =0.084917855 moles Cl 2 fed ∫ 27.213+ 0.030426T +−0.000033353 T 2+1.5961E-08 T 3+−2.7

TT 683.15
QCl2 =¿-1166177.478 J/day
FOR Q VCM
QVCM =Qin+ Qout
T ref
QVCM =moles VCM ∈ ∫ ( C 1+C 2 T +C 3 T 2+ C 4 T 3 +C 5 T 4 ) dT + ¿ ¿ 132

T¿
T out
moles VCM out ∫ ( C 1+ C 2T +C 3 T 2+ C 4 T 3 +C 5 T 4) dT

T ref
T 683.15
QVCM =0.016012144 k moles VCM fed ∫ 5.73+0.261 T +0.00021489 T 2+ 9.5761E-08T 3 +−1.8004E

T 298.18
Q VCM =¿5761159849 J/day
FOR Q HCl
Q HCl=Qin+Qout
Q HCl=¿
T ref T out
moles HCl∈ ∫ (C 1+C 2T +C 3 T +C 4 T + C 5T ) dT + moles HCl out ∫ (C 1+C 2 T +C 3T 2 +C 4 T 3

2 3 4
T¿ T ref
T 683.15❑
Q HCl=3.75311E-13 kmoles HCl∈feed ∫ 5.73+0.261 T +0.00021489 T 2+ 9.5761E-08T 3 +−1.800
T 298.15
Q HCl=¿ 2247905712 J/day
FOR Q Trichloroethane
QTrichloroethane =Qin+Qout
T 683.15
QTrichloroethane =moles Trichloroethane ∈feed ∫ 5.73+0.261T +0.00021489 T 2 + 9.5761E-08T 3133

+−1.8
T 298.15
QTrichloroethane =¿
T 683.15
8.49179E-05 moles Trichloroethane ∈feed ∫ 5.73+ 0.261T +0.00021489 T 2 +9.5761E-08 T 3+−1.80

T 298.15
Q Trichloroethane =¿4565412.33 J/day
Heat of Reaction
∆ H reaction =∆ H product −∆ H reactant
134
Reaction 1:
Qrxn(main)=n ∆ H VCM +n ∆ H HCl-n ∆ H EDC
Qrxn(main)=¿160.1374499(-315.9043645) + 16.1374499(-92300) –
(1865.346604) 267.1629128
Qrxn ( main )=¿ -15329626.2
Side Reaction:
Qrxn( side)=n ∆ H HCl +n ∆ H Trichloroethane -n ∆ H Cl 2−n ∆ H EDC
Qrxn( side)=¿-92300) 0.084917855) +¿1436.769164) 0.085002773 + 0 +

(1865.346604) 267.1629128
Qrxn (side)= -23381.6705
Qtotal= 2954432559 J/day
Compoun
A B C D E
d
Water 33.933 -0.00842 3.00E-04 -1.78E-08 3.69E-12
2003
Qs=−Qtotal
Qs=nCpdT
T out

T¿
T 773.15
Qs=moles steam ∫ ( 33.933+−0.00842 T +3.00E-04 T 2 +−1.78E-08 T 3 +3.69E-12 T 4 ) dT

T 823.15
135
Qs
∫ ( 33.933+−0.00842 T +3.00E-04 T 2 +−1.78E-08 T 3 +3.69E-12 T 4 ) dT

T 823.15
2954432559 J /day
∫ ( 33.933+−0.00842 T +3.00E-04 T 2 +−1.78E-08 T 3 +3.69E-12 T 4 ) dT

T 823.15
moles of steam=280.26796 kmoles
kg
mass of steam= 280.26796 kmoles x 18
kmoles
mass of steam=¿ 5044.823265 kg/day
Equipment Name: Quencher

Temperature:
362.5297059 K
Pressure:
101325 Pa 136
Description:
The effluent stream coming from the EDC cracking furnace (reactor) is fed into a
quencher to cool down the mixture and avoid the formation of unnecessary coke. The
liquid outlet streams from Flash tank 1 (V-104) and Flash tank 2 (V-105) are fed into
the quencher with the EDC content as the wash fluid.
STREAM 7
VCM 10000.583749
HCl 5840.105306
EDC 27392.986117
METHANE 2.138437
H2 0.005346
C4H10 0.155037
ACETYLENE 0.034750
TOTAL 43342.497439
STREAM 10
EDC 3467.712198
TOTAL 3523.269984
STREAM 6
VCM 10000.58375
HCl 5840.105306
EDC 10576.4199
METHANE 2.138436674
H2 0.005346092
C4H10 0.155036659
ACETYLENE 0.034749596
TOTAL 26430.76632
STREAM 13
EDC 13348.854016
TOTAL 13388.46113
137
Q gain=Q loss
T2 T 2=BPi T2
∫ m iCp idt =−¿ (

T1
[ ∫
T 1=353 . 15 K
miCpidt + ∫
353 .15 K
mΔ Hvap+ ∫
T 1 =BPi
miCpidt
) ¿ ]¿ ¿ ¿ ¿
¿
¿
Qloss (Reactor-Gas):
For EDC:
T2
Q C 2 H 4 Cl 2 =¿ 26414.0137 ∫ 15.73+0 .261T -0.00021489T 2+9.58E-08 T 3 -1.80E-11T 4 ¿
773.15 K
0.0 021489 2 0.0 0 10378 3 7.83E-08 4

QC2H4Cl2=¿10576.419 ¿ [ 3 7 . 2 7 5
[ ][ ] [ ]
( T 2−7 3. 15 )¿] − (T 2 −7 3.15 )¿ + (T 2 −7 3.15 )¿ − (T 2 −7 3.15 ) ¿ ¿
2
2
3
3 4 ¿¿
4
Q H Cl =394236 .0518 T -1.136383436T

C2 4 2 2
¿ 22
+0.036587362T 2 3 -2.07E-04 T 24
+6.11E-08 T 25 -263923888.8
For Trichloroethane:
¿ T 2 ¿¿
138
-01 04 08
2.49E 2 1.76E- 3 5.26E- 4
QC2H3Cl3=¿1 .3 51 975¿ [ 28 . 8 1 ( T
[ ][ ][ ]
2−7 3 .15 )¿ ] + (T 2 −773. 15 )¿ − (T 2 −773 . 15 ) ¿ + (T 2 −773. 15 )¿ ¿
2
2 3 4 ¿¿
¿
3 4
Q C 2 H 3 Cl 3 =327.3695935T 2 +1.41082568T 2 2
-0.000666467T 2 +1.49E-07T 2 3 4
-9.24E-11T 2 -816204 .09495
For VCM:
¿ T 2 ¿
-0 9
0.14565 2 0.0 0 64281 3 3.24E 4
[ 1 7 .
QC2H3Cl=¿10 01.583751¿ 2 3 4 ¿1 93 ( T
[ ][ ][ ]
2−7 3.15)¿] + (T 2 −7 3.15 )¿ − (T 2−7 3. 15 ) ¿ − (T 2 −7 3. 15 ) ¿ ¿
2 3 4
Q H Cl =171957 .2287T +728.3653337 T

C2 3 3 2
¿ 22
-0.214303934 T 23 -8 .10E-06 T 2 4
+1.36E-08 T 2 5 -470152426
For HCl:
¿ T 2 ¿¿
139
-09
0.0 12615 2 0.0 0 01 21 3 4.97E 4
[ ] [ ][ ]
QHCl=5840.105309¿[29.24 (T 2−7 3.15)¿] − 2 (T 2−773.15 )¿ + 3 (T 2−773.15 )¿ + 4 (T 2−773.15 )¿ ¿¿
2 3 4
Q =170788. 0397 T -3. 683646424 T

HCl
¿
2 22
+0 . 002182253T 2 +7 . 25E-06 T 2 3 4
-2. 92E-09 T 2 +2201939. 884 5
For CH4:
¿ T 2 ¿¿
- 07
0.039 57 2 0.0 019184 3 1.53E 4
[ 34 . 94
QCH4=¿1.283 3 367¿ 2 3 4 ¿ ¿2 ( T
[ ][ ] [ ]
2−7 3 .15)¿ ] − (T 2−7 3 .15 ) ¿ + (T 2−7 3 .15 ) ¿ − (T 2 −7 3.15 )¿ ¿
2 3 4
Q =44. 84223451T -0. 025639076T

CH 4 2
¿ 22
+8. 20649E-05 T 23 -4. 91E-08 T 2 4
+1.01E-11 T 25 -42515.58829
For H2:
¿ T 2 ¿¿
140
-08
0.020178 2 0.0 0 38549 3 3.19E 4
[ ][ ] [ ]
QH2=¿0.0 32083 3¿[25.39 (T2−7 3.15)¿] + 2 (T2−7 3.15 )¿ − 3 (T2−7 3.15 )¿ + 4 (T2−7 3.15 )¿ ¿ ¿
2 3 4
¿
Q H 2 =0.08148845 T 2 +3 .23689E-05 T 2 2
-4.1226E-08 T 2 +2.56E-11 T 2 3 4
-5.62E-15 T 2 -70.882854145
For C4H10:
¿ T 2 ¿¿
-08
0.28153 2 0.0 0 13143 3 9.46E 4
QC4H10=¿0.0932465 4¿ [ 2 0 . 056 ( T
[ ][ ][ ]
2−7 3 . 15) ¿] + (T 2 −773. 15 )¿ − (T 2−773 . 15 ) ¿ − (T 2 −773 . 15 )¿ ¿
2
2 3
3
4 ¿¿
4
¿
Q C 4 H 10 =1.870152887 T 2 +0.013125851 T 22
-4 .08513E-07 T 23 -2.20E-09 T 24
+6.37E-13 T 25 -8491.424307
141
For C2H2:
¿ T 2 ¿¿
0.1 519 2 0.0 012374 3 7.24E-08 4
[ 19 . 36
QC2H2=¿0.020854167¿ 2 3 4 ¿ ¿( T
[ ][ ][ ]
2−7 3. 15)¿] + (T 2 −7 3 .15 ) ¿ − (T 2 −7 3 . 15 ) ¿ + (T 2 −7 3 . 15 )¿ ¿
2 3 4
¿
Q C 2 H 2 =0. 403736673 T 2 +0. 001201096 T 2 2
-8.60165E-07 T 2 +3. 77E-10 T 2

3 4
-6.92E-14 T 2 -748. 2862536

5
TotalQ loss=737355.8874T 2 +724.9448497T 2 2
-0.176120032T 2 -0.000208T 2 3 4
+7.1654E-08 T 2 -867581790.6 5
Qgain (Flash Tank2 - Liquid):

For EDC:
142
356.62K
QC 2 H 4 Cl 2 =¿ 13348.854016 ∫ 57.325+0.56014T-0.0018136T2+2.56E-06T3 ¿+ 13348.85402*(42.18(1−T523 )

[ 0.367
]
333.15K
T2
+3348.854016 ∫ 57.325+0.56014T-0 .0018136T 2+2.56E-06T 3

356.62K
Q C 2 H 4 Cl 2 =1042 .063222T 2 +1.50E+00 T 2 2
-2.94E-02 T 2 +2.59E-05 T 2
3 4
+1.32E+09
387.15K
QC 2 H 3 Cl 3 =¿ 39.607116 ∫ 34.934+8.81E-01T-2.33E-03T2+2.65E-06T3 ¿ + 39.607116∗(44.083(1−T545 ) )

[ 0.385
]
333.15K
T2
+39.607116 ∫ 34.934+8.81E-01 T-2 .33E-03 T2+2.65E-06 T 3

387.15K
Q C 2 H 3 Cl 3 =1383.63499T 2 +17.43782496T 2 2
-0.030769448 T 2 +2.62E-05 T 2
3 4
+4 .93E+11
Qgain (Flash Tank1 - Liquid):
143
For EDC:
356.62K
T 0.367
QC 2 H 4 Cl 2 =¿ 3467.712198 ∫ 57.325+0.56014T-0.0018136T +2.56E-06T ¿ + 3467.712198*(42.18(1−523 )
2 3
[ ]
353.15K
T2
+3467.712198 ∫ 57.325+0.56014T-0.0018136T 2+2.56E-06T 3

356.62K
Q C 2 H 4 Cl 2 =1461.72535T 2 +2.10E+00 T 2 2
-4.12E-02 T 2 +3.63E-05 T 2 +1.80E+09

3 4
387.15K
QC 2 H 3 Cl 3 =¿ 55.557786 ∫ 34.934+8.81E-01T-2.33E-03T 2+2.65E-06T3 ¿ + 55.557786∗(44.083(1−T545 ) ) +

[ 0.385
]
333.15K
T2
+55.557786 ∫ 34.934+8.81E-01 T-2 .33E-03 T2+2.65E-06 T3

387.15K
Q C 2 H 3 Cl 3 =121141.0579T 2+1.53E+03 T 2 2
-2.69E+00 T 2 +2.29E-03 T 2 +1.25E+11

3 4
TotalQ gain =589973.7T 2 +7.41E+03 T 2 -1.31E+01 T 2 2 3
+1.12E-02 T 2 +6.21E+11 4
144
Qgain  Qloss
+03 2 +01 3 -02 4

(589 73.7T2¿) +7.41E T2 ¿ -1.31E T2 ¿ +1.12E T 2 ¿ ¿¿
( )( )( )
¿ T 2=362.5297059K
145
Equipment Name: Condenser

Operating Pressure 111457.5 Pa
Description:
The gas effluent stream from the quencher will be cooled down in the condenser before
entering the Flash tank 1 as a mixture of liquid and gas.
STREAM 7
VCM 10000.583749
HCl 5840.105306
EDC 27392.986117
METHANE 2.138437
H2 0.005346
C4H10 0.155037
ACETYLENE 0.034750
TOTAL 43342.497439
STREAM 8
VCM 10001.583707
HCl 5840.105306
EDC 27392.986117
METHANE 1.283330
H2 0.003208
C4H10 0.093246
ACETYLENE 0.020854
TOTAL 43342.575791
FOR QC 2 H 3 Cl:
T ref
2 3 4
Q C 2 H 3 Cl =n ∫ C 1 +C 2 T +C 3 T +C 4 T +C 5T
T in 146
T out
2 T 0 . 483
3
+n ∫ C 1 +C 2 T +C 3 T +C 4 T −(35 .586 (1− ) )
T ref
432
298.15 K
Q C 2 H 3 Cl =160. 2223678 ∫ 17 .193+0 .14565T−0 .000064281T 2 -3. 2385E-09T3 +6 .7882E-12T 4

362.5297059 K
353 .15 K
2 3
+160. 2223678 ∫ 45 . 366+0 .28792T-0 . 0011535T +2. 1636E-06T
298 .15 K
362. 5297059 0 .483

[ (
160 . 2223678 −35 . 586(1-
432
) )]
QC 2 H 3 Cl=-2.727431992KW
FOR QHCl:
Q HCl=Qin+Qout+ ΔH condensation
T ref T out
2 3 4 2 3 T 0 . 647
Q HCl=n ∫ C 1 +C 2 T +C 3 T +C 4 T +C 5 T +n ∫ C 1 +C 2 T +C 3 T +C 4 T −n∗(30 . 54(1− ) )
T in T ref
324 . 65
324.63 0.647
[ (
¿ 353.15K ¿+ 160.2223678 −30.54(1- ) ¿Q HCl=-0.098610687KW ¿¿
324.65 )]
FOR QC2H4Cl2:
Q C 2 H 4 Cl 2 =Qin+Qout + ΔH condensation
T ref
2 3 4
Q C 2 H 4 Cl 2 =n ∫ C 1 +C 2 T +C 3 T +C 4 T +C 5 T
T in
T out
T 0 .367
+n ∫ C 1 +C 2 T +C 3 T 2 +C 4 T 3 +n∗(−42. 18(1− ) )
T ref 523
147
353.15 K
2 3 362.5297059 0.342
¿298.15K ¿¿¿+276.8086714 ∫ 57.325+0.56014T-0 .0 18136T +2.5617E-06T ¿−( 45.426+(1− ) )¿¿
298.15 K 561
J kmol 1kJ 1day
Q C 2 H 4 Cl 2 =(-638715.4249-1446610.77-8813547600)( )( )( )( )
Q C 2 H 4 Cl 2 =-102 .0327885KW
FOR QC2H3Cl3:
T ref T out
2 3 4 2 3
Q C 2 H 3 Cl 3 =n ∫ C 1 +C 2 T +C 3 T +C 4 T +C 5 T +n ∫ C 1 +C 2 T +C 3 T +C 4 T
T in Tref
353.15K
¿ 298.15K ¿¿¿+0.798266102 ∫ 34.934+8.81E-01 T-2.33E-03 T 2+2.65E-06 T3 ¿¿
298.15K
J kmol 1 kJ 1day
Q C 2 H 3 Cl 3 =(-4790. 981214-4769.19991)( )( )( )( )
Q C 2 H 3 Cl 3 =-0 .00011065KW
FOR QC4H10:
T ref T out
T
Q C 4 H 10 =n ∫ C 1 +C 2 T +C 3 T 2 +C 4 T 3 +C 5 T 4 +n ∫ C 1 +C 2 T +C 3 T 2 +C 4 T 3 +n∗(−33.02(1− )0.377 )
T in T ref
425.18
148
353.15K
362.5297059 0.37
2
Q C 4 H 10 =(-18. 6488237-34 . 14694614-42790 .71616 )(

-06 3
[ ( )]
¿298.15K¿ ¿+0.0 26 753 ∫ 62.873-0.58913T-0.0 2358 T +4.2 57E T ¿+ 0.0 26 753 −3 .02(1- ) ¿
298.15K 425.18
J
)(
kmol 1 kJ
)( )(
1 day
)
Q C 4 H 10 =-0 .000495874KW
FOR QC2H2:
Q C 2 H 2 =Qin+Qout + ΔH condensation
T ref T out
2 3 4 2 3
Q C 2 H 2 =n ∫ C 1 +C 2 T +C 3 T +C 4 T +C 5 T +n ∫ C 1 +C 2 T +C 3 T +C 4 T
T in T ref
T
+n∗(−16 .74 (1− )-0. 056 )
308 . 32
298. 15 K
Q C 2 H 2 =0 . 001330398 ∫ 19. 36+0 . 11519T−0 . 00012374T 2 +7 . 237E-08 T 3 -1. 659E-11 T 4
362.5297059 K
353 .15 K
2 -06 3
+0 . 001330398 ∫ 20 . 019+0 .7226T-0 .003565T +7 . 6296E T
298 .15 K
308 . 3 -0 . 056
[ (
+ 0 . 001330398* −16 . 74(1-
308 . 32
) )]
J kmol 1 kJ 1 day
Q C 2 H 2 =( -3.965480639+10 . 37120926+-38217. 66112 )( )( )( )( )
Q C 2 H 2 =-0 . 00044226KW
FOR QCH4:
T ref T out
Q CH 4 =n ∫ C 1 +C 2 T +C 3 T 2 +C 4 T 3 +C 5 T 4 +n ∫ C 1 + C 2 T +C 3 T 2 +C 4 T 3
T in T ref
T
[(
+ n −10 .312(1−
190. 58
)0. 265 )]
149
298. 15 K
Q CH 4 =0 .133319015 ∫ 34 . 942-0. 039957T+0 . 00019184T2 -1.5303E-07 T 3 +3 . 9321E-11 T 4
362. 5297059 K
353 .15 K
+0 . 133319015 ∫ -0. 018+1 .1982T-0 . 0098772T2 +0 . 0003167T3
298 .15 K
362. 5297059 0 . 265
[ (
0. 133319015 −10 . 312(1-
190. 58
) )]
J kmol 1 kJ 1 day
Q CH 4 =(-323.1652493+75930 . 72679-121279 .5171)( )( )( )( )
Q CH 4 =-0 . 000528611KW
FOR QH2:
Q H 2 =Qin+Qout+ ΔH condensation
T ref T out
Q H 2 =n ∫ C 1 +C 2 T +C 3 T +C 4 T +C 5 T +n ∫ C 1 +C 2 T +C 3 T 2 +C 4 T 3
2 3 4
T in T ref
T
[(
+ n −0 . 659(1−
33 .18
)0 .38 )]
298 .15 K
Q H 2 =0 . 002673 ∫ 25 . 399+0 . 020178T-0. 000038549T 2 +3 .188E-08 T 3 -8. 7585E -12 T 4
362. 5297059 K
353 .15 K
+0 . 002673 ∫ 50 . 607-6.1136T +0 . 3093T2 -0. 004148T3
298 .15 K
33 . 16 0. 38
[ (
+ 0 . 002673 −0. 659(1-
33 . 18
) )]
J kmol 1kJ 1day
Q H 2 =(-4.973053605-16661.5577-105.2792413)( )( )( )( )
kmol day 1000J 86400sec
Q H 2 =-0.000194118KW
Q T =Q VCM+¿ QEDC+¿QC2H3Cl3+¿Q HCl+¿ Q C2 H2+¿QCH 4+¿ QC4 H10+¿ Q H2 ¿QT=-104.8606027KW ¿¿¿¿ ¿

¿
Steam Requirement:
150
Compoun
A B C D E
d
Water 33.933 -0.00842 3.00E-04 -1.78E-08 3.69E-12
2003
Qs=−Qtotal
Qs=nCpdT
T out

T¿
333.15K
303.15K
Qs
∫ ( 33.933+−0.00842 T +3.00E-04 T 2 +−1.78E-08 T 3 +3.69E-12 T 4 ) dT

T 823.15
KJ
-104 . 8606027
s
moles of steam=
J 1 KJ
-1833 . 179713
kmol 1000 J ( )
kmoles
moles of steam=57 .20148547
s
kmoles kg
mass of steam =57. 20148547
s
18
kmole( )
kg kg
mass of steam required=1029 . 626739 ≈88959750 . 21
s day

151

Description:
The gas effluent stream from the Flash tank 1 will be cooled down in the condenser
before entering the Flash tank 2 as a mixture of liquid and gas.
STREAM 9
VCM 10001.583707
HCl 5840.105306
EDC 23925.273918
METHANE 1.283330
H2 0.003208
C4H10 0.093246
ACETYLENE 0.020854
TOTAL 39819.305807
STREAM 11
VCM 10001.583707
HCl 5840.105306
EDC 23925.273918
METHANE 1.283330
H2 0.003208
C4H10 0.093246
ACETYLENE 0.020854
TOTAL 39819.305807
152
FOR QC 2 H 3 Cl:
T ref T out
Q C 2 H 3 Cl =n ∫ C 1 +C 2 T +C 3 T 2 +C 4 T 3 +C 5T 4 +n ∫ C 1 +C 2 T +C 3 T 2 +C 4 T 3
T in T ref
T 0 . 483
[(
+ n −35 . 586(1−
432
) )]
298. 15 K
Q C 2 H 3 Cl =160. 1534621 ∫ 17 .193+0. 14565T−0 .000064281T 2 -3 . 2385E-09T3 +6 .7882E-12T 4
3 53 .15 K
333. 15 K
+160 . 1534621 ∫ 45 .366+0 .28792T-0 . 0011535T 2 +2 . 1636E-06T3
298. 15 K
353. 15 0 .483
[ (
160 . 1534621 −35 .586 (1-
432
) )]
J kmol 1 kJ 1 day
Q C 2 H 3 Cl =(501429. 4317-508737 . 1581-2795442666 )( )( )( )( )
Q C 2 H 3 Cl =-32 . 35474507KW
FOR QHCl:
T ref T out
2 3 4 2 3 T 0 . 647
Q HCl=n ∫ C 1 +C 2 T +C 3 T +C 4 T +C 5 T +n ∫ C 1 + C 2 T +C 3 T + C 4 T −n∗(30 . 54(1− ) )
T in T ref
324 . 65
324.63 0.647
[
¿ 333.15K ¿+ 160.2223678* −30.54(1-
324.65
) ¿¿
Q HCl=(608796 .0058-256406 .4434-9235763.788 )(
(
J
)(
kmol 1kJ
)( )(
1day
)
)]
Q HCl=-0.102816831KW
153
FOR QC2H4Cl2:
T ref T out
2 3 4 2 3
T in T ref
333.15K
¿ 298.15K ¿¿¿+241.7671172 ∫ 57.325+0.56014T-0.0018136T2+2.5617E-06T 3 ¿¿
298.15K
J kmol 1kJ 1day
Q C 2 H 4 Cl 2 =(-758201.5753-477555 .6944 )( )( )( )( )
Q C 2 H 4 Cl 2 =-0 . 014302746KW
FOR QC2H3Cl3:
T ref T out
2 3 4 2 3
Q C 2 H 3 Cl 3 =n ∫ C 1+C 2 T+C 3 T +C 4 T +C 5 T +n ∫ C 1+C 2 T +C 3 T +C 4 T
T in Tref
333.15K
-01 -03 2 -06 3
¿ 298.15K ¿¿¿+0.381875832 ∫ 34.934+8.81E T-2.33E T +2.65E T ¿¿
298.15K
J kmol 1 kJ 1 day
Q C 2 H 3 Cl 3 =(2190 . 43649-1944 . 066611)( )( )( )( )
Q C 2 H 3 Cl 3 =2 . 8515E-06 KW
154
FOR QC4H10:
T ref T out
T
Q C 4 H 10 =n ∫ C 1+C 2 T +C 3 T +C 4 T +C 5 T +n ∫ C 1 +C 2 T +C 3 T 2 +C 4 T 3 +n∗(−33.02(1−
2 3 4
)0.377 )
T in T ref
425.18
3 3.15 K
3 3.15 0.37
Q C 4 H 10 =(-18. 6488237-34 . 14694614-42790 .71616 )(

2 -06 3
[ ( )]
¿298.15K ¿ ¿+0.0 160437 ∫ 62.873-0.58913T-0.0 2358 T +4.2 57E T ¿+ 0.0 160437 −3 .02(1- ) ¿
298.15 K 425.18
J
)(
kmol 1 kJ
)( )(
1 day
)
Q C 4 H 10 =-0 .000495874KW
FOR QC2H2:
T ref T out
2 3 4 2 3
Q C 2 H 2 =n ∫ C 1 +C 2 T +C 3 T +C 4 T +C 5 T +n ∫ C 1 +C 2 T +C 3 T +C 4 T
T in T ref
T
[
+ n (−16 . 74(1−
308. 32
)-0. 056 ) ]
298 .15 K
Q C 2 H 2 =0 . 000798392 ∫ 19 .36 +0 .11519T−0 . 00012374T 2 +7 . 237E-08 T 3 -1.659E-11 T 4
353 .15 K
333. 15 K
2 -06 3
+0 . 000798392 ∫ 20 .019+0 .7226T-0. 003565T +7 .6296E T
298. 15 K
308 . 3 -0. 056
[ (
+ 0 . 000798392 −16 . 74(1-
308 . 32
) )]
J kmol 1 kJ 1 day
Q C 2 H 2 =(3 . 722995497-2. 02194779-22934 . 96415 )( )( )( )( )
Q C 2 H 2 =-0 . 000265431KW
155
FOR QCH4:
T ref T out
Q CH 4 =n ∫ C 1 +C 2 T +C 3 T +C 4 T +C 5 T +n ∫ C 1 + C 2 T +C 3 T 2 + C 4 T 3
2 3 4
T in T ref
T
[(
+ n −10 .312(1−
190. 58
)0. 265 )]
298. 15 K
Q CH 4 =0 .080008105 ∫ 34 . 942-0. 039957T+0 . 00019184T 2 -1.5303E-07 T 3 +3 . 9321E-11 T 4
353. 15 K
333.15 K
+0 . 080008105 ∫ -0 .018+1 . 1982T-0. 0098772T2 +0 . 0003167T3
298.15 K
190 .56 0 .265
[ (
0. 080008105 −10. 312(1-
190 .58
) )]
J kmol 1 kJ 1 day
Q CH 4 =(26277 .37525-164. 7906005-72782 .89827 )( )( )( )( )
Q CH 4 =-0. 000540166KW
FOR QH2:
Q H 2 =Qin+Qout + ΔH condensation
T ref T out
T
Q H 2 =n ∫ C 1 +C 2 T +C 3 T 2 +C 4 T 3 +C 5 T 4 +n ∫ C 1 +C 2 T +C 3 T 2 +C 4 T 3 + n −0 . 659(1−
T in T ref
[( 33 . 18
)0 . 38 )]
298.15 K
Q H 2 =0 . 001604 ∫ 25 . 399+0 . 020178T-0. 000038549T 2 +3 . 188E-08 T 3 -8. 7585E-12 T 4
353.15 K
333. 15 K
2 3
+0 . 001604 ∫ 50 . 607-6 . 1136T+0 . 3093T -0. 004148T
298. 15 K
33. 16 0. 38
[ (
+ 0 . 001604 −0 .659 (1-
33. 18
) )]
J kmol 1kJ 1 day
Q H 2 =(-5719 . 829016-2. 547891758-63 .17542204 )( )( )( )( )
Q H 2 =-6. 69624E-05KW
Q T =Q VCM+¿ QEDC+¿QC2H3Cl3+¿QHCl+¿ QC2 H2+¿ QCH 4+¿ QC4 H10+¿QH2 ¿QT=-32.47307896KW ¿¿¿¿ ¿
¿
Steam Requirement:
156
Compoun
A B C D E
d
Water 33.933 -0.00842 3.00E-04 -1.78E-08 3.69E-12
2003
Qs=−Qtotal
Qs=nCpdT
T out

T¿
333.15K
303.15K
Qs
∫ ( 33.933+−0.00842 T +3.00E-04 T 2 +−1.78E-08 T 3 +3.69E-12 T 4 ) dT

T 823.15
KJ
-32. 47307896
s
moles of steam=
J 1 KJ
-1833 . 179713
kmol 1000 J ( )
kmoles
s
kmoles kg
s
18
kmole ( )
kg kg
mass of steam required=318 . 8533112 ≈27548926 . 08
s day

157

Description:
The gas effluent stream from the Flash tank 2 will be cooled down in the condenser
before entering the Flash tank 3 as a mixture of liquid and gas.
STREAM 12
VCM 10001.583707
HCl 5840.105306
EDC 10576.419903
METHANE 1.283330
H2 0.003208
C4H10 0.093246
ACETYLENE 0.020854
TOTAL 26430.844675
STREAM 14
VCM 10001.583707
HCl 5840.105306
EDC 10576.419903
METHANE 1.283330
H2 0.003208
C4H10 0.093246
ACETYLENE 0.020854
TOTAL 26430.844675
FOR QC 2 H 3 Cl:
158
Q C 2 H 3 Cl =Qin+Qout + ΔH condensation
T ref T out
2 3 4 2 3
Q C 2 H 3 Cl =n ∫ C 1 +C 2 T +C 3 T +C 4 T +C 5T +n ∫ C 1 +C 2 T +C 3 T +C 4 T
T in T ref
T
[(
+ n −35 . 586(1−
432
)0 . 483 )]
298. 15 K
2 3 4
Q C 2 H 3 Cl =160. 1534621 ∫ 17 .193+ 0. 14565T−0 .000064281T -3 . 2385E-09T + 6 .7882E-12T
3 33 .15 K
315. 15 K
2 3
+160 . 1534621 ∫ 45 .366+ 0 .28792T-0. 0011535T +2 . 1636E-06T
298. 15 K
353. 15 0 .483
[ (
160 . 1534621 −35 .586 (1-
432
) )]
J kmol 1kJ 1day
Q C 2 H 3 Cl=(238492.4759-317947.1157-2506294356)( )( )( )( )
Q C 2 H 3 Cl=-29 .00895614KW
FOR QHCl:
T ref T out
2 3 4 2 3 T 0 . 647
Q HCl=n ∫ C 1 +C 2 T +C 3 T +C 4 T +C 5 T +n ∫ C 1 +C 2 T +C 3 T +C 4 T −n∗(30 . 54(1− ) )
T in T ref
324 . 65
324.63 0.647
[
¿ 310.15K ¿+ 160.2223678* −30.54(1-
324.65
) ¿¿
Q HCl=(280755 .8215-163126. 9791-9235763. 788)(
(
J
)(
kmol 1kJ
)( )(
1day
)
)]
Q HCl=-0.105533969KW
FOR QC2H4Cl2:
T ref T out
Q C 2 H 4 Cl 2 =n ∫ C 1 +C 2 T +C 3 T +C 4 T +C 5 T +n ∫ C 1 +C 2 T +C 3 T 2 +C 4 T 3
2 3 4
T in T ref
159
315.15K
¿ 298.15K ¿¿¿+106.8757064 ∫ 57.325+0.56014T-0.0018136T 2+2.5617E-06T3 ¿¿
298.15K
J kmol 1kJ 1day
Q C 2 H 4 Cl 2 =(445770 .2874-134889.2339)( )( )( )( )
Q C 2 H 4 Cl 2 =0.00359816KW
FOR QC2H3Cl3:
T ref T out
2 3 4 2 3
T in Tref
310.15K
¿ 298.15K ¿¿¿+0.084970915 ∫ 34.934+8.81E-01T-2.33E-03T2+2.65E-06T 3 ¿¿
298.15K
J kmol 1kJ 1day
Q C 2 H 3 Cl 3 =(234.1290422-270.978945)( )( )( )( )
Q C 2 H 3 Cl 3 =-4. 26504E-07 KW
FOR QC4H10:
T ref T out
T
Q C 4 H 10 =n ∫ C 1 +C 2 T +C 3 T +C 4 T +C 5 T +n ∫ C 1 +C 2 T +C 3 T 2 +C 4 T 3 +n∗(−33.02(1−
2 3 4
)0.377 )
T in T ref
425.18
310.15 K
3 3.15 0.37
2 -06 3
[ ( )]
¿298.15K ¿ ¿+0.0 160437 ∫ 62.873-0.58913T-0.0 2358 T +4.2 57E T ¿+ 0.0 160437 −3 .02(1- ) ¿
298.15 K 425.18
160
J kmol 1kJ 1day

Q C 4 H 10 =(-5.937729924-5.894253132-27126.40712)( )( )( )( )
Q C 4 H 10 =-0 .0003141KW
FOR QC2H2:
T ref T out
Q C 2 H 2 =n ∫ C 1 +C 2 T +C 3 T +C 4 T +C 5 T + n ∫ C 1 +C 2 T +C 3 T 2 +C 4 T 3
2 3 4
T in T ref
T
[
+ n (−16 . 74(1−
308. 32
)-0. 056 ) ]
298 .15 K
Q C 2 H 2 =0 . 000798392 ∫ 19 .36 +0 .11519T−0 . 00012374T 2 +7 . 237E-08 T 3 -1 .659E-11 T 4
333 .15 K
310. 15 K
2 -06 3
+0 . 000798392 ∫ 20 .019+ 0 .7226T-0 . 003565T +7 .6296E T
298. 15 K
308 . 3 -0 . 056
[ (
+ 0 . 000798392 −16 . 74( 1-
308 . 32
) )]
J kmol 1 kJ 1 day
Q C 2 H 2 =( 1 . 71639262-1. 271315751-22934 . 96415)( )( )( )( )
Q C 2 H 2 =-0 . 000265446KW
FOR QCH4:
161
T ref T out
2 3 4 2 3
Q CH 4 =n ∫ C 1 +C 2 T +C 3 T +C 4 T +C 5 T +n ∫ C 1 +C 2 T +C 3 T +C 4 T
T in T ref
T
[(
+ n∗ −10 .312(1−
190 . 58
)0.265 )]
298. 15 K
Q CH 4 =0 .080008105 ∫ 34 . 942-0 . 039957T+0 . 00019184T 2 -1 .5303E-07 T 3 +3 . 9321E-11 T 4
333. 15 K
310 .15 K
2 3
+0 . 080008105 ∫ -0 .018+1 . 1982T-0. 0098772T +0 . 0003167T
298 .15 K
190 .56 0 .265
[ (
0. 080008105 −10. 312( 1-
190 .58
) )]
J kmol 1 kJ 1 day
Q CH 4 =(11666.75413-103 . 6897839-72782 .89827 )( )( )( )( )
Q CH 4 =-0. 000708563KW
FOR QH2:
Q H 2 =Qin+Qout + ΔH condensation
T ref T out
T
Q H 2 =n ∫ C 1+C 2 T +C 3 T 2 +C 4 T 3+C 5 T 4 +n ∫ C 1 +C 2 T +C 3 T 2+C 4 T 3 + n −0 . 659(1−
T in T ref
[( 33 . 18
)0 . 38 )]
298.15 K
Q H 2 =0 . 001604 ∫ 25 . 399+0 . 020178T-0. 000038549T 2 +3 . 188E-08 T 3 -8. 7585E-12 T 4
333.15 K
310. 15 K
2 3
+0 . 001604 ∫ 50 . 607-6 . 1136T+0 . 3093T -0. 004148T
298. 15 K
33. 16 0. 38
[ (
+ 0 . 001604 −0 .659 (1-
33. 18
) )]
J kmol 1 kJ 1 day
Q H 2 =(-2520. 485965-1.619169825-63 . 17542204 )( )( )( )( )
Q H 2 =-2. 99222E-05 KW
Q T =Q VCM+¿ QEDC+¿QC2H3Cl3+¿QHCl+¿QC2 H2+¿QCH 4+¿QC4 H10+¿Q H2 ¿QT=-29.1122104KW ¿¿¿¿ ¿

¿
Steam Requirement:
162
Compoun
A B C D E
d
Water 33.933 -0.00842 3.00E-04 -1.78E-08 3.69E-12
2003
Qs=−Qtotal
Qs=nCpdT
T out

T¿
333.15K
303.15K
Qs
∫ ( 33.933+−0.00842 T +3.00E-04 T 2 +−1.78E-08 T 3 +3.69E-12 T 4 ) dT

T 823.15
KJ
-29 . 1122104
s
moles of steam=
J 1 KJ
-1833 . 179713
kmol 1000 J ( )
kmoles
s
kmoles kg
s
18
kmole ( )
kg kg
s day
Equipment Name: HCl Column

163
Temperature:
242.1465337 K
Pressure:
1031860.714 Pa
Description:
The gas effluent stream from Flash tank 3 will proceed to the HCl column where most of
the HCl content will be recovered in the distillate for storage and in the bottoms will be
VCM and the other by-products in which it will proceed to the VCM Column.
STREAM 19
VCM 1.000058
HCl 5839.521296
METHANE 2.138437
H2 0.005346
C4H10 0.000001
ACETYLENE 0.034747
TOTAL 5842.699884
STREAM 15
VCM 10001.583707
HCl 5840.105306
EDC 1915.788009
METHANE 1.283330
H2 0.003208
C4H10 0.093246
ACETYLENE 0.020854
TOTAL 17760.0273
STREAM 17
VCM 9999.583691
HCl 0.584011
EDC 1915.788009
C4H10 0.155036
ACETYLENE 0.000003
TOTAL 11917.259243
164
T Ref T out T out
Q= ∫ nCpdT + ∫ nCpdT ( liquid ) + ∫ nCpdT ( gas)

T¿ T Ref T Ref
QTotal =Q H 2 +QCH 4 +QHCl + Q Acetylene +QVCM +Q Butane +QTrichloethane + QEDC
 Tin= 315.15K
 Tout distillate=242.138223 K
 Tout bottom= 346.38461104495 K
FOR Q H 2
Q H =Qsensible
2
T out
Q H =kmoles H 2 fed ∫ C 1+ C 2T +C 3 T 2+C 4 T 3 +C 5 T 4

2
T¿
Tout
¿ 0.002673046 k moles x 1000 x ∫ 25.399+ 0.020178T +−0.000038549 T 2 +3.188E-08 T 3 +−8.7585
T¿
242.138223 K
¿ 0.002673046 kmoles x 1000 x ∫ 25.399+ 0.020178T +−0.000038549 T 2 +3.188E-08 T 3+−8.
315.15 K
J
Q H 2 =−5592.422055
day
165
FOR Q Methane
Q Methane =Qin+Qout
T ref T out
2 3 4
Q CH =moles methane fed ∫ C 1+C 2 T +C 3T +C 4 T +C 5 T +moles methane∈distillate ∫ C 1+ C 2
4
T¿ T ref
Q CH =¿0.133652292
4
T 298.15 K
kmoles methane fed x 1000 x ∫ 34.942+−0.039957T +0.00019184 T 2+−1.5303E-07 T 3 +3.9321E

T 315.15 K
Q Methane =¿-499042.8081 J/day
J
Q Methane =−499042.8081
day
FOR Q HCl
Q HCl=Qin+Qout
T ref T out
2 3 4
Q HCl=moles HCl fed ∫ C 1+ C 2T +C 3 T +C 4 T +C 5 T +moles HCL∈distillate ∫ C 1+ C 2T +C 3
166
T¿ T ref
T 298.15K
Q HCl=160.2223678 moles HCl fed ∫ 29.244+−0.0012615T +0.000001121 T 2+ 4.9676E-09T 3 +−

T 315.15K
J
Q HCl=−339963726.4
day
FOR Q C 2 H 2
QC 2 H 2=Qin+Qout
T ref T out
2 3 4
Q C 2 H 2=moles C 2 H 2 fed ∫ C 1+C 2 T + C 3 T +C 4 T +C 5T + moles C 2 H 2∈distillate ∫ C167
1+C 2
T¿ T ref
T 298.15 K
Q C 2 H 2=0.001336523 moles C 2 H 2 fed ∫ 19.36+0.11519 T +−0.00012374 T 2+7.237E-08 T 3+−1

T 315.15 K
J
Q C 2 H 2=−4222.373962
day
FOR Q C 2 H 3 Cl
168
Q C 2 H 3 Cl =Qin+Qout
T ref T out
2 3 4
Q C 2 H 3 Cl =moles C 2 H 3Cl fed ∫ C 1+C 2 T +C 3 T +C 4 T +C 5 T +moles C 2 H 3 Cl∈distillate ∫ C
T¿ T ref
T 298.15 K
2
Q C 2 H 3 Cl =160.13745moles C 2 H 3 Cl fed ∫ 17.193+0.14565 T ±0.000064281 T +−3.2385E-09 T
T 315.15 K
J
Q C 2 H 3 Cl =495975785.9
day
FOR QC 4 H 10
Q C 4 H 10=Qin+Qout
T ref T out
2 3 4 169
QC 4 H 10=moles C 4 H 10 fed ∫ C 1+C 2 T +C 3 T + C 4 T +C 5 T +moles C 4 H 10∈distillate ∫ C 1+
T¿ T ref
T 298.15 K
2
Q C 4 H 10=0.002673046 moles C 4 H 10 fed ∫ 20.056+0.28153 T +−0.000013143 T +−9.4571E-08
T 315.15 K
J
Q C 4 H 10=−32003.3305
day
FOR QC 2 H 3 Cl3
Q C 2 H 3 Cl3=Qin+ Qout
T ref T out
2 3 170
QC 2 H 3 Cl3=moles C 2 H 3 Cl 3 fed ∫ C 1+ C 2T +C 3 T +C 4 T +moles C 2 H 3Cl 3∈distillate ∫ C 1+C
T¿ T ref
T 298.15
2
Q C 2 H 3 Cl 3=0.008612623moles C 2 H 3 Cl 3 fed ∫ 24.934+8.8054E-01 T +−2.3306E-03T +2.6455E
T 315.15
J
Q C 2 H 3 Cl3=46464.55561
day
FOR QC 2 H 4 Cl 2
Q C 2 H 4 Cl 2=Qin+Qout
T ref T out
2 3
QC 2 H 4 Cl 2=moles C 2 H 4 Cl 23 fed ∫ C 1+C 2 T +C 3 T + C 4 T +moles C 2 H 4 Cl 2∈distillate ∫ C 1+
T¿ 171
T ref
Q C 2 H 4 Cl 2=¿19.37096066 k
T 298.15
moles C 2 H 4 Cl 2 fed ∫ 57.325+0.56014 T +−0.0018136 T 2+ 2.5617E-06T 3 +¿

T 315.15
4.00E-15
TT 242.138223K
2 3
moles C 2 H 4 Cl 2∈distillate ∫ 15.73+0.261 T +−0.00021489T +9.5761E-08 T +−1.8004E-11 T
T 298.15
23.43977244
T 346.38461104495 K
moles C 2 H 4 Cl 2∈bottoms ∫ 57.325+0.56014 T +−0.0018136 T 2+2.5617E-06 T 3

T 298.15
J
QC 2 H 4 Cl 2=¿115673468.9
day
Q Total =Q H 2 +Q Methane+ Q HCl +Q Acetylene +Q VCM +Q Butane +Q Trichloethane +Q EDC
172
J
Q Total =
day
Q H 2 O =−Qsystem =nCpdT
Q Total= -5592.422055+-499042.8081+-339963726.4
+-4222.373962+495975785.9
+-32003.3305+46464.55561+115673468.9
J
Q Total= 271191132
day
Equipment Name: VCM Column

Temperature:
309.4990955 K
Pressure:
549360.7143 Pa 173
Description:
The liquid effluent stream from the bottoms of the HCl column will proceed to the VCM
column where the desired product, the vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) will be collected
in the distillate stream and the bottoms stream containing mostly EDC and traces of
VCM and other by-product will proceed to the mixer where it will be mixed with the
liquid effluent stream from Flash tank 3 in which mostly composed of EDC.
STREAM 27
VCM 9998.583732
HCl 0.584011
EDC 0.191579
C4H10 0.154831
ACETYLENE 0.000003
TOTAL 9999.514156
STREAM 24
VCM 9999.583691
HCl 0.584011
EDC 1915.788009
C4H10 0.155036
ACETYLENE 0.000003
TOTAL 11917.259243
STREAM 25
VCM 0.999958
EDC 1915.596431
C4H10 0.000205
TOTAL 1917.745087
T Ref T out T out
Q=moles ∫ nCpdT ( liquid ) + ∆ H vaporization + moles ∫ nCpdT ( liquid ) +moles ∫ nCpdT (gas )
T¿ T Ref T Ref
QTotal =Q Methane+Q HCl +Q Acetylene +QVCM +QButane + QTrichloethane +Q EDC
Tin= 342.8388141K
174
Tout (distillate)= 309.499095513857K
Tout (bottoms)= 426.341843936634K
FOR Q Methane
T ref T out
Q Methane =moles feed ∫ C 1+ C 2T +C 3 T +C 4 T +moles disti ∫ C 1+C 2T +C 3 T 2 +C 4 T 3+ C 5 T 4 +

2 3
T¿ T¿
298.15
¿ 9.54792E-14 kmoles feed ∫ −0.018+ 1.1982T +−0.0098772T 2 +0.0003167 T 3 +9.54792E
342.838814134234
J
Q Met h ane =¿-4.19645E-05
day
FOR Q HCl
T ref T out
Q HCl=moles ∫ C 1+C 2T +C 3 T +C 4 T + moles disti ∫ C 1+C 2T +C 3 T 2 +C 4 T 3+C 5T 4 + moles b

2 3
T¿ T¿
175
298.15
Q HCl=0.016022237 k moles feed ∫ 73.993+−0.12946 T +−0.00007898T 2+ 2.6409E-06 T 3 +7.0
346.384611
J
Q HCl=¿ -74716.48222
day
176
FOR Q Acetylene
T ref T out
Q Acetylene =moles feed ∫ C 1+C 2 T +C 3 T + C 4 T +C 5 T +moles bot ∫ C 1+C 2 T +C 3 T 2 +C 4 T 3 +C

2 3 4
T¿ T ref
298.15
Q Acetylene =1.02579E-07 k molesfeed ∫ 20.019+ 0.7226 T +−3.5650E-03 T 2+7.6296E-06 T 3 +4.5
346.384611
J
Q Acetylene =¿-0.576825461
day
For Q VCM
T ref T out
Q VCM =moles feed ∫ C 1+C 2T +C 3 T 2 +C 4 T 3+ C 5 T 4 + moles bot ∫ C 1+C 2 T +C 3 T 2+ C 4 T 3 +C 5

T¿ T ref 177
298.15
QVCM =160.1214362kmolesfeed ∫ 45.366+ 0.28792T +−0.0011535 T 2+ 2.1636E-06T 3 +0.0160
346.384611
J
QVCM =¿-547030655.3
day
For Q Butane
T ref T out
QButane =moles feed ∫ C 1+C 2 T +C 3T +C 4 T +C 5 T +moles bot ∫ C 1+C 2T +C 3 T 2+C 4 T 3+ C

2 3 4
T¿ T ref
178
298.15
Q Butane =0.002673037 molesfeed ∫ 62.873+−0.58913 T +−0.0023588 T 2 +4.2257E-06 T 3 +3.52
346.384611
J
QButane =¿ 30426.4335
day
For QTrichloethane
T ref T out
Q Trichloethane =moles feed ∫ C 1+C 2 T +C 3 T + C 4 T +C 5 T +moles bot ∫ C 1+C 2 T + C 3 T 2 +C 4 T 3

2 3 4
T¿ T ref
298.15
QTrichloethane =0.008612623 k molesfeed ∫ 24.934+8.8054E-01 T +−2.3306E-03 T 2+ 2.6455E-06
346.384611
J
QTricholoethane =¿-59428.30657
day
179
For Q EDC
T ref T out
Q EDC =moles feed ∫ C 1+ C 2T +C 3 T +C 4 T +C 5 T +moles bot ∫ C 1+C 2 T +C 3T 2 +C 4 T 3 +C 5

2 3 4
T¿ T ref
298.15
Q EDC =19.37096066 k molesfeed ∫ 57.325+ 0.56014 T +−0.0018136 T 2+ 2.5617E-06 T 3 +19.36
346.384611
J
Q EDC =¿-116501637.1
day
Q Total =Q Methane+Q HCl +Q Acetylene +Q VCM +Q Butane + Q Trichloethane +Q EDC
Q H 2 O =−Qsystem =mCpdT
Qt= -4.19645E-05 + -74716.48222+ -0.576825461+

-547030655.3+30426.4335+ -59428.30657+-116501637.1
180
J
Qt= -663636011.3
day
Equipment Name: Mixer

Equipment Code: V - 110
Temperature:
229.1672635 K
Pressure:
111457.5 Pa 181
Description:
The liquid effluent stream from Flash tank 3 and the bottoms stream of the VCM
column will be fed into the mixer and the EDC-rich effluent from the mixer will proceed
to the heavies column.
STREAM 33
VCM 0.999958
EDC 10576.228324
C4H10 0.000205
TOTAL 10588.562458
STREAM 16
EDC 8660.631893
TOTAL 8670.817371
STREAM 32
VCM 0.999958
EDC 1915.596431
C4H10 0.000205
TOTAL 1917.745087
Q gain=Q loss
TF TF
∫ m 2Cp 2dt =− ∫
T1
m 1Cp 1dt
T 2
Qgain (Flash Tank 3 - liquid):

For EDC:
¿ T F ¿¿ 182
0.07555 2 2 0.0022271 3 3
[
QC 2 H 4 Cl 2 =¿ 8258.226409¿ 26.31(T F−315.15)+ 2 ][ ]
(TF −315.15 ) ¿ − (TF −315.15 ) ¿ ¿ ¿¿¿
3
¿
Q C 2 H 4 Cl 2 =1461 .72535 T F +2 .10E+00 T F -4 .12E-02 T F 2 3
-05
+3 .63E T F −264142. 402 4
TF
Q C 2 H 3 Cl 3 =¿ 10.185478 ∫ 34.934+8.81E -01T -2.33E-03 T 2 +2.6455x10−6 T 3 ¿
315 .15K
-01 −3
8.81E 2 2 2.3306x10 3 3
[
Q C 2 H 3 Cl 3 =¿ 10.185478 ¿ 34.934(T F−315.15)+ 2 ][
(TF −315.15 )¿ −
¿
3
(TF −315.15 )¿ ¿ ¿¿¿
]
Q C 2 H 3 Cl 3 =121141 . 0579T F +1 .53E+03 T F -2. 69E+00 T F 2 3
-03
+2 .29E T F -128113067 . 9 4
TotalQ gain =122602.7833T F +1528.828345T F -2.73519426 T F 2 3
4
+0.0023297T F −127848925.5
Qloss (VCM Column - Bottoms):

For EDC:
TF
Q C 2 H 4 Cl 2 =¿ 2317.961675 ∫ 57.325+0.56014T−0.0018136T 2 +2.5617 x10−6 T 3 ¿ 183
429.186818 K
0.56014 2 2 0.0018136 3 3
[ ][
QC 2H 4Cl2=¿2317.961675¿[57.325(T F−429.186818)¿] + 2 (TF −429.186818 ) ¿ − 3 (TF −429.186818 ) ¿ ¿¿¿¿ ]
¿
Q C 2 H 4 Cl 2 =60985 . 57166 T F +8. 76E+01 T F 2
+00 -03
-1.72E T F +1. 51E T F +42400075. 08
3 4
TF
Q C 2 H 3 Cl 3 =¿ 1.148493 ∫ 34.934+8.5054x10−1 T−2.3306 x10−3 T 2+2.6455 x10−6 T 3 ¿
429. 186818K
−1 −3
8.5054 x10 2 2 2.3 06 x10 3 3
[ ][ ]
QC 2H 3Cl3=¿1.148493¿[34.934(T F−429.186818)¿] + 2 (TF −429.186818 )¿ − 3 (TF −429.186818 )¿ ¿¿¿¿
¿
Q C 2 H 3 Cl 3 =40.12145407 T F +5.06E-01 T F −8.92 x10−4 T F 2 3
+7.60E-07 T F -65596.74039
4
For VCM:
TF
2 −6 3
Q C 2 H 3 Cl=¿0.999958 ∫ 45.366+0.28792T−0.0011535T +2.1636 x 10 T ¿
429. 186818K
0.28792 2 2 0.0011535 3 3 184
[ ][
QC 2H 3Cl=¿0.999958¿[45.366(T F−429.186818) ¿] + 2 (TF −429.186818 ) ¿ − 3 (TF −429.186818 ) ¿ ¿¿¿ ]
¿
Q C 2 H 4 Cl 2 =45 .36411137 T F +1. 44E-01 T F -3 . 84E-04 T F 2 3
−7
+5 . 41 x 10 T F -33942 . 17298
4
For C4H10:
TF
Q C 4 H 10 =¿ 0.000205 ∫ 45.366+0 .28792T−0.0011535T 2+2.1636 x 10−6 T 3 ¿
429. 186818 K
0.58913 2 2 0.0 2358 3 3

[ ][ ]
QC 2H 3Cl=¿0.0 0205¿[62.873(T F−429.186818)¿] − 2 (TF −429.186818 )¿ − 3 (TF −429.186818 ) ¿ ¿¿¿
¿
Q C 2 H 4 Cl 2 =0. 012881737 T F -6 . 04E-05 T F -1 . 61E-07 T F 2 3
-10
+2 .16E T F +10 . 97980505
4
TotalQ Loss=61071.07011T F +88 .21054292 T F2−1 .72205435 T F3

+0 .0015143T F 4 +42300547 .14
Qgain  Qloss
(12 602.783 T F ¿)(+1528.828345T F ¿)(-2.73519426T F ¿)(+0.0 23297T F ¿)¿¿

2 3 4
185
¿
( 183673.8534T F +1617.038888 T F ¿ ) ¿ ¿¿ 2
¿
T F=229 .1672635 K
Equipment Name: Heavies Column

Temperature:
472.1037014 K
Pressure:
1376503.571 Pa 186
Description:
The exit stream from the mixer (V-110) is fed into the Heavies column where EDC is
purified. The distillate which contains mostly EDC will proceed to a mixer where it will
be mixed with fresh EDC from the storage tank. The bottoms stream which contains the
heavies residue will proceed to waste disposal.
STREAM 36
VCM 0.999958369
HCl 1.36801E-11
EDC 10565.6521
C4H10 0.000204719
TOTAL 10566.66358
STREAM 33
VCM 0.999958
EDC 10576.228324
C4H10 0.000205
TOTAL 10588.562458
STREAM 34
EDC 10.57622832
TOTAL 21.88870025
T Ref T out T out
Q=moles ∫ nCpdT + ∆ H vaporization +moles ∫ nCpdT ( liquid )+ moles ∫ nCpdT (gas)

T¿ T Ref T Ref
QTotal =Q HCl +Q Acetylene +QVCM +Q Butane +QTrichloethane +QEDC
 Tin: 387.0969041K
 Tout (distillate): 472.103701K
 Tout (bottoms): 492.9101006K
For liquid feed:
FOR Q HCl
Q HCl=Qin+Qout + n ∆ H vaporization
T ref T out
Q HCl=moles HCl fed ∫ C 1+ C 2T +C 3 T 2+C 4 T 3 +moles HCL∈distillate ∫ C 1+ C 2T +C 3 T 2+C 4

T¿ T ref
T 298.
Q HCl=3.75311E-13 k moles HCl fed ∫ 73.993+−0.12946 T +−0.00007898T 2+ 2.6409E-06T 3 +¿

T 387.0969041
T out
3.75311E-13 moles HCL∈distillate ∫ 29.244+−0.0012615T +0.000001121 T 2 + 4.9676E-09T 3 +−2

T ref
J
Q HCl=¿ -7.50217E-07 188
day
FOR Q C 2 H 2
QC 2 H 2=Qin+Qout + n ∆ H vaporization
T ref T out
2 3
Q C 2 H 2=moles C 2 H 2 fed ∫ C 1+C 2 T + C 3 T +C 4 T + moles C 2 H 2∈distillate ∫ C 1+ C 2T +C 3 T
T¿ T ref
Q C 2 H 2=¿
T ref
4.5487E-19 moles C 2 H 2 fed ∫ 20.019+0.7226 T +−3.5650E-03T 2 +7.6296E-06 T 3 +¿

T¿
4.5487E-19
T out
moles C 2 H 2∈distillate ∫ 19.36+0.11519 T +−0.00012374 T 2 +7.237E-08T 3 +−1.659E-11 T 4 +¿

T ref
6.28349E-19(20264205.24)
J
Q C 2 H 2=¿ 1.01857E-11
day
FOR Q VCM
189
Q VCM =Qin+ Qout +n ∆ H vaporization

T ref T out
Q VCM =moles VCM fed ∫ C 1+C 2 T + C 3 T +C 4 T + moles VCM ∈distillate ∫ C 1+C 2T + C 3 T 2 +C

2 3
T¿ T ref
Q VCM =¿
T ref
0.016012144 moles VCM fed ∫ 45.366+0.28792 T +−0.0011535 T 2 +2.1636E-06 T 3+ ¿

T¿
0.016012144
T out
moles VCM ∈distillate ∫ 17.193+0.14565 T ±0.000064281T 2+−3.2385E-09T 3 +6.7882E-12T 4 + ¿

T ref
0.022118877(20206784.05)
J
QVCM =¿486792.9564
day
FOR QC 4 H 10
Q C 4 H 10=Qin+Qout +n ∆ H vaporization
T ref T out
2 3
QC 4 H 10=moles C 4 H 10 fed ∫ C 1+C 2 T +C 3 T + C 4 T +moles C 4 H 10∈distillate ∫ C 1+C 2T + C
T¿ T ref
QC 4 H 10=¿
T ref
3.52964E-06 moles C 4 H 10 fed ∫ 62.873+−0.58913 T +−0.0023588T 2 +4.2257E-06 T 3+ ¿

T¿
3.52964E-06
T out
190
moles C 4 H 10∈distillate ∫ 20.056+ 0.28153T +−0.000013143 T 2 +−9.4571E-08T 3 +3.4149E-11T
T ref
4.87578E-06(20940053.52)
J
Q C 4 H 10=¿253.5855771 =KW
day
FOR QC 2 H 3 Cl3
Q C 2 H 3 Cl3=Qin+ Qout+ ∆ H vaporization
T ref T out
2 3
QC 2 H 3 Cl3=moles C 2 H 3 Cl 3 fed ∫ C 1+ C 2T +C 3 T +C 4 T +moles C 2 H 3Cl 3∈distillate ∫ C 1+C
T¿ T ref
T 298.15
Q C 2 H 3 Cl 3=0.084917853moles C 2 H 3 Cl 3 fed ∫ 24.934+8.8054E-01 T +−2.3306E-03T 2 +2.6455E

T 315.15
8.49179E-05
TT 242.138223 K
2 3
moles C 2 H 3 Cl 3∈distillate ∫ 28.881+ 2.4893E-01T +−1. 7639 E−04 T +5.2632E-08 T +−4.0
T 298.15
0.084832935
T 346.38461104495 K
moles C 2 H 3 Cl 3∈bottoms ∫ 24.934 +8.8054E-01 T +−2.3306E-03 T 2+2.6455E-06 T 3 +¿ ¿

T 298.15
0.000117304moles)(32497147.71¿
J
Q C 2 H 3 Cl3=¿-1198037.823
day
FOR QC 2 H 4 Cl 2
191
QC 2 H 4 Cl 2=Qin+Qout +∆ H vaporization
T ref T out
2 3
QC 2 H 4 Cl 2=moles C 2 H 4 Cl 23 fed ∫ C 1+C 2 T +C 3 T + C 4 T +moles C 2 H 4 Cl 2∈distillate ∫ C 1+
T¿ T ref
T 298.15
Q C 2 H 4 Cl 2=106.9386079 moles C 2 H 4 Cl 2 fed ∫ 57.325+0.56014 T +−0.0018136 T 2 +2.5617E-06

T 315.15
106.8316693
TT 242.138223K
2 3
moles C 2 H 4 Cl 2∈distillate ∫ 15.73+0.261 T +−0.00021489T +9.5761E-08 T +−1.8004E-11 T
T 298.15
0.106938608
T 346.38461104495 K
moles C 2 H 4 Cl 2∈bottoms ∫ 57.325+0.56014 T +−0.0018136 T 2+2.5617E-06 T 3 +moles C 2

T 298.15
147.5752761)
J
Q C 2 H 4 Cl 2=¿4892210694 =KW
day
Q Total =Q HCl +Q Acetylene +Q VCM +Q Butane +Q Trichloethane +Q EDC
J
Q Total =¿4891499703
day
Description:
The gas effluent stream from the heavies column will be cooled down in the condenser
before entering the mixer as a liquid mixture. 192
STREAM 36
VCM 0.999958369
HCl 1.36801E-11
EDC 10565.6521
C4H10 0.000204719
TOTAL 10566.66358
STREAM 37
VCM 0.999958369
HCl 1.36801E-11
EDC 10565.6521
C4H10 0.000204719
TOTAL 10566.66358
For HCl
Q HCl=Qin+Qout + ∆ H condensation
193
T ref T out
Q HCl=moles HCl fed ∫ C 1+ C 2T +C 3 T 2+C 4 T 3 +C 5 T 4 +moles HCl out ∫ C 1+C 2 T +C 3 T 2+ C 4

T¿ T ref
298.15
kmol
Q HCl=5.15213E-14 ∫ 29.244 ± 0.0012615T +0.000001121 T 2 + 4.9676E-09T 3 ±2.4963E-12
day 472.104
Q HCl = ( 4.43612 E−06 ) ( dayJ )( 241 dayhrs )( 3600

1 hr 1 kJ
s 1000 J )
)(
Q HCl=¿ 5.1344E - 14 KW
For C2H2
Q C 2 H 2=Qin+Qout + ∆ H condensation
T ref T out
2 3 4
QC 2 H 2=moles C 2 H 2 fed ∫ C 1+C 2 T + C 3 T +C 4 T +C 5T + moles C 2 H 2∈out ∫ C 1+C 2 T +C
T¿ T ref
298.15 445.33
2 3 4
Q C 2 H 2=0.0000 ∫ 19.36+0.11519 T ±0.00012374 T +7.237E-08 T ±1.659E-11 T +0.0000 ∫ 2
472.104 298.15
194
J 1day 1 hr 1kJ
Q C 2 H 2=8.44909E-14
day ( )( 24 h rs )( 3600 s )( 1000 J )
QC 2 H 2=¿ 9.77904E-22 KW
For C2H3Cl
QC 2 H 3 Cl =Qin+Qout +∆ H condensation
T ref T out
Q C 2 H 3 Cl =moles C 2 H 3Cl fed ∫ C 1+C 2 T +C 3 T 2 +C 4 T 3 +C 5 T 4 +moles C 2 H 3 Cl out ∫ C 1+C 2

T¿ T ref
298.15
kmol
QC 2 H 3 Cl =0.002345744 ∫ 17.193+0.14565 T ± 0.000064281 T 2 +−3.2385E-09 T 3 +6.7882E
day 472.104
Q C 2 H 3 Cl =−249805.06 ( dayJ )( 241 day 1 hr 1 kJ

h rs 3600 s 1000 J )
)( )(
Q C 2 H 3 Cl =−0.0028913 KW
195
FOR C4H10
Q C 4 H 10=Qin+Qout +∆ H condensation
T ref T out
2 3 4
QC 4 H 10=moles C 4 H 10 fed ∫ C 1+C 2 T +C 3 T + C 4 T +C 5 T +moles C 4 H 10 out ∫ C 1+C 2T +
T¿ T ref
298.15
kmol
Q C 4 H 10=5.18014E-07 ∫ 20.056+0.28153 T ± 0.000013143 T 2 ± 9.4571E-08T 3 +3.4149E-11
day 472.104
Q C 4 H 10=−284.072198 ( dayJ )( 241dayh rs )( 3600

1 hr 1kJ
s 1000 J )
)(
QC 4 H 10=−3.28787E-06 KW
For C2H3Cl3
Q C 2 H 3 Cl3=Qin+ Qout+ ∆ H condensation

T ref T out
2 3 4
Q C 2 H 3 Cl 3=moles C 2 H 3 Cl 3 fed ∫ C 1+ C 2T +C 3 T +C 4 T +C 5 T +moles C 2 H 3Cl 3 out ∫ C 1+
T¿ T ref
298.15
kmol
QC 2 H 3 Cl3=0.016057614 ∫ 28.881+2.4893E-01 T +−1.7639E-04 T 2 +5.2632E-08T 3 ±196
day 472.104
4.074
Q C 2 H 3 Cl 3=−2151.42875 ( dayJ )( 241 dayh rs )( 3600

1 hr 1 kJ
s )( 1000 J )
Q C 2 H 3 Cl 3=−2.49008 E−05 KW
For EDC
Q C 2 H 4 Cl 2=Qin+Qout +∆ H condensation
T ref T out
2 3 4
QC 2 H 4 Cl 2=moles C 2 H 4 Cl 2 fed ∫ C 1+ C 2T +C 3 T +C 4 T +C 5 T +moles C 2 H 4 Cl 2 out ∫ C 1+
T¿ T ref
298.15
kmol
Q C 2 H 4 Cl 2=109.8830846 ∫ 15.73+0.261 T ± 0.00021489T 2 +9.5761E-08 T 3 ± 1.8004E-11T 4
day 472.104
197
J 1day 1 hr 1kJ
Q C 2 H 4 Cl 2=−2628784742
day ( )( 24 h rs )( 3600 s )( 1000 J )
Q C 2 H 4 Cl 2=−30.425749 KW
Steam Requirement:
Compound A B C D E
Water 33.933 -0.00842 3.00E-04 -1.78E-08 3.69E-12
2003
Qs=−Qtotal
Qs=nCpdT
T out

T¿
333.15
Qs=moles steam ∫ ( 33.933±0.00842T +3.00 E−04 T 2±1.78 E−08 T 3 +3.69 E−12T 4 ) dT
303.15
Q steam =−2628784742 ( dayJ )( 241 dayh rs )( 3600

1 hr 1 kJ
s 1000 J )
)(
QC 2 H 4 Cl 2=−30.425749 KW
REFERENCES:
Lakshmanan, A., & Biegler, L. T. (1997). A case study for reactor network
synthesis: The vinyl chloride process. Computers & Chemical Engineering, 21.
doi: 10.1016/s0098-1354(97)87598-9
Rossanese, G. (2015). Modelling of an industrial plant for vinyl chloride

production.
Osisanya, I., Lawson, B., Le, P., et al (2003). Vinyl chloride production.
U.S. EPA (1998) Principles of Environmental Impact Assessment Review:

Appendix A: Environmental Impact Assessment Checklist. (n.d.). Retrieved
from https://www.elaw.org/content/us-epa-1998-principles-environmental-
impact-assessment-review-appendix-environmental-impact-.
Biwer, A., & Heinzle, E. (2004, April 16). Environmental assessment in early
process development. Retrieved from
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jctb.1027.
Fonger, G. C. (1995, November 30). Hazardous substances data bank (HSDB)

as a source of environmental fate information on chemicals. Retrieved from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8545846.
The Merck index : an encyclopedia of chemicals, drugs, and biologicals / Susan

Budavari, editor - Details. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/11520754.

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Technological Institute of the Philippines

PRODUCTION OF VINYL CHLORIDE MONOMER VIA GAS –

Presented to the Faculty of Chemical Engineering Department

Dear Engr. Mayo,

Adame,Jeanette B. Dula, Angela Clariz A.

Mallari,CJ Sacobo, Carl James

Sagnip, Regina Pau B.

This is to certify that this study entitled “Production of Vinyl

Engr. Robert Delfin Engr. Michael Ramos

Engr. Khiara Espinosa Engr. James Laurence Ravis

Engr. Charles Bonn Mayo

Engr. Lorraine A. Carrillo

We would like to express our deepest appreciation and gratitude to all

Table 1.1 Physical and Chemical Properties of 13

Table 3.5 Toxicity Level Score of Raw Materials for Process 1 41

Table 3.6 Cost of Raw Materials for Process 2 45

Table 3.8 Toxicity Levels of Raw Materials for Process 2 49

EDC Ethylene Dichloride

VCM Vinyl Chloride Monomer

HCl Hydrogen Chloride

PVC Polyvinyl Chloride

CNS Central Nervous System

MSDS Material Safety Data Sheet

VINYL CHLORIDE MONOMER

Vinyl chloride is an organochloride that is also called vinyl chloride

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Table 1.1 Physical and Chemical Properties of Vinyl Chloride

POTENTIAL HAZARD AND PROTECTION

Prolonged absorption of vinyl chloride can induce hepatotoxicity and hepatic

SYMPTOMS PREVENTION FIRST AID

Wear safety Rinse with plenty of

Inhibited vinyl chloride may be stored at normal atmospheric conditions in

USUAL SHIPPING CONTAINERS

CLASSIFICATION AND LABELLING

RAW MATERIAL SPECIFICATION

Table 2.1 Composition of Ethylene Dichloride

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Table 2.2 Physical Properties of Ethylene Dichloride

Corrodes iron and other metals at elevated

POTENTIAL HAZARDS AND TOXICITY

Table 2.3 Potential Health Hazards of Ethylene Dichloride

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS

Impervious clothing should be worn as needed.

other proper respiratory

PROPER HANDLING AND STORAGE

Table 2.5 Composition of Chlorine

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Table 2.6 Physical Properties of Chlorine

Highly corrosive to all metals in the

POTENTIAL HAZARDS AND TOXICITY

Table 2.7 Potential Health Hazards of Chlorine

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS

The gas irritates or burns the skin. Permanent scarring can

eyelid(s) open. If irritation or

FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARD

indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Hydrogen and chlorine mixtures (5-95%) are exploded by

PROPER HANDLING AND STORAGE

Precautions for safe handling:

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:

Store in accordance with local regulations. Store in a segregated and

Non suitable packaging material:

The gas-phase dehydrochlorination is the most important route and

Because chlorine is readily available in vinyl chloride plants and