Applied Mathematics: Unit 3: Calculs

Applied Mathematics
For CBSE Class XII Commerce

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Unit 3 : Calculs
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Applied Mathematics
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Chapter 1 Higher Derivatives PAGE 1
CHAPTER 1
H igher Derivatives
1.1 Implicit differentiation EXAMPLE 1.1

dy
If y be a function of x defined by an equation such as Find when x3 + 24xy + y3 = 8 .
dx
y = 7x 4 − 5x3 + 11x2 + 2x − 3 ...(1) SOLUTION :
y is said to be defined explicitly in terms of x and we
We have x3 + 24xy + y3 = 8
write y = f (x) where
Keeping in mind that y is a function of x , differentiating
f (x) = 7x 4 − 5x3 + 11x2 + 2 x − 3. both sides wrt x , we have
dy dy
However, if x and y are connected by an equation of the 3x2 + 24 bx + y $ 1l + 3y2 = 0
dx dx
form
dy
x 4 y3 − 3x3 y5 + 7y3 − 8x2 + 9 = 0 ...(2) (x2 + 8y) + (8x + y2) = 0
dx
i.e. f (x, y) = 0 , then y cannot be expressed explicitly in dy x 2 + 8y
=−
dx 8x + y2
terms of x . But, still the value of y depends upon that of
x and there may exist one or more functions f connecting
y with x so as to satisfy equation (2) or there may not EXAMPLE 1.2
exist any of the functions satisfying equation (2). dy dx
For example, consider the equations If ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = c2 , verify that $ =1
dx dy
1
x2 + y2 − 25 = 0 ...(3)
SOLUTION :
2 2
and x + y + 25 = 0 ...(4)
We have ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = c2 ...(1)
In equation (3), y may be expressed explicitly Differentiating both sides of (1) wrt x , regarding y as a
in terms of x , but y is not a function of x . Here, we function of x , we have
have two functions of x (or two functions of y if y were dy dy
a $ 2x + 2h bx $ + y $ 1 l + b $ 2y =0
considered to be independent variable) f1 and f2 defined dx dx
by f1 (x) = 25 − x2 and f2 (x) =− 25 − x2 which satisfy dy
equation (3). (hx + by) + (ax + hy) = 0
dx
In equation (4), there are no real values of x that
dy ax + hy
can satisfy it. In cases (2), (3) and (4), we say that y =− ...(2)
dx hx + by
is an implicit function of x (or x is an implicit function
Again differentiating both sides of (1) wrt y , regarding x
of y ) and in all such cases, we find the derivative of y
as a function of y , we have
with regard to x (or the derivative of x with regard
to y ) by the process called implicit differentiation. Of a $ 2x dx + 2h cy $ dx + x $ 1m + b $ 2y = 0
dy dy
course, wherever we differentiate implicitly an equation
that defines one variable as an implicit function of (ax + hy) dx + (hx + by) = 0
dy
another variable, we shall assume that the function is
differentiable. dx =− hx + by ...(3)
dy ax + hy
From (2) and (3) by multiplication, we have
ax + hy hx + by
$ = c −
hx + by m c ax + hy m
dy dx
$ − =1
dx dy
PAGE 2 Higher Derivatives chapter 1
EXAMPLE 1.3 SBTEB 2009 EXAMPLE 1.5 sbtej 2013
If 1 − x2 + 1 − y2 = a (x − y), prove that dy 1

Find of x = y +
dy 1 − y2 dx y+ 1
= y+ 1
dx 1 − x2 y + ......
SOLUTION : SOLUTION :
Let x = sin θ & θ = sin−1 x We have x = y + 1

−1 y+ 1
and y = sin φ & φ = sin y , 1
y+
Now 2 2
1 − x + 1 − y = a (x − y) y + ......
or x = y + 1
2 2
1 − sin θ + 1 − sin φ = a (sin θ − sin φ) x
cos θ + cos φ = a (sin θ − sin φ) x2 = xy + 1
Differentiating wrt x we have
θ+φ θ−φ θ+φ θ−φ
2 cos cos = a $ 2 cos sin dy
2 2 2 2 2x = x + y + 0
dx
θ-φ θ−φ
cos = a sin dy 2x − y
2 2 or =
dx x
θ-φ
cot = a
2
θ-φ EXAMPLE 1.6
= cot−1 a
2
2
y2 dy
−1
θ - φ = 2 cot a If x2 + 2 = 11, then find
a b dx
sin x - sin-1 y = 2a cot−1 a
-1
SOLUTION :
Differentiating wrt x , we have
2
1 1 dy We have x2 + y = 11
- $ = 0 a2 b2
1-x 2
1-y 2 dx
dy 1 − y2 Differentiating both sides wrt x , we have
=
dx 1 − x2 2
dx c a2 m dx c b2 m dx
d x2 + d y = d (11)
EXAMPLE 1.4 sbtej 2014 1 d (x2) + 1 d (y2) = 0

a2 dx b2 dx
of x2 + y2 = log ^xy h
dy
Find
dx 1 (2x) + 1 (2y) dy = 0

a2 b2 dx
SOLUTION :
2y dy 2x
x + y = log ^xy h 2 dx =− 2
2 2
We have b a
or x2 + y2 = log x + log y dy 2
=− b 2 x
Differentiating wrt x we have dx ay
dy dy
2x + 2y = 1 + 1
dx x y dx
EXAMPLE 1.7
dy dy
or 2y - 1 = 1 − 2x If (x2 + y2) 2 = xy , then find
dy
dx y dx x dx
c m
2y2 - 1 dy 2
or = 1 − 2x SOLUTION :
y dx x
dy y 2 We have (x2 + y2) 2 = xy
= e 1 −2 2x o Differentiating both sides wrt x , we have
dx x 2y − 1
d (x2 + y2) 2 = d (xy)
dx dx
dy EXAMPLE 1.10
2 (x2 + y2) d (x2 + y2) = x + y
dx dx dy
If ex − y = log a x k, then find
y dx
2 (x2 + y2) :2x + 2y
dx D
dy dy
= x + y
dx SOLUTION :
dy dy
4x (x2 + y2) + 4y (x2 + y2)
dx
= x + y
dx We have ex - y = log a x k
y
dy dy Differentiating both sides wrt x , we have
4y (x2 + y2) − x = y − 4x (x2 + y2)
dx dx
dx 9 a y kC
d (ex - y) = d log x
dy dx
[4y (x2 + y2) − x] = y − 4x (x2 + y2)
dx
xx - y d (x - y) = d (log x − log y)
y − 4x (x2 + y2) dx dx
dy
=
dx 4y (x2 + y2) − x dy
ex - y b1 -
dx l dx
= d (log x) − d (log y)
dx
dy dy
EXAMPLE 1.8 ex - y - ex - y = 1 − 1
dx x y dx
dy
If x2/3 + y2/3 = a2/3 , then find
dx x - y dy
b y - e ldx = x − e
1 1 x−y
SOLUTION :
^ x1 − e h
x−y
dy
= 1
^y − e h
We have 2/3
x + y = a2/3 2/3 x−y
dx
Differentiating both sides wrt x , we have
d (x2/3) + d (y2/3) = d (a2/3)
dx dx dx EXAMPLE 1.11
2 x−1/3 + 2 y−1/3 dy = 0 dy
If xy = c2 , then find
3 3 dx dx
2 y-1/3 dy =− 2 x−1/3
3
SOLUTION :
3 dx 3
−1/3
dy y 1/3
=− x−1/3 =−a k We have xy = c2
dx y x Differentiating both sides wrt x , we have
d (xy) = d (c2)
EXAMPLE 1.9
dx dx
If x3 + x2 y + xy2 + y3 = 81, then find

dy x d (y) + y d (x) = 0
dx dx dx
dy
SOLUTION : x + y = 0
dx
We have x3 + x2 y + xy2 + y3 = 81 dy y
Differentiating both sides wrt x , we have =−
dx x
d (x3) + d (x2 y) + d (xy2) + d (y3) = d (81)
dx dx dx dx dx
dy
3x2 + :x2 d (y) + y d (x2)D + :x d (y2) + y2D + 3y2 =0
dx dx dx dx EXAMPLE 1.12
dy dy dy Differentiate xx wrt x :
3x2 + x2 + 2xy + 2xy + y2 + 3y2 = 0
dx dx dx
dy SOLUTION :
(x2 + 2xy + 3y2) =− (3x2 + 2xy + y2)
dx
Let y = x x
dy 3x2 + 2xy + y2 Taking logarithm of both sides, we have
=− 2
dx x + 2xy + 3y2 log y = x log x

1 $ dy = x $ 1 + log x $ 1 qx - py dy qx − py
$ =
y dx x y dx x
dy dy y
= y (1 + log x) =
dx dx x
= xx (1 + log x)

EXAMPLE 1.15
dy log x
If xy = ex − y , prove that =
EXAMPLE 1.13 SBTEB 2004 dx (1 + log x) 2
dy y (1 − x) SOLUTION :
If ex + y = xy , show that =
dx x (y − 1)
We have xy = e x − y
SOLUTION :
Taking the (natural) logarithm of both sides and applying
We have ex + y = xy the properties of logarithm, we have
Taking logarithm of both sides, we have y log x = (x − y) log e = (x − y) $ 1
(x + y) log e = log x + log y y + y log x = x
(x + y) $ 1 = log x + log y (1 + log x) y = x
x + y = log x + log y y = x
Differentiating wrt x , we have 1 + log x
dy dy Differentiating wrt x , we have
1 + = 1 + 1 $
dx x y dx dy (1 + log x) $ 1 − x $ ^0 + x h 1
1 dy =
b1 - y ldx = x − 1
1 dx (1 + log x) 2
y - 1 dy 1 + log x − 1 log x
$ = 1 − x =
2 =
y dx x (1 + log x) (1 + log x) 2
dy y (1 − x)
=
dx x (y − 1)
Applied Mathematics
EXAMPLE 1.14 sbtej 2014
CBSE Class XI and XII Commerce
of x p yq = ^x + y hp + q
dy
Find
dx Based on New (Modified on 31st March 2021)
Syllabus Released By CBSE
SOLUTION :
For all Chapter Free PDF Whatsapp at 94140 63210
No Missing topic No Extra Topic
p q p+q
We have x y = (x + y)
Taking the (natural) logarithm of both sides and applying
the properties of logarithm, we have Click Here To Buy Hard Copy
p log x + q log y = (p + q) log (x + y)
dy dy
p $ 1 + q $ 1 $ = (p + q) $ 1 $ b1 + l
x y dx x+y dx Exerc i s e 1 .1
p q dy p + q p + q dy
+ $ = + $
x y dx x + y x + y dx dy
Find when
dx
q p + q dy p+q p
b y − x + y ldx = x + y − x
1. xy = c2
qx + qy − py − qy dy px + qx − px − py y
$ = Ans : -
y (x + y) dx (x + y) x x
2
y 2
Taking log on both side
2. x2 + 2 = 1
a b
b2 x log y = log ^x hy
Ans : - 2
ay or log y = y log x
2 2
3. x + y + 2y = c Differentiating on both side wrt to x we have
Ans : −
x 1 dy = y $ 1 + log x $ dy
y+1
y dx x dx
4. xy2 − x2 y = 3
c y1 - log x mdx = x
dy y
2xy - y2 or
Ans :
2xy - x2
5. xy3 − x3 y = x 1 - y log x dy y
=
2xy y dx x
Ans :
3y2 - x2 dy y y
= ' #
^1 − y log x h 1
or
2
6. (x + y ) = xy 2 2
dx x
y − 4x (x2 + y2)
Ans : dy y2
x ^1 − y log x h
4y (x2 + y2) − x =
dx
16. ex − y = log a x k
y
y (xex - y - 1)
Ans :
x (yex - y - 1)
dy
17. If x2/3 + y2/3 = 2 , find at (1, 1).
dx 1.2 erivatives of Functions in
Ans : - 1
parametric form
dy dx
18. Use implicit differentiation to verify that . =1 If x and y are two functions in a single variable θ , say
dx dy
, when y = f (θ) and x = g (θ), then the functions x and y are
(i) y2 = 4ax (ii) x3 + y3 = 3axy . called parametric functions and θ is called the parameter.
dy log x Working Rule :
19. If y log x = x − y , prove that =
5
dx (1 + log x) 2
Step 1
x+y dy
x
20. If e + e = e y
, prove that =− ey − x . Write the given parametric form of the function, say
dx
y = f (θ), x = g (θ)
x+y dy y (1 − x) Step 2
21. If e = xy , show that = .
dx x (y − 1)
dy
Find and dx
27. If y x2 + 1 = log ^ x2 + 1 − x h, prove that
dθ dθ
Step 3
dy dy
(x2 + 1) + xy + 1 = 0 . Find using the formula given below,
dx dx
_ dq i
dy
dy
= dx , provided dx ! 0 .
^ dq h
dy dx dθ
29. If y = 1 + 1 + x 4 , prove that y (y2 − 1) = x3
dx
EXAMPLE 1.16 SBTEB 2009, sbtej 2014
dy x..... to 3 EXAMPLE 1.17

Find of y = xx
dx dy
If x = 2at2 ; y = at 4 , then find
dx
SOLUTION :
SOLUTION :
xx.....3
We have y = x
We have x = 2at2
or y = xy
Differentiating both sides wrt t , we have
dx = d (2at2) = 2a d (t2) = 4at (1 + t2) dtd (3t) − 3t dtd (1 + t2)

dt dt dt =

(1 + t2) 2
And y = at 4 (1 + t2) (3) − (3t)(2t) 3 (1 + t2)
Differentiating both sides wrt t , we have =
=
(1 + t2) 2 (1 + t2) 2
dy
= d (at 4) = a d (t 4) = 4at3 And
2
y = 3t 2
dt dt dt
1+t
_ dt i
dy
dy 3 Differentiating both sides wrt t , we have
Then, = dx = 4at = t2
dx ^ dt h 4at

dy 2
= d c 3t 2 m
dt dt 1 + t
(1 + t2) dtd (3t2) − 3t2 dtd (1 + t2)
EXAMPLE 1.18 =

(1 + t2) 2
dy 2
Find when x = a 1 − t2 , y = 2bt 2 . (1 + t2) (6t) − (3t2)(2t)
dx 1+t 1+t =
= 6t
(1 + t2) (1 + t2) 2
SOLUTION :
_ dt i 8(1 + t ) B
dy 6t
dy
= dx = 3 (1 − t ) = 2t 2
2 2
Then,
^ dt h
2
We have x = a $ 1 − t 2 dx 9 (1 + t ) C 1−t
2
1+t 2 2
And y = 2bt 2 = 2b $ t 2
1+t 1+t
Differentiating both wrt t , we have
2 2
Exerc i s e 1 .2
dx = a $ (1 + t ) $ (0 − 2t) − (1 − t ) (0 + 2t)
dt (1 + t2) 2 dy
Find in each of the following:
dx
= − 4at2 2

(1 + t )
2
1. x = at2 , y = 2at
dy (1 + t ) $ 1 − t $ 2t 1
and = 2b $ Ans :
dx (1 + t2) 2 t
2b (1 − t2) 2. x = 4t , y = 4
= t
(1 + t2) 2 1
Ans : -
dy
dy t2
Now = dt
, dx ! 0 2t , y = 5 − t2
dx dx
dt
dt 8. x =
5 + t2 5 + t2 10t
dy 2b (1 − t2) (1 + t2) 2 Ans :
Hence = # − 4at t2 - 5
dx (1 + t2) 2
b (1 − t2)
=−
,t!0
2at
1.3 2nd order differentiation
If y = f ^x h is a differentiable function of x , then its

EXAMPLE 1.19 SBTEJ 2008 derivative dx dy
i.e., f l^x h is also a function of x .
3t ; y = 3t2 , then find dy If the function f l^x h of x also differentiable, then
If x = its derivative is denoted by ddxy or by f m^x h. The symbol
2
1 + t2 1 + t2 dx
is called the second order derivative of y = f ^x h wrt x
2
2
dy
2
dx
SOLUTION : 2
dy
is also denoted by ym or by y2 .
In general, if y = f ^x h is a differentiable function of
2
dx
We have x = 3t 2
1+t x , then for n ^> 1h ! N , the n th order derivative of y wrt x
Differentiating both sides wrt t , we have exists if the ^n - 1hth order derivative of y is differentiable
wrt x . For example, the 3 rd order derivative of y = f ^x h
dt c 1 + t2 m
dx = d 3t
dt 2
exists if ddxy is differentiable. If 3 rd order derivative of

2
y = f ^x h is differentiable, then we can talk of 4 th order x

dy
- y = ax ...(1)
derivative of y . dx a + bx
The n th order derivative of y ^= f ^x hh is denoted by Differentiating again wrt x , we have
any one of the following symbols: â + bx h $ a − ax $ ^0 + b h
d x 2 + $ 1n − =
d2 y dy dy
n , f ^n h ^x h, yn , d n ^ f ^x hh or Dn y
dn y â + bx h2
n
dx dx dx
dx dx
d2 y a2
=
â + bx h2

x
dx2
Multiplying both sides by x2 , we get
EXAMPLE 1.20
d ax n
2
d2 y a2 x2
x3 = =
â + bx h2
Find the second derivative of loglog x ,
dx2 a + bx
= cx − y m
SOLUTION : dy 2
(Using (1))
dx
Let y = loglog x (log u Form)
2 = c x dx − y m
d2 y dy 2
Differentiating wrt x , we have x3
dx
= 1 $ d ^log x h
dy

dx log x dx
EXAMPLE 1.22
= 1 $1 = 1
SBTEB 2007

log x x x log x
2 − y c dx m − x = 0 .
2
d y 1 dy 2
y
Differentiating again wrt x , we have If y = xx , show that
dx
d2 y ^x log x hdx ^ h dx ^
d 1 − 1 d x log x
h
=
^x log x h2
SOLUTION :
dx2
0 − 7x $ x1 + log x $ 1A We have y = x x
=
^x log x h2
Taking logarithms on both sides, we get
log y = x log x
7
1 + log x
=−
^x log x h2
1 dy = x $ 1 + log x $ 1
y dx x
EXAMPLE 1.21 SBTEB ODD 2017 = 1 + log x
x , show that x3 d y = c x dy − y m2 . = y ^1 + log x h ...(1)
2
dy
If y = x log i.e.,
a + bx dx2 dx dx
Differentiating again wrt x , we have
SOLUTION :
= y b 0 + 1 l + ^1 + log x h
d2 y dy

dx2 x dx
We have y = x log x
a + bx
= +d1 n
y dy dy

x y dx dx
= log x − log â + bx h
y

x
= + 1c m
y dy 2
(Using (1))
Differentiating wrt x , we get x y dx
dy
- c m - = 0
x -y$1 d2 y 1 dy 2 y
= 1 − 1 $ ^0 + b $ 1h
dx Thus

x a + bx dx2 y dx x
x2
- y = x 2 c 1 − b m
dy
x
dx x a + bx
If y = log ^x + a2 + x2 h then show that

ax2 = ax
x â + bx h
=

a + bx
â2 + x2h y2 + xy1 = 0 .

SOLUTION : EXAMPLE 1.25 SBTEB EVEN 2017
We have y = log ^x + a2 + x2 h If y = ax + b , show that 2y1 y 3 = 3 ^y2h2

cx + d
Differentiating above wrt x we have
^ h
dy 1 d x + a2 + x2
= SOLUTION :
dx ^x + a + x h
2 2 dx
1 x We have y = ax + b
a2 + x2 h b a2 + x2 l
=
1+ cx + d
^x +
^cx + d h a − âx + b h c
1 a2 + x2 + x
=
e o
^x + a2 + x2 h a2 + x2 y 1 =
^cx + d h2

dy 1
or =
dx = acx + ad − acx − bc
^cx + d h
a + x2
2
2
dy
or a2 + x2 = 1
dx y1 = ad − bc2
^cx + d h
or
Again, differentiating wrt x we have
y2 = d d ad − bc2 n
dx ^cx + d h
x dy 2
2
2d y

+ a + x = 0
a2 + x2 dx dx2
= âd − bc h $ ^− 2h^cx + d h−3 $ c
d2 y
− 2c âd − bc h
dy
Substituting = y1 and 2 = y2 we have
dx dx y 2 =
^cx + d h3
or
x
y + a 2 + x 2 y 2 = 0 − 2c âd − bc h
y 3 = d e o
2 2 1
a +x
^cx + d h3

dx
xy1 + â2 + x2h y2 = 0
=− 2c âd − bc h^− 3h^cx + d h−4 $ c
â2 + x2h y2 + xy1 = 0
Hence,
6c2 âd − bc h
=
^cx + d h4

6c2 âd − bc h
EXAMPLE 1.24 sbtej 2016 2y1 y 3 = 2 e ad − bc2 of p
^cx + d h ^cx + d h4

d2 y dy
If y = 3e2x + 2e3x , prove that
dx 2 − 5 dx + 6y = 0 . 12c2 âd − bc h2
=
^cx + d h6

− 2c âd − bc h 12c2 âd − bc h2

2
SOLUTION :
3 ^y2h = 3 e
2
o =
^cx + d h3 ^cx + d h6

We have y = 3e2x + 2e3x
Differentiating both side wrt x we have Thus 2y1 y 3 = 3 ^y2h2
dy
= 6e2x + 6e3x
dx
Differentiating again both side wrt x we have EXAMPLE 1.26 SBTEB EVEN 2016
2 3
d2 y dy 2a xy
If y3 + x3 − 3axy = 0 , show that =− 2
^ − ax h
= 12e2x + 18e3x 3.
dx dx2 y
Now,
SOLUTION :
2 − 5 dx + 6y = 12e + 18e − 5 ^6e + 6e h

d2 y dy 2x 3x 2x 3x

dx We have y3 + x3 − 3axy = 0 ...(1)
+ 6 ^3e2x + 2e3x h Differentiating wrt x , we have
+ 3x2 − 3a ;x + y $ 1E = 0
=0
dy dy
3y2
dx dx
dx 6
3y2 - 3ax @ = 3ay − 3x2
dy


2
dy ay − x dy
:dx (x ) = nx D
= 2 = 5 $ x5 − 1 = 5x 4 d n n−1
dx y − ax dx
Now, d2 y 3 3
2 = 5 # 4x = 20x
dx
2 = dx c dx m
d2 y d dy

dx
d3 y
= 20 # 3x2 = 40x2
^y2 − ax hca dx − 2x m − ây − x2hc 2y dx − a m
dy dy dx3
=
^y2 − ax h
2
dy
6ay2 − a2 x − 2ay2 + 2x2 y@ − 2xy2 + 2ax2 + a2 y − ax2 EXAMPLE 1.28
= dx
^y2 − ax h
2
Find the third derivative of the (x2 + 1) (x − 2).
e o6− ay2 − a2 x + 2x2 y@ + 6a2 y + ax2 − 2xy2@
2
ay − x
y2 − ax SOLUTION :
=
^y − ax h
2 2
Let y = (x2 + 1) (x − 2)
ây − x h^− ay − a x + 2x y h + ^y − ax hâ y + ax − 2xy h
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
= = x3 − 2x2 + x − 2
^y − ax h
2 3
^− a2 y3 + ax2 y2 − a3 xy + a2 x3 + 2ax2 y2 − 2x 4 y h dy
= d (x3) + (− 2) d (x2) + d (x) + d (− 2)
+ â2 y3 − a3 xy + ax2 y2 − a2 x3 − 2xy 4 + 2ax2 y2h dx dx dx dx dx
=
^y2 − ax h
3
= 3x2 + (− 2) $ 2x1 + 1 + 0

6ax2 y2 − 2a3 xy − 2x 4 y − 2xy 4 = 3x2 − 4x + 1
=
^y2 − ax h
3
− 2xy ^x3 + y3 − 3axy h − 2a3 xy d2 y
=
= 6x − 4
^y − ax h dx2
2 3
9
− 2xy ^0 h − 2a3 xy 2a3 xy Differentiating again wrt x , we have

= =−
^y2 − ax h ^y2 − ax h
3 (Using(1))
3
d3 y
= 6
dx3

Applied Mathematics
CBSE Class XI and XII Commerce EXAMPLE 1.29
Find the third derivative of the (2x3 − 7) (9x5 + 2x2 − 3).
Based on New (Modified on 31st March 2021)
SOLUTION :
Let y = (2x3 − 7) (9x5 + 2x2 − 3)
No Missing topic No Extra Topic Differentiating wrt x , we have
Click Here To Buy Hard Copy dy
= (2x3 − 7) $ d (9x5 + 2x2 − 3)
dx dx
+ (9x5 + 2x2 − 3) $ d (2x3 − 7)
dx
EXAMPLE 1.27 (product rule)
Find the third derivative of the x5 . = (2x3 − 7) $ (9.5x 4 + 2 $ 2x − 0)

+ (9x5 + 2x2 − 3) $ (2 $ 3x2 − 0)
SOLUTION : = (2x3 − 7) (45x 4 + 4x) + (9x5 + 2x2 − 3) $ 6x2

Let y = x 5 = 90x7 + 8x 4 − 315x 4 − 28x + 54x7 + 12x 4 − 18x2

dy
or = 144x7 − 295x 4 − 18x2 − 28x
dx
Applied Mathematics
d2 y
= 144 # 7x6 − 295 # 4x3 − 18 # x − 28 A Text Book by www.cbse.online
dx2
Differentiating again wrt x , we have Syllabus Released By CBSE

d3 y
= 144 # 7 # 6x5 − 295 # 4 # 3x2 − 18 For all Chapter Free PDF Whatsapp at 94140 63210
dx3
Click Here To Buy Hard Copy
5 2
= 6048x − 3540x − 18

EXAMPLE 1.30
If y = log ^x + a2 + x2 h then show that â2 + x2h y2 + xy1 = 0 Exerc i s e 1 .3

.
Find the second order derivative wrt x of the following
SOLUTION : functions
We have y = log ^x + a2 + x2 h 1 4x 3 + x + 7
Differentiating above wrt x we have Ans : 24x
^ h
dy 1 d x + a2 + x2 2. log x
=
dx ^x + a + x h
2 2 dx
Ans : - 1/x
2
1 x
^x + a2 + x2 h b a + x2 l
=
1+ 2 5. y = x3 log x
Ans : x (5 + 6 log x)
1 a2 + x2 + x
=
e o
^x + a2 + x2 h a2 + x2 9. y = log (x2 /ex )
2
dy 1 Ans : - 2/x
or =
dx a + x2
2
.
dy
or a 2 + x 2 = 1
dx
d2 y dy 2
Again, differentiating wrt x we have 12. If ey (x + 1) = 1, show that 2 = b dx l .
dx
2
x dy 2 2d y
+ a + x = 0 log x d2 y 2 log x − 3
a2 + x2 dx dx2 13. If y = , show that 2 = .
x dx x3
dy d2 y
Substituting = y1 and 2 = y2 we have
dx dx
d2 y dy
x y1 + a 2 + x 2 y 2 = 0 17. If y = 3e2x + 2e3x , show that 2 − 5 dx + 6y = 0 .
dx
a2 + x2
xy1 + â2 + x2h y2 = 0 18. If y = Aemx + Benx , show that
Hence, â2 + x2h y2 + xy1 = 0 d2 y dy
2 − (m + n) dx + mny = 0 .
dx
20. Find the third derivative of the function x7 + sin x

wrt x .
4
Ans : 210x - cos x
Ans :
22. If y = x3 log x , find y 3 . (c) sec3 x (d) None of the above

Ans : 11 + 6 log x
SOLUTION :
23. If y = x , find y 3 . Correct option is (b).
1 − x2 3 (4x2 + 1)
Ans : Let u = sin x
(1 − x2) 7/2
and v = tan x
2
dy dy du = cos x
26. If y = sin−1 x , show that (1 − x2) 2 − x dx = 0 Then
dx dx
and dv = sec2 x
d2 y dy
27. If y = tan−1 x , show that (1 + x2) 2 + 2x dx = 0
dx
dx
d ^sin x h du
= cos2x = cos3 x
d ^tan x h
−1 2 Now = dx
28. If y = (tan x) , show that dv
dx sec x
(x2 + 1) 2 y2 + 2x (x2 + 1) y1 − 2 = 0
MCQ 1.3 SBTEJ 2015
If x = a ^t + sin t h and y = a ^1 − cos t h, then

2 2
29. If y = log (x + x + a ), show that dy
is
(x2 + a2) y2 + xy1 = 0 dx
d2 y dy (a) cot tl (b) sec t

30. If y = sin (log x), show that x 2 2
2 + x dx + y = 0
dx
(c) tan t (d) None of these
2
SOLUTION :
Correct option is (c).
We have x = a ^t + sin t h
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION and y = a ^1 − cos t h
11
Now ^
dx = a 1 + cos t
dt h
MCQ 1.1 SBTEB EVEN 2016, SBTEJ 2017
= a ^sin t h
dy

Differentiation of cos x w.r.t. cot x is dt
(a) cos3 x (b) sin3 x dy
dy
(c) tan3 x (d) None of these = dt
dx dx
dt
2
SOLUTION : = a sin t = 1 − cos t
a ^1 + cos t h

1 + cos t
Correct option is (b).
Let u = cos x ^1 − cos t h^1 + cos t h
=

du =− sin x 1 + cos t

dx
= 1 − cos t = tan b t l

1 − sin t 2
v = cot x
dv =− cosec2 x MCQ 1.4 SBTEJ 2013

dx d 7sin âx + b hA
d ^cos x h d 6cos x @
has the value
= du = du = − sin x2 = sin3 x
d ^cot x h cos âx + b h

dv dv
(a) a cos âx + b h (b)
− cosec x
sin x
MCQ 1.2
(c) a sin x
SBTEB 2015, SBTEJ 2016
cos âx + b h
(d) None of these
Differential co-efficient of sin x wrt tan x is
(a) sin3 x (b) cos3 x
SOLUTION : n th derivative of ex with respect to x is

Correct option is (d). (a) ex (b) ex $ n
^ h ^
d 7sin ax + b A = a cos ax + b
h
n
dx ex
(c) 0 (d)
dx ^ h
d cos x =− sin x SOLUTION :
Correct option is (a).
d 7sin âx + b hA a cos âx + b h y = e x
d ^cos x h
Thus, =
− sin x
y n = e x
MCQ 1.5 SBTEJ 2013
MCQ 1.8
If A = a ^1 − cos θh, B = a ^q + sin qh, then dA = d2 y
dB If x = a sin θ and y = b cos θ , then
=
dx2
(a) tan θ (b) tan θ
2 (a) a2 sec2 θ (b) - b sec2 θ
b a
(c) 1 θ (d) None of these
tan 2 (c) - b2 sec3 θ (d)
- b sec2 θ
a 2
Correct option is (c). Correct option is (c).
A = a ^1 − cos θh and B = a ^q + sin qh d2 y d dy dq
q b dx ldx
We have 2 =
dx d
Differentiating wrt θ we have
dA = a sin θ = d b− b tan q l # 1 ,

dθ dq a a cos q
=− b2 sec3 θ

dθ
^
dB = a 1 + cos θ
h a
2
dA = a sin q = 1 − cos q
a ^1 + cos qh
Now MCQ 1.9 SBTEB 2007
dB 1 + cos q
dy
^1 − cos qh^1 + cos qh If x = y 1 − y2 , then
dx
=
=

1 + cos q (a) 0 (b)
x
= 1 − cos q
1 - y2 1 − y2
1 + cos q (c) 2 (d)
1 - 2y 1 + 2y 2
or dA = tan θ
dB 2 SOLUTION :
MCQ 1.6 SBTEB ODD 2016, SBTEJ 2012
Differentiating wrt x we have
3 2
Derivative of x wrt x is equal to dy dy
2b
1 = y # 1 − 2y l + 1 − y2 ,
(a) 3 x (b) 2x 2 1−y dx dx
2 3
− y2 dy
(c) 3 (d) 2 1 = > + 1 − y2 H
2x 3x 1−y 2 dx
SOLUTION : dy 1 − y2
or =
dx 1 − 2y 2
d ^x3h MCQ 1.10 SBTEB EVEN 2017
d ^x h
3 2
dx = 3x = 3 x dy

d ^x2h
=
d ^x2h at x = π =
tanx
2x 2 If y = (tan x) (tanx) , then

dx 4
dx (a) 0 (b)
1
MCQ 1.7 SBTEB 2005
(c) 2 (d) None (n - 1)! n!

(a) (b)
xn xn
SOLUTION : (n - 2)! (n - 1) !
(c) n (- 1) n - 1
(d)
Correct option is (c). x xn
tanx
y = (tan x) (tanx) SOLUTION :
log y = (tan x) tanx
$ logtan x Correct option is (d).
1 = (tan x) tanx sec2 x 6logtan x (logtan x + 1) + cot x @

dy We have y = log x
y dx
Now at x = π , y = 1 y1 = 1
4 x
logtan π = 0 y2 =− 1 # 12 ,
4 x
dy y 3 = (− 1) (− 2) 13
= 1.1.2 (0 + 1) = 2 x
dx
MCQ 1.11
n−1
y 3 = (− 1) n − 1
xn
dy
If y = (sin x) tanx , then = MCQ 1.14
dx
2
(a) (sin x) tanx (1 + sec2 x $ logsin x) If y = sin x + ex , then d x2 =
(b) tan x $ (sin x) tanx - 1 cos x dy
(c) (sin x) tanx $ sec2 x $ logsin x (a) (− sin x + ex ) −1 (b) sin x − ex
(d) tan x $ (sin x) tanx - 1 (cos x + ex ) 2
x
(c) sin x − ex 3 (d) sin x + ex
SOLUTION : (cos x + e ) (cos x + ex ) 3
Correct option is (a). SOLUTION :
13
tanx
y = sin x Correct option is (c).
log y = tan x $ logsin x y = sin x + ex
1 dy = tan x cot x + logsin x $ sec2 x
dy
= cos x + ex
y dx # dx
dy dx = 1
sin x tanx (1 + sec2 x logsin x)
dy
dx cos x + ex
MCQ 1.12 SBTEB ODD 2017, SBTEB 2009 d 2 x = −1 dy
(− sin x + ex )
dy2 (cos x + ex ) 2 dx
dy
If y = xx , then =
dx x
= sin x − e3 3

xx b1 + 1 l
(a) xx log ex (b) (cos x + e )
x
MCQ 1.15 SBTEB 2014
xx log x
(c) (1 + log x) (d)
dy
If x = a a cos t + logtan t k, y = a sin t , then =
2 dx
SOLUTION :
- tan t
(a) tan t (b)
y = x x - cot t
(c) cot t (d)
dy
& = xx (log x + 1) = xx log xe
dx SOLUTION :
MCQ 1.13 SBTEB 2008
dy
dy a cos t
dn (log x) = = dt
= = tan t
dx dx
sec2 2t
a e − sin t +
2 tan 2t o
dxn dt
MCQ 1.16 SBTEB 2006

dy
= 1
x
Differential coefficient of e with respect to x is dx x (1 + log y)
(a) e x (b) 2 x ex MCQ 1.19
x dy
(c) 2e (d)
x ex If sin (x + y) = log (x + y), then
dx
=
x
-2
(a) 2 (b)
SOLUTION :
Correct option is (b). -1
(c) 1 (d)
Let y = ex then we have
dy SOLUTION :
= e x Correct option is (d).
dx
Let t = x , then we have This is an implicit function
dt = 1 dy
df
dx 2 x =− dx
dx df
dy
dy
dy ex

dt
= dx
= = 2 x ex cos (x + y) − 1
dt
1/2 x x+y
dx =−
=− 1
cos (x + y) − 1
x+y
MCQ 1.17
dy
If y = (xx ) x , then = MCQ 1.20
dx
(a) xy (1 + log x) (b)
xy (1 + 2 log x) The differential coefficient of tan-1 2x 2 wrt sin−1 2x 2
1-x 1+x
is
(c) x (1 + log x) (d)
x (1 + 2 log x) (a) 1 (b) -1
y y
(c) 0 (d) None
SOLUTION :
SOLUTION :
y = (xx ) x = log y = x log xx Correct option is (a).
1 dy = log xx 1 + x 1
Let y = tan−1 2x 2 = 2 tan−1 x ,
x

y dx # # x # x (1 + log x)
x 1−x
dy

dx
= x (xx ) x (1 + 2 log x) = xy (1 + 2 log x) and t = sin−1 2x 2 = 2 tan−1 x then we have
1+x
MCQ 1.18 SBTEB 2010 dy
= 2 2
dy dx 1+x
If y = log y x , then =
dx dt = 2

(a) 1 (b) 1 dx 1 + x2
x + log y log x (1 + y)
dy
1 1 Thus = 1
(c) (d) dt
x (1 + log y) y + log x
MCQ 1.21
SOLUTION :
The differential coefficient of tan−1 b x
2 l
Correct option is (c). wrt
-1 1 + 1 − x
We have y = log y x sin x is
or x = yy (a) 1 (b) 1
2
Taking log log x = y log y (c) 2 (d) 3
2
Differentiating 1 = y 1 dy + log y dy
x # y dx dx SOLUTION :
x = 1 sin−1 x dy
We have y = tan−1
2 = yex b 1 + log x l
1 + 1 − x2 dx x
and t = sin−1 x MCQ 1.25
dy dy
= 1
y + .....3

dt 2 If y = ey + e then =
dx
MCQ 1.22 y 1
(a) (b)
1-y 1-y
dy
If x = a (t − sin t) and y = a (1 − cos t), then = y y
dx (c) (d)
(a) tan a k (b)
t - tan a k
t 1+y y-1
2 2
SOLUTION :
(c) cot a t k (d) - cot a t k
2 2 Correct option is (a).
x + .....3
SOLUTION : y = e x + e
Correct option is (c). or y = e x + y
dy
dy
a sin t log y = x + y
= dt
= = cot t
dx dx
a (1 − cos t) 2 dy y
dt
=
dx 1−y
MCQ 1.23
d2 y dy MCQ 1.26
If y = (x + 1 + x2 ) n , then (1 + x2)
2 + x dx =
dy
dx If sin−1 x + sin−1 y = π , then =
2
- n2 y
(a) n y (b) 2 dx
(a) x (b) -x
2x2 y
(c) - y (d) y y
y y
(c) (d) -
SOLUTION : x x
15
SOLUTION :
We have y = 6x + 1 + x @ 2 n
dy
= n (x + 1 + x2 ) n − 1 c1 + 2x sin−1 x + sin−1 y = π
2 1 + x2 m

dx 2
1 + x2
dy
= ny sin-1 x = π − sin−1 y
dx 2
d2 y dy sin-1 x = cos−1
(1 + x2) + x = n 2 y
dx2 dx
y = sin−1 1 − y2
MCQ 1.24 SBTEB 2011 1 - y 2 = x 2
x dy dy
If y = xe than = - 2y = 2x
dx dx
(a) log x + ex (b) y :log x + 1 D dy
x =− x
dx y
yex b log x + 1 l
(c) yex (log x + x) (d)
x MCQ 1.27 SBTEB 2012
dy
SOLUTION : If sin y = x sin (a + y), then =
dx
Correct option is (d).
sin2 (a + y) sin2 (a + y)
We have y = x ex (a) (b)
sin (a + 2y) cos (a + 2y)
log y = ex log x sin2 (a + y) sin2 (a + y)
(c) (d)
1 dy = ex 1 x sin a cos a

y dx # x + log x # e
SOLUTION :
Correct option is (c). (c) 3 - 12x2 (d)

- 24
sin y
We have x =
sin (a + y) SOLUTION :
dy sin (a + y) cos y − sin y cos (a + y) Correct option is (a).

=
dx sin2 (a + y) y = cos (3 cos−1 x)
dy sin2 (a + y) = 4 cos3 (cos−1 x) − 3 cos (cos−1 x)

=
dx sin a = 4x3 − 3x

MCQ 1.28 d3 y
& = 24
dy dx3
If xy = ex − y , then =
dx
1 log x MCQ 1.31
(a) (b)
1 + log x (1 + log x) 2
d2 y
x log x If y = t10 + 1 and x = t8 + 1, then =
(c) 2 (d) dx2
1 + (log x) 1 + log x
(a) 5 t (b) 20t8
SOLUTION : 2
(c) 5 t6 (d) None
16
We have xy = e x − y
y log x = x − y SOLUTION :
x Correct option is (c).
y =
1 + log x dy
= 10t9 and dx = 8t7
dy log x dt dt
=
dx (1 + log x) 2 dy
dy 9
= dt
= 10t7 = 5 t2
dx dx
dt 8t 4
MCQ 1.29 d2 y dy
= d b l dt
x........ dy dx2 dt dx dx
If y = xx , then =
dx
= d b 5 t 2 l # 17 = 5 t 6

y 2 dt 4 8t 16
(a) yxy - 1 (b)
x (1 - y log x) MCQ 1.32
y dy
(c) (d) None of these If xy = yx , then =
x (1 + y log x) dx
SOLUTION : y (x log e y + y) y (x log e y - y)
(a) (b)
Correct option is (b). x (y log e x + x) x (y log e x - x)
We have y = xy x (x log e y - y) x (x log e y + y)
(c) (d)
y (y log e x - x) y (y log e x + x)
log y = y $ log x
SOLUTION :
1 dy = y 1 + log x dy Correct option is (b).

y dx #x # dx
We have xy = y x
2
dy y & y log x = x log y
=
dx x (1 − y log x)
dy y dy
& log x + = log y + x # 1
MCQ 1.30 dx x y dx
d3 y dy y (x log y − y)
If y = cos (3 cos−1 x), then
= & =
dx3 dx x (y log x − x)
(a) 24 (b) 27 MCQ 1.33
dy
If xm yn = (x + y) m + n , then =
dx
x
(a) x + y (b)
y
y
(c) (d) x-y
x
SOLUTION :
xm yn = (x + y) m + n
m log x + n log y = (m + n) log (x + y)
On differentiating,
m + n dy = m + n 1 + dy
x+y b dx l

x y dx
dy y
=
dx x
MCQ 1.34 SBTEB 2013
dy
If y = log xx , then =
dx
(a) 1 (b)
log x
(c) log (ex) (d) 1

log x
SOLUTION :
17
We have y = log xx
dy
= x # 1 + log x # 1 = log e e + log e x
dx x
dy
= log e xe
dx
******
PAGE 18 Application of Derivatives chapter 2
CHAPTER 2
Application of Derivatives
2.1 Introduction dy
Hence (physically) dx represent the rate-measure of
Differentiation has applications to nearly all quantitative y with respect to x . Thus _ dx
dy
ix = x or f l (x 0) represent the
0
disciplines. For example, in physics, the derivative of the rate of change of y with respect to x at x = x 0 . It must
dy
displacement of a moving body with respect to time is be noted that if y increases as x increases, then dx is
dy
the velocity of the body, and the derivative of velocity positive and if y decreases as x increases, dx is negative
with respect to time is acceleration. The derivative of the
momentum of a body equals the force applied to the body;
rearranging this derivative statement leads to the famous EXAMPLE 2.1
F = ma equation associated with Newton’s second law (a) Find the rate of change of the area of a circle with
of motion. The reaction rate of a chemical reaction is a respect to its radius r when (i) r = 3 cm and (ii)
derivative. In operations research, derivatives determine r = 5 cm.
the most efficient ways to transport materials and design (b) How fast is the volume of a ball changing with
factories. respect to its radius when radius is 3 m?
Derivatives are frequently used to find the maxima
and minima of a function. Equations involving derivatives SOLUTION :
are called differential equations and are fundamental in (a) Let A be the area of the circle of radius r , then
describing natural phenomena. Derivatives and their A = πr 2
generalizations appear in many fields of mathematics, Then rate of change of A wrt r is
such as complex analysis, functional analysis, differential dA = π $ 2r
geometry, measure theory, and abstract algebra.
dr
dA = 2πr
dr
2.2 Derivative as a Rate of Measure
b dr l
(i) dA = 2π (3) = 6π cm2
The derivative of a function (or dependent variable) with r = 3 cm
regard to the independent variable can be used as a rate-

b dr l
(ii) dA 2π (5) = 10π cm2
measure of the function (or dependent variable) per r = 5 cm
unit change in the independent variable. This concept is (b) Let V be the volume of the ball of radius r .
explained as under:
Let y = f (x) be a function of x and let there be a Then V = 4 πr 3
3
small change δx in the independent variable x then the
The rate of change of V with respect to
corresponding change in the dependent variable y = δy .
Thus Average change in y per unit change in x is ddxy r = dV = 4 π $ 3r 3 = 4πr 2
dr 3
For small values of δx , this average rate of change
b dr l
in the value of y will very closely approximate to the dV = 4π # (3) 2 = 36 m3 / min
instantaneously (actual) rate of change in the value of y r=3m
with regard to x . Ultimately when δx " 0 , this limiting

value of average rate of change will represent the actual EXAMPLE 2.2
rate of change of y with respect to x . Thus the (actual) The radius of a circle is increasing uniformly at the rate
rate of change of y per unit change in x is lim ddxy = dx
dy
of 3 cm/sec. Find the rate at which the area of the circle
dx " 0
is increasing when the radius is 10 cm.

Chapter 2 Application of Derivatives PAGE 19
SOLUTION : dS = d (6x 2) = d (6x 2) $ dx

Let r be the radius and A be the area of circle at time t . dt dt dx dt
Rate of increase of radius wrt time = 12x # 32 = 36 dx 3
: dt = x 2 D
x x
t = dr = 3 cm/ sec
b dt l
dt Thus dS = 36 = 3.6
x = 10 cm
10
Area of circle A = πr 2
Hence, the rate of increase in surface area is 3.6 cm2 / sec
Rate of change of area wrt time
t = dA = d (πr 2) = π $ 2r dr
dt dt dt
EXAMPLE 2.4 SBTEB EVEN 2017
= 2πr dr = 2πr (3) :dt = 3 cm/ secD
dr
dt The volume of a cube is increasing at the rate of 8 cm2 / sec
= 6πr . How fast is the surface area increasing when the length
Rate of increase of area wrt t when r is 10 cm of an edge is 12 cm?
6p # 10 = 60p cm2 / sec .
SOLUTION :
Let x be the length of an edge, V the volume and S the
Applied Mathematics surface area of a cube.

Now, V = x 3 and S = 6x 2
dV = 3x 2 dx
dt dt
Syllabus Released By CBSE 8 = 3x 2 dx
dt
For all Chapter Free PDF Whatsapp at 94140 63210 dx = 8
dt 3x 2
dS = d (6x 2) $ dx
19
Again,
dt dt dt
= 12x # 8 2 = 32 cm2 / sec

3x x
EXAMPLE 2.3
dS = 32 [ x = 12 cm ]
The volume of a cube is increasing at a rate of 9 cubic dt 12
centimetres per second. How fast is the surface area
increasing when the length of an edge is 10 cm long? dS = 8 = 2 2 cm2 / sec
dt 3 3
SOLUTION :
Let x be the edge of a cube and V , the volume of the EXAMPLE 2.5
cube at time t , then V = x 3 . An edge of a variable cube is increasing at the rate of

The rate of change of volume V wrt time 3 cm per second. How fast is the volume of the cube
dV = d (x 3) = 3x 2 dx increasing when the edge is 10 cm long?

dt dt dt
dV = 9 cm3 / sec (Given) SOLUTION :
Also
dt Let the edge of variable cube be x cm.
3x 2 dx = 9 Rate of change of edge
dt
dx = 9 = 3 dx = 3 cm/ sec
dt
dt 3x 2 x2
Let S be the surface area of the cube. Then Volume of cube V = x 3 cm3
S = 6x 2 dV = 3x 2

dx
Rate of change of volume EXAMPLE 2.7
dV = dV dx A stone is dropped into a quiet lake and waves move in

(Chain rule)
dt dx # dt circles at the speed of 5 cm/sec. At the instant when
the radius of the circular wave is 8 cm, how fast is the
= 3x 2 # 3

enclosed area increasing?
= 9x 2 cm3 / sec
Hence, volume of cube is increasing when the edge is 10 SOLUTION :
cm long Let r be the radius and A be the enclosed area of a
b dt l
dV = 9 # 102 circular wave at any time t .
x = 10
Then A = πr 2
= 900 cm3 / sec
Now dA = 2πr dr
dt # dt
dr = 5 cm/ sec
Applied Mathematics dt
CBSE Class XI and XII Commerce dA = 2πr 5

Thus #
dt
= 10πr cm2 / sec
b dt l
dA = 10 # π # 8
For all Chapter Free PDF Whatsapp at 94140 63210 r = 8 cm
= 80π cm2 / sec

Click Here To Buy Hard Copy Hence, the enclosed area is increasing at the rate
80π cm2 / sec at the instant when the radius of the wave
is 8 cm.
EXAMPLE 2.6
The radius of a circle is increasing at the rate of 0.7 cm/

EXAMPLE 2.8
sec. What is the rate increase of its circumference?
The side of a square sheet of metal is increasing at 4 cm
SOLUTION : per second. At what rate is the area increasing when the
side is 8 cm long?
Let r be the radius of a circle and C the circumference
of the circle at time t .
SOLUTION :
We have dr = 0.07 cm/ sec and
dt Let x be the side of the square.
If A is the area of the square sheet at time t , when we
C = 2πr
have
Rate of change of circumference
A = x 2
dC = 2π 0.7 cm/ sec Rate of increase of side x wrt time t is 4 cm/sec.
dt #
dx = 4 cm/sec.
= 1.4π = 1.4 # 22 dt
7
Now, rate of change of area A wrt time
= 14 # 22 = 4.4 cm/ sec
10 7 d (x) 2
Hence, circumference is increasing at the rate of 4.4 cm/ t = dA = = 2x $ dx
dt dt dt
sec.
= 2 (8) 4 = 64
Hence, rate of increase of area A when side is 8 cm long
is 64 cm2 / sec .
EXAMPLE 2.9 EXAMPLE 2.11
The radius of an air bubble is increasing at the rate of 1 A particle moves along the curve y = x 2 + 2x . Find the
2 point on the curve such that x and y co-ordinate of the
cm per second. At what rate is the volume of the bubble
increasing when the radius is 1 cm? particle change with the same rate.
Let r be the radius and V be the volume of the air We have y = x 2 + 2x ...(1)
bubble at any time t , when As x and y co-ordinates of the particle change with the
same rate, so
V = 4 πr 3
3 dx = dy

Since the radius r of an air bubble is increasing at the dt dt
rate of 1 cm/sec. Differentiating both sides of (1), wrt t , we have
2
dy
dr = 1 = (2x + 2) dx
dt 2 dt dt
dy dx
1 = 2x + 2 : dt = dt D
V = 4 πr 3
3 2x =− 1
dV = 4 π 3r 2 dr x =− 1
dt 3 # dt 2
y = b− 1 l + 2 b− 1 l = 1 − 1 =− 3
2

= 4πr 2 # 1
:dt = 2 D
dr 1 2 2 4 4
2
Hence, the required point is b- 1 , - 3 l
= 2πr 2 2 4
b dt l
dV = 2π (1) 2
r = 1 cm
EXAMPLE 2.12
= 2π cm3 / sec
21
The area of an expanding rectangle is increasing at the

Hence, the rate of increase of volume when the radius is rate of 48 cm2 / sec . The length of the rectangle is always
1 cm = 2π cm3 / sec . equal to the square of the breath. At what rate the length
is increasing at the instant when the breath is 4.5 cm?
EXAMPLE 2.10 SOLUTION :
A balloon, which always remains spherical has a variable Let l and b the length and breadth of the rectangle at
radius. Find the rate at which its volume is increasing time t
with the radius when the later is 10 cm. = (breath) 2
Length
l = b 2
SOLUTION :
Let A be the area of the rectangle at time t .
Let r be the radius and V be the volume of a spherical
Then A = l # b = b2 # b = b3
balloon at any time t .
The area is increasing at the rate of 48 cm2 / sec .
Then V = 4 πr 3 dA = 48
3 Thus
dt
dV = 4 π 3r 2 = 4πr 2
dr 3 # d (b) 3 = 48
dt
b dr l
dV = 4π # (10) 2 = 400π cm3 /cm
3b2 db = 48
r = 10 cm dt
Hence, the rate at which volume of balloon is increasing
db = 16 ...(1)
with the radius when radius is 10 cm is 400π cm2 /cm . dt b2
Rate of change of length wrt
EXAMPLE 2.14 SBTEB 2011

t = dl = d (b) 2 = 2b db
dt dt dt The radius of a balloon is increasing at the rate of 10 cm/
sec. At what rate is the surface of the balloon increasing
= 2b # 162 = 32 [From(1)]

b b when radius is 15 cm?
When b = 4.5 cm, the rate of increase of length
SOLUTION :
= 32 = 7.11 cm/ sec .
4.5 Let r be the radius of the balloon and S , the surface
area of the balloon at time t , then
EXAMPLE 2.13 S = 4πr 2
dS = 4π (2r) = 8πr
(a) The radius of a circular plate increase at the rate of dr
0.01 cm/s when the radius is 2 cm. Find the rate at
The rate of change of r wrt time t is 10 cm/sec.
which the area is increasing.
(b) The side of an equilateral triangle is increasing at dr = 10
dt
the rate of 2 cm/s. At what rate is its area increasing
when the side of the triangle is 20 cm? Rate of change of surface area
dS = dS dr = 8πr $ dr
dt dr # dt dt
SOLUTION :
(a) The radius of a circular plate is increasing at the rate = 8πr # 10 = 80πr

of 0.01 cm/s
Rate of increase of surface area S wrt t when r = 15 cm
dr = 0.01 cm/s is 80π (15) = 1200π cm2 / sec .
dt
The area of circular plate is
A = πr 2 ...(1) EXAMPLE 2.15
We have dA = 2πr dr A stone is dropped into a quiet lake and waves move in a
dt dt
circle at a speed of 3.5 cm/sec. At the instant when the
Putting r = 12 cm and dr
dt = 0.01 cm/s we have
radius of circular wave is 7.5 cm, how fast is the enclosed
dA = 2π (12) (0.01) area increasing?

dt
SOLUTION :
= 0.24π sq. cm/sec.
Hence, the rate at which the area is increasing is 0.24π Let r and A be the radius and area of the circular wave
sq. cm/sec.. respectively, at any time t .
Now A = πr 2 ...(1)
(b) Let the side of the equilateral triangle be x cm.
and dr = 3.5 cm/ sec
Area of equilateral triangle dt
A = 3 x2
4 Now dA = 2πr dr = 2πr (3.5)
dt dt
dA = 3 2x $ dx
dt 4 # dt = 7πr
Now at the instant when the radius of circular wave is
Putting x = 20 cm and dx
dt = 2 cm/s we have 7.5 cm
dA = 3 (20) $ (2) dA = 7π (7.5) = 52.5π cm2 / sec
dt 2
dt
dA = 20 3 cm2 /s
b dt l
dA = 52.5π cm2 / sec
dt r = 7.5 cm
2
Hence, area is increasing at the rate of 20 3 cm /s , Thus the enclosed area is increasing at the rate of
when the side of the triangle is 20 cm. 52.5π cm2 / sec , when r = 7.5 cm .
EXAMPLE 2.16
= 4 π # 27 (2x + 1) 3

The surface area of a spherical bubble is increasing at 3 64
the rate of 2 cm2 / sec . Find the rate at which the volume
or V = 9π (2x + 1) 3
of the bubble is increasing at the instant its radius is 6 16
cm. Rate of change of volume V wrt x ,
dV = 9π $ 3 (2x + 1) 2 $ 2
SOLUTION : dx 16
Let r be the radius, S the surface area and V the volume
= 27π (2x + 1) 2

of the spherical bubble at any time t . 8
Surface area, S = 4πr 2
dS = 4π 2r dr = 8πr dr EXAMPLE 2.18
dt # # dt dt
The length x of a rectangle is decreasing at the rate of
dr = 1 dS 5 cm/minute and the width y is increasing at the rate
dt 8πr dt
of 4 cm/minute. When x = 8 cm and y = 6 cm , find the
As dS = 2 cm2 / sec rates of change of
dt (a) the perimeter and (b) the area of the rectangle.
Thus dr = 1 2 = 1
dt 8πr # 4πr SOLUTION :
Volume V = 4 πr 3 It is given that length x of a rectangle is decreasing at

3 the rate of 5 cm/min.
dV = 4π 3r 2 # dr dx =− 5 cm/ min
dt 3 # dt
dt
Also width y of a rectangle is increasing at the rate of 4
= 4pr 2 # 1
cm/min.
4pr
23
dy
= r cm3 / sec = 4 cm/ min
dt
b dt l
Hence dV = 6 cm3 / sec (a) The perimeter P of a rectangle is given by
r = 6 cm
Hence, the rate at which the volume of the bubble is P = 2 (x + y)

dP = 2 dx + dy
increasing at the instant its radius is 6 cm3 / sec
dt b dt dt l
= 2 (− 5 + 4)

EXAMPLE 2.17
=− 2 cm/ min
A balloon, which always remains spherical, has a variable Hence, the rate of change of the perimeter is - 2 cm/ min
diameter 32 (2x + 1). Find the rate of change of its volume (b) The area A of the rectangle is given by
with respect to x . A = xy
dA = x dy + y dx
SOLUTION : dt dt dt
Let V be the volume of the balloon at anytime.
= 8 (4) + 6 (− 5)

Diameter of balloon d = 3 (2x + 1) = 32 − 30 = 2
2
Hence, the rate of change in area is 2 cm2 / min .
Thus radius r = d = 3 (2x + 1)
2 4
Volume of spherical balloon
EXAMPLE 2.19
V = 4 πr3 = 4 π : 3 (2x + 1)D
3
A closed circular cylinder has height 16 cm and radius
3 3 4
r cm. The total surface area is A cm2 . Prove that
dA
dt = 4π (r + 8) dr
dt . Hence, calculate the rate of increase
in area if the radius increases at the rate of 0.02 cm/sec, = d b 4 πr 3 l # dr

when radius is 4 cm. dr 3 dt
or dV = (4πr 2) dr ...(2)
SOLUTION : dt dt
Height of the cylinder We have been given that dV = 900 cm3 / sec at r = 15 cm
dt
h = 16 cm Thus from (2), we have
Curved surface area of the cylinder
900 = 4π (15) 2 dr = 4π (225) dr
Ac = 2πrh = 2πr (16) cm = 32πr cm dt dt
Area of two circular bases = 900π dr
or 900
dt
AT = 2πr 2
Total surface area dr = 1
dt π
A = 32pr + 2pr 2 Thus rate of change of radius
dA = (32p $ 1 + 2p $ 2r) $ dr dr = 1 cm/ sec = 1 cm/ sec

dt dt dt π ^7h
22
dA = 4π (r + 8) dr
or
dt dt
Hence Proved. = 7 cm/ sec

22
Here, dr = 0.02 cm/ sec r = 4 cm

dt
dA = 4π (r + 8) 0.02 = 0.08π (r + 8)
#
Applied Mathematics
dt CBSE Class XI and XII Commerce
At r = 4 cm , dA = 0.08π (4 + 8) A Text Book by www.cbse.online
dt Based on New (Modified on 31st March 2021)
dA = 0.96π cm2 / sec Syllabus Released By CBSE

dt
Hence, the required rate of increase in area is
0.96π cm2 / sec . No Missing topic No Extra Topic
EXAMPLE 2.20
In a competition, a brave child tries to inflate a hue EXAMPLE 2.21

spherical balloon bearing slogans against the child
labour at the rate of 900 cubic centimetres of gas per The volume of a cube is increasing at a constant rate.
second. Find the rate at which the radius of the balloon Prove that the increase in surface area varies inversely as
is increasing when its radius is 15 cm. Also write some the length of the edge of the cube.
values/life skill reflected in the question.
SOLUTION :
SOLUTION : We have V = x 3 and S = 6x 2

Let radius and volume of the balloon be r and V Since volume of a cube is increasing at a constant rate.
respectively. dV = k , where k is a constant.
dt
V = 4 πr3 ...(1) d (x 3) = k
3 or
dt
Differentiating (1) wrt t , we have
3x 2 dx = k
dt b 3 l
dV = d 4 πr 3 dt
dt
dx = k ...(1) Also dV = 5 (Given)

dt 3x 2 dt
Again, S = 6x 2 πh2 dh =− 5
dS = 12 $ dx = 12 k 4 dt

dt dt b 3x 2 l Using (1)
πh2 dh =− 20
dS = 4k dt
or
dt x When the water level is 2.5 cm from the top, h = 7.5 cm
dS \ 1 π (7.5) 2 dh =− 20
dt x dt
Hence, the increase in surface area varies inversely as the dh =− 20
length of the edge of the cube. dt π (7.5) 2
=− 20 # 4 =− 16 cm/ sec

π 225 45π
EXAMPLE 2.22
Water is leaking from a conical funnel at the rate of EXAMPLE 2.23

5 cm3 / sec . If the radius of the base of the funnel is 5 cm
An inverted cone has a depth of 10 cm and a base of
and height 10 cm, find the rate at which the water level
radius 5 cm. Water is poured into it at the rate of 1.5 cm3
is dropping when it is 2.5 cm from the top.
per minute. Find the rate at which the level of water in
the in the cone is rising when the depth is 4 cm.
SOLUTION :
Let VAB be a conical funnel and at any time t , let r be SOLUTION :

the radius of base of cone and h be its height.
At the end of t minutes, let r cm be the radius of the
circular water-surface when the depth of water is h cm.
25
Volume of water in the conical funnel

= 1 πr 2 h
3
From the figure, we have
r = 5
h 10
Using similar triangles TORS + TOPB,
r = 1 h 6RS = r cm, PB = 5 cm, OR = h cm, OP = 10 cm@
2
Volume V of water at any time r =− 5 h = h
10 2
= 1 π b h l $ h = π h3
2
Let V be the volume of water at t minutes.
3 2 12
V = 1 πr 2 h = 1 π $ b h l h = π h 3
2
dV = πh2 dh Then
3 3 2 12
dt 4 dt
V = π h 3
2
Now,
12 = 1 # b # x2−b

2 4
Differentiating both sides wrt t , we have dA = 1 b
Now 1 2x dx
2
dV = π $ 3h2 dh = πh $ dh dt 2 # 2 x 2 − b # dt 2
4
dt 12 dt 4 dt
= 1 bx $ dx
2 x 2 − b dt
It has been given that at h = 4 cm , dV = 1.5 cm3 /min
2
4
dt But dt =− 3 cm/ sec (The negative sign indicates that x
dx
decreases as t increases)
Thus 1.5 = π (4) 2 $ dh
4 dt
Thus dA =− 3bx =− 3b2
dh = 1.5 # 4 = 15 = 3 cm/ min ute dt 2 x 2 − b4 2 b2 − b4
2 2
or
dt π (4) 2 40π 8π 2
= 3b3b =− 3 b cm2 / sec
Hence, level of water is rising at 3 cm/ min ute .
2
2 4
8π
Hence, when the both equal sides are equal to the base,
the area is decreasing at the rate of 3 b cm2 / sec .
EXAMPLE 2.24
The two equal sides of an isosceles triangle with fixed

base b are decreasing at the rate of 3 cm per second. How EXAMPLE 2.25
fast is the area decreasing when the two equal sides are A man of height 2 metre walks at a uniform speed of 5
equal to the base? km/hr away from a lamp-post which is 6 metres high.
Find the rate at which the length of his shadow increases.
SOLUTION :
SOLUTION :
Let AB = AC = x cm of an isosceles TABC
Let x be the distance of man from the pole at any time
Draw AM = BC
t . Let s be the length of shadow as time.
Given BC = b cm
From right TABM we have
AM = AB 2 − BM 2
2
= x2−b

4
Since TABM , TACM
BM = CM
1 BC = 1 b
2 2
We see that TCED and TAEB are similar.
Thus CE = CD
AE AB
CE = AE
CD AB
s = x + s
2 6
6s = 2x + 2s
4s = 2x
s = 2 x = 1 x
4 2
Area of TABC A = 1 # BC # AM
2 Since man is walking at the speed of 5 km/hour i.e. 5000
m/hr, we have
dx = 5000 When h = 4 cm, rate of increase of height of cone wrt t ,

b dt l = 3π (4) 2 = 48π cm/ sec
dt dh 1 1
Rate of increase of length of shadow 4 cm
ds = ds $ dx
dt dx dt EXAMPLE 2.27
= d b 1 x l # 5000
:s = 2 x and dt = 5000D
1 dx If the length of the diagonal of a square is increasing at
dx 2 the rate of 0.2 cm/sec. find the rate of increase of its area
= 1 # 5000 = 2500
when its side is 30 cm
2 2
Thus rate of increase of length of shadow SOLUTION :
2500 m/hr = 2.5 km/hour
Let the length of the diagonal of a square at time t be
x cm.
EXAMPLE 2.26 Then side of square = x
2
Sand is pouring from a pipe at the rate of 12 cm3 /s . As the length of the diagonal of a square is increasing at
The falling sand forms a cone on the ground in such a the rate of 0.2 cm/sec
way that the height of the cone is always one-sixth of the dx = 0.2 cm/ sec

radius of the base. How fast is the height of the sand- dt
cone increasing when the height is 4 cm? If A is the area of the square at time t , then we have
A = b x l = 1 x 2
2
SOLUTION :

2 2
Let r and h be respectively the radius and height of the dA = x $ dx

sand cone at time t , then we have dt dt
27
h = r ...(1) When side b x l is 30 ,

6 2 2
Rate of increase of area
b dt l x 30 = 30 # 0.2 = 6 cm / sec
dA 2
=
2 2
Applied Mathematics
Let V be the volume of the cone, then CBSE Class XI and XII Commerce
V = 1 πr 2 h = 1 π (6h) 2 h [ r = 6h ] A Text Book by www.cbse.online
3 3
= 1 π # 36h2 $ h = 12πh3
3
dV = 12π (3h2) dh ...(2)
Now
dt dt No Missing topic No Extra Topic
It is given that sand is pouring at the rate of 12 cm3 / sec Click Here To Buy Hard Copy
Thus dV = 12 ...(3)
dt
Equating (2) and (3), we have
12 = 36πh2 dh Exerc i s e 5 .2
dt
or dh = 12 = 1
dt 36πh2 3πh2
1. The radius of a circular plate is increasing at the rate of 2 cm/s . When x = 12 cm and y = 5 cm , find the
of 0.20 cm/ sec . At what rate is the area increasing rate of change of
when the radius of the plate is 25 cm? (i) the perimeter and (ii) the area of the rectangle.
2 2
Ans : 10π cm / sec Ans : (i) 0 cm/s , (ii) 14 cm /s
2. The radius of a circular soap bubble is increasing at 12. A point source of light along a straight road is at
the rate 0.2 cm/ sec . Find the rate of increase of its a height of a metres. A boy b metres in height is
volume of its volume when the radius is 5 cm . walking along the road. How fast is his shadow
3`
Ans : 20π cm / sec increasing if he is walking away from the light at the
rate of c metres per minute?
3. A particle moves along the curve y = 23 x3 + 1. Find
Ans : Shadow is increasing at the rate (abc
- b) m/ min
the points on the curve at which the y - coordinates
is changing twice as fast as the x - coordinates. 13 Water is dripping out from a conical funnel of semi-
Ans : ^1, 53 h and ^- 1, 13 h vertical angle π at uniform rate of 2 cm2 / sec in the
4
4. The radius of a circle is increasing at the rate of surface area, through a tiny hole at the vertex of
0.7 cm/ sec . What is the rate of increase of its bottom. When the slant height of cone is 4 cm , find
circumference? the rate of decrease of the slant height of water.
Ans : 4.4π cm/ sec Ans :
2 cm/ min
4π
5. Find the point on the curve y2 = 8x for which the
abscissa and ordinate change at the same rate.
Ans : (2, 4) Applied Mathematics
6. For the function y = x3 + 21, find the value of x CBSE Class XI and XII Commerce
when y increases 75 times as fast as x . A Text Book by www.cbse.online
Ans : - 5 , 5 Based on New (Modified on 31st March 2021)
7. A spherical bubble is expanding so that its radius is
increasing at the rate of 0.02 centimetre per second. For all Chapter Free PDF Whatsapp at 94140 63210
At what rate is the surface area increasing when its No Missing topic No Extra Topic
radius is 4 cm ?
2
Ans : 2.0096 cm / sec
8. The side of a square is increasing at the rate of

0.2 cm/ sec . Find the rate of increase of the perimeter 2.3 Tangents and Normals
of the square. dy
Ans : 0.8 cm/ sec In chapter 3 we learned that dx (if it exists) geometrically
represents the slope of the tangent to the curve y = f (x)
9. A ladder 5 m long is leaning against a wall. The at any point P (x, y). Thus, if ψ ^! π2 h is the angle which
bottom of the ladder is pulled along the ground the tangent to the curve at P makes with the positive
away from the wall at the rate of 2 m/ sec . How fast direction of x -axis, then the slope of the tangent to the
its height on the wall decreasing when the foot of the curve y = f (x) at the point P = tan ψ = _ dx dy
iP .
ladder is 4 m away from the wall? If the tangent to the curve y = f (x) at the point
Ans : - 83 m/ sec P (x, y) is parallel to x -axis, then
10. The volume of a spherical balloon is increasing is y = 0 & tan y = 0 & _ dx
dy
iP = 0
increasing at the rate of 20 cm3 / sec . Find the rate of
and if the tangent to the curve y = f (x) at the point
its surface area at the instant when its radius is 8 cm.
2 P (x, y) is parallel to y -axis, then
Ans : 5 cm / sec
11. The length x of a rectangle is decreasing at the rate ψ = π & cot ψ = 0 & _ dx
dy iP = 0
2
of 2 cm/s and the width y is increasing at the rate
Further, if the tangent at P is not parallel to x slope of the tangent to the curve at P (x1, y1) = _ dx
dy
ix , y at
-axis i.e. ψ ! 0 i.e. ψ ! _ dx
dy
iP ! 0 , then the slope of the
1 2
dy
the point P (x1 y1) is the value of dx at P .
normal to the curve at P =− 1 So, the slope of normal to the curve y = f (x) at
^ dx hP
.
dy/
P =− 1 .
_ dx ix , y
dy
The gradient of a curve at a point is defined as the
1 2
slope of the tangent to the curve at that point. Therefore, by co-ordinate geometry, the equation
of the normal to the given curve y = f (x) at the point
P (x1 y1) is
y - y1 =− dy 1
_ dx ix , y (x − x1)
(x − x1) + _ dx ix , y (y − y1) = 0
1 2
dy
or
If _ dx ix , y = 0 then, the equation of the normal at P
1 2
dy
is x = x1 and if _ dx ix , y does not exist, then the equation

1 2
dy
1 2
at P is y = y1 .
Procedure to find the equation of the normal to the
curve y = f (x) at the given point P (x1 y1)
Working Rule :
dy
1. Find dx from the given equation y = f (x).
Figure 2.1 dy
2. Find the value dx at the given point P (x1 y1).
3. If m is slope of the normal to the given curve at P
, then
2.3.1 Tangent to the Curve y = f (x) at Given Point
m =− 1
Let P (x1, y1) be any point on the curve y = f (x), then the _ dx ix , y
dy
slope of the tangent to the curve y = f (x) at the point 1 2
4. The equation of the normal at P is y − y1 = m (x − x1)

29
dy
P (x1 y1) is the value of dx at P . So, the slope of tangent
to the curve y = f (x)at P is _ dx
dy
i, . x1 y 2
Therefore, by co-ordinate geometry, the equation

EXAMPLE 2.28
of the tangent to the given curve y = f (x) at the point
P (x1 y1) is (a) Find the slope of the tangent to the curve y = 3x 4 − 4x
y - y1 = _ dx ix , y (x − x1)
dy at x = 4 .

1 2 (b) Find the slope of the tangent to the curve
If _ i
dy
does not exist, then the tangent at P is y = x − 1 , x ! 2 at x = 10 .
dx x , y
1 1 x−2
parallel to y -axis and its equation is x = x1 .
SOLUTION :
Working Rule :
dy
(a) We have y = 3x 4 − 4x
1. Find from the given equation y = f (x).
dx
dy
Differentiating y wrt x , we have
2. Find the value dx at the given point P (x1 y1), let
m = _ dx ix , y
dy
dy
= 12x 3 − 4
1 2 dx
Slope of the tangent at x = 4 is given by,
3. The equation of the tangent at P is
dy
b dx l = 12 (4) − 4
3
y − y1 = m (x − x1).
x=4
(b) We have y = x − 1
2.3.2 Normal to the curve y = f (x) at a Given x−2
Point Differentiating y wrt x , we have
Let P (x1, y1) be any point on the curve y = f (x), then the
dy (x − 2)(1) − (x − 1) (1) dy
= = 2x − 5
dx (x − 2) 2 dx
Slope of the tangent at x = 10 is given by, Slope of tangent at (2, 0)
dy
m1 = b l
dy
b dx l
= 1 = 2 # 2 − 5 =− 1
x = 10 (10 − 2) 2 dx (2, 0)
Slope of tangent at (3, 0)
= −21 =− 1

8 64 dy
m 2 = b l = 2#3−5 = 1
dx (3, 0)
EXAMPLE 2.29 Now, m1 m2 =− 1 # 1 =− 1
(a) Find the slope of the tangent to the curve As the product of the slopes of tangents at (2, 0) and (3,
y = x 3 − 3x + 2 at the point whose x -co-ordinate is 0) is - 1. So, the tangents to the given curve at points (2,
3. 0) and (3, 0) are at right angles.
(b) Find the equation of the tangent to the curve
y = x2 + 4x + 1 at the point whose x co-ordinate is 3.
EXAMPLE 2.31 SBTEj 2010
SOLUTION : Find the point curve at point on the parabola y = (x − 2) 2

where the tangent is parallel to the chord joining (2, 0)
(a) We have y = x 3 − 3x + 2 ...(1)
and (4, 4).
When x = 3 , y = (3) 3 − 3 (3) + 2 = 20
The point on the curve is (3, 20).
SOLUTION :
Differentiating (1) wrt x , we have
dy We have y = (x − 2) 2
= 3x 2 − 3 = Slope of the tangent (x, y)
dx Slope of tangent at (x, y),
Thus slope of the tangent at dy
= 2 (x − 2)
dy dx
(3, 20) = b l = 3 (3) 2 − 3 = 24
dx x = 4
Let A(2, 0) and B (4, 4) be the given points.
2
(b)We have y = x + 4x + 1 ...(1)
Slope of chord AB , 4 - 0 = 2
When x = 3 , 4-2
y = 32 + 4 (3) + 1 = 9 + 12 + 1 = 22 Since the tangent is parallel to the chord AB , the slope
Now differentiating (1) wrt x , we have of tangent is equal to the slope of chord.
dy Thus 2 (x - 2) = 2
= 2x + 4
dx x - 2 = 1 & x = 3
dy
b dx l = 2 (3) + 4 = 10 Thus y = (3 − 2) 2 = 1
(3, 22) Hence, the required point is (3, 1).
Thus equation of the tangent at (3, 22) is
y - 22 = 10 (x − 3) = 10x − 30
EXAMPLE 2.32
or y = 10x − 8
Find the points on the curve y = x 3 − 3x 2 + 2x at which
tangent to the curve is parallel to the line y − 2x + 3 = 0
EXAMPLE 2.30 sbteB eveN 2017
SOLUTION :
Prove that the tangents to the curve y = x 2 − 5x + 6 at
the points (2, 0) and (3, 0) are at right angles. We have y = x 3 − 3x 2 + 2x ...(1)
Slope of the tangent to the curve y = x 3 − 3x 2 + 2x at
SOLUTION : the point (x, y)
We have y = x 2 − 5x + 6 ...(1) dy
= 3x 2 − 6x + 2
Differentiating (1) wrt x , we have dx
Also slope of the line y − 2x + 3 = 0 is 2. the tangent is y = x − 11.

Tangent to the curve is parallel to the line y − 2x + 3 = 0
Thus slope of the tangent to the curve y = x 3 − 3x 2 + 2x SOLUTION :
at (x, y) is equal to the slope of the line y − 2x + 3 = 0 .
We have y = x 3 − 11x + 5 ...(1)
2
Thus 3x − 6x + 2 = 2
Equation of the given line is y = x − 11 ...(2)
3x2 - 6x = 0 Differentiating (1) wrt x , we have
3x (x - 2) = 0 & x = 0 or x = 2 dy
= 3x 2 − 11
From (1) when x = 0 , dx
y = 0 − 0 + 0 = 0 3x2 - 11 is the slope of the tangent to (1) at (x, y) and
slope of the line (2) is 1. If the tangent to (1) at the point
and when x = 2 ,
(x, y) is the straight line (2), then
y = (2) 3 − 3 (2) 2 + 2 (2)
3x 2 - 11 = 1
= 8 − 12 + 4 = 0
3x 2 = 12 & x 2 = 4 & x = ! 2
Hence, the required points are (0, 0) and (2, 0).
When x = 2 , from (1), we have
y = 8 − 22 + 5 =− 9
EXAMPLE 2.33 SBTEJ 2010 When x =− 2 , from (1), we have
If y = (4x − 5) is a tangent to the curve y2 = px3 + q at y =− 8 + 22 + 5 = 19
(2, 3), find p and q . Out of these two points, (2, - 9) lies on the line (2), but
(- 2, 19) does not lie on the line (2). Hence, the required
SOLUTION : point is (2, - 9).
We have y 2 = px 3 + q ...(1)
Differentiating (1) wrt x , we have EXAMPLE 2.35
dy
31
2y = 3px 2 Find the equation of tangent at (- 4, - 4) on the curve

dx
x 2 =− 4y .
dy 3px 2
b dx l =
2y
SOLUTION :
dy
b dx l = 2p
(2, 3) We have x 2 =− 4y
Now equation of tangent to the given curve at (2, 3) is 2
(y - 3) = 2p (x − 2) or y =− x ...(1)
4
y = 2px − (4x − 3) ...(1) Differentiating (1) wrt x , we have
Comparing the equation (1) with the given equation dy
y = 4x − 5 , we have =− 2x =− x
dx 4 2
2p = 4 or p = 2 dy − (− 4)
Again as (2, 3) lies on the curve, so b dx l =
2
=4 =2
2
(- 4, - 4)
2 3
(3) = p (2) + q Equation of the tangent to the curve x2 =− 4y at
9 = 8p + q (- 4, - 4) is
= 8 (2) + q
9 y - (- 4) = 2 {x − (− 4)}
9 - 16 = q & q =− 7 y + 4 = 2 (x + 4)
Hence, p = 2 , q =− 7 2x − y + 4 = 0
Hence, the required equation of the tangent is
2x − y + 4 = 0
EXAMPLE 2.34 sbteB ODD 2017
Find the point on the curve y = x 3 − 11x + 5 at which


Find the points on the curve 4x 2 + 9y 2 = 1 where the dy
=− (x − 3) −2 = − 1 2
^x − 3h

tangents are perpendicular to the line 2y + x = 0 dx
Since the slope of tangent is 2, thus
SOLUTION :
dy
= 2
We have 4x 2 + 9y 2 = 1 ...(1) dx
Differentiating (1) wrt x , we have or - 1 = 2
dy (x - 3) 2
8x + 18y = 0
dx
(x - 3) 2 =− 1
2
dy
or =− 4x
dx 9y This is not possible as (x - 3) 2 is a squared quantity
Slope of the given line 2y + x = 0 is m1 =− 12 . If the which cannot be -ve. Hence, there is no line with slope
tangent is perpendicular to the line this line, then slope 2 that is tangent to the curve y = 1 .
x−3
of tangent is m2 = 2 , the -ve reciprocal of slope of line.
Thus - 4x = 2
9y EXAMPLE 2.38 sbtej 2012
y =− 2x Find the points on the curve 4x2 + 9y2 = 1 where the

9
Now substituting this in (1), we have tangents are perpendicular to the line 2y + x = 0 .
4x 2 + 9 b− 2x l = 1
2
SOLUTION :
9
2
4x 2 + 4x = 1 We have 4x2 + 9y2 = 1 ...(1)
9
Differentiating (1) wrt x we have
36x 2 + 4x 2 = 9 dy
8x + 18y = 0
40x 2 = 9 dx
x 2 = 9 & x = ! 3 or
dy
=− 8x =− 4x
40 2 10 dx 18y 9y
3
Now, when x = , Slope of the tangent at ^x1, y1h,
2 10
dy
b dx l = 9y1
− 4x 1
y =− 2 c 3 m =− 1
9 2 10 3 10
(x , y )
1 2
Equation of the given line is

When x =− 3 ,
2 10 2y + x = 0 ...(2)
y =− 2 c − 3 m =− 1 or y =− 1 x
9 2 10 2
3 10
Hence, the required point are c 3 , - 1 m and Slope of this line m1 =− 1
2 10 3 10 2
3 , 1
c 2 10 3 10 m
- . If line (2) is perpendicular to the tangent at ^x1, y1h, then
9y1 # b 2 l
- 4x1 - 1 =− 1
EXAMPLE 2.37 SBTEB ODD 2016
Find the equation of all lines having slope 2 which is y1 = − 2 x1 ...(3)

9
tangent to the curve y = 1 , x ! 3 .
x−3 Since point ^x1, y1h also lies on the curve 4x2 + 9y2 = 1
(1), thus
SOLUTION :
4x 12 + 9y 12 = 1
1 ...(1)
We have y =
x−3 4x 12 + 9 # 4 x 12 = 1 [using eq. (3)]
81
or 36 x 2 + 4 x 2 = 1 We have 9x2 + 4y2 = 36 ...(1)

9 1 9 1 Differentiating wrt x we have
or x 12 = 9
dy
18x + 8y = 0
40 dx
=−c 18x m =−c 9x m

x 1 = ! 3 dy

2 10 dx 8y 4y
So, y1 =− 2 # c! 3 m = " 1 At the points of the curve, where the tangents are
9 2 10 3 10 dy
perpendicular to y -axis =0
Hence the required points are dx
-c 9x m = 0 or x = 0
< 3 , - 1 F and <- 3 , 1 F Thus
4y
2 10 3 10 2 10 3 10
This point also pass through curve (1), thus substituting
in (1) we have
EXAMPLE 2.39 SBTEB 2015 0 + 4y2 = 36
Determine the equation of the normal line to the curve or y 2 = 9
y = 3 5 − x at the point (- 3, 2). or y = ! 3
Hence the required points are (0, 3) and ^0, - 3h.
SOLUTION :
Applied Mathematics
1
We have y = (5 − x) 3 ...(1)
Differentiating (1) wrt x , we have CBSE Class XI and XII Commerce
dy
= 1 (5 − x) − 3 $ d (5 − x) A Text Book by www.cbse.online
2

dx 3 dx
= 1 Syllabus Released By CBSE
2 # (− 1)
33
3 (5 − x) 3
dy −1
or
dx
=
3 (5 − x) 3
2 No Missing topic No Extra Topic
Slope of the tangent at (- 3, 2) is Click Here To Buy Hard Copy
dy
m 1 = b l = − 1 =− 1
dx − (3, 2) 3 (8) 23 12
Thus slope of the normal at (- 3, 2) is
EXAMPLE 2.41 sbteb 2015
m2 − 1 = 12
m2 At what points on the curve, x2 + y2 − 2x − 4y + 1 = 0 is
Thus equation of normal at (- 3, 2) is tangent parallel to the y -axis?
y - 2 = 12 (x + 3)
SOLUTION :
12x − y + 38 = 0
Hence, the required equation of the normal We have x2 + y2 − 2x − 4y + 1 = 0 ...(1)
12x − y + 38 = 0 Differentiating wrt x we have
dy dy
2x + 2y − 2 − 4 = 0
dx dx
dx ^
2y - 4h = 2 − 2x
EXAMPLE 2.40 SBTEJ 2013 dy
or
Find the coordinates of the points on the curve
c m = 1y −
9x2 + 4y2 = 36 where the tangent are perpendicular to dy x

y axis. dx −2
dy
Now from = 0 we have
SOLUTION : dx
x - 1 = 0 SOLUTION :

2-y
We have y 2 = 4ax ...(1)
x - 1 = 0 & x = 1
Putting the value in eqn. (1) we have
dy
1 + y 2 − 2 − 4y + 1 = 0 2y = 4a
dx
^y2 - 4y h = 0 dy
= 4a = 2a
y ^y - 4h = 0 & y = 0, 4

dx 2y y
Thus the required point is (1, 0) and (1, 4). Slope of tangent at (x1, y2),
dy
b dx l = y1
2a
x ,y
1 1
EXAMPLE 2.42 SBTEJ 2008

Equation of tangent at (x1, y1) to the curve y2 = 4ax is
2
Find the equation of the tangent to the curve x + 3y = 3
y - y1 = 2a (x − x1)
, which is parallel to the line y = 4x + 5 y1
yy1 - y 12 = 2ax − 2ax1
SOLUTION :
yy1 = 2ax − 2ax1 + y 12
2
We have x + 3y = 3 ...(1)
= 2ax − 2ax1 + 4ax1

Differentiating both sides wrt x , we have
[(x1, y1) lies on y 2 = 4ax & y 12 = 4ax1 ]
dy
2x + 3 = 0 yy1 = 2ax + 2ax1 = 2a (x + x1)
dx
Hence, equation of tangent is yy1 = 2a (x + x1)
3dy
=− 2x
dx
dy
Slope of tangent, = − 2x EXAMPLE 2.44
dx 3
(a) Find the equation of the tangent to the parabola
Slope of line y = 4x + 5 is 4. Since the tangent to the
y 2 = 4ax at (at 2, 2at).
given curve is parallel to the this line,
(b) Find the equation of the normal at the point
- 2x = 4

3 (at 2, 2at) for the curve y 2 = 4ax .
x = 4 # 3 =− 6 SOLUTION :
−2
2
Putting x =− 6 in x + 3y = 3 , we have
(a) We have y 2 = 4ax
2
(− 6) + 3y = 3 Differentiating both side wrt x , we have
3y = 3 − 36 =− 33 dy
2y = 4a $ 1 = 4a
dx
or y = − 33 =− 11
3
dy
= 4a = 2a
Now equation of tangent at (- 6, - 11) and having slope dx 2y y
4 is Slope of tangent at (at2, 2at) is
y - (- 11) = 4 [x − (− 6)] dy
b dx l = 2a = 1
2at t
y + 11 = 4 (x + 6) 2
(at , 2at)
y + 11 = 4x + 24 or 4x − y + 13 = 0 Hence, equation of tangent at (at 2, 2at) is

y - 2at = 1 (x − at 2)
t
EXAMPLE 2.43 SBTEB 2014 ty - 2at 2 = x − at 2
Show that the equation of tangent to the parabola ty = x + at 2
y 2 = 4ax at (x1, y1) is yy1 = 2a (x + x1)
(b) We have y 2 = 4ax
Differentiating both side wrt x , we have SOLUTION :
dy Let the required point be P (x1, y1)

2y = 4a
dx Equation of the curve is
dy y = 2x 3 − 15x 2 + 36x − 21 ...(1)
= 4a = 2a
dx 2y y Differentiating (1) wrt x , we have
Slope of tangent at (at 2, 2at) is dy
= 6x 2 − 30x + 36 = 3 (x 2 − 5x + 6)
dy dx
b dx l = 2a = 1
2at t dy
b dx l
2
(at , 2at)
2
Now = 6 (x 12 − 5x1 + 6)
Slope of normal at (at , 2at) is -ve reciprocal of 1
t i.e - t (x1, y1)
Hence, equation of tangent at (at 2, 2at) is Since, the tangent is parallel to the x -axis, therefore, its
y - 2at =− t (x − at 2) slope is 0
dy
tx + y = 2at + at 3 Now, b dx l = 0
(x , y )
1 1
2
6 (x − 5x + 6) = 0
1
x 12 − 5x + 6 = 0
If the tangent to the curve y = x 3 + ax + b at P (1, - 6) is (x1 - 2) (x1 - 3) = 0 & x1 = 2 or x1 = 3
parallel to the line y − x = 5 , find the values of a and b. As P (x1, y1) lies on the given curve,
y1 = 2x 13 − 15x 12 + 36x1 − 21
SOLUTION :
For x1 = 2 y1 = 2 (2) 3 − 15 (2) 2 + 36 (2) − 21
3
We have y = x + ax + b ...(1)
= 16 − 60 + 72 − 21 = 7

and for x1 = 3 y1 = 2 (3) 2 − 15 (3) 2 + 36 (3) − 21
dy
= 3x 2 + a (1) + 0 = 3x 2 + a
dx = 54 − 135 + 108 − 21

Slope of the tangent to the curve at P (1, - 6) is = 162 − 156 = 6
35
dy Thus the required points are (2, 7) and (3, 6). The equations
m 1 = b l = 3 (1) 2 + a = 3 + a
dx (1, − 6) of the tangents at these points are y − 7 = 0 (x − 2) and
Also tangent to the curve at P (1, - 6) is parallel to line y − 6 = 0 (x − 3) i.e. y = 7 and y = 6 , respectively.
y − x = 5 whose slope is 1.
Thus 3 + a = 1
a =− 2
Find the equation of the normal to the hyperbola
Since P (1, - 6) lies on the curve, 2
x 2 − y = 1 at the point (x , y ).
y = x 3 + ax + b a 2
b 2 0 0
- 6 = (1) 3 + a (1) + b
SOLUTION :
a + b =− 6 − 1 =− 7 ( a =− 2 ) 2
2
y
− 2 + b =− 7 & b =− 7 + 2 =− 5 Equation of hyperbola is x 2 − 2 = 1
a b
Hence, a =− 2 and b =− 5 . Differentiating wrt x , we have
2x - 2y dy = 0
a2 b2 dx
2y dy 2x
2 dx =
At what points will the tangents to the curve b a2
y = 2x 3 − 15x 2 + 36x − 21 be parallel to the axis? Also, dy 2
or = b 2 x
find the equations of tangents to the curve at these dx ay
points. Slope of tangent at(x 0, y 0)
2
dy
m 1 = b
dx l(x ,
= b2 x0
0 y 0) a y0
Slope at the normal at, (x 0, y 0) Differentiating wrt x , we have

ay 2
2x + 2y dy = 0
m2 =− 1 =− 2 0
4 25 dx
m1 b x0
Thus equation of the normal is dy
=− 2x # 25 =− 25x
2
a y0 dx 4 2y 4y
y - y 0 =− (x 0 − x 0)
b2 x 0
Thus slope of the tangent at (x, y) is - 25x .
y − y0 x − x0 4y
or + 2 = 0
a2 y 0 b x0 (a) Since the tangents are parallel to the x -axis
dy
= 0
EXAMPLE 2.48 dx
Find the equation of normal at the point (am2, am3) for or - 25x = 0 & x = 0
4y
the curve ay 2 = x 3 .
When x = 0 , from (1),
SOLUTION : y2
= 1 & y = ! 5
25
We have ay 2 = x 3 (1)
Differentiating (1) wrt x , we have Thus the required points are (0, 5) and (0, 5).
(b) Because the tangents are parallel to the y -axis
dy
2ay = 3x 2 dy
dx = 3
dx
dy 2
or = 3x dx = 0
dx 2ay or
dy
Slope of tangent at (am2, am3)
4y
dy or - = 0 & y = 0
m 1 = b l 25x
dx (am , am )
2 3
When y = 0 , from (1),

3 (am2) 2 3a2 m 4 = 3m
= 3 = x 2 = 1 & x ! 2
2a (am ) 2a2 m3 2
4
Thus slope of the normal
Thus points on the curve where tangents are parallel to
m2 =− 1 =− 2 y -axis are (2, 0) and (- 2, 0)
m1 3m
Equation of the normal at (am2, am3) is
y - am3 =− 2 (x − am2)

3m Applied Mathematics
3my - 3am 4 =− 2x + 2am2 CBSE Class XI and XII Commerce
2x + 3my = 2am2 + 3am 4 A Text Book by www.cbse.online
EXAMPLE 2.49 For all Chapter Free PDF Whatsapp at 94140 63210
2
y 2
Find the points on the curve x + = 1 at which
4 25
tangents are Click Here To Buy Hard Copy
(a) Parallel to the x -axis
(b) Parallel to the y -axis
SOLUTION : EXAMPLE 2.50 sbteb 2012

2
y2 Find the equation of tangent to the curve y = 3x − 2
We have x + = 1 ...(1)
4 25
which is parallel to the line 4x − 2y + 5 = 0 . dy

= 4x 3 − 3bx 2 + 26x − 10
dx
SOLUTION : dy
b dx l = 4 (0) − 3b (0) 2 + 26 (0) − 10 =− 10
(0, 5)
We have y = 3x − 2 ...(1)
dy Thus slope of the tangent is - 10 and slope of normal is
= 1 (3x − 2) − 2 $ d (3x − 2)
1
− −110 = 10 .
dx 2 dx
The equation of the tangent which passes through (0, 5)
= 3
and having slope - 10 is
2 3x − 2
Given line is y - 5 =− 10 (x − 0)
4x − 2y + 5 = 0 ...(2) 10x + y − 5 = 0
and equation of the normal which passes through (0, 5)
2y = 4x + 5 or y = 2x + 5 and having slope 101 is
2
Its slope is 2. If the tangents of (1) is parallel to (2), then y - 5 = 1 (x − 0)
10
3 = 2
2 3x - 2 x − 10y + 50 = 0
9 (b) Equation of curve is
Squaring = 4
4 (3x - 2) y = x 4 − 6x 3 + 13x 2 − 10x + 5
3x - 2 = 9 & x = 41
16 48 dy
41 = 4x 3 − 18x 2 + 26x − 10
Putting x = in (1), we have dx
48
y = 3 b 41 l − 2 =
dy
b dx l = 4 (1) − 18 (1) + 26 (1) − 10
41 − 2 3 2
48 16
(1, 3)
= 4 − 18 + 26 − 10 = 2
= 9 =3
16 4 Thus slope of the tangent is 2 and slope of normal is - 12 .
37
The equation of the tangent which passes through (1, 3)

Thus, at the point b 41 , 3 l, the tangent is parallel to the and having slope 2 is
48 4
line (2).
y - 3 = 2 (x − 1)
Equation of tangent is
y = 2x + 1
y - 3 = 2 bx − 41 l and equation of the normal which passes through (1, 3)
4 48
and having slope - 12 is
y - 3 = 2x − 41
4 24 y - 3 =− 1 (x − 1)
2
48x - 24y = 23
2y - 6 =− x + 1
x + 2y − 7 = 0 .
EXAMPLE 2.51
Find the equation of the tangent and normal to the given Applied Mathematics
curves at the points given
(a) y = x 4 − bx 3 + 13x 2 − 10x + 5 at (0, 5)
(b) y = x 4 − 6x 3 + 13x 2 − 10x + 5 at (1, 3)
SOLUTION :
(a) Equation of curve is For all Chapter Free PDF Whatsapp at 94140 63210
y = x 4 − bx 3 + 13x 2 − 10x + 5 ...(1) No Missing topic No Extra Topic
Differentiating (1) wrt x , we have Click Here To Buy Hard Copy
EXAMPLE 2.52 dy
b dx l
2
2 =− 3b 2
2
y 4a
Find the equation of the tangent to the ellipse x 2 + 2 = 1 (3, 4)
a b Equation of the tangent at (3, 4) is
, at (x1, y1).
2
y - 4 =− 3b 2 (x − 3)
SOLUTION : 4a
2
4y - 16 =− b 2 (3x − 9)
2
We have x2 + y = 1
a2 b2 a
4y 16
Differentiating wrt x , we have - 2 =− 3x2 + 92
2x + 2y $ dy = 0 b2 b a a

a2 b2 dx 3x + 4y = 9 + 16 ...(1)

dy 2 a2 b2 a2 b2
=− b 2 x
dx ay Since, (3, 4) lies on the ellipse
Slope of the tangent at (x1, y1) is 2
x 2 + y = 1
2 2
dy a b
b dx l = 2
− b 2 x1
(x , y ) a y1 9 + 16 = 1 ...(2)

1 1
Equation of tangent at (x1, y1) is a2 b2

2
y - y1 =− b 2 x1 (x − x1) From equations (1) and (2), equation of the tangent at
a y1 4y
(3, 4) becomes 3x2 + 2 = 1.
2 a b
yy1 - y12 =− b x2 1 (x − x1)
a
yy1 - y12 2
EXAMPLE 2.54
=− xx21 + x12
SBTEB 2006
2
b a a Find the equations of the tangent and normal to the
xx1 + yy1 = x + y ...(1)
2
1
2
given curves 16x 2 + 9y 2 = 144 at (x1, y1) where x1 = 2 and
1
a2 b2 a 2
b 2
y1 2 0 .
2
y2
Since, (x1, y1) lies on the ellipse x 2 + 2 = 1,
a b SOLUTION :
x 2
y12
1
+ = 1 We have 16x 2 + 9y 2 = 144
a2 b2
From (1), the required equation of tangent is Since (x1, y1) lies on 16x 2 + 9y 2 = 144 , then
xx1 + yy1 = 1 16x12 + 9y12 = 144

a2 b2 Putting x1 = 2 , we have
16 (2) + 9y12 = 144
EXAMPLE 2.53 9y12 = 144 − 64 = 80
y2 y12 = 80 & y1 = 80 (y 2 0 )
2
Find the equation of the tangent to x + 2 = 1 at (3, or
9 3 1
a b
4). The point of contact is
SOLUTION : (x1, y1) = c 2, 80 m

3
2
2
y
Equation of the ellipse is x + 2 = 1 Now differentiating 16x 2 + 9y 2 = 144 , we have
a b dy
32x + 18y = 0
Differentiating wrt x , we have dx
2x + 2y $ dy = 0 dy

a2 b2 dx =− 32x =− 16x
dx 18y 9y
dy 2 2

dx
=− 2x2 # b = xb 2
2y Slope of tangent at c 2, 80 m is
a ya 3
dy
b dx l 80 =− 9 $ 80 =−
16 2 8
Slope of the tangent at (3, 4) is
c 2, 3 m 3 3 5
Equation of tangent at c 2, 80 m is, x + y = 1

3 a sin t b cos t
y- 80 =− 8 (x − 2)
3 3 5
EXAMPLE 2.56
3 5 cy - 4 5 m =− 8x + 16
3 Show that the tangent to the curve y = be−x , where it
8x + 3 5 y = 16 + 20 = 36 crosses the axis of y , makes intercept of lengths 1 and b
Again, Slope of normal -ve reciprocal of the slope of on the axis of x and y respectively.
tangent and that is 3 5 .
8 SOLUTION :
Equation is normal is
We have y = be−x ...(1)
y - 80 = 3 5 (x − 2)
3 8 Equation of the y -axis is x = 0 ...(2)
3y - 80 Putting x = 0 in (1), we have
= 3 5 x − 3 5
3 8 4 y = be0 = b # 1 = b
Multiplying throughout by 24, we have Thus the point where (2) crosses (1) is (0, b)
24y - 32 5 = 9 5 x − 18 5 Now differentiating (1), we have
dy
9 5 x − 24y + 14 5 = 0 =− be−x
dx
Slope of the tangent at (0, b) is
dy
EXAMPLE 2.55
b dx l = (− be ) (0, b)
−x

(0, b)
Find the equations of the tangent and the normal at the
point t on the curve x = a sin3 t , y = b cos3 t =− be0 =− b
Equation of the tangent at (0, b) is
39
SOLUTION : y - b =− b (x − 0) [y − y1 = m (x − x1)]
We have, x = a sin3 t and y = b cos2 t sin t ...(1) bx + y = b

Differentiating (1) wrt t , we have Dividing both sides by b, we have
dx = 3a sin2 t cos t x + y = 1
1 b
dt
dy The equation is in the intercept form and clearly the
and =− 3b cos2 t sin t required intercept are 1 and b.
dt
dy
dy 2
Now = dt
= − 3b cos t sin t
dx dx 2
3a sin y cos t
dt
=− b cot t Show the equation of the tangent to the hyperbola

a 2
Hence, the equation of the tangent is x 2 − y = 1 at (x , y ) is xx 0 + yy 0 = 1.
2 2 0 0
a b a2 b2
y - b cos3 t =− b cot t (x − a sin3 t)
a SOLUTION :
y
sin t - sin t cos3 t =− x cos t + cos t sin3 t 2
y2
b a We have x 2 − 2 = 1 ...(1)
a b
x cos t + y sin t = sin t cos3 t + cos t sin3 t
a b Differentiating wrt x , we have
2x - 2y $ dy = 0
x cos t + y sin t = sin t cos t (cos2 + sin2 t)

a b a2 b2 dx
dy 2
x cos t + y sin t = sin t cos t = b 2 x
dx ay
a b
dy 2
4. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve
Now, b dx l = b 2 x 0
x + y = a at the point b a , a l.
2 2
(x , y )
0 0
a y0
2
4 4 2
Ans : 2x + 2y = a
Thus slope of the tangent at (x 0, y 0) is b 2 x 0
a y0
5. Show that the tangents to the curve y = 2x3 − 4 at
Since (x 0, y 0) lies on hyperbole (1),thus
2
the points x =− 2 are parallel
x 2 - y = 1
a2 b2 6. Find the points on the curve 2y = 3 − x2 at which
the tangent is parallel to the line x + y = 0
x 02 - y 02 = 1 ...(1)

a2 b2 Ans : ^1, 1h
Equation of the tangent is 7. Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve
2
y = 5x − 3 − 2 which is perpendicular to the line
y - y 0 = b 2 x 0 (x − x 0)
a y0 5y + 2 2x = 13
a2 yy 0 - a2 y 02 = b2 xx 0 − b2 x 02 Ans : 2 2y − 5x + 4 2 + 1 = 0
yy 0 y 02 xx 0 − x 02 8. Prove that the curves y2 = 4ax and xy = c2 cut at

2 - 2 =
b b b2 a2 right angles, if c 4 = 32a 4
xx 0 - yy 0 = 1 x02 y02
; a2 − b2 = 1E 9. Find the equation of the normal to the curve
a2 b2
y = 2 sin2 3x at x = π/6
Hence, the result. p
Ans : p =
6
Applied Mathematics 10. Find the point on the curve y = x3 − 11x + 5 at

CBSE Class XI and XII Commerce which the equation of tangent is y = x − 1
A Text Book by www.cbse.online Ans : (2, - 9)
11. Find the equation of tangent to the curve x = sin 3t
, y = cos 2t , at t = π
For all Chapter Free PDF Whatsapp at 94140 63210 4
2 x − 3y − 2 = 0
No Missing topic No Extra Topic Ans : 2
Click Here To Buy Hard Copy 12. Show that the curves xy = a2 and x2 + y2 = 2a2 touch
each other
13.
Find the equation of the normal to
y = ^sin 2x + cot x + 2h2 at x = π
2
Ans : 2x − 24 − π + 96 = 0
Exerc i s e 5. 1
14. For the curve y = 4x3 − 2x5 , find all the points at
which the tangent passes through the origin
1. Find the point on the curve x2 + y2 − 2x − 3 = 0 at Ans : (0, 0), (1, 2), (- 1, - 2)
which the tangents are parallel to the x -axis
Ans : (1, 2) and (1, - 2) 15. Find the condition that the curves 2x = y2 and
2xy = k intersect orthogonally
2. Find the equations of tangent and the normal to the Ans : k = 8
curve y = x2 + 2x + 6 at the point (2, 18)
Ans : 6x − y + 6 = 0 , x + 6y − 110 = 0 16. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve
x = 1 − cos θ , y = q − sin q at θ = π
3. Find the equation of normal to y = sin x + cos x at 4
Ans : y = ^ 2 − 1h x + + 2 − 2 2
π
x=0 4
Ans : y + x − 1 = 0
17. Find the equation of the normal to y = tan x + sin 2x
1 + x2
at x = π right, we notice that the moving point would be rising

2 2
Ans : 3y + (1 + p ) x = p (1 + p ) at some positions and falling at others. At points on
the curve where the moving points is rising, we say that
18. Find the equation of the tangent to y = 2 sin x + sin 2x
y = f (x) is an increasing function. At these points y
at x = π increases as x increases. At points where the moving
3
Ans : 2y − 3 3 = 0 points is falling, y = f (x) is a decreasing function. At
the point A, the function is increasing. Here the slope of
19. Find the equation of tangent to y = cot2 x − 2 cot x + 2
the tangent is positive. At the point C , the function is
at x = π decreasing and the slope of the tangent is negative. At
4
Ans : y − 1 = 0
B and also at D , the slope of the tangent is zero. The
20. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve point B and D separate rising and falling portions of the
curve.
y = cot x2 + tan2 x2 at x = π
2 It the recall that the derivative yields the slope of
Ans : y − 2 πx + x − 4 = 0 the tangent, or the slope of the curve, it appears that
a function is increasing at point where the derivative is
positive and decreasing at points where the derivative is
2.4 Increasing and Decreasing negative.
Function
Applied Mathematics
2.4.1 Introduction CBSE Class XI and XII Commerce
The first derivative of a function is a source of much A Text Book by www.cbse.online
useful information about the behaviour of the function. Based on New (Modified on 31st March 2021)
As we have already seen, the sign of fl tells us whether Syllabus Released By CBSE
fl is increasing or decreasing. In this section, we use this For all Chapter Free PDF Whatsapp at 94140 63210
41
information to find maximum and minimum values of

function.
The significance of the sign of the derivative of a Click Here To Buy Hard Copy
function is simple but crucial. Intervals on which the
graph of a function f has positive or negative slope
provide useful information about the behaviour of f . 2.4.2 Steps to find Increasing and Decreasing
The graph of y = f (x) is shown in Fig 2.1. Function
Let f be continuous on 6a, b@ and differentiable on the
open interval (a, b).
Then
1. f is increasing in 6a, b@ if f l (x) 2 0 for each x d 6a, b@
2. f is decreasing in 6a, b@ if f l (x) 1 0 for each x d 6a, b@
3. f is a constant function in 6a, b@ if f l (x) = 0 for each
x d 6a, b@
PROOF :
Let x1 , x2 d 6a, b@ be such that x1 1 x2 .
By Lagrange’s Theorem, we have
f (x2) - f (x1)
Figure 2.2 = f l (c), where x1 1 c 1 x2
x 2 - x1
The graph of y = f (x) is shown in the Fig 2.1 and
f (x2) - f (x1) = (x2 − x1) f l (c)
tangents are drawn at the point A, B, C and D . If we
think of a point as moving along the curve from left to i.e. f (x2) - f (x1) 2 0 [a f l (c) 2 0 (given)]
i.e. f (x2) 2 f (x1) EXAMPLE 2.60
So, we have x1 1 x2 Prove that the function f (x) = x 3 − 6x 2 + 15x − 18 is

f (x1) 1 f (x2), 6x1 , x2 d 6a, b@ increasing on R.
Thus f is an increasing function in 6a, b@.
Similarly, we can prove part (2) and part (3). SOLUTION :
Remark We have f (x) = x 3 − 6x 2 + 15x − 18

1. If f l (x) 2 0 for each x d (a, b), f is strictly D f = R
increasing in (a, b). Differentiating above wrt x , we have
2. If f l (x) 1 0 for each x d (a, b), f is strictly f l (x) = 3x 2 − 6.2x + 15.1 − 0
decreasing in (a, b).
= 3 (x 2 − 4x + 5)

3. A function will be increasing or decreasing in R if it
is so in every interval of R. = 3 6(x − 2) 2 + 1@ $ 3

Note ((x - 2) 2 $ 0 for all x d R )
Thus f l (x) 2 0 for all x d R and f (x) is an increasing
The function can be an increasing function in a certain
function for all x d R .
interval and decreasing function in certain other interval.
EXAMPLE 2.61
EXAMPLE 2.58
Prove that the function f (x) = 3x + cos 3x is increasing
Prove that the function f (x) = ax + b is increasing iff
on R
a 2 0.
SOLUTION :
SOLUTION :
We have f (x) = 3x + cos 3x ,
We have f (x) = ax + b ,
D f = R
D f = R
Differentiating above wrt x , we have
Function f is continuous and differentiable for all x d R
. Differentiating the given function w.r.t. x , we get f l (x) = 3.1 + (− sin 3x) $ 3 = 3 (1 − sin 3x)
We know that - 1 # sin 3x # 1 for all x d R
f l (x) = a $ 1 + 0 a
1 $ - sin 3x $ - 1
Now the given function is increasing iff f l (x) 2 0 i.e.
2 $ 1 - sin 3x $ 0
a 2 0 . Hence, the given function is increasing for all
6 $ 3 (1 - sin 3x) $ 0
x d R iff a 2 0 .
0 # 3 (1 - sin 3x) # 6 for all x d R
0 # f l (x) # 6 for all x d R
Thus f l (x) $ 0 for all x d R and f (x) is increasing on
EXAMPLE 2.59
R.
Prove that 2 + 5 is a decreasing function.
x
SOLUTION : EXAMPLE 2.62
Let f (x) = 2 + 5 , D f = R − {0}. Determine whether function f (x) = x + x1 , is increasing

x or decreasing for x $ 1.
f l (x) = 2 $ (− 1 $ x−2) + 0 SOLUTION :
=− 22 We have f (x) = x + 1 , x $ 1
x x
Since x 2 0 for all x d R , x ! 0 , therefore, f l (x) 1 0
2
for all x d R , x ! 0 , i.e. for all x d D f .
f l (x) = 1 − 12
Thus given function is decreasing for all x d D f . x
Now x $ 1
x2 $ 1 3p + p 1 2x + p 1 5p + p

4 4 4 4 4
1 # 1

x2 p 1 2x + p 1 3p

4 2
0 # 1 - 12
x sin a2x + π k 1 0 _sin t 1 0 for π 1 t 1 32π i

4
1 - 12 $ 0
x
− sin a2x + π k 2 0
Thus f l (x) $ 0 for x $ 1 and f (x) is increasing for x $ 1 4
Note that f l (x) = 0 at x = 1 and f l (x) 2 0 for all x 2 1 Thus f l (x) 2 0 for 3π 1 x 1 5x .
8 8
Therefore f (x) is an increasing function for 3p 1 x 1 5p
8 8
EXAMPLE 2.63
Determine whether function f (x) = x3 − 12x , is increasing

or decreasing for x 1- 2 or x 2 2 . EXAMPLE 2.65
Find the least value of a so that the function

SOLUTION : f (x) = x 2 + ax + 5 is increasing on [1, 2].
We have f (x) = x 3 − 12x x 1 2 or x 2 2
SOLUTION :
f l (x) = 3x 2 − 12 = 3 (x 2 − 4) We have f (x) = x 2 + ax + 5 , x d 61, 2@
Now, x 1- 2 or Differentiating above wrt x , we have
x 2 2 f l (x) = 2x + a
x 2 2 Now x d 61, 2@
1#x#2
x 2 2 4
2 # 2x # 4
43
x 2 - 4 2 0 2 + a # 2x + a # 4 + a

3 (x 2 - 4) 2 0 2 + a # f l (x) # 4 + a
Hence f l (x) $ 0 for all x 1- 2 or x 2 2 , therefore f (x) For f (x) be an increasing function on R, 2 + a 2 0
is increasing for all x 1- 2 or x 2 2 . a $- 2
Hence, the least value of a =− 2
EXAMPLE 2.64
function f (x) = cos ^2x + π4 h,

EXAMPLE 2.66
Determine whether is
increasing or decreasing for 3π 1 x 1 5x . Show that the function f (x) = x2 − 3x + 1 is neither
8 8 increasing nor decreasing on (0, 3).
SOLUTION :
SOLUTION :
We have f (x) = cos a2x + π k, 3p 1 x 1 5p
4 8 8 We have f (x) = x 2 − 3x + 1
Differentiating above wrt x , we have f l (x) = 2x − 3
f l (x) − sin a2x + π k $ 2 Now f l (x) 2 0 when 2x - 3 2 0 i.e. when x 2 3
4 2
the given function is increasing in : 3 , 3l
2
=− 2 sin a2x + π k
4 And f l (x) 1 0 when 2x - 3 1 0 i.e. when x 1 3
3p 1 x 1 5p 2
Now
8 8 the given function is increasing in b- 3, 3 D
2
3p 1 2x 1 5p
Hence, in particular, the given function is increasing
4 4
in 6 32 , 3h and decreasing in ^0, 32 @, therefore it is neither either x 1- 2 or x 2 3

increasing nor decreasing in (0, 3). x d (- 3, - 2) j (3, 3)
Thus f (x) is decreasing in ^- 3, 2@ j 63, 3h
EXAMPLE 2.67
Find the interval in which the function 2x 3 + 9x 2 + 12 + 20

is increasing or decreasing :
Exerc i s e 2 .3
SOLUTION :
We have f (x) = 2x 3 + 9x 2 + 12 + 20 , D f = R 1. Prove that the function f ^x h = ax + b is decreasing if

Differentiating above wrt x , we have a < 0.
f l (x) = 2.3x 2 + 9.2x + 12.1 + 0 2. Prove that f ^x h = 1 − 1 is an increasing function.
x
= 6 (x 2 + 3x + 2)

= 6 (x + 2)(x + 1) 3. Prove that f ^x h = x − 1 is an increasing function.
x
Now f l (x) 2 0 iff 6 (x + 2)(x + 1) 2 0 4. Show that f ^x h = x3 − 6x2 + 15x + 7 is an increasing
(x + 2)(x + 1) 2 0
function for all x εR .
x 1- 2 or x 2- 1
either 5. Prove that the function f ^x h = 100 − 3x + 3x2 − x3 is
x d (- 3, - 2) j (- 1, 3)
decreasing on R.
Thus f (x) is increasing in (- 3, - 2) j 6- 1, 3h
6. Show that f ^x h = 2x − sin 2x is an increasing
And f l (x) 2 0 iff 6 (x + 2) (x + 1) 1 0
function.
(x + 2)(x + 1) 1 0

- 2 1 x 1 - 1 or x 2- 1
Determine whether the following functions are increasing
or decreasing for the stated values of x :
x d (- 2, - 1)

Thus f (x) is increasing in 6- 2, - 1@ 7. f ^x h = 1 , x < 0
x
Ans : Decreasing
8. f ^x h = 1 2 , x $ 0
EXAMPLE 2.68
1+x
Ans : Decreasing
Find the interval in which the function 8 + 36x + 3x 2 − 2x 3 9. f ^x h = x2 − 6x + 3 in 64, 6@
is increasing or decreasing : Ans : Increasing
10. f ^x h = x3 − 8 in 61, 2@
SOLUTION :
uuAns: Increasing
2 3
We have f (x) f (x) = 8 + 36x + 3x − 2x , D f = R
f l (x) = 2.3x 3 − 15.2x + 36.1 + 0 Applied Mathematics
= 6 (x 2 − 5x + 6) =− 6 (x 2 − x − 6)

=− 6 (x + 2)(x − 3)
Now f l (x) 2 0 iff − 6 (x + 2) (x − 3) 2 0
(x + 2)(x − 3) 1 0

=− 2 1 x 1 3

x d (- 2, 3)
Thus f (x) is increasing in 6- 2, 3@ Click Here To Buy Hard Copy
And f l (x) 1 0 iff 6 (x + 2)(x − 3) 1 0
(x + 2)(x − 3) 2 0

2.5 marginal cost and marginal EXAMPLE 2.70

revenue
The cost of producing x tons of steel is given by
C = 1 x 2 + 5x + 1000 .
10
2.5.1 Average Cost and Marginal cost (i) Find the marginal cost function.
In economics the variation of one quantity with respect (ii) Find marginal cost when x = 1000 tons.
to another quantity may be described by either an (iii) Interpret Cl^1000h and compare with the actual cost
average concept or a marginal concept. The average of 1001th ton.
concept express the variation of one quantity over a
SOLUTION :
specified range of values of a second quantity, whereas
the marginal concept is the instantaneous rate of change We have C = 1 x 2 + 5x + 1000
10
of one quantity with respect to another quantity.
For example, if C = f ^x h gives the total cost of (i) MC = dC = 1 x + 5
dx 5
producing and marketing x units of a product, then the
(ii) ^MC hx = 1000 = 15 # 1000 + 5 = 205
average cost, AC , is defined to be
(iii) This means that if production in increased by 1 ton
AC = C
x from 1000 tons to 1001 tons, then the cost of additional
and the marginal cost, MC , is defined to be the rate of ton is approximately 205.
change of C with respect to x . Thus The actual cost of producing 1001th ton is :
MC = dC
dx C ^1001h - C ^1000h = 206.10
We interpret marginal cost as the approximate cost
of one additional unit of output.
EXAMPLE 2.71
The total cost of a firm is given by 1500 + 30x + x 2, where

EXAMPLE 2.69 x is the output. Determine :
45
If a manufacturer’s total cost function is C = 0.1x 2 + 3, find (i) the average cost,
(i) the average cost function, (ii) the marginal cost,
(ii) the marginal cost function, and (iii) the marginal cost when 20 units are produced, and
(iii) the marginal cost when 4 units are produced. (iv) the actual cost of producing twenty first unit.
Interpret the result.
SOLUTION :
SOLUTION : We have C = 1500 + 30x + x 2
We have C = 0.1x 2 + 3, (i) the average cost,
2
(i) the average cost function, AC = C = 1500 + 30x + x
x x
^0.1x 2 + 3h
AC = C = = 0.1x + 3 = 1500 + 30 + x

x x x x
(ii) the marginal cost function (ii) the marginal cost,
MC = dC = 0.2x MC = dC = 30 + 2x
dx dx
(iii) The marginal cost when 4 units are produced is
(iii) The marginal cost when 20 units are produced is :
^MC hx = 4 = ^0.2h 4 = 0.80
This means that, if production is increased by 1 unit ^MC hx = 20 = 30 + 2 ^20h = 70
from 4 units to 5 units, then the cost of additional unit is (iv) The actual cost of producing twenty first unit is :
approximately 0.80. It may be noted that the actual cost C ^21h - C ^20h
of producing one more unit beyond 4 units is = 81500 + 30 ^21h + ^21h2B − 81500 + 30 ^20h + ^20h2B

C ^5 h - C ^4 h = 5.5 − 4.6 = 0.90
= 2571 − 2500 = 71
EXAMPLE 2.72
^ h x6
d AC = 1 MC − AC
dx @
The total costC of a firm is given be 0.005x − 0.02x − 30x + 5000
3 2
, where x is the output. Determine :

(i) The average cost. EXAMPLE 2.74
(ii) The marginal average cost, i.e., the rate of change of
The rate of change of total cost C of a commodity per
average cost with respect to x .
unit change of output x is called the marginal cost of the
(iii) The marginal cost.
commodity. If there exists a relation between C and x in
(iv) The rate of change of MC with respect to x .
the form : C = 3x c xx +
+5
7 m + 5 . Prove that the marginal
SOLUTION : cost falls continuously as the output increases.

(i) The average cost.
3 2
SOLUTION :
AC = C = 0.005x − 0.02x − 30x + 5000
x x
C = 3x c x + 7 m + 5 = 3 c x + 7x m + 5
2
We have x+5 x+5
= 0.005x 2 − 0.02x − 30 + 5000
x Differentiating C with respect to x , we obtain marginal
(ii) The marginal average cost, MAC , is given by Cost
MAC = dAC = 0.01x − 0.02 − 5000 dC = 3 ^x + 5h^2x + 7h − ^x + 7x h
2
dx x2 Now > H
dx ^x + 5h2
(iii) The marginal cost, MC , is obtained by differentiating
= 3 >x + 10x +2 35H
2
C with respect to x . Thus
^x + 5h
MC = 0.015x 2 − 0.04x − 30 ^x + 10x + 25h + 10 2
= 3>
H
(iv) The rate of change of MC with respect to x is simply ^x + 5h2
derivative of MC with respect to x : ^x + 5h2 + 10
= 3>
H
dMC = 0.03x − 0.04 ^x + 5h2
dx
= 3 =1 + 10 2G

^x + 5h
i.e., marginal cost
EXAMPLE 2.73
MC = 3 =1 + 10
G
If the total cost function is given by C = a + bx + cx 2 , where ^x + 5h2
x is the quantity of output, show that ^ h =
d MC = 3 − 20
G = − 310
60
dx ^x + 5h3 ^x + 5h
^ h x^
d AC = 1 MC − AC
dx
h
Hence the marginal cost falls continuously as the output
where MC and AC are marginal and average cost. increases.
SOLUTION :
Cost function C = a + bx + cx 2 EXAMPLE 2.75
The average cost function, The average cost function AC for a commodity is given
AC = C = a + b + cx by AC = x + 5 + 36x , where x is the output. Find the output
x x
for which AC is increasing and the output for which AC
Also MC = dC = d â + bx + cx 2h is decreasing with increasing output. Also find the total
dx dx
cost, C , and the marginal cost, MC , as functions of x .

= b + 2cx
SOLUTION :
^ h dx c x m
d AC = d a + b + cx = − a + c ...(1)
Now, dx 2
x
We have AC = x + 5 + 36
x
x1 ^MC - AC h = x1 <^b + 2cx h − c ax + b + cx mF Differentiating above equation with respect to x , we
obtain
= 1 <cx − a F = c − a2 ...(2)
x x
^ h
x d AC = 1 − 36
dx x2
Form (1) and (2), we conclude that
For AC to be increasing, we have SOLUTION :
dx
^ h
d AC 2 0 Demand function p = 200 − 5x
Revenue function R = px
i.e., 1 - 362 2 0
= ^200 − 5x h x = 200x − 5x 2
x

x 2 36
2
Hence, marginal revenue
x 2 6
MR = dR = 200 − 10x
since x cannot be negative. dx
Similarly, for AC to be decreasing, we have
dx
^ h
d AC 1 0
EXAMPLE 2.77
i.e., 1 + 362 1 0 The demand function of a product is given by x = 10 − 2p

x
where p is the price per unit and x is the quantity
x 2 1 36 demanded. Find marginal revenue.
0 1x 16
To find the total cost function C , we have SOLUTION :
AC = C Demand function, x = 10 − 2p
x
C = x ÂC h which gives p = 5 − x
2
= x ;x + 5 + 36 E = x 2 + 5x + 36
Revenue function R = px
x
Differentiating C , we have the marginal cost function : = d 5 − x n x = 5x − x

2
2 2
MC = dC = 2x + 5
dx Hence, marginal revenue
MR = dR = 5 − x
dx
2.5.2 Average Revenue and Marginal revenue
47
The total revenue, R , from the sale of x units of a product

is given by R = px , where p is the price per unit. The EXAMPLE 2.78
average revenue, AR , is defined to be The total revenue from the sale of x units of a product is
2
AR = R
x
given by R = 20x − x2 . Find :
Since R = px , it follows that AR = px
x
= p . Thus average (i) The average revenue,
(ii) The marginal revenue,
revenue is same as the price per unit. The marginal revenue
(iii) The marginal revenue when x = 5 and interpret it,
is defined to be the rate of change of total revenue with
(iv) The actual revenue from the sale of sixth unit.
respect to quantity demanded. Hence marginal revenue
is merely the derivative of R with respect to x :
SOLUTION :
Marginal Revenue MR = dR
dx (i) The average revenue,
Marginal revenue indicates the rate at which revenue
AR = R = 1 c 20x − x m = 20 − x
2
x x 2 2
changes with respect to units sold. It is interpreted as the
approximate revenue received from selling one additional (ii) The marginal revenue,
unit of output. The marginal revenue, MR , is obtained by differentiating
R with respect to x . Thus
MR = dR = 20 − x
dx
EXAMPLE 2.76
(iii) The marginal revenue when x = 5 is
The demand function of a product is given by p = 200 − 5x,
^MRhx = 5 = 20 − 5 = 15
where p is the price per unit and x is the quantity
This means that revenue is increased by < 15 if an
demanded. Find marginal revenue.
additional unit beyond 5 is sold.
(iv) The actual revenue from the sale of 6th unit, where p is the price per unit and x is the quantity
^6 h
2
^5 h
2 demanded at this price.
R ^6 h - R ^5 h = <20 ^6 h −
2 F < ^ h 2 F
− 20 5 −
Since, x = 1000 when p = 4

= 102 − 87.5 =< 14.50
and x = 1500 when p = 2
We have, 4 = a + 1000b and 2 = a + 1500b
EXAMPLE 2.79
Solving these equations simultaneously for a and b , we
obtain
Suppose that the demand function for a product is given 1
by p = a − bx , where a and b are positive constants. Find: a = 8
and b =− 250
(i) The total revenue function. Hence the demand function is,
(ii) The average revenue function. p = 8 − x
250
(iii) The marginal revenue function.
(ii) the total revenue function
SOLUTION :
The total revenue function is
R = px = d 8 − x n x = 8x − x
2
(i) The total revenue function. 250 250

If R denotes the total revenue function, then (iii) the average revenue function
R = px The average revenue function is,
= â − bx h x = ax − bx 2
AR = R = 8 − x
x 250
(ii) The average revenue function. (iv) the marginal revenue function.
The average revenue, AR , is given by The marginal revenue function is,
MR = dR = 8 − x
2
AR = R = ax − bx dx 125
x x

= a − bx
(iii) The marginal revenue function.

The marginal revenue MR is given by
Applied Mathematics
MR = dR = d âx − bx 2h
dx dx A Text Book by www.cbse.online

= a − 2bx
EXAMPLE 2.80
A firm knows that the demand function for one of its
products is linear. It also knows that it can sell 1000
units when the price is < 4 per unit, and it can sell 1500
units when the price is < 2 a unit. Determine
(i) the demand function
(ii) the total revenue function MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION
(iii) the average revenue function
(iv) the marginal revenue function.
MCQ 2.1 SBTEJ 2013
= 0 , the tangent at a point on the curve y = f ^x h is

SOLUTION : dy
If
dx
(i) the demand function
Since the demand function is assumed to be linear, let it (a) Parallel to y -axis
be given by (b) Perpendicular to x -axis
(c) Perpendicular to y -axis
p = a + bx
(d) None of these
SOLUTION : The tangent at a point on the curve y = f ^x h is parallel

Correct option is (d). to y -axis, if and only if
dy
As dx = 0 , then y = f ^x h is constant and its gradient is dy dy
(a) = 0 (b) =1
zero. It is constant function parallel to x -axis. Hence the dx dx
tangent will also be parallel to x -axis.
(c) dx = 0 (d) None of the above
dy
MCQ 2.2 SBTEJ 2017
SOLUTION :
The curvature of a circle is equal to Correct option is (c).
(a) a constant quantity (b) radius dy
dx at a point on the curve represent the slop of tangent
(c) 1 (d) None of these at that point. For tangent parallel to y -axis, slope must
be infinity.
SOLUTION :
dy
Correct option is (b). Thus = 3 & dx = 0
dx dy
MCQ 2.3 SBTEJ 2016 MCQ 2.6
A straight line has ______ Maximum value of f (x) = sin x + cos x is

(a) constant bending (b) zero curvature (a) 1 (b) 2
(c) equal bending (d) None of the above (c) 1 (d) 2
2
Correct option is (d). Correct option is (d).
Max value = a2 + b2 = 12 + 12 = 2
<1 + c dx m F
2 3/2
dy
Radius of curvature = MCQ 2.7
d2 y SBTEJ 2015
For a straight line dx2 Angle of contingence of the arc AB of the curve y = f ^x h
49
dy is the angle between ______ A and B to the given

= Constant
dx curvex
(a) Arc (b) Chord
d2 y
= 0 (c) Tangent (d) None of the above
dx2
Thus radius of curvature is 3.
SOLUTION :
MCQ 2.4 SBTEJ 2011

Standard result.
The line x + y = 2 is tangent to the curve x2 = 3 − 2y at
point : MCQ 2.8 SBTEB EVEN 2016
(a) (1, 1) (b) (- 1, 1)
The angle of intersection of the curve y = x2 and x = y2
(c) ( 3 , 0) (d) (3, - 3)
at (1, 1) is
(a) tan-1 43 (b) tan-1 (1)
SOLUTION :
(c) 90c (d) tan-1 34
Curve x2 = 3 − 2y SOLUTION :
dy dy Correct option is (d)
& 2x = 0 − 2 & =− x
dx dx
Slope of tangent m =− x We have y = x2 and y = x
dy
Slope of given line =− 1. Thus − x =− 1 & x = 1 b dx l = 2x = 2 # 1 = 2
x=1
When x = 1 then y = 1. Hence coordinates of point (1, 1)
dy
b dx l
and = 1 =1
x=1 2 x 2
MCQ 2.5 SBTEJ 2014
θ = tan−1 m1 − m2 = tan−1 b 3 l
1 + m1 m 2 4
MCQ 2.9 SBTEB 2005
The tangent to the curve y = 2x2 − x + 1 at a point p is

parallel to y = 3x + 4 , the co-ordinates of p are
(a) (2, 1) (b) (1, 2)
(c) (- 1, 2) (d) (2, - 1)
SOLUTION :
Correct option is (b)
We have y = 2x2 − x + 1 dy
i.e. = 3
dx
dy
= 4x − 1 = 3 & x = 1
dx 1 + 1 dy = 0
2 x 2 y dx
Then at x = 1 we have y = 2 . Hence point is (1, 2)
dy y
=− =3 =1
MCQ 2.10 dx x 0
A particle moves in a straight line such that s = t, x = 0 and y = a ; coordinates (0, a)
then its acceleration is proportional to
(a) velocity (b) (velocity) 3/2
(c) (velocity) 3 (d) (velocity) 2 MCQ 2.12 SBTEB EVEN 2017
2 2
Maximum slope of the curve y =− x + 3x + 9x − 27 is
SOLUTION :
(a) 32 (b) 0
Correct option is (c) (c) 12 (d) 16
s = t
ds = 1 SOLUTION :

dt 2 t Correct option is (c)
2
and a d s2 = −31/2 = 2v3 m =
dy
=− 3x2 + 6x + 9
dt 4t dx
a \ v3 i.e. acceleration \ (velocity) 3 dm =− 6x + 6

dx
MCQ 2.11 SBTEJ 2010 For maximum m ,
The point on the curve x + y = a , the normal at dm = 0
dx
which is parallel to the x axis is
(a) (0, 0) (b) (0, a) x = 1
(c) (a, 0) (d) (a, a) Maximum value of m
=− 3 (1) + 6 (1) + 9 = 12

SOLUTION :
Correct option is (b). MCQ 2.13
If a particle moves in a straight line so that s = 12 vt , then

acceleration is
(a) a constant (b) proportional to t
(c) proportional to v (d) proportional to s
SOLUTION :
MCQ 2.17
We have s = 1 vt
2 A ball thrown vertically upwards according to the
2s = vt formula s = 13.8t − 4.9t2 , where s is in metres and t is in
seconds. Then its velocity at t = 1 sec is
2 ds = v + t dv (a) 6m/ sec (b) 4 m/ sec
dt dt
2 2
(c) 2 m/ sec (d) 8 m/ sec
2 d s2 = dv + td 2v + dv
dt dt dt dt
SOLUTION :
But ds = a (acceleration), therefore Correct option is (b).
dt
2a = a + t da + a v = ds = 13.8 − 9.8t
dt dt
da = 0 or t = 0 At t = 1; v = 4 m/s
dt
But t = 0 (impossible). Therefore acceleration is constant ******
MCQ 2.14
If the distance travelled by a particle in time t is

s = 180t − 16t2 , then the rate of change in velocity is
(a) 48 unit (b) - 32 unit
(c) - 16t unit (d) none of these
SOLUTION :
S = 180t − 16t2
v = ds = 180 − 32t and a =− 32 units
51
dt
MCQ 2.15
If a particle is moving such that the velocity acquired is

proportional to the square root acceleration is :
(a) a constant (b) \ S2
(c) \ 12 (d) \S
S
SOLUTION :
MCQ 2.16
At time t distance of a particle moving in a straight line

is given by s = 4t2 + 2t . The acceleration when t = 1 , is
2
(a) 4 (b) 6
(c) 8 (d) 10
SOLUTION :
v = ds = 8t + 2
dt
At t = 1 a = dv = 8
2 dt
Applied Mathematics
Unit 3 : Calculs
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PAGE 52 Maxima and Minima chapter 3
CHAPTER 3
Maxima and Minima
3.1 Introduction the slope of the tangent is negative. At B and also at D

The first derivative of a function is a source of much , the slope of the tangent is zero. The point B and D
useful information about the behaviour of the function. separate rising and falling portions of the curve.
As we have already seen, the sign of fl tells us whether It the recall that the derivative yields the slope of
fl is increasing or decreasing. In this section, we use this the tangent, or the slope of the curve, it appears that
information to find maximum and minimum values of a function is increasing at point where the derivative is
function. positive and decreasing at points where the derivative is
The significance of the sign of the derivative of a negative.
function is simple but crucial. Intervals on which the
graph of a function f has positive or negative slope
provide useful information about the behaviour of f . 3.3 Maximum and Minimum Values
The graph of y = f (x) is shown in Fig 3.1. Let f be a function defined on an interval. Then,
1. f is said to have a maximum value in I , if there
exists a point c in I such that f (c) $ f (x), 6x d I .
The number f (c) is called the maximum value of f
in I and the point c is called a point of maximum
value of f in I . In Figure 3.2 x = c is a point of
maximum of f (x) in the interval (a, b).
Figure 3.1
3.2 Meaning of the Sign of the

Observation
The graph of y = f (x) is shown in the Fig 3.1 and tangents

are drawn at the point A, B, C and D . If we think of a Figure 3.2
point as moving along the curve from left to right, we
notice that the moving point would be rising at some 2. f is said to have a minimum value in I , if there
positions and falling at others. At points on the curve exists a point c in I such that f (c) # f (x), 6x d I .
where the moving points is rising, we say that y = f (x) is The number f (c) in this case is called the minimum
an increasing function. At these points y increases as x value of f in I and the point c is called a point of
increases. At points where the moving points is falling, minimum value of f in I .In Figure 3.3 x = c is a
y = f (x) is a decreasing function. At the point A, the point of minimum of f (x) in the interval (a, b).
function is increasing. Here the slope of the tangent is The minimum and maximum of a function on
positive. At the point C , the function is decreasing and an interval are also called the absolute minimum and
absolute maximum on the interval, respectively.
Chapter 3 Maxima and Minima PAGE 53
Figure 3.3
Figure 3.5
A function need to not have a minimum or a
maximum on an interval. For instance, in Fig 3.4, you can Extreme Value Theorem
see that the function f (x) = x 2 + 1 has both a minimum If f is continuous on a closed interval 6a, b@, then f has
and a maximum on the closed interval 6- 1, 2@ but does both a minimum and a maximum on the interval.
not have a maximum on the open interval (- 1, 2).
Moreover, in figure 3.5 you can see that continuity Working rule to Find Absolute Maximum or Absolute
(or the lack of it)can affect the existence of an extremum Minimum
on the interval. This suggests the following theorem, Let f be a continuous function defined on an interval
which identifies conditions that guarantee the existence I = 6a, b@ and let f be differentiable at all points of I
of both a minimum and maximum of a function on a , except possibly at the end points a or b. Then to find
closed interval the maximum or the minimum value of f .
53
1. Find all solutions of f l (x) = 0 . Denote the solutions

by x1, x2, ....., where x1, x2, ....., d I .
2. Compute the function values at the x1, x2, .....,
3. Compute the function values at the end points a
and b of the closed interval I = 6a, b@.
Then the maximum value of f is the largest of
the function values at the end-points and at x1, x2 . The
corresponding point is called the point of maximum. And
the minimum value f is the smallest of the function values
at the end points and at x1, x2, ..... The corresponding
point is called the point of minimum.
(i) (ii) 3.4 Local Maxima and Minima

Figure 3.4 Roughly speaking, f (c) is a local maximum value of f
at c if the graph of f has a little hill above the point c .
Similarly, f (c) is a local minimum value of f at c if the
graph of f has a little valley above the point c .
In Fig. 3.6, the graph of f (x) = x 3 − 3x 2 has a local
maximum at the point (0, 0) and a local minimum at the
point (2, - 4). The graph at (0, 0) looks like little hill
and the graph at (2, - 4) looks like little valley.
Figure 3.6 Figure 3.8
We say that the value f (c) is a local maximum

value of the function f if f (x) # f (c) for all x sufficiently
near c . Similarly, we say that the value of f (c) is a local 3.5 First Derivatives Test
minimum value of f if f (x) $ f (c) for all x sufficiently We now give below a working rule for finding points of
near c . local maxima or points of local minima using only the
More precisely, let f be real valued and let c be an first order derivatives. Suppose that f is continuous at
interior point in the domain of f . Then x 0 and x 0 is not an end point of the domain of f
1. c 0 is called a point of local maxima if there is a h 2 0 1. If there exists an open interval (a, b) containing x 0
such that f (c 0) $ f (x), for all x in (c 0 − h, c 0 + h). such that f l (x) 2 0 on (a, x 0) and f l (x) 1 0 on
The value f (c 0) is called the local maximum value of (x 0, b), then f has a local maximum value at x 0 .
f.
or
2. c 0 is called a point of local minima if there is a h 2 0
such that f (c 0) # f (x), for all x in (c 0 − h, c 0 + h). If f (x) changes sign from positive to negative as x
The value f (c 0) is called the local maximum value of increase through x 0 i.e., if f l (x) 2 0 at every point
f. sufficiently close to the left of x 0 and f l (x) 1 0 at
If c 0 is a point of local maximum of f , then the graph every point sufficiently close to the right of x 0 then
of f around c 0 will be as shown Fig. 3.7. Here f l (x) 2 0 x 0 is a point of local maxima.
in the interval (c 0 - h, c 0) and f l (x) 1 0 in the interval 2. If there exists an open interval (a, b) containing x 0
(c 0, c 0 + h). From this, we conclude f l (c 0) = 0 . such that f l (x) 1 0 on (a, x 0) and f l (x) 2 0 (x 0, b),
then f has a local maximum value at x 0 .
or
If f l (x) changes sign from negative to positive
as x increases through x 0 i.e., if f l (x) 1 0 at every
point sufficiently close to the left of x 0 and f l (x) 2 0
at every point sufficiently close the right of x 0 , then
x 0 is a point of local minima.
3. If fl is positive (or negative) on both sides of a critical

or singular point, then f has neither a maximum nor
a minimum value at that point.
Figure 3.7
or
If f l (x) does not change sign as x increase through
Again if c 0 is point of local minima of f , then the x 0 then x 0 is neither a point of local maxima nor a
graph of around c 0 will be as shown in Fig. 3.8. Here point of local maxima. Such a point is called a point
f l (x) 1 0 in the interval (c 0, c 0 - h). Again from this we of inflexion.
conclude f l (c 0) = 0 .
3.6 Second Derivatives Test b. c is a point of local minimum if f l (c) = 0 and

f l (c) changes sign from negative to positive as
A function f will have a local maximum (or minimum)
x increase through c .
value at a critical point if its graph is concave downward
c. If f l (x) does not change sign as x increase
(or upward) in an interval containing that point. In fact,
throughc , then c is neither a point of local
we can often use the value of the second derivative at the
maxima nor a point of local minima, such a
critical point to check whether the function has a local
point is called point of inflexion.
maximum or a local minimum value there.
7. Second Derivative Test:
Let f be a differentiable function of an interval I
a. Let f be a function defined on an interval I and
and let x 0 d I . Let f l (x) be continuous as x 0 .
c d I . Then x = c is a point of local maxima if
1. If f l (x 0) = 0 and f m (x 0) 1 0 , then f has a local
f l (c) = 0 and f m (c) 1 0 . Here the value f (c) is
maximum value at x 0
local maximum value of f .
2. If f l (x 0) = 0 and f m (x 0) 2 0 , then f has a local
b. x = c is a point of local minima if f l (c) = 0
minimum value at x 0
and f m (c) 2 0 . here f (c) is local minimum
3. If f l (x 0) = 0 and f m (x 0) = 0 , no conclusion can be
value of f .
drawn. In this case, go back to the first derivative
c. If f l (c) = 0 and f m (c) = 0 , the test fails. In
test. f may have local maximum at x 0 or a local
such cases, we go back to the first derivatives
minimum, or it may have an inflexion point instead.
rest and find whether c is a point of maxima,
minima or a point of inflexion.
3.7 Summary
1. If x 0 is a point of local maxima of f , then f (x 0) is the Applied Mathematics

local maximum value of f . CBSE Class XI and XII Commerce
2. If x 0 is a point of local minima of f , then f (x 0) is the A Text Book by www.cbse.online
local maximum value of f . Based on New (Modified on 31st March 2021)
55
3. A function f is said to have absolute maximum value

(global maximum value or greatest value) at a point
in its domain if f (c) 2 f (x) for all x in the domain
of x and c is called the point of absolute minimum. No Missing topic No Extra Topic
4. A function f is said to have absolute minimum value Click Here To Buy Hard Copy
(global minimum value or smallest value) at a point
in its domain if f (c) 1 f (x) for all x in the domain
of x and c is called the point of absolute minimum.
5. To find absolute maxima or absolute minima :
EXAMPLE 3.1
a. Find all critical points of f in the interval i.e.,
find points x where either f l (x) = 0 or f is not Find the maximum and minimum values if any, of the
differentiable. following functions given by
(a) f (x) = 2 (x − 1) 2 + 3
b. Calculate the values of f at the critical points (b) f (x) = 9x 2 + 12x + 2
and at the end points of the interval. (c) f (x) =− (x − 1) 2 + 10
c. The maximum value calculated in step (b) will (d) f (x) = x 3 + 1
be the absolute maximum value of f and the
minimum value will be the absolute minimum SOLUTION :
value of f . (a)We have f (x) = 2 (x − 1) 2 + 3
6. First Derivative Test:
(2x - 1) 2 $ 0 6x d R
a. c is a point of local maximum if f l (x) = 0 and
f l (x) changes sign from positive to negative as Thus (2x − 1) 2 + 3 $ 0 + 3
x increase through c . f (x) $ 3
The minimum value of f (x) is 3 and is obtained when SOLUTION :
2x − 1 = 0 i.e., x = 1 . (a) We have f (x) = x + 2 − 1

2
Minimum value of f (x) is - 1 and is obtained when
f (x) has no maximum value since x + 2 = 0 i.e., at x =− 2 , f (x) has no maximum value
f (x) = (2x − 1) 2 + 3 " 3 as x " 3, and therefore, does because f (x) " 3 as x " 3.
not exist.
(b) We have f (x) = 9x 2 + 12x + 2 (b) We have g (x) =− x + 1 + 3
= 6(3x) 2 + 2 # 3x # 2 + 4@ − 2
x + 1 $ 06x d R
Thus − x + 1 # 0
= (3x + 2) 2 − 2 = 9 bx + 2 l − 2
2

3
− x + 1 + 3 # 3
Minimum value of f (x) is - 2 and is obtained when g (x) # 3
3x + 2 = 0 i.e., when x = − 2 . The maximum value of g (x) is 3 and is obtained when
3
x + 1 = 0 i.e., when x =− 1.
There is no maximum value of x because f (x) " 3 as
There is no minimum value of g (x) because
x " 3.
g (x) =− x + 1 + 3 " 3 as x " 3 and therefore does
(c) We have f (x) =− (x − 1) 2 + 10 not exist.
= 10 − (x − 1) 2

(c) We have h (x) = sin (2x) + 5
So f (x) # (x - 1) 2 $ 0
Now - 1 # sin 2x # 1 6x d R
- (x - 1) 2 # 0 − 1 + 5 # sin 2x + 5 # 1 + 5
10 - (x - 1) 2 # 10 4 # h (x) # 66x d R
Maximum value of f (x) is 10 and is obtained when Maximum value of h (x) is 6 and minimum value of h (x)
x − 1 = 0 i.e., when x = 1. is 4.
f (x) has no minimum value because f (x) " 3 as (d) We have h (x) = sin 4x + 3
x " 3. - 1 # sin 4x # 16x d R

3
(d) We have f (x) = x + 1, − 1 + 3 # sin 4x + 3 # 1 + 3
Thus
Domain of f is R. 2 # sin 4x + 3 # 4

Let x1 , x2 d R with x1 1 x2
sin 4x + 3 2 0
As
x1 1 x 2
Now
sin 4x + 3 = sin 4x + 3
so
x 13 1 x 23

2 # sin 4x + 3 # 4

x 13 + 1 1 x 23 + 1

2 # f (x) # 4
f (x1) 1 f (x2)
Hence, the minimum value of f (x) is 2 and the maximum
As x1 1 x2 , f (x1) 1 f (x2), value of f (x) is 4.
so f is increasing throughout its domain. Therefore, f (e) We have h (x) = x + 1, x d (- 1, 1)
has neither a maximum nor a minimum value. -1 1 x 1 1
As
0 1 x+1 1 2
So
EXAMPLE 3.2 0 1 h (x) 1 2
Thus h (x) has neither a maximum nor a minimum value.
Find the maximum and minimum values if any, of the
following functions given by
(a) f (x) = x + 2 − 1
EXAMPLE 3.3
(b) g (x) =− x + 1 + 3
(c) h (x) = sin (2x) + 5 Prove that the following functions do not have maxima
(d) h (x) = sin 4x + 3 or minima :
(e) h (x) = x + 1, x d (- 1, 1) (a) f (x) = ex (b) g (x) = log x
(c) h (x) = x 3 + x 2 + x + 1 (d) f (x) = x + 2
SOLUTION : value of the following functions in the given intervals.

(a) We have f (x) = ex (a) f (x) = x 3, x d 6− 2, 2@
Differentiating the given function wrt x , we have (c) f (x) = 4x − 12 x 2, x d 6− 2, 92 @
(d) f (x) = (x − 1) 2 + 3, x d 6− 3, 1@
f l (x) = ex
Now, f l (x) = 0 SOLUTION :
x
e = 0
(a) We have f (x) = x 3
But there is no real value of x for which ex = 0 since
Differentiating the given function wrt x , we have
ex 2 06x d R .
So, there is no critical points, and therefore, f (x) does f (x) = 3x 2
not have maxima or minima. Now f l (x) = 0
(b) We have g (x) = log x , x 2 0 3x 2 = 0
Differentiating the given function wrt x , we have x = 0 d 6− 2, 2@
gl (x) = 1 Now computing the values of f (x) at x =− 2 , x = 0 and
x x = 2 , we have
For maxima or minima, f (- 2) = (− 2) 3 =− 8 ,
gl (x) = 0 f (0) = (0) 3 and
1 = 0
x f (2) 3 = 8
So absolute maximum value of f (x) = 8 at x = 2
1 ! 0 for any x d R and absolute minimum value of f (x) =− 8 at x =− 2 .
x
So there is no critical point hence f (x) has no maxima
2
or minima. (c) We have f (x) = 4x − x in :- 2, 9 D
2 2
(c) We have h (x) = x 3 + x 2 + x + 1
57

hl (x) = 3x 2 + 2x + 1 f l (x) = 4 − 1 # 2x = 4 − x
2
hl (x) = 0
Now, f l (x) = 0
x = 4 d 6− 2, 4.5@
3x 2 + 2x + 1 = 0

or x - 2 ! 4 - 12 = − 2 ! − 8 Computing the values of f (x) at x =− 2 , x = 4 and
6 6
x = 4.5 , we have
= −2 + 2 2 i , −1 + 2 i
f (- 2) = 4 (− 2) − 1 (− 2) 2
6 3 2
which are imaginary values of x . Thus there is no real =− 8 − 2 =− 10
value of x which satisfies f l (x) = 0 . So there is no
critical point, and therefore, f (x) does not have maxima f (4) = 4 (4) − 1 (4) 2 = 16 − 8 = 8
2
or minima.
(d) We have f (x) = x + 2 and f (4.5) = 4 (4.5) − 1 (4.5) 2
2
= 18 − 1 b 9 l = 18 − 81 = 63
2
f l (x) = 1 ! 0 for any real value of x

2 2 8 8
There is no critical point and therefore f (x) does no have Out of these calculated values of f , the maximum value
maxima or minima. is 8 at x = 4 and the minimum value is - 10 at x =− 2
Hence, absolute maximum value is 8 at x = 4 and
absolute minimum value is - 10 at x =− 2
f (x) = (x − 1) 2 + 3, x d 6− 3, 1@
EXAMPLE 3.4
(d) We have
Find the absolute maximum value and the minimum Differentiating the given function wrt x , we have
f l (x) = 2 (x − 1) + 0 = 2 (x − 1) f (6) = (6) 3 − 12 (6) 2 + 36 (6) + 17

Now, f l (x) = 0 = 216 − 432 + 216 + 17 = 17

2 (x - 1) = 0 f (10) = (10) 3 − 12 (10) 2 + 36 (10) + 17
x = 1 d 6− 3, 1@ = 1000 − 1200 + 360 + 17 = 177
Computing the value of f (x) at x =− 3 and at x = 1 Hence, absolute maximum value is 177 at x = 10 and
f (- 3) = (− 3 − 1) 2 + 3 absolute minimum value is 17 at x = 6
= (− 4) 2 + 3 = 16 + 3 = 19

and f (1) = (1 − 1) 2 + 3
= 0+3 = 3 Applied Mathematics
Hence, absolute maximum value of f (x) is 19 at x =− 3 CBSE Class XI and XII Commerce
and absolute minimum value of f (x) is 3 at x = 1 A Text Book by www.cbse.online
Applied Mathematics
A Text Book by www.cbse.online No Missing topic No Extra Topic
Based on New (Modified on 31st March 2021) Click Here To Buy Hard Copy
No Missing topic No Extra Topic EXAMPLE 3.6
Click Here To Buy Hard Copy Determine the maximum and minimum values of the
f (x) = x +
2
1 ,0 # x # 2
x +1
SOLUTION :
Find the maximum and minimum value of We have f (x) = x +

2
1 ,0 # x # 2
x +1
f (x) = x 3 − 12x 2 + 36x + 17 in 1 # x # 10
−1
SOLUTION : x 2 + 1 $ 1 − (x + 1) $ 12 (x 2 + 1) 2 $ 2x
f l (x) =
^ x 2 + 1h
2
We have f (x) = x 3 − 12x 2 + 36x + 17
Differentiating the given function wrt x , we have x 2 + 1 − x (xx ++11) 2
=

f l (x) = 3x 2 − 24x + 36 x2+ 1
= 3 (x 2 − 8x + 12)
(x 2 + 1) − x (x + 1)
= 3
= 3 (x − 6)(x − 2)
(x 2 + 1) 2
Now, f l (x) = 0 f l (x) = 0
3 (x - 6)(x - 2) = 0 & x = 6 and 2 x = 1 d 60, 2@
Computing the values of f (x) at x = 1, x = 2 , x = 6 and Now computing the values of f (x) at x = 0 , x = 1 and
x = 10 we have x = 2 , we have
f (1) = (1) 3 − 12 (1) 2 + 36 (1) + 17 f (0) = 1
= 1 − 12 + 36 + 17 = 42
f (1) = 2 = 2 = 1.414
3 2 2
f (2) = (2) − 12 (2) + 36 (2) + 17
and f (2) = 3 = 3 = 3 5 = 6.708 = 1.34
= 8 − 48 + 72 + 17 = 49
2 5 5
2 +1 5
Hence, absolute maximum value of f is 2 at x = 1 and f l (x) = 0

absolute minimum value of f is 1 at x = 0 2x = 0
x = 0
When x is slightly 1 0 , let x =− 0.1
f l (- 0.1) = 2 (− 0.1) =− 0.2 , which is -ve.
Find the points of maximum and minimum of When x is slightly 2 0 , let x =− 0.1
1
y = (x − 1) 3 (x − 2), 1 # x # 9
f l (0.1) = 2 (0.1) = 0.2 , which is +ve.
Thus f l (x) changes sign from -ve to +ve as x increases
SOLUTION :
through 0. Hence, x = 0 is a point of local minima and
We have
1
y = (x − 1) 3 (x − 2), 1 # x # 9 local minimum value = f (0) = 0
(b) We have f (x) = 1 = (x 2 + 2) −1
dy
= (x − 1) 3 + x − 2 2
1 2
x +2
dx 3 (x − 1) 3 Differentiating the given function wrt x , we have
3 (x − 1) + (x − 2) f l (x) =− (x 2 + 2) −2 $ 2x =− 2 2x 2
= 2 = 4x − 5 2
(x + 2)
3 (x − 1) 3 3 (x − 1) 3 For maxima or minima,
dy f l (x) = 0
Now, = 0
dx
− 2x = 0
4x - 5 = 0 (x 2 + 2) 2
2
3 (x - 1) 3 x = 0
4x - 5 = 0 & x = 5 When x is slightly 1 0 , f l (x) 2 0
4 When x is slightly 2 0 , f l (x) 1 0
We will compute function values at x = 1, x = 5 and
4 Thus f l (x) changes sign from positive to negative as
x=9
x increase through 0. Hence x = 0 is a point of local
59
1
When x = 1, y = (1 − 1) 3 (1 − 2) = 0 maximum.
f (0) = 1 = 1
1
When x = 5 , y = b 5 − 1l3 b 5 − 2 l Local maximum value
0+2 2
4 4 4
1 (c) Let f (x) = α , then f l (x) = 0 for all x
= b 1 l3 b − 3 l = 1− 3 = − 43
Let c be any real number, then f l (c) = 0
4 4 43 # 4 43
1 When x is slightly 1 c , f l (c) = 0
When x = 9 , y = (9 − 1) 3 (9 − 2)
1 When x is slightly 2 c , f l (c) = 0
= (8) 3 (7) 2 # 7 = 14
Thus c is neither a point of local maximum nor a point
Thus y maximum at x = 9 and minimum at x = 5 . of local minimum.
4
Hence f (x) has neither local maxima nor local minima.
EXAMPLE 3.8
Find the local extremum values of the following functions: EXAMPLE 3.9 SBTEJ 2014
(a) x 2 (b) 2 1 Find the maximum and minimum value of

x +2 x3 − 6x2 + 9x + 15 .
(a) The constant function α
(a) We have f (x) = (x) 2 We have f ^x h = x3 − 6x2 + 9x + 15

Differentiating the given function wrt x , we have f l^x h = 3x2 − 12x + 9 ...(1)
For maximum or minimum value of y , we have f l^x h = 0

f l (x) = 2x
For maxima or minima,
3x2 − 12x + 9 = 0 Thus x = 3 , 2

2
x − 4x + 3 = 0 Now, f m^x h = 12x − 30
^x - 3h^x - 1h = 0 At x = 3 f ^3h = 12 # 3 − 30 = 6 > 0
x = 3, 1 Thus f ^x h has minimum at x = 3 .
Therefore the given function is either maximum or At x = 2 f ^2 h = 12 # 2 − 30 =− 6 < 0
minimum at x = 1, 3 Thus f ^x h has maximum at x = 2 .
Differentiating again eq. (1) wrt x we have
f m^x h = 6x − 12
EXAMPLE 3.11
f m^3h = 18 − 12 = 6 > 0
SBTEJ 2016
At x = 3 , 3 2
Thus at x = 3 the given function is minimum and the Find the Maximum and Minimum values of x − 2x + x + 6
minimum value .
f (3) = ^3h3 − 6 ^3h2 + 9 ^3 h + 15

SOLUTION :
=− 39

f ^x h = x3 − 2x2 + x + 6
f m^1 h = 6 − 12 =− 6 < 0
We have
Again x = 1,
At x = 1 the given function is maximum and the value f l^x h = 3x2 − 4x + 1
For maxima and minima taking f l^x h = 0 we have
f (1) = ^1 h3 − 6 ^1 h2 + 9 ^1 h + 15 = 19
Therefore the maximum and minimum values of function 3x2 − 4x + 1 = 0
are 19, - 39 . or x = 4 ! 16 − 12
6
Applied Mathematics = 4 ! 2 = 1, 1

6 3
CBSE Class XI and XII Commerce Now f m^x h = 6x − 4
A Text Book by www.cbse.online At x = 1, f m^1 h = 6 − 4 = 2
Based on New (Modified on 31st March 2021) Since at x = 1, f m^x h > 0 . Thus x = 1 is minima.
Syllabus Released By CBSE Now minimum value,
For all Chapter Free PDF Whatsapp at 94140 63210 f ^ 1 h = 1 − 2 + 1 + 6 = 6
No Missing topic No Extra Topic At x = 3 ,
1
f m^ 13 h = 63 − 4 =− 2
Click Here To Buy Hard Copy Since at x = 13 f m^x h < 0 . Thus x = 13 is maxima.
Maximum value,
f ^ 13 h = ( 13 ) 3 − 2 ( 13 ) 2 + ( 13 ) + 6
= 271 − 29 + 13 + 6

EXAMPLE 3.10 SBTEJ 2015 = 271 − 276 + 279 + 6

Find the maxima and minima of the function = 1 +279 − 6 + 6 = 274 + 6

2x3 − 15x2 + 36x + 11.

SOLUTION :
Find the maxima and minima of the function
We have f ^x h = 2x3 − 15x2 + 36x + 11
x3 + 2x2 − 4x − 8 .
f l^x h = 6x2 − 30x + 36
From f l^x h = 0 we have SOLUTION :
6x2 − 30x + 36 = 0 We have f ^x h = x3 + 2x2 − 4x − 8

x2 − 5x + 6 = 0 f l^x h = 3x2 + 4x − 4
(x - 2) (x - 3) = 0 For maxima and minima taking f l^x h = 0 we have
3x2 + 4x − 4 = 0 = 3 (−)(−) =+ve.

When x is slightly 2- 2 , let x =− 1.9
or x = − 4 ! 16 + 48
6 f l (- 1.9) = 3 (− 1.9) (− 1.9 + 2)
= − 4 ! 8 =− 2, 2
= 3 (−)(+) =−ve.
6 3 Thus f l (x) changes sign from +ve to -ve as x increases
Now f m^x h = 6x + 4 through - 2 . Hence x =− 2 is a point of local minima
At x =− 2 and local minimum value is 0.
f m^- 2h =− 12 + 4 =− 8
Hence, x = 0 is a point of local maximum and local

Since at x =− 2 f m^x h < 0 . Thus x =− 2 is maxima
maximum value f (- 2) = 0
At x = 2
3
f m^ 23 h = 6 # 2 + 4 = 8
3 Applied Mathematics
Since at we x = 2 f m^x h > 0 . Thus x = 2 is minima. CBSE Class XI and XII Commerce
3 3
EXAMPLE 3.13 SBTEB odd 2017 For all Chapter Free PDF Whatsapp at 94140 63210
Find the local extremum values of (x − 1)(x + 2) 2 No Missing topic No Extra Topic
SOLUTION :
We have f (x) = (x − 1) (x + 2) 2
61
f l (x) = (x − 1) $ 2 (x + 2) + (x + 2) 2 EXAMPLE 3.14
= 2 (x − 1) (x + 2) + (x + 2) 2
Find the local extremum values of the following functions:
= (x + 2)(2x − 2 + x + 2)
(a) x 3 − 6x 2 + 9x + 15 (b) (x - 3) 4
= 3x (x + 2)
SOLUTION :
f l (x) = 0 (a) We have f (x) = x 3 − 6x 2 + 9x + 15
3x (x + 2) = 0
f l (x) = 3x 2 − 12x + 9
x = 0, − 2
When x is slightly 1 0 , let x =− 0.1 = 3 (x 2 − 4x + 3) = 3 (x − 1)(x − 3)
For maxima or minima
f l (- 0.1) = 3 (− 0.1) (− 0.1 + 2)
f l (x) = 0
= 3 (−)(+) =−ve
When x is slightly 2 0 , let x =− 0.1 3 (x - 1)(x - 3) = 0 & x = 1, 3
When x is slightly 1 1, let x = 0.9
f l (0.1) = 3 (0.1) (0.1 + 2)
f l (0.9) = 3 (0.9 − 1) (0.9 − 3)
= 3 (+)(+) =+ve.
Thus f l (x) changes sign from -ve to +ve as x increases = 3 (−)(−) =+ve.
through 0. Hence x = 0 is a point of local minima and When x is slightly 2 1, let x = 1.1
local minimum value is f l (1.1) = 3 (1.1 − 1) (1.1 − 3)
f (0) = (− 1) (2) =− 42
= 3 (+)(−) =−ve.
When x is slightly 1- 2 , let x =− 2.1 Thus f l (x) changes sign from +ve to -ve as x increases
f l (- 2.1) = 3 (− 2.1) (− 2.1 + 2) through 1. Hence x = 1 is a point of local maxima and
local maximum value is
f (1) = 1 − 6 + 9 + 15 = 19 x = 0 , 1 , 1
When x is slightly 1 3 , let x = 2.9 2 4
f l (2.9) = 3 (2.9 − 1) (2.9 − 3) When x is slightly 1 0 , let x =− 0.1
= 3 (+) (−) =−ve f (- 0.1) = (+)(+) (−) =−ve
When x is slightly 2 3 , let x = 3.1 When x is slightly 2 0 , let x = 0.1
f l (3.1) = 3 (3.1 − 1) (3.1 − 3) f (0.1) = (+)(+) (−) =−ve
Thus f l (x) does not change sign as x increase through 0.
= 3 (+) (+) =+ve
Thus x = 0 is neither a point of local maxima nor a point
of local minima. Hence x = 0 is a point of inflexion.
through 3. Hence x = 3 is a point of local minimum and
local minimum value is When x is slightly 1 1 , let x = 0.4
2
f (3) = (3) 3 − 6 (3) 2 + 9 (3) + 15 f l (0.4) = (+)(+) (+) =+ve
= 27 − 54 + 27 + 15 = 15
When x is slightly 2 1 , let x = 0.6
2
(b) We have f (x) = (x − 3) 4 f l (0.6) = (+)(+) (+) =+ve
Differentiating the given function wrt x , we have Thus f l (x) does not change sign as x increase through 12 .
Thus x = 12 is neither a point of local maxima nor a point
f l (x) = 4 (x − 3) 3
of local minima. x = 12 is a point of inflexion.
For maxima and minima
When x is slightly 1 1 , 4x 1 1
f l (x) = 0 4
f l (x) = (+)(+) (−) =−ve
4 (x - 3) 3 = 0
When x is slightly 2 1 , 4x 2 1
x - 3 = 0 & x = 3 4
When x is slightly 1 3 , let x = 2.9 f l (x) = (+)(+) (+) =+ve
f l (2.9) = 4 (2.9 − 3) 3
through 14 . Hence, 14 is a point of local minima and local
= 4 (− 0.1) 3 =− 0.004 1 0 minimum value is
f b 1 l = : 4 D b 1 − 1l = ; 4 b− 2 lE
1 3 3 1 1 3
f l (3.1) = 4 (3.1 − 3) 3
4 2
= 4 (.1) 3 =− 0.004 2 0
Thus f l (x) changes sign from -ve to +ve as x increases = 1 # b− 1 l =− 1

64 8 512
through 3. Hence x = 3 is a point of local minimum and
local minimum value is f (3) = 0
(b) We have f (x) = x + 2 , x 2 0
2 x
EXAMPLE 3.15
f l (x) = 1 − 22
Find the local extremum values of the following functions: 2 x
(a) x 3 (2x - 1) 3 (b) x + 2 , x 2 0
2
= x −2 4 =
(x + 2)(x − 2)
2 x
2x 2x 2
SOLUTION : For maxima or minima
(a) We have f (x) = x 3 (2x − 1) 3 f l (x) = 0
Differentiating the given function wrt x , we have (x + 2)(x − 2)
= 0
2x 2
f l (x) = x 3 $ 3 (2x − 1) 2 $ 2 + (2x − 1) 3 $ 3x 2
= 3x 2 (2x − 1) 2 (2x + 2x − 1)
(x + 2)(x − 2) = 0 & x =− 2, 2
= 3x 2 (2x − 1) 2 (4x − 1)
But x 2 0 , thus x = 2
For maxima or minima, f l (x) = 0
(1.9 + 2) (1.9 − 2)
3x 2 (2x - 1) 2 (4x - 1) = 0 f l (1.9) =
2 (1.9) 2
(+) (−) dy 3 (+) (+)

=
=−ve = =+ve
(+) dx (+)
When x is slightly 2 2 , let x = 2.1 Thus f l (x) changes sign from -ve to +ve as x increase
(2.1 + 2) (2.1 − 2) through 43 . Hence x = 43 is a point of local minima and
f l (2.1) =
2 (1.2) 2 local minimum value is
256
=

(+) (+)
=+ve f b 4 l = 81
= 256
(+) 3 1
3
27
through 2. Hence, x = 2 is a point of local maximum and
local maximum value is EXAMPLE 3.17 SBTEB odd 2016
Find the local maximum and minimum values of

f (2) = 2 + 2 = 1 + 1 = 2
2 2 y = (x + 3) 2 (x − 4) 4
SOLUTION :
EXAMPLE 3.16 SBTEB even 2017
Find the local maximum and minimum values of We have y = (x + 3) 3 (x − 4) 4

4 Differentiating the given function wrt x , we have
y = x ,x ! 1
x−1 dy
= (x + 3) 3 $ 4 (x − 4) 3 + (x − 4) 4 $ 3 (x + 3) 2
dx
SOLUTION :
4 = (x + 3) 2 (x − 4) 3 64 (x + 3) + 3 (x − 4)@

We have y = x , x!1 = 7x (x + 3) 2 (x − 4) 3
x−1
dy
Differentiating the given function wrt x , we have For max. or min., =0
dx
dy (x − 1) # 4x 3 − x 4 # 1
= 7x (x + 3) 2 (x − 4) 3 = 0
dx (x − 1) 2
63
3x ^x − 3 h
3 4 x = 0, − 3, 4
x 3 (3x − 4)
= 2 = When x is slightly 1 0 ,
(x − 1) (x − 1) 2
dy dy
For max. or min., = 0 = (−)(+)(−) =+ve
dx dx
When x is slightly 2 0 ,
3x 3 ^x - 43 h
Thus = 0 dy
(x - 1) 2 = (+)(+)(−) =−ve
dx
x = 0, 4 Thus f l (x) changes sign from +ve to -ve as x increase
3
When x is slightly 1 0 , through 0. Hence x = 0 is a point of local maxima and
local maximum value is
dy 3 (−) (−)
= =+ve f (0) = (27) (256) = 6912
dx (+)
When x is slightly 2 0 , When x is slightly 1- 3 ,
dy 3 (+) (−) f l (x) = (−)(+)(−) =+ve
= =−ve When x is slightly 2- 3 ,
dx (+)
dy
Thus dx changes sign from +ve to -ve as x increase dy
= (−)(+)(−) =+ve
through 0. x = 0 is a point of local maxima and local dx
max. value is f (0) = 0 dy
Thus does not changes sign as x increase through - 3
When x is slightly 1 4 , dx
3
Hence y is neither max. nor min. at x =− 3
dy 3 (+) (−)
= =−ve When x is slightly 1 4 ,
dx (+)
dy
When x is slightly 2 4 ,
dx
= (+)(+)(−) =−ve
3
When x is slightly 2 4 , Hence y is neither max. or min. at x = 0

dy d 2y

dx
= (+) (+)(+) =+ve Also E = 20 − 60 + 30 =− 10 1 0
dx2 x = 0
dy
Thus dx changes sign from -ve to +ve as x increase Thus x = 1 is a point of local maxima and local maximum
through 4. Hence x = 4 is a point of local minima and value is
local minimum value is f (4) = 0 f (1) = 1 − 5 + 5 − 1 = 0
d 2y
E = 20 (27) − 60 (9) + 30 (3)
dx2 x = 3
Applied Mathematics = 540 − 540 + 90

CBSE Class XI and XII Commerce = 630 − 540 = 90 2 0
A Text Book by www.cbse.online Thus x = 3 is a point of local minima and local minimum
Based on New (Modified on 31st March 2021) value is
Syllabus Released By CBSE f (3) = 243 − 5 (81) + 5 (27) − 1 =− 28
Find the local maximum and minimum values of
y= x , 11x14
(x − 1)(x − 4)
EXAMPLE 3.18 SBTEB 2016 SOLUTION :
Find the local maximum and minimum values of x

We have y = ,1 1 x 1 4
y = x 5 − 5x 4 + 5x 3 − 1 (x − 1)(x − 4)
dy (x 2 − 5x + 4) $ 1 − x (2x − 5)
SOLUTION : =
dx (x 2 − 5x + 4) 2
We have y = x 5 − 5x 4 + 5x 3 − 1 2 2
= x − 5x2 + 4 − 2x 2+ 5x

Differentiating the given function wrt x , we have (x − 5x + 4)
dy 2 (2 − x)(2 + x)

dx
= 5x 4 − 20x 3 + 15x 2 = 2 4−x
= 2
(x − 5x + 4) 2 (x − 5x + 4) 2
= 5x 2 (x 2 − 4x + 3)
dy
= 5x 2 (x − 1) (x − 3)
For maximum or minimum, =0
dx
d 2y
= 20x 3 − 60x 2 + 30x (2 − x)(2 + x)
dx 2 = 0
(x 2 − 5x + 4) 2
dy
For max. or min., = 0
dx (2 − x)(2 + x) = 0 & x = 2, − 2
Thus 5x 2 (x - 1) (x - 3) = 0 & x = 0, 1, 3 But x ! 2 . Since 1 1 x 1 4 , thus x = 2
d 2y When x is slightly 1 2 , x = 1.9
Now E = 0 [Neither +ve nor -ve]
dx 2 x = 0 dy (+)(+)
= =+ve
When x is slightly 1 0 , dx (+)
dy When x is slightly 2 2 , let x = 2.1
= 5 (+)(−) (−) =+ve
dx dy (−)(+)
= =−ve
When x is slightly 2 0 , dx (+)
dy Thus dxdy
changes sign from +ve to -ve as x increase
= 5 (+)(−) (−) =+ve
dx through 2. Hence x = 2 is a point of local maximum and
dy
Thus does not change sign as x increase through 0. local maximum value is
dx
2f (2) = We have f (x) = x 4 − 62x 2 + 120x + 9

(2 − 1) (2 − 4) Differentiating the given function wrt x , we have
= 2
=− 1 f l (x) = 4x 3 − 124x + 120
1 (− 2)
= 4 (x 3 − 31x + 30)
For maximum or minimum, f l (x) = 0
EXAMPLE 3.20 SBTEB 2015 x 3 − 31x + 30 = 0
Find the local maximum and minimum values of x 3 − x − 30x + 30 = 0
y = (1 − x) 2 ex x (x 2 - 1) - 30 (x - 1) = 0
(x − 1)(x 2 + x − 30) = 0
SOLUTION :
(x − 1)(x − 5)(x + 6) = 0 & x = 1, 5, − 6
2 x
We have y = (1 − x) e Again, f m (x) = 4 (3x 2 − 31)
At x = 1 f m (x) = 4 (3 − 31)
= (1 − x) 2 ex + ex 6− 2 (1 − x)@
dy
= 4 (− 28) =− 112 1 0
dx
= ex (x 2 − 1) Thus f (x) has local maximum at x = 1 and local
maximum value is
d 2y
= ex (2x) + (x 2 − 1) ex f (1) = (1) 4 − 62 (1) 2 + 120 (1) + 9 = 68
dx 2
= ex (x 2 + 2x − 1)
At x = 5 f m (x) = 4 (3 # 52 − 31)
= 4 (75 − 31) = 176 2 0
dy Thus f (x) has local maximum at x = 5 and local
For maximum or minimum, =0
dx
maximum value is
Thus ex (x 2 - 1) = 0 f (5) = (5) 4 − 62 (5) 2 + 120 (5) + 9
x2 - 1 = 0 [ex ! 0 for any x d R ] =− 316

65
x = ! 1 At x =− 6 f m (x) = 4 (3 # 36 − 31)
2
E = e (1 + 2 − 1) = 2e 2 0
d y = 4 (77) = 308 2 0
Now
dx 2 x = 1 Thus f (x) has local maxima at x =− 6 and local
x = 1 is a point of local minima and local minimum value maximum value is
is f (- 6) = (− 6) 4 − 62 (− 6) 2 + 120 (− 6) + 9
2
f (1) = (1 − 1) e = (0) e = 0 = 1296 − 62 (36) − 720 + 9

2
E
d y
Also = e−1 (1 − 2 − 1) =− 2 1 0 = 13.5 − 2952 =− 1647

dx2 x =− 1 e
x =− 1 is a point of local maximum and local max. value
is EXAMPLE 3.22 sbtej 2008
2 −1
f (- 1) = (1 − 1) e Find the points of local maxima and local minima, if any,
=4 of the following function. Find also the local maximum
e
and local minimum values :
f (x) = 2x 3 − 21x 2 + 36x − 20
EXAMPLE 3.21
SOLUTION :
Find the points of local maxima and local minima, if any,
of the following function. Find also the local maximum We have f (x) = 2x 3 − 21x 2 + 36x − 20
and local minimum values : Differentiating the given function wrt x , we have
f (x) = x 4 − 62x 2 + 120x + 9 f l (x) = 6x 2 − 42x + 36
= 6 (x 2 − 7x + 6)

SOLUTION :
= 6 (x − 1)(x − 6)
value is
f m (x) = 12x − 42 f (- 5) = 295
For local maxima or minima, f l (x) = 0 4
6 (x - 1)(x - 6) = 0 & x = 1, 6
Now, f m (1) = 12 (1) − 42 = 12 − 42 EXAMPLE 3.24 SBTEJ 2012
=− 30 1 0 Show that the value of xx is minimum when x = 1 .

e
Thus x = 1 is a point of local maxima and local maximum
value is SOLUTION :
f (1) = 2 − 21 + 36 − 20 =− 3 Let, y = ^x hx ...(1)
Also f m (6) = 12 (6) − 42 Taking logarithm we have
= 72 − 42 = 30 2 0 log y = x log x
Thus x = 6 is a point of local minima and local minimum
Differentiating wrt x we get
value is
1 dy = x $ 1 + log x
f (6) = 432 − 756 + 216 − 20 =− 128 y dx x
= y ^1 + log x h ...(2)
dy
or
dx
EXAMPLE 3.23
Find the points of local maxima and local minima, if any, dy

For maxima and minima dx = 0 ,
of the following function. Find also the local maximum
y ^1 + log x h = 0 & log x =- 1 & x = e
1
and local minimum values :
f (x) =− 3 x 4 − 8x 3 − 45 x 2 + 105
4 2 Again differentiating (2) wrt x we have
2 = dx ^1 + log x h + y b 0 + x l
d2 y dy 1

SOLUTION : dx
= ^1 + log x h +
dy y
We have f (x) =− 3 x 4 − 8x 3 − 45 x 2 + 105
dx x
4 2
= x + ^1 + log x h
Differentiating the given function wrt x , we have x
dy

x dx
f l (x) =− 3x 3 − 24x 2 − 45x
2 = ^x h + ^1 + log x h
=− 3x (x 2 + 8x + 15)
d2 y x−1 dy
or
dx dx
=− 3x (x + 3)(x + 5)
For local maximum or minimum, f l (x) = 0 Now at x = b 1 l
e
− 3x (x + 3) (x + 5) = 0 & x = 0, − 3, − 5
1 b e − 1l > 0 [
1
2 = b e l
f m (x) =− 9x 2 − 48x − 45 d2 y dy
dx = 0]
dx
When x = 0 , f m (0) =− 45 1 0
Thus x = 0 is a point of local maximum and local max. So, x = 1 is a minimum.
e
value is
f (0) = 105
When x =− 3 , f m (- 3) = 18 2 0 EXAMPLE 3.25 SBTEB 2013
Thus x =− 3 is a point of local minima and local min. Find local maximum and local minimum, if any, of the
value is
function f (x) = 2 − 22 , x 2 0
x x
f (- 3) = 231
4
SOLUTION :
When x =− 5 , f m (- 5) =− 30 1 0
Thus x =− 5 is a point of local maxima and local max. We have f (x) = 2 − 22 , x 2 0
x x
Differentiating the given function wrt x , we have When n is odd, let n = 2k + 1

f ma p + (2k + 1) p k = f ma p ! p ! 2kp k
−2 −3
f l (x) = 2 (− 1) x − 2 (− 2) x
2 2
=− 22 + 43
x x =− sin a p ! p ! 2kp k

2
= − 2x 3+ 4
x =− sin a p ! p k = sin π = 1 2 0

For local maximum or local minimum, f l (x) = 0 2 2
− 2x + 4 = 0 x = p ! (2k + 1) p are points of local minima

x3 2
x = ! p , p ! 3p, p ! 5p, are points of local maxima.
p
− 2x + 4 = 0 or x = 2 2 2 2
f m (x) = 43 − 124
x x
f m (2) = 4 3 − 124 = 4 − 12 Find two positive numbers whose sum is 16 and sum of
(2) (2) 8 16
whose cubes is minimum.
= 8 − 12 =− 4 1 0

16 16
SOLUTION :
Thus x = 2 is a point of local maxima and local maximum
Let one number be x . Then the other number is (16 - x)
value is
Since the numbers are positive 0 1 x 1 16
f (2) = 2 − 2 2 = 1 − 1 = 1 Let S denote the sum of the cubes of the numbers, then
2 (2) 2 2
S = x 3 + (16 − x 3)
dS = 3x 2 + 3 (16 − x) 2 (− 1)
EXAMPLE 3.26 dx
Find all the points of maxima and minima of the sine = 3 (x 2 − 256 + 32x − x 2)
67
function. = 3 (32x − 256) = 96 (x − 8)
SOLUTION :
For maxima or minima, dS = 0
dx
Let f (x) = sin x or x - 8 = 0 & x = 8
Differentiating the given function wrt x , we have d 2 S = 96 2 0 , always
Also
f l (x) = cos x dx 2
For maxima or minima, f l (x) = 0 Thus S is minimum when x = 8 .
cos x = 0 The other number = 16 − 8 = 8
Hence, the sum of the cubes of numbers is minimum
x = (2n + 1) π = p + np, n d I
2 2 when the numbers are 8 and 8.
= p ! np, n is whole number

2
EXAMPLE 3.28
Now f m (x) =− sin x
When n is even, let n = 2k Find two positive numbers x and y such that their sum
is 35 and the product x 2 y 5 is maximum.
f ma p ! 2kp k =− sin a p ! 2kp k =− sin π
2 2 2
SOLUTION :
=− 1 1 0
Here x + y = 35 , x 2 0 , y 2 0
x = p + 2kp are point of local maxima
2 P = x 2 y 5 = x 2 (35 − x) 5 6y = 35 − x @
x = π , p ! 2p, p ! 4p, are points of local maxima dP = x 2 $ 5 (35 − x) 4 (− 1) + (35 − x) 5 $ 2x

2 2 2 dx
= x (35 − x) 4 6− 5x + 2 (35 − x)@

P is maximum when x = 12
4
= x (35 − x) (70 − 7x) Thus from (1), y = 24 − 12 = 12
For maxima or minima, dP = 0 P is maximum when x = y = 12
dx Hence, the required numbers are 12 and 12.
x (35 - x) 4 (70 - 7x) = 0 & x = 0 , 35, 70 = 10 (b)Here x + y = 60 , x 2 0 , y 2 0
7
But x ! 0 , since x 2 0 Let P = xy 3 = x (60 − x) 3 6y = 60 − x @
Also x ! 35 , because then We have to maximized P .
y = 35 − 35 = 0 , but y 2 0 Thus dP = x $ 3 (60 − x) 2 (− 1) + (60 − x) 3 $ 1
dx
Thus x = 10 = (60 − x) 2 (− 3x + 60 − x)
When x is slightly less than 10,
= (60 − x) 2 (60 − 4x)

dP = (+) (+)(+) =+ve
dx For maxima or minima, dP = 0
dx
When x is slightly greater than 10,
dP = (+) (+)(−) =−ve (60 - x) 2 (60 - 4x) = 0 & x = 50, 604 = 15

dx x ! 60 , because then y = 60 − 60 = 0 , which is not a
possible.
dx change sign from +ve to -ve as x increases
Thus, dP
through 10. Thus P is maximum when x = 10 Thus x = 15
When x = 10 , y = 35 − 10 = 25 When x is slightly less than 15,
2 5
Hence, x y is maximum when x = 10 , y = 25 dP = (+)(+) =+ve
dx
When x is slightly less than 15,
EXAMPLE 3.29 dP = (+)(−) =−ve
dx
(a) Find two numbers whose sum is 24 and whose dp
Thus dx changes sign from +ve to -ve as x increases
product is as large as possible. through 15. Hence P is maximum when x = 15
(b) Find two positive numbers x and y such that When x = 15 y = 60 − 15 = 45
x + y = 60 and xy 3 is maximum. 3
Hence, xy is maximum when x = 15 , y = 45
SOLUTION :
(a) Let the two numbers be x and y such that EXAMPLE 3.30
x + y = 24 , x 2 0 , y 2 0 The combined resistance R of two resistors is given by
R = R + R where R1 and R 2 are the respective resistance
1 1 1
Then x + y = 24 1 2
y = (24 − x) ...(1) of the two resistors with R1 + R2 = a (R1, R2 2 0), where

a is a constant. Show that the maximum resistance R is
Thus P = xy = x (24 − x) = 24x − x 2
obtained by choosing resistors for which R1 = R2
We have to maximized P .
Now, dP = 24 − 2x SOLUTION :
dx
Here 1 = 1 + 1
and d 2 P =− 2 R R1 R 2
dx 2
where R 1 + R 2 = a (Constant)
1 = 1 + 1
dP = 0 R R1 a − R1
dx
24 - 2x = 0 & x = 12 = a − R1 + R1 =
a
R1 (a − R1) R1 (a − R1)
c dx 2 m =− 2 1 0
d 2P R1 (a − R1)
Also R = = 1 (aR1 − R12)
x = 12 a a
dR = 1 (a − 2R ) EXAMPLE 3.32 SBTEB 2011

1
dR1 a Two sides of a triangle are given. Find the angle between
For maxima or minima, them such that the area shall be maximum.
dR = 0
dR1 SOLUTION :
Let the given sides be a and b, and let θ be the included

a = 2R1 & R1 = a
2 angle.
Also d 2 R = 1 (0 − 2) =− 2 1 0 T = 1 ab sin θ
a a 2
dR 12
dT = 1 ab cos θ
Thus R is maximum when R1 = a and
dθ 2
2
R 2 = a − R 1 = a − a = a For area to be maxima or minima,
2 2
Hence, R 1 = R 2 dT = 0

dθ
1 ab cos θ = 0
EXAMPLE 3.31 2
A projectile is fixed upwards. Its height above the surface
cos θ = 0 & θ = π
of the earth at time t is given by h (t) = at 2 + bt + c where 2
a, b, c are none-zero constant and a 1 0 . Determine how
Again, d 2 A =− 1 ab sin θ
high will the projectile travel. dθ2 2
When θ = π , d T
2
SOLUTION : =− 1 ab sin π
2 dθ2 2 2
We have h (t) = at 2 + bt + c ...(1)
Differentiating (1) wrt t , we have =− 1 ab which is -ve.
2
69
hl (t) = 2at + b
Hence T is maximum when θ = π
For maxima or minima, hl (t) = 0 2
Thus 2at + b = 0 Hence, the angle between the given sides must be a right
angle.
t =− b
2a
Also h m (t) = 2a =−ve quantity (a 1 0) EXAMPLE 3.33 steb 2007
Height is max. when
Divide a number 15 into two parts such that square of
t =− b one multiplied with the cube of the other is minimum.
2a
h (t)@ t =− b = a b − b l + b b− b l + c
2
SOLUTION :
2a 2a 2a
2 2
Let one part be x , then the other part is (15 - x)
= ab 2 − b + c
y = x 2 (15 − x) 3
Let
4a 2a
dy
2 2 2 2 2
= 2x (15 − x) 3 + x 2 $ 3 (15 − x) 2 (− 1)
= ab − 2ab 2 + 4a c = 4a c −2 ab

dx
4a 4a = x (15 − x) 2 62 (15 − x) − 3x @
2
= 4ac − b = x (15 − x) 2 (30 − 5x)

4a 2
Hence, projectile will travel to a height of 4ac - b . = 5x (15 − x) 2 (6 − x)

4a
dy
= 0 & x = 0, 6, 15
dx
Rejecting x = 0 and x = 15 since it makes y = 0 , we have maximum when the sides of the rectangle area equal,
x = 6. i.e., when it is a square.
dy
= 5 (15 − x) 2 (6x − x 2)
dx
EXAMPLE 3.35
d 2y 2 2
2 = 5 (15 − x) (6 − 2x) + 5 (6x − x ) 2 (15 − x)(− 1) The rate of a chemical reaction y , is given by the formula
dx
= 5 (15 − x) 7(15 − x) (6 − 2x) − 2 (6x − x 2)A
y = kx (a − x) where x is the amount of product, a is the

amount of material at the beginning of the reaction and
= 5 (15 − x) (90 − 36x + 2x 2 − 12x + 2x 2)
k 2 0 . Determine the value of x for which the rate of
= 5 (15 − x) (4x 2 − 48x + 90)
chemical reaction will be maximum.
d 2y
E = 5 (15 − 6) (4 # 36 − 48 # 6 + 90)
dx 2 x = 6 SOLUTION :
= 5 # 9 (− 54) =− 2430 We have y = kx (a − x)

= k 61 $ (a − x) + x (0 − 1)@
=−ve quantity dy

Thus y is maximum at x = 6 . One part is x = 6 and dx
= k (a − x − x) = k (a − 2x)
other part = 15 − 6 = 9
dy
For maxima or minima, =0
dx
EXAMPLE 3.34 k (a - 2x) = 0
Show that the area of a rectangle of given perimeter is a - 2x = 0
maximum, when the rectangle is a square.
x = a
2
6k 2 0@
2
SOLUTION : d y
Thus =− 2k 1 0
Let x and y be the sides of the rectangle. dx 2
Its perimeter is constant which is Thus y has maximum at x = a

2
p = 2x + 2y Hence, the rate of chemical reaction is maximum at
or y = 1 (p − 2x) x=a
2 2
Also area A = x # 1 (p − 2x) = 1 (px − 2x 2)

2 2
EXAMPLE 3.36
dA = 1 (p − 4x) A beam of length l is supported at one end, if w is the

dx 2
uniform load per unit length. The bending moment, M
For maxima or minima, dA = 0 at a distance x from the end is given by M = 12 lx − 12 wx 2
dx
1 . Find the point on the beam at which the bending
(p - 4x) = 0 moment has the maximum value.
2
p
p = 4x & x =
4 SOLUTION :
Also d 2 A = 2 , which is negative
dx 2 We have M = 1 lx − 1 wx 2
p 2 2
Thus area is maximum when x = ...(1)
4
p dM = 1 l − wx
Thus y = (p − 2x) = a p − 2 # k
1 1 Now
dx 2
2 2 4
p p d 2 M =− w =−ve quantity
= 1 a k = ...(2)
and
dx 2
2 2 4
From (1) and (2), we have x = y . For maxima or minima, dM = 0
Hence, the area of a rectangle of given perimeter is dx
1 l - wx = 0 S = 2prh + 2pr 2 = 2pr b 2156

pr 2 l
+ 2p r 2
2
x = l
2w = 4312 + 2πr 2

For x = l , we have r
2w
d 2 M =− w 1 0 dS = − 4312 + 4πr ...(1)
dx 2 dr r2
Hence, the beam has the maximum bending moment at For maxima or minima,
the point which is at a distance l from the end. dS = 0
2w
dr
− 4312 + 4πr = 0
EXAMPLE 3.37 r2
A straight line AB of length 8 cm is divided into two 4312 = 4πr

parts AP and PB by a point P . Find the position of P r2
if AP 2 + BP 2 is minimum.
r 3 = 4312 = 4312 # 7 = 73
4π 4 # 22
SOLUTION :
r = 7 cm
Let AP = x cm , then Again differentiating both sides of (1) wrt r , we have
BP = AB − AP = (8 − x) cm. d 2 S = 2 # 4312 4π = 8624 + 4π
#
AP 2 + BP 2 = x 2 + (8 − x) 2 = 2x 2 − 16x + 64 dr 2 r3 r3
c dr 2 m
Let y = 2x 2 − 16x + 64 d 2S = 8624 + 4π 2 0
Differentiate wrt x , we have r=7
7#7#7
dy Thus S is minimum when r = 7 cm . Hence for base
= 4x − 16
dx radius = 7 cm , the total surface area is minimum.
71
dy
= 0 EXAMPLE 3.39 SBTEB 2009
dx
A cylinder is such that sum of its height and the
4x - 16 = 0 or x = 4
circumference of its base is 10 metres. Find the greatest
d 2y
Now, = 4 which is always +ve volume of the cylinder.
dx 2
Thus y is minimum when x = 4 SOLUTION :
Hence AP 2 + BP 2 is minimum, when AP = PB = 4 cm
Suppose volume of cylinder is V and radius of base is r
P shall be placed at mid-point between A and B .
, then circumference of base is 2πr . If h is the height of
the cylinder, then
EXAMPLE 3.38 h + 2πr = 10
A closed right circular cylinder has a volume of 2156 cm3 h = 10 − 2πr ...(1)
. What will be the radius of its base so that its total V = πr 2 h
surface area is minimum? = pr 2 (10 − 2pr) [Using (1)]
Differentiating wrt r , we have
SOLUTION :
dV = 10p (2r) − 2p2 (3r 2)
Let r cm be the radius and h cm the height of cylinder. dr
Volume πr 2 h = 2156 cm3 dV = 20pr − 6p2 r 2
dr
h = 2156
πr 2 For volume to be maximum or minimum,
Let S be the total surface area of the cylinder
dV = 0 3 6x 2 - (64 - x) 2@ = 0
dr
x 2 − (4096 − 128x + x 2) = 0
20pr - 6p2 r 2 = 0 128x = 4096
2pr (10 - 3pr) = 0 4096 = 32

r = 0 or 128
10 - 3πr = 0 d 2 z = 6 (32) + 6 (64 − 32)

When x = 32
dx 2
i.e., r = 10 = 192 + 192 = 384 2 0
3π
Since r ! 0 , as it makes V = 0 Thus z is minimum when x = 32 . One part is x = 32
Thus r = 10 and other part = 64 − 32 = 32 .

3π
d 2 V = d dV
dr b dr l
Again,
dr 2 EXAMPLE 3.41
= d (20pr − 6p2 r 2) Show that the right circular cylinder of given surface and
dr
maximum volume is such that its height is equal to the
= 20p − 12p2 r diameter of the base.
c dr 2 m 10 = 20p − 12p 3p = 20p − 40p
Now, d 2V 2 10
r =b l
3π
SOLUTION :
=− 20π 1 0 Let the radius of the base of the cylinder be r and height
Hence V is maximum when r = 10 and maximum be h .
3π
volume is S = 2prh + 2pr 2
V = πr 2 h 2
or h = S − 2pr
2pr
= p b 10 l ;10 − 2p b 10 lE
2

3p 3p
V = πr 2 h = pr 2 b S − 2pr l
2
Volume,
2pr
= 100 b10 − 20 l = 100 # 10

9π 3 9π 3
= 1 (Sr − 2πr 3)

2
= 1000

27π
Thus dV = 1 (S − 6πr 2)
dr 2
EXAMPLE 3.40 For maximum or minimum, dV = 0
dr
Divide 64 into two parts such that the sum of the cubes
of two parts is minimum. S - 6πr 2 = 0
or r = S
SOLUTION : 6π
Let the two parts be x and 64 - x d 2 V = 1 (− 12πr) =− 6πr

dr 2 2
Let z = x 3 + (64 − x) 3
We have to find x when z is minimum. =− 6p S =− 6πS
-ive
6p
dz = 3x 2 − 3 (64 − x) 2
dx 2 2 2
Now h = S − 2pr = 6pr − 2pr
2pr 2pr
and d 2 z = 6x + 6 (64 − x)
dx 2 2
= 4pr = 2r

2pr
For maxima or minima, dz = 0
dx Thus height of the cylinder = diameter of the base.
3x 2 - 3 (64 - x) 2 = 0
EXAMPLE 3.42
πr 2 = p a x k
2
Area of circle
The total cost of producing x TV sets per day is 2p
< (x2 + 140x + 100) and the price per set at which they
and side of square = 28 − x metres
may be sold is < (200 - 2x). Find the daily output to 4
maximise the total profit. The workers employed for Area of square = a7 − x k
2

the production of TV sets are people from different 4
communities. What values are highlighted here? Let A represents their combined area.
A = p a x k + a7 − x k
2 2

SOLUTION : 2p 4
x −1
# a 2p k # 2p + 2 a7 − 4 kb 4 l
Let P denote the total profit when daily output is x TV dA = p 2 x 1
sets. dx
P = Selling Price of x TV sets = x − 1 a7 − x k

2π 2 4
- Cost Price of x TV sets
= (200 − 2x) x − (x2 + 140x + 100)
For maxima or minima, dA = 0
dx
=− 3x2 + 60x − 100 x − 7 + x = 0

Then, dP =− 6x + 60 2π 2 8
dx
x b 1 + 1 l = 7
Now, dP = 0 2π 8 2
dx
x b 4 + p l = 7
− 6x + 60 = 0 8p 2
x = 10
x = 7 # 8p = 28p

2 2 (4 + p) 4+p
Also, d P =− 6
dx2 d 2 A = 1 + 1 =+ve quantity

2π 8
73
dx 2
c dx2 m =− 6 < 0
d 2P
x = 10
Thus A is minimum. Combined area is minimum at
Hence, By second derivative test, P is maximum when x = 28p
4+p
x = 10
Hence, required daily output = 10 TV sets Thus the wire is to be cut at a distance of 28p from
4+p
The values highlighted here are national integrity, one end.
fraternity and team work.
EXAMPLE 3.44
EXAMPLE 3.43 The cost of fuel for running a bus is proportional to the
A wire of length 28 m is to be cut into two pieces, one of square of the speed generated in km/hr. It <48 per hour
the pieces is to be made into a square and the other into when the bus is moving at a speed of 20 km/hr. What is
a circle. Where should the wire be cut so that combined the most economical speed if the fixed charged are < 108
area is minimum? for an hour, over and above the running charges?
Let one piece of wire be x m. The other piece of wire Let the speed of the bus be v km/hr.
is (28 - x) m. Let x metres be made into a circle and Cost of fuel = kv 2
(28 - x) metres be made into a square. When v = 20 km/hr , Cost of fuel =<48
Thus 2πr = x Thus kv 2 = 48
or r = x k (20) 2 = 48
2π
k = 48 = 3 For maxima or minima of Z ,

400 25
dZ = 0
If distance to be converted in S km (fixed), then time dr
2
required to travel this distance 4π r = 18V3 = 2π2 r6 = 9V 2
2 3
r
= S hrs 2π r = 9 b 1 π2 r 4 h2 l
2 6
v 9
Cost of fuel = 3 v 2 2r 2 = h2
25
h = 2r
Cost of trip C = S # 3 v 2 + 108 # S 2
v 25 v Again, d Z2 is +ve. Hence, S is least when h = 2r
dr
= 3 Sv + 108S

25 v
EXAMPLE 3.46
dC = 3S − 108S
dv 25 v2 Prove that the area if a right angled triangle of given
dC = 0 hypotenuse is maximum when the triangle is isosceles.

dv
SOLUTION :
3S = 108S
25 v2 Let h be the hypotenuse of right angled triangle and
other two sides be x and y , respectively.
v 2 = 108 # 25 = 900
3 Area of triangle
v = 30 km/h A = 1 xy = 1 x h2 − x 2
2 2
Thus most economical speed is 30 km/hr.
Now, dA = 1 :1 $ h − x + x # 2 (h − x ) 2 # (− 2x)D
2 2 1 2 2 −1
dx 2
EXAMPLE 3.45 x2
= 1 = h2 − x 2 −
G
Show that the right circular cone of least curved surface 2 h2 − x 2
area and given volume has an altitude equal to 2 times h2 − x 2 − x 2 2 2
1 = h − 2x G
the radius of the base. = 1= G =
2 h2 − x 2 2 h2 − x 2
For maximum or minimum area, dA = 0
SOLUTION : dx
Let h be the altitude, r the radius of the base and l be h 2 - 2x 2 = 0
the slant height. 2
x 2 = h
Then 2
l = h + r 2 2
2
If V be the volume and S the lateral surface, then
x = h
V = 1 πr 2 h 2
3
h2 − x 2 (− 4x) − (h2 − 2x 2) # 1 # − 2x
h = 3V2 ...(1) 2 2 h2 − x 2
πr d A2 = 2 2
dx 2 (h − x )
where V is constant and
(h2 − x 2) (− 4x) + x (h2 − 2x 2)
S = πrl = πr h2 + r 2 = 3
2 (h2 − x 2) 2
= pr r 2 + 3V2 [Using (1)] 3 2
pr = 2x − 3xh 3
2
2 (h2 − x2) 2
Z = S 2 = p2 r 2 cr 2 + 9V
p2 r 4 m
Let
2E
d 2A 2x 3 − 6x 3 = − 4x 3 =− 2 =−ve
=
2 dx x = h 2
2 3
2 (2x 2 − x 2) 2 2x 3
= π2 r 4 + 9V2
2

r
Area is maximum, when x = h Thus, only possible value of x = 4

2 2
Now, d V2 = 24x − 192 , which is -ve for x = 4
dx
Thus y = h2 − x 2 = 2x 2 − x 2 = x 2 = x
Hence, the area of a right-angled triangle of given Hence, the volume of the box is max. When its height
hypotenuse is max. when the triangle is isosceles. x = 4 cm .
An open box is to be made out of a piece of cardboard If the sum of the lengths of the hypotenuse and a side
measuring 24 cm # 24 cm by cutting off equal squares of a right triangle is given, show that the area of the
from the corners and turning up the sides. Find the triangle is maximum, when the angle between them is
height of the box for maximum volume. 60c.
Suppose the side of the square cut off from the corner Let ABC be a right angled triangle. Let side BC be
= x cm x and hypotenuse AC be y . Let x + y = k , here k is
constant. Let θ be the angle between BC and AC .
75
If A is the area of TABC , then

A = 1 # x # y 2 − x 2 : T = 2 BC # ABD
1

2
Then, each side of the square box = (24 − 2x) cm A2 = 1 x 2 (y 2 − x 2)

4
Height of the box = x cm
If volume of the box = V , then = 1 x 2 6(k − x) 2 − x 2@

4
V = (24 − 2x) 2 # x
= (576 + 4x 2 − 96x) # x
Let Z = A2 = 1 x 2 (k 2 − 2kx)
4
= 4x 3 − 96x 2 + 576x ...(1)
dV = 12x 2 − 192x + 576 ...(2) = 1 (k 2 x 2 − 2kx 3)

4
dx
Now, dZ = 1 (2k 2 x − 6kx 2) = kx (k − 3x)
For maxima or minima, dV = 0 dx 4 2
dx
For maximum and minimum of Z ,
12x 2 − 192x + 576 = 0
dZ = 0
x 2 − 16x + 48 = 0 dx
3 6 @
(x - 12)(x - 4) = 0 kx (k - 3x) = 0 & 3x = k or x = k x ! 0

x = 12 or x = 4 2
x = 12 is not possible because if we cut off 12 cm from d 2 Z = k (k − 6x)
Again
each end of the cardboard, the whole of the cardboard dx 2 2
goes away is cutting.
2E
d 2Z = x (2h) + 1 πx 2
2
Thus = k (k − 2k) = − k 1 0
2
dx x = k 2 2
3
Thus Z is maximum when x = k and A maximum when = x (10 − 2x − px) + 1 px 2 Using (1)
3 2
k
x= .
3 = 10x − 2x 2 − 1 πx 2
y 2
Now, x = y = k − x
3 For maxima or minima, dA = 0
dx
= k − k = 2k
3 3
10 - 4x - πx = 0
From right TABC ,
i.e. x = 10
cos θ = BC = x π+4
AC y
k
From (1), 2h = 10 − (2 + π) x
cos θ = 3
= 1 = cos 60c
2k 2 2h = 10 − (2 + p) # 10
3 p+4
θ = 60c h = 10
Hence, the area of the triangle is maximum when the π+4
2
Again, d A =− 4 − π which is -ve
angle between them is 60c.
dx 2
Hence, A is maximum, when h = 10 m and
π+4
EXAMPLE 3.49 2x = 20 m .
π+4
A window is in the form of a rectangle surmounted by a
semi-circular opening. The total perimeter of the window
is 10 m. Find the dimensions of the window to admit EXAMPLE 3.50
maximum light through the whole opening. Show that of all the rectangles inscribed in a given circle,
the square has the maximum perimeter.
SOLUTION :
In the given figure, let AB = ED = h and AE = BD = 2x SOLUTION :
Let P denote the perimeter of the rectangle of length

x and breadth y , inscribed in a given circle of radius r .
P = 2 (x + y) ...(1)
Also, in right angled TABC , we have
x2 + y2 = (2r) 2
y = 4r2 − x2 ...(2)
Then the perimeter of the window is given by

2x + h + πx + h = 10
Putting value of y in (1), we get
2h = 10 − 2x − πx ...(1)
The area of the window is given by P = 2 (x + 4r2 − x2 )
dP = 2 1 − x
A = 2x # h + 1 πx 2
2
Then,
dx b 4r 2 − x 2 l
Now, dP = 0
dx
2 b1 - x
4r2 - x2 l
= 0
=
1 x
4r2 − x2
4r2 - x2 = x
4r 2 - x 2 = x 2
2x2 = 4r2 & x = 2r
d 2 P =− 2 > 4r − x (1) − (x) ^− h

2 2 x
Also, 4r2 − x2
H
dx2 4r 2 − x 2
A = xy ...(1)
(4r2 − x2) + x2
=− 2 >
H Now, Length of printed matter
(4r2 − x2) 3/2
= x−8
2
=− 2 8r 2 3/2
And breadth of printed matter
(4r − x )
= y−4
c dx2 m
d 2P 2
=− 2 8r 2 3/2 Hence Area of printed matter
(4r − 2r )
x= 2r
Z = (x − 8) (y − 4)
2
=− 82r 3/2
Also, Z = 72 [Given]
(2r )
(x - 8)(y - 4) = 72
=− 83/2 < 0 [since r > 0 ]
(2) r y = 72 + 4 ...(2)
x−8
Hence, By second derivative test, P is maximum when
x = 2r
77
A = x b 72 + 4 l = 72x + 4x
Putting x = 2 r in (2), we have x−8 x−8
y = 2 r = x dA = 72 [(x − 8) − x] + 4
Then,
So, P is maximum when x = y . Hence, of all the dx (x − 8) 2
rectangles inscribed in a given circle, the square has the
maximum perimeter. =− 576 2 + 4

(x − 8)
Now, dA = 0
dx
EXAMPLE 3.51
− 576 + 4 = 0
A poster is to contain 72 cm2 of printed matter with (x − 8) 2
borders of 4 cm each at the top and bottom and 2 cm
(x - 8) 2 = 144
on each side. Find the dimensions if the total area of the
poster is minimum. This poster is to be presented in a x - 8 = 12
debate competition on the topic SAY NO TO SMOKING. or x - 8 =− 12
Should smoking be banned? x = 20
or x =− 4
SOLUTION :
x = 20 [since x > 0 ]
Let A denote the total area of the poster of length x cm 2
and breadth y cm. Also, d A = 1152
dx2 (x − 8) 3
c dx2 m
d 2A = 11523 > 0
x = 20 (12)
Hence, By second derivative test, A is minimum when

x = 20
Putting x = 20 in (2), we get
y = 10
Hence, required dimensions of poster are 20 cm # 10 cm
Yes, smoking should be banned
Applied Mathematics
CBSE Class XI and XII Commerce Now, Length of sheet = x + 12 ...(2)
A Text Book by www.cbse.online 100
Based on New (Modified on 31st March 2021) And Breadth of sheet = y + 8 ...(3)
100
Syllabus Released By CBSE Hence, Area of sheet
For all Chapter Free PDF Whatsapp at 94140 63210 Z = bx + 12 lby + 8 l
100 100
Click Here To Buy Hard Copy Also, Z = 3 [Given]
2
bx + 12 lby + 8 l = 3
100 100 2
y + 8 = 3
EXAMPLE 3.52 sbteb 2008 100 2 ^x + 100
12
h
A sheet of paper for a poster is 32 m2 in area. The margins y = 75 − 8 ...(4)
50x + 6 100
at the top and the bottom are to be 6 cm wide and at
the sides are to be 4 cm wide. Find the dimensions of the Putting value of y in (1), we get
sheet so that the printed area is maximum. A = x b 75 − 8 l
o 50x + 6 100
The total area of a page is 32 m2 . The combined width
= 75x − 8x

of the margin at the bottom and the is 12 cm and at 50x + 6 100
the sides is 8 cm. What must be the dimensions of the dA = (50x + 6)(75) − (75x)(50) − 8
page in order that the area of the printed matter may be Then,
dx (50x + 6) 2 100
maximum?
=
450 − 8
(50x + 6) 2 100
SOLUTION :
Now, for maxima and minima
Let A denote printed area of length x m and breadth y dA = 0

m. dx
A = xy ...(1) 450 8
2 − 100 = 0
(50x + 6)
= (50x + 6) 2
5625
75 = 50x + 6 [since x > 0 ]
x = 69
50
Also, d 2 A =− 900 (50) =− 45000

dx2 (50x + 6) 3 (50x + 6) 3
dZ = 8r2 x − 4x3
c dx2 m
d 2A =− 45000 3 < 0 Then,
(69 + 6) dx
x = 69/50
Now, dZ = 0
Hence, By second derivative test, A is maximum when dx
8r2 x - 4x3 = 0
x = 69
50 4x (2r2 - x2) = 0
Putting x = 69 in (4), we have 4x ( 2 r + x) ( 2 r − x) = 0
50
x = 2 r [since x > 0 ]
We get y = 1 − 8 = 92
100 100 2
Also, d Z = 8r2 − 12x2
From (2) and (3), we get dx2
Length of sheet = 69 + 12 = 1.5
c dx2 m
50 100 d 2Z = 8r2 − 12 (2r2)
Breadth of sheet = 92 + 8 = 1
x= 2r
And
100 100 =− 16r2 < 0 [since r > 0 ]
Hence, By second derivative test, Z (= A2) is maximum
Hence, required dimensions of sheet are 1.5 m # 1 m when
x = 2r
EXAMPLE 3.53 So, A is maximum when x = 2r
Show that of all the rectangles inscribed in a given fixed Putting x = 2 r in (2),
circle, the square has maximum area. We get y = 2r = x
o So, A is maximum when x = y
Show that the rectangle of maximum area that can be Hence, of all the rectangles inscribed in a given circle,
inscribed in a circle is a square the square has maximum area.
SOLUTION :
Let A denote the area of the rectangle of length x and EXAMPLE 3.54
79
breadth y , inscribed in a given circle of radius r A rectangle is inscribed in a semicircle of radius R with
A = xy ...(1) one of its sides on the diameter of the semicircle. Find the
Also, in right angled TPQR , we have dimensions of the rectangle so that its area is maximum.
x2 + y2 = (2r) 2
SOLUTION :
y = 4r2 − x2 ...(2)
Let A denote the area of the rectangle of length x and
breadth y , inscribed in a semicircle of radius R with one
of its sides on the diameter of the semicircle.

A = x 4r2 − x2
A = xy ...(1)
A2 = x2 (4r2 − x2) Also, in right angled TMNO , we have
Putting A2 = Z , we get
a 2 k + y = R
x 2 2 2
Z = 4r2 x2 − x 4 2
y = R2 − x ...(2)
4

2
A = x R2 − x
4
A 2 = x 2 b R 2 − x l
2

4
Putting A2 = Z , we get
4
Z = R 2 x 2 − x
4
Then, dZ = 2R2 x − x3
dx S = 2pRH + 2pR2 ...(1)
Now, dZ = 0 Now, Volume of cylinder = 128π [Given]
dx
πR2 H = 128π
2R x - x3 = 0
2
x (2R2 - x2) = 0 H = 128 ...(2)

R2
x ( 2 R + x) ( 2 R − x) = 0 Putting value of H in (1), we get
S = 2pR b 128
R2 l
x = 2 R [since x > 0 ] + 2p R 2
2
Also, d Z = 2R2 − 3x2
dx2 = 256p + 2pR2
R
c dx2 m
d 2Z = 2R2 − 6R2 dS =− 256p + 4pR
Then,
x= 2R dR R2
=− 4R2 < 0 [since R > 0 ] Now, dS = 0
dR
Hence, By second derivative test Z (= A2) is maximum
when x = 2 R − 2562p + 4pR = 0
R
So, A is maximum when x = 2R
4πR = 2562π
Putting x = 2 in (2), we get R
3
2 R = 64 & R = 4
R2 − R = R
y = d 2 S = 512p + 4p
2 2 Also,
dR2 R3
Hence, length and breadth of the required rectangle are
c dR2 m
2 R and R respectively d 2S = 512p + 4p > 0
2 R=4
64
Hence, By second derivative test, S is minimum when
EXAMPLE 3.55 R = 4
A closed right circular cylinder has volume 128 π cm3 . Putting value of R in (2), we get H = 8 . Hence, required
What should be the radius of its base so that its total radius of base and height of cylinder are 4 cm and 8 cm
surface area may be minimum? respectively
SOLUTION :
EXAMPLE 3.56
Let S denote the total surface area of a closed right
circular cylinder of radius R and height H . A cylinder is such that the sum of its height and the
circumference of its base is 10 cm. Find the maximum
volume of the cylinder.
SOLUTION :
Let V denote the volume of the cylinder of radius R and

height H .
Let S denote the total surface area of a half cylinder of

radius R and height H
V = πR2 H ...(1)
Also, H + 2πR = 10 [Given] Then, S = 2RH + pRH + pR2
H = 10 − 2πR S = RH (2 + p) + pR2 ...(1)

Putting value of H in (1), we get Now, volume of half cylinder,
V = pR2 (10 − 2pR) ...(2) V = 1 πR 2 H

2
V = 10pR2 − 2p2 R3
dV = 20pR − 6p2 R3 H = 2V2 ...(2)
Then, πR
dR
Putting value of H in (1), we get
dV = 0
Now,
dR S = 2V (2 + p) + pR2
pR
20pR - 6p2 R2 = 0
2pR (10 - 3pR) = 0 Then, dS = − 2V (2 + p) + 2pR
dR pR 2
10 - 3πR = 0 [since R ! 0 ]
Now, dS = 0
R = 10 dR
3π
d 2 V = 20p − 12p2 R − 2V (2 + p)
+ 2pR = 0
81
Also, pR 2
dR2
2V (2 + p)
c dR2 m
d 2V = 20p − 12p2 b 10 l 2πR =
R = 10/3π
3p pR 2
= 20p − 40p =− 20π < 0 V (2 + p)
R 3 =
Hence, By second derivative test, V is maximum when p2
V (2 + p)
R = 10 R = 3
3π p2
Putting value of R in (2), we get d 2 S = 4V (2 + p) + 2p
Also,
V = p b 1002 lb10 − 20 l = 1000 dR2 pR 3
9p 3 27π
c dR2 m
d 2S = 4p + 2p = 6π > 0
Hence, maximum volume of cylinder = 1000 cm3
27π R = 3 V (2 + p)/p2
Hence, By second derivative test, S is minimum when
EXAMPLE 3.57
V (2 + p)
R = 3
p2
A given quantity of metal is to be cast into a half cylinder
with a rectangular base and semicircular ends. Show that V (2 + p)
Now, R = 3
the total surface area is minimum when the ratio of the p2
length of the cylinder to the diameter of its semicircular V (2 + p)
R 3 =
ends is π : (π + 2). p2
2 3
V = p R
SOLUTION : p+2
Putting value of V in (2), we get

c dx2 m
d 2V = π (0.36 − 0.72) =− 0.36π < 0
H = 2p2 R3 = 2pR
x = 0.12
2
pR (p + 2) p+2 Hence, By second derivative test, V is maximum when
or H = p x = 0.12
2R p+2 Putting value of x in (2), we get y = 0.06
H : 2R = p : p + 2 Hence, required dimensions of rectangle are
Hence, required ratio of length of cylinder and diameter 0.12 m # 0.06 m
of semicircular ends is π : (π + 2)
EXAMPLE 3.58 Show that the right circular cylinder, open at the top,
Find the dimensions of the rectangle of perimeter 0.36 m and of given surface area and maximum volume is such
which will sweep out a volume as large as possible when that its height is equal to the radius of the base.
revolved about one of its sides.
SOLUTION :
SOLUTION : Let V denote the volume of a cylinder of radius R and
Let V denote volume of the cylinder formed by revolving height H , which is open at the top.
a rectangle of length x and breadth y , about its breadth.
V = πR2 H ...(1)
V = πx2 y ...(1) Now, surface area of cylinder,
Now, perimeter of rectangle,
S = 2pRH + pR2
P = 2 (x + y) 2
Also, given that P = 0.36 H = S − pR ...(2)

2p R
2 (x + y) = 0.36 Putting value of H in (1), we get
y = 0.18 − x ...(2)
V = pR 2 b S − pR l
2

Putting value of y in (1), we get 2pR
V = πx2 (0.18 − x) = π (0.18x2 − x3) 3
= RS − πR

dV = π (0.36x − 3x2) 2 2
Then,
dx
Then, dV = S − 3πR2
dV = 0 dR 2 2
Now,
dx
Now, dV = 0
π (0.36x - 3x2) = 0 dR
3πx (0.12 - x) = 0 S - 3πR2 = 0

0.12 - x = 0 [since x ! 0 ] 2 2
x = 0.12 S = 3πR2
Also, d 2 V = π (0.36 − 6x) R = S
dx2 3π
d 2 V =− 3πR Ans : Local maximum value = 2 at x = 2

Also, 3
dR2 3 3
7. Find the difference between the greatest and least
c dR2 m
d 2V =− 3p S < 0
3p
R = S/3π values of the function f (x) = sin 2x − x on 9- p , p C.
[since S > 0 ] 2 2
Ans : π
Hence, By second derivative test, V is maximum when
R = S 8. Find two positive number x and y such that x + y = 6
3π and x2 y is as large as possible.
Now, R = S Ans : x = 4 , y = 2
3π
9. Divide the number 4 into two positive numbers such
S = 3πR2
that the sum of the square of one and the cube of
Putting value of S in (2), we get
the other is minimum.
2 2
H = 3pR − pR = R 8 4
Ans : ,
2pR 3 3
Hence, required height of the cylinder is equal to the 10. A line AB of length 9 cm is divided into two parts
radius of its base. AP and PB by a point P . Find the position of P if
AP2 + PB2 is minimum.
2 2
Ans : AP + PB is minimum when P is mid-point
of AB
exerc i s e 3. 2 11. A metal box with a square base and vertical sides
is to contain 1021cm3 . The material for the top and
1. Determine the absolute maximum and minimum of bottom costs < 5/cm2 and the material for the sides
each of the following functions in the stated domain. costs < 2.50/cm2 . Find the least cost of the box.
(i) f (x) = x + sin 2x , 60, 2π@ Ans : < 1920
(ii) f (x) = 2 cos 2x − cos 4x , 60, π@

83
12. A wire of length 25m is to be cut into two pieces

Ans : (i) Maximum value of f (x) is 2π and the such that one is bent into a circle and the other into
minimum value of f (x) is 0. (ii) Maximum a square. What should be the lengths of the two
value of f (x) is 32 and minimum value of f (x) pieces so that the combined area of the square and
is - 3 . the circle is minimum?
1 Ans :
25p , 100 metres
2. If f (x) = , then find its maximum value. p+4 π+4
4x2 + 2x + 1 4
Ans : 13. Suppose a manufacturer can sell x items per week at
3
a price p = (20 − 0.001x) rupees each when it costs
3. Find the maximum value of b 1 l .
x
x 1/e y = (5x + 200) rupees to produce x items. Determine

Ans : e
the number of items he should produce per week for
4. Find the maximum and minimum values of maximum profit.
f (x) = sec + logcos2 x , 0 < x < 2π Ans : 7500
Ans : Max. value at x = 0 is 1 Max. value at x = π
15. Of all the rectangles, each of which has perimeter
is - 1. Min. value at x = π is 2 (1 - log 2) 40 cm , find the one having maximum area. Also,
3
Min. value at x = 5π is 2 (1 - log 2) find that area.
3 2
Ans : Square with side 10 cm ; 100 cm
5. The function y = a log x + bx2 + x has extreme values
at x = 1 and x = 2 . Find a and b.
2 −1 20. Find the point on the curve y2 = 2x which is nearest
Ans : a =− , b =
3 6 to the point (1, - 4).
6. Find the local extremum values of the function Ans : (2, - 2)
f (x) = x 1 − x , x # 1.
21. Determine the points on the curve x2 = 4y which are we must have f l^x 0h = 0 and f l^x 0h < 0
nearest to the point (0, 5). (a) True (b) False
Ans : _2 3 , 3i and _- 2 3 , 3i
SOLUTION :
22. Find the maximum area of an isosceles triangle Correct option is (b).
y2 For a function y = f ^x h to have a point of minima at x 0
2
inscribed in the ellipse x + = 1 with its vertex
we must have f l^x 0h = 0 and f l^x 0h > 0
25 16
at one end of the major axis.
Ans : 15 3 sq. units
MCQ 3.2 SBTEJ 2013
23. An open box with a square base is to be made out
For y = f ^x h if
dy d2 y
of a given cardboard of area c2 square units. Show = 0 at x = p and > 0 at x = p ,
dx
then f ^p h is the ______
3
dx2
that the maximum volume of the box is c cubic
6 3 (a) Minimum value of f ^x h
(b) Maximum value of f ^x h
units.
24. An open tank with a square base and vertical sides (c) Neither minimum nor maximum value of f ^x h
is to be constructed from a metal sheet so as to hold (d) None of the above
a given quantity of water. Show that the cost of
material will be least when the length of the tank is SOLUTION :
half of the width. Correct option is (a).
For y = f ^x h if dx
2
dy
= 0 at x = p and ddxy > 0 at x = p , then
f ^p h is the minimum value of f ^x h.
2
25. Prove that the surface area of a closed cuboid with
square base and given volume is minimum when it is
a cube. MCQ 3.1 SBTEJ 2016
26. Show that the maximum volume of the cylinder If y = x3 exists, then the function has
which can be inscribed in a sphere of radius 5 3 cm (a) Minimum value
is 500π cm3 . (b) Maximum value
(c) Neither maximum nor minimum value
27. Show that the height of the cylinder of maximum (d) None of the above
volume that can be inscribed in a sphere of a radius
10 cm is 20 cm . SOLUTION :
3
28. Show that the curved surface of a right circular We have y = x 3
cylinder inscribed in a right circular cone is maximum yl = 3x2
when radius of its base is half that of the cone.
and ym = 6x
29. A window is in the form of a rectangle above which It can be easily seen that yl = 0 at x = 0 only. But at
there is a semi-circle. If perimeter of window is p cm x = 0 also y m = 0 . Therefore this function has neither
, show that the window will allow maximum possible maximum not minimum.
light only when the radius of the semi=circle is
p MCQ 3.2 SBTEJ 2017
cm .
A function y = f ^x h be defined in an interval â, b h and
π+4
take a point c , where a < c < b and f lâ h = 0 , f mâ h ! 0
and f m^c h < 0 then f ^c h has
(a) maximum value
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION (b) minimum value
(c) neither maximum nor minimum value
(d) None of the above
MCQ 3.1
For a function y = f ^x h to have a point of minima at x 0 SOLUTION :

Correct option is (c). Max value = a2 + b2 = 12 + 12 = 2

A function y = f ^x h be defined in an interval â, b h and
take a point c , where a < c < b and f l^c h = 0 , f m^c h ! 0 MCQ 3.6 SBTEB EVEN 2017
and f m^c h < 0 then f ^c h has maximum value.

Maximum value of b 1 l is
x
x
MCQ 3.3 SBTEJ 2015
(a) e (b) e1/e
be l
(c) ee (d) 1e
For y = x8 , if exist then the function has
(a) Minimum value
SOLUTION :
(b) Maximum value
(c) Neither maximum value nor minimum values
f (x) = b 1 l
x
x
f l (x) = b 1 l b log 1 − 1l
x
SOLUTION :
Correct option is (c). x x
y = x 8 Then f l (x) = 0 & log 1 = 1 & x = 1

x e
dy
= 8x7
dx MCQ 3.7 SBTEB ODD 2016
d2 y 6
If t2 + m2 = 1 then the maximum value (l + m) is
2 = 56x (a) 1 (b) 2
dx
dy d2 y (c) 1 (d) 2
= 0 at x = 0 only. But at x = 0 , 2 . 2
dx dx = 0
Thus there is neither maxima nor minima. SOLUTION :
MCQ 3.4 t2 + m2 $ lm

2
85
The real number which most exceeds its square is

(a) - 1 (b) 0 lm # 1

1 2
(c) (d) 1
2
(1 + m) 2 = l2 + m2 + 2lm = 1 + 2lm
SOLUTION : (1 + m) 2 # 1 + 1

l+m # 2

Let the number be x , then
y = x − x 2 MCQ 3.8 SBTEB 2015
dy The maximum value of y = 2x3 − 21x2 + 36x − 20 is

= 1 − 2x
dx
(a) - 128 (b) - 126
d2 y (c) - 120 (d) None of these
and =− 2 < 0
dx2
SOLUTION :
1 - 2x = 0 & x = 1 Correct option is (a)
2
MCQ 3.5 dy d2 y
= 6x2 − 42x + 36 and 2 = 12x − 42
SBTEB ODD 2017
dx dx
Maximum value of f (x) = sin x + cos x is dy
For max. or min. = 0
(a) 1 (b) 2 dx
(c) 1 (d) 2 6x2 − 42x + 36 = 0 & x = 1, 6
2
d2 y
SOLUTION : c m =− 30 (− x)
dx2 x = 1
Correct option is (d).
and
d2 y
c dx2 m = 392 (+ ve) f (x) = 2x + 18
x
x=6
Minimum value at x = 6 f l (x) = 2 − 182 = 0 & x = ! 3

x
= 2 # 63 − 21 # 62 + 36 # 6 − 20 =− 128
At x = 3 f m (x) = 363 > 0 ]
MCQ 3.9
x
The real number which most exceeds its cube is At x = 3 it is minimum and value is 12
(a) 1 (b) 1
MCQ 3.12
3 2
(c) 1 (d) None of these If the function f (x) = 2x3 − 9ax2 + 12a2 x + 1 where
2 a > 0 attains its maximum and minimum at p and q
SOLUTION : respectively such that p2 = q , then a =
Correct option is (a) (a) 3 (b) 1
Let the number be x , then (c) 2 (d) 1
2
f (x) = x − x3
SOLUTION :
f l (x) = 1 − 3x2
Correct option is (c)
and f m (x) =− 6x
We have f (x) = 2x3 − 9ax2 + 12a2 x + 1
Putting f l (x) = 0 we have x = ! 1 & f l (x) = 6x2 − 18ax + 12a2
3
and f m (x) = 12x − 18a
Now f mc 1 m < 0 . Hence x = 1
3 3 For maxima or minima
MCQ 3.10 SBTEB 2014 6x2 − 18ax + 12a2 = 0 & x = a , 2a
Maximum slope of the curve y =− x2 + 3x2 + 9x − 27 is Maxima at x = a and minima at x = 2a
(a) 32 (b) 0 p2 = q & a2 = 2a & a = 2 , 0
(c) 12 (d) 16
But a > 0 . Thus a = 2
SOLUTION : MCQ 3.13 SBTEB 2013

Correct option is (c)
dy Minimum value of x2 + 1 2 is at
m = =− 3x2 + 6x + 9 1+x
dx (a) x = 0 (b) x=1
dm =− 6x + 6 (c) x = 4 (d) x=3

dx
For maximum m , SOLUTION :
dm = 0 Correct option is (a)
dx
f l (x) = 2x − 2x
x = 1 (1 + x2) 2
Maximum value of m Now f l (x) = 0 & x = 0
=− 3 (1) + 6 (1) + 9 = 12

MCQ 3.14
MCQ 3.11 The maximum value of x1/x is
The minimum value of 2x + 3y , when xy = 6 is (a) 1 (b) e1/e
e
(a) 12 (b) 9
(c) e (d) 1
(c) 8 (d) 6 ee
Correct option is (a) Correct option is (b)
We have y = x1/x
or log y = 1 log x
x
Let log y = f (z)
1 − log x
Then f l (z) =
x2
For maxima or minima
f l (z) = 0
or 1 - log x = 0 & x = e
Now f m (e) =− 13 (− ve)
e
Thus maximum value of x1/x is e1/e
MCQ 3.15
If for a function f (x); f l (a) = 0 , f m (a) = 0 , f n (a) > 0

then x = a , f (x) is
(a) Minima (b) Maxima
(c) not at extreme (d) at extreme
SOLUTION :
Since f l (a) = 0 and f m (a) = 0 ; for maxima or minima
f n (a) should be = 0 . But here f n (a) > 0 . Hence at
x = a , f (x) will not have extreme
87
******
PAGE 88 Integration chapter 4
CHAPTER 4
I ntegration
4.1 Introduction
# f ^x hdx = F^x h + C
The development of Integral calculus arises out of the
efforts of solving the problems of the following types: Here, symbol # stands for integral sign, f ^x h dx
1. To find a function when its derivative is given. is the integration of f with respect to x , f ^x h is the
2. To find the area of the region bounded by the graph integrand, x is the variable of integration and dx is the
of a function under various conditions. element of integration or differential of x , where C ! R
The above-mentioned problems push to two forms and is called constant of integration or an arbitrary
of the integrals-indefinite and definite, which constitute constant.
together Integral calculus. Fundamental theorem of This shows that F ^x h and F ^x h + C are both
calculus connects indefinite and definite integrals. This integrals or anti-derivatives of the same function f ^x h.
makes the definite integral as a practical both for Science Thus, for infinite values of C, we get infinite integrals of
and Engineering. It is also used to solve various types of f ^x h. It means the anti-derivatives or integrals of f ^x h
problems of Economics, probability and finance. are not definite (unique) that’s why F ^x h is called the
indefinite integral of f ^x h.
From the above discussion, we can define the
Applied Mathematics integration as,
CBSE Class XI and XII Commerce The process of finding an indefinite integral of a function
A Text Book by www.cbse.online f is called integration of the function f .
For all Chapter Free PDF Whatsapp at 94140 63210 4.3 Geometrical Interpretation of
Indefinite Integral
Let us consider a function given by f ^x h = 2x .
We have, # f ^x hdx = # 2x dx = x2 + C ,
where C is an arbitrary constant. Let us see the graph

4.2 Integration of y = f ^x h dx or y = x2 + C . Clearly, y = x2 + C
#
represents a family of parabolas with its axis of symmetry
The process of finding function whose derivative is
along y -axis. For different values of C, we obtain different
given is called integration. It is an inverse process
members of the family of parabolas. For C = 0 , the curve
of differentiation.
Thus, a function F ^x h is called a anti-derivative or
y = x2 is a parabola having vertex (0, 0) and is drawn
an integral of f ^x h. If,
upward.
dx ^ h ^ h
d F x = f x
Thus d "F ^x h + C, = d F ^x h = f ^x h
dx dx
(Derivative of constant is zero )
dx ^ h ^ h
d #F x + C- = f x
Chapter 4 Integration PAGE 89
b. # #mf ^x h + nf ^x h- dx
1 2
= m # f ^x h dx + n # f ^x h dx
1 2
7. The constant can be taken outside the differentiation

as well as integral sign
i.e. d _mf _x ii = m d ^ f ^x hh and
dx dx
# mf ^x hdx =m # f ^x hdx
8. We talk of derivative at a point but we never talk of
integral at a point. We talk of integral of a function
Figure 4.1 over an interval on which the integral is defined.
9. When a polynomial function is differentiated, its
For C = 1, the curve y = x2 + 1 is a parabola having degree reduces by 1. When a polynomial function is
vertex (0, 1) and is drawn upwards. For C =− 1, the integrated, its degree increases by 1.
curve y = x2 − 1 is an upward parabola having vertex at 10. The derivative is used in finding the rate of change
^0, - 1h. Therefore, for each +ve value of C, we obtain a of one variable with respect to other whereas
parabola of the family having vertex on the +ve side of integration (particularly definite integral) is used to
y -axis and for negative values of C, we obtain a parabola find area enclosed by curves.
of the family having vertex on - ve side of y -axis figure. 11. Geometrically, derivative of a function at a point
Let x = a , a > 0 be a line parallel to y -axis which determines the slope of the tangent to the curve of
intersects the parabolas at P-2, P-1, P0, P1, P2, ... etc., as a function at the corresponding point. Integral of a
dy
shown in the figure. Then at these points dx = 2a , i.e., function represents a family of curves placed parallel
the slope of the tangents to the curve at these points to each other having parallel tangents at the points
are same. Thus, geometrically, the indefinite integral of of intersection of the curves of family with a line
a function represents a family of curves placed parallel parallel to the axis of dependent variable.
89
to each other having parallel tangents at the points of

intersection of the curves of family with a line parallel
to y -axis. 4.5 Basic rule of Indefinite Integration
It must be noted that similar interpretation hold
for x = a , where a < 0 . Rule 1: # n dx = nx + C, where n is a constant.
# âx + bh dx = ^n +âx1h+ ^baxh + bh + C,
n+1
n
Rule 2: d
4.4 Comparison Between dx
Differentiation and Integration where a , b and n are constants such that a ! 0 and
n !- 1.
1. Both the differentiation and integration are
operations on functions.
2. Differentiation and integration are processes inverse Rule 3: # âx + bh −1
dx =
log ax + b
dx âx + b h
d + C,
to each other.
where a and b are constants and a ! 0 .
3. Every function is not differentiable. Similarly, every
function is not integrable. eax + b + C ,
4. The derivative of a function, when it exists is unique, Rule 4: #e ax + b
dx =
dx ^
d
ax + bh
whereas the integral of a function is not unique. where a and b are constant and a ! 0 .
However, the different integrals of the same function
differ by a constant. nax + b
5. Both are processes involving limits.
Rule 5: #n ax + b
dx =
log n dxd âx + b h
+ C,
6. Both operates on functions linearly, as follows, i.e:
a. d #mf1 ^x h + nf2 ^x h- = m d f1 ^x h + n d f2 ^x h and where a , b and n are constants such that a ! 0 and
dx dx dx n ! ^0, 3h - " 1 ,
cos âx + b h #e
# sin âx + bhdx
2e
(iii) dx = e2e x + C
dx âx + b h
Rule 6: =− d + C,
where a and b are constants and a ! 0 . (iv) # ^sin 3hdx = ^sin 3hx + C
sin âx + b h
Rule 7: cos âx + b h dx = d
# dx âx + b h
+ C,
where a and b are constant and a ! 0 . 4.5.2 Rule 2
log sec âx + b h âx + b hn + 1

# tan âx + b h dx =
# âx + bh dx = ^n + 1h dxd âx + bh + C,
n
dx âx + b h
Rule 8: d + C,
where a , b and n are constants such that a ! 0 and
n !- 1.
log sin âx + b h
Rule 9: # cot âx + bhdx =
dx âx + b h
d + C,

EXAMPLE 4.2
Rule 10:
log sec âx + bh + tan âx + bh Evaluate the following integrals:
# sec âx + bhdx =
dx âx + b h
d + C, (i) # ^7 - 2x h dx (ii) # ^4x + 1h
5 −7/3
dx
(iii) # x dx
8
Rule 11:
log cosec âx + bh − cot âx + bh
# cosec âx + bhdx = dx âx + b h
d +C SOLUTION :
^7 − 2x h5 + 1
# ^7 - 2x h5 dx =
^5 + 1h dxd ^7 − 2x h
(i) +C
tan âx + b h ^7 − 2x h6
sec2 âx + b h dx = d ^6 h^− 2h
=
+C
Rule 12: # dx âx + b h
+ C,
where a and b are constants and a ! 0 . ^7 − 2x h6

=−
+C
12
4.5.1 Rule 1 ^4x + 3h− + 1
7
# ^4x + 3h
3
−7/3
dx = +C
_− 73 + 1i dxd ^4x + 3h
(ii)
# n dx = nx + C, where n is a constant.
^4x + 3h−4/3
= +C
_− 43 i^4 h

3 ^4x + 1h−4/3
EXAMPLE 4.1
=−
+C
16
Evaluate the following integrals: 7+1
(i) # 2 dx (ii) # ^- 5hdx

3
(iii) # x dx = ^7 +x1h
7
d
dx ^x h
+C
8
(iii) #e 2e
dx (iv) # ^sin 3hdx = x +C

8
SOLUTION :
4.5.3 Rule 3
(i) # 2 dx = 2 x + C
3 3
# âx + bhlog ax + b
d
−1
dx âx + b h
dx =
+ C,
(ii) # ^- 5hdx =− 5x + C where a and b are constants and a ! 0 .
It must be noted that we take modulus in the
argument of logarithmic function as the logarithmic

e7 − 5x e7 − 5x + C
function is defined for positive real numbers only. (ii) #e 7 - 5x
dx =
dx ^7 − 5x h
d + C =−
3
ex + C
EXAMPLE 4.3
(iii) # e dx =
x
d
^x h
dx
Evaluate the following integrals: = ex + C

(i) # ^3x - 2h -1
dx
4.5.5 Rule 5
1 dx
(ii) # 3 - 2x
nax + b
1 dx
#n ax + b
dx =
log n dxd âx + b h
+ C,
(iii) # x
where a , b and n are constants such that a ! 0 and
SOLUTION :
n ! ^0, 3h - " 1 , .
(i) # ^3x - 2h -1
dx =
log 3x − 2
dx ^3x − 1h
d +C
log 3x − 2 EXAMPLE 4.5:

=
+C
3
Evaluate the following integrals:
(ii) # 3 -1 2x dx = log^33−−22xxh + C
d
(i) #3 2x - 7
dx (ii) #4 5 - 6x
dx
dx
=−

log 3 − 2x
+C
(iii) # 2 dxx
2
SOLUTION :
(iii) # x1 dx = log_xxi + C = log x
d +C
32x − 7
dx
(i) #3 2x - 7
dx =
log 3 dxd ^2x − 7h
+C
91
4.5.4 Rule 4 2x − 7
= 3
+C
2 log 3
eax + b + C ,
#e ax + b
dx =
dx ^
ax + bh 45 − 6x
#4
d
5 - 6x
log 4 dxd ^5 − 6x h
(ii) dx = +C
where a and b are constant and a ! 0 .
5 − 6x
=− 4
+C
6 log 4
x
EXAMPLE 4.4 (iii) # 2 dx = log 22

x
d
dx ^x h
+C
Evaluate the following integrals: x

= 2 +C

(i) #e 2x + 5
dx log 2
(ii) #e 7 - 5x
dx
Applied Mathematics
(iii) # e dxx CBSE Class XI and XII Commerce
SOLUTION :
e2x + 5 + C
(i) #e 2x + 5
dx = d
dx ^2x + 5h
2x + 5 No Missing topic No Extra Topic
=e
+C
2 Click Here To Buy Hard Copy
Exercise 4.1 4.6 Properties of Indefinite Integral
PROPERTY I:
Evaluate the following Integrals :
Integration and differentiation are inverse processes
and f l^x h dx = f ^x h + C , where C is an arbitrary
#
constant.
# x dx
4
dx ^ h ^ h
1. d 7f x dx A = f x
Ans :
x5 + C
5
PROOF :
If F be any anti-derivative of f i.e.
2. #x -3/4
dx
dx ^ h ^ h
1/4
d 7F x A = f x
Ans : 4x + C
then # f ^x hdx = F^x h + C

3. # 3 dx
7
Ans : (37) x + C Thus d :

dx # f ^x hdx D = dxd 7F^x h + CA
= d 7F ^x hA + 0

dx
4. #e -9x
dx
= d 7F ^x hA = f ^x h

e−9x + C dx
Ans : −
9
Now, f l^x h = d 7f ^x hA
dx
5. #5 11x
dx Hence # f l^x hdx = f ^x h + C
511x + C where C is an arbitrary constant.
Ans :
11 log 5 The symbols dxd and # ...dx cancel each other when
dx is followed by # ...dx . But when # ...dx is followed by
d
d
dx , they do not cancel each other, because
6. #e 7 - 3x
dx
; _F ^x hiE dx = f ^x h dx = F ^x h + C .
# d
#
dx
Ans : − 1 e7 − 3x + C
3 PROPERTY II:
Two indefinite integrals with same derivative are
equivalent i.e. they lead to the same family of curves.
11. # 3 -1 2x dx
PROOF :
Ans : − 1 log 3 − 2x + C Let f and g are two functions such that
2
dx : ^ h D dx : ^ h D
d f x dx = d
# g x dx #
More solved question will be added in revised PDF
dx :
d
# f ^x hdx D - dxd : # g^x hdx D = 0
and Hard Book. Please whatsapp at 94140 63210

dx :
d
# f ^x hdx - # g^x hdx D = 0
for revised PDF or visit www.cbse.online
# f ^x hdx - # g^x hdx = C
where C is an arbitrary constant.
Thus the family of curves & # f ^x hdx + C ,

1 C1 ! R0 where x ! an odd multiple of π .
2
and & g ^x h dx + C 2, C 2 ! R 0 are identical.
#
PROPERTY V:
Hence # f ^x hdx and # g^x hdx are equivalent. # 7k f ^x h ! k f ^x h ! ... ! k f
1 1 2 2 n n ^x hA dx
PROPERTY III: = k1 # f ^x hdx ! k # f ^x hdx ! ... ! k # f

1 2 2 n n ^x h dx
The integral of the sum (difference) of two functions is
equal to the sum (difference) of their integrals. For example:
# 7f ^x h ! f ^x hAdx = # f ^x hdx ! # f ^x hdx
1 2 1 2 ^3x3 + 4x2 − 5x + 7h dx
#
PROOF :
= 3 x3 dx + 4
# # x dx − 5 # x dx + 7 # dx
2
From property I we have 4 3 2

= 3 $ x + 4 $ x − 5 $ x + 7x + C

4 3 2
dx : 1 ^ h
d f x ! f2 ^x hD dx = f1 ^x h ! f2 ^x h ...(1)
#
= 3 x 4 + 4 x 3 − 5 x 2 + 7x + C

4 3 2
d
Also dx : # f1 ^x h dx ! f2 ^x h dx D = dx
d
: # f1 ^x h dx D ! dx
d
: # f2 ^x h dx D
= f1 ^x h ! f2 ^x h ...(2)
From (1) and (2), EXAMPLE 4.6
# 7f ^x h ! f ^x hAdx = # f ^x hdx ! # f ^x hdx

1 2 1 2 Evaluate # cx n
+ nx + x + n − nn m dx
n x x
For example:
# ^x
! cos x h dx = x2 dx ! cos x dx
SOLUTION :
2
# #
= 1 x3 ! sin x + C
3
I = # cx n
+ nx + x + n − nn m dx
n x x
93
where C is an arbitrary constant. = xn dx +

# # n dx + # nx dx + # nx dx − # xn dx
x
n
PROPERTY IV: n+1 x

= x
+ n +1 # x dx + n # x1 dx − n # x −n
dx
The constant factor comes outside the integral sign. n + 1 log n n
For any real number k , n+1 x 2 −n + 1
= x + n + x + n log x − n x
# k f ^x hdx # f ^x hdx . ^− n + 1h
+C
=k n + 1 log n 2n
PROOF :
From property I we have EXAMPLE 4.7

dx :
d k f ^x h dx D = k f ^x h ...(1)
# Evaluate # ^x 3
+ x−3 + x − 5h dx
Also d : k f ^x h dx D = k d :
# # f ^x hdx D SOLUTION :
dx dx
= k f ^x h ...(2) Let I = # ^x 3
+ x−3 + x − 5h dx
From (1) and (2),
k f ^x h dx = k f ^x h dx
= x3 dx + x−3 dx +
# # # x dx − 5 # 1 dx
# #
For example: 4 −2 2
= x + x + x − 5x + C
4 ^− 2h 2

5 dx = 5
#
cos2 x
# sec x dx
2
4 2
= x − 1 2 + x − 5x + C

= 5 tan x + C
4 2x 2
EXAMPLE 4.8 - sin x dx

6. # 1 cos x 2
Evaluate # sec x ^sec x + tan x hdx Ans : tan x − sec x + C
SOLUTION :
6 log x
- e5 log x dx
Let I = # ^sec x + cosec 5x − e
2 2 9x
+e −7x
h dx 7. # ee 4 log x
- e3 log x
1 3
Ans : x + C
= sec2 x dx +
# # cosec 5x dx − # e
2 9x
dx + #e −7x
dx 3
9x −7x
= tan x − cot 5x − e + e
^− 7h
+C
5 9 sec x dx 2
9x −7x
8. # cosec x 2
= tan x − 1 cot 5x − e − e + C
tan x − x + C
5 9 7 Ans :
9. # a cot
sin x cos x k
x - tan x - 3 tan x dx 2
Exercise 4.2 Ans : − cosec x − sec x − 3 tan x + 3x + C

1
10. # 1 + cosec x
dx
1. # (ax 2
+ bx + c) dx Ans : sec x − tan x + x + C
Ans :
ax3 + bx2 + cx + C
3 2 2
11. # 1 +sincosx x dx
Ans : x − sin x + C
2. # c 2ax − b2 + 3c3 x2 m dx
x
4a x + b + 9c x 3 + C
5
Ans :
x 5 x
12. # coseccosec
x - cot x
dx
Ans : − cosec x − cot x + C

3. # (2x 2
− 3 sin x + 5 x ) dx
2 x3 + 3 cos x + 10 x3/2 + C
Ans :
3 3 4.7 Integration by Substitution
Some functions can be integrated directly by the

use of standard integrals while there exist some
4. # bx + 2ex − 1 l dx
3/2
x functions which cannot be integrated directly but can be
reduced to the standard integrals by proper substitution
2 5 x
Ans : x 2 + 2e − log x + C
5 i.e., by the introduction of a new variable. The method
of evaluating an integral by reducing it to standard form
by a substitution is called integration by substitution.
5. # (x + x ) 3 dx
Ans :
1 x 4 + 2 x 52 + 6 x 72 + x3 + C
4 5 7
A Special Form Step I:

If # f ^x hdx = F ^x h + C , then Choose a new variable y = g ^x h (where g ^x h is suitably
chosen).
F âx + b h
# f âx + bhdx =
a
+ C, a!0 Step II:
Determine the value of dx by using
= gl^x h
PROOF : dy

dx
Substituting ax + b = t , we have
i.e., dy = gl^x h dx
a dx = dt ( dx = 1 dt
a Step III:
Thus f âx + b h dx = f ^x h $ 1 dt = 1 f ^ t h dt
# # # Make the substitution in given integral to get a new
a a
integral in the variable y .
= 1 F^t h + C
a Step IV:
F âx + b h Integrate the new integral.
= +C a!0
a
Step V:
Hence, we have the following important rule:
Replace the value of y to get the value of given integral
If the integral of a function of x is known, then if x is in terms of x .
multiplied by a constant and to the product is added
another constant, the integral is of the same form but
it is divided by the coefficient of x .
EXAMPLE 4.9
Evaluate:
4.7.1 Selection of Proper Substitution log x 1 dx
There are no hard and fast rules for making suitable
(i) # x
dx (ii) # x log x
95
substitutions. It is the experience which guides us best

SOLUTION :
for the selection of a proper substitution. However, some
useful suggestions are given below:
1. If the integrand contains a t -ratio of f ^x h or logarithm
(i) Let I = # logx x dx
of f ^x h or an exponential function in which the index Substituting log x = y we have
is f ^x h, Put f ^x h = t . 1 = dy ( 1 dx = dy
2. If the integrand is a rational function of ex , put
x dx x
ex = t .
y2
3. 4. To evaluate # xn - 1 f ^xn h dx or# ^ h
1 f xn dx , put Thus I = # y dy =
2
+C
n
x
x =t
= 1 ^log x h2 + C
2
5. To evaluate F _x, ^αx + β h1/p i dx , p > 1, an integer,
# 1 dx
put ^αx + β h1/p = t .
(ii) Let I =
x log x #
This method involves the following steps: Substituting log x = y we have
1 = dy ( 1 dx = dy
x dx x
Thus I = 1 dy
#y
= log y + C = log log x + C

Evaluate: Evaluate #xe

2 x3
dx
1 log x2
(i) # x log x log log x
dx (ii) #
x
dx
SOLUTION :
SOLUTION : Let I = #xe 2 x3

dx
1 Substituting x3 = y we have
(i) Let I = # dx
x log x log log x x2 dx = 1 dy
3
Substituting log log x = y we have
I = 1 ey dy = 1 ey + C = 1 ex + C
# 3
Thus
1 b 1 l dx = dy 3 3 3
log x x
Thus I = # y1 dy EXAMPLE 4.13 2014
= log y + C
Evaluate:
#e #e
x
ex x ee x
(i) e dx (ii) ee ex dx
= log log log x + C

log x2
(ii) Let I = # x
dx SOLUTION :
Substituting log x2 = y we have (i) Let I = #e ex x

e dx
ex
1 dx = 1 dy Substituting e = y we have

x 2 x
ee ex dx = dy
Thus I = 1 # y dy Thus I = # 1 dy = y+C
2
x
= ee + C

= + C = 1 ^log x2h2 + C
y2

4 4
#e
x
ee x
(ii) Let I = ee ex dx
ex
Substituting ee = y we have
ex x
EXAMPLE 4.11 ee ee ex dx = dy
log `1 + x1 j # 1 dy ex
Thus I = = y + C = ee + C
Evaluate # x ^x + 1h
dx
SOLUTION :
EXAMPLE 4.14 2002
log `1 + j 1
Evaluate #7 7 7x x
77 7x dx
#
x
x ^x + 1h
Let I = dx
Substituting log b1 + 1 l = y we have SOLUTION :

x
#7
x
77 x
1 c− 1 m dx = dy ( 1 Let I = 77 7x dx
^1 + x h x x ^x + 1h
1 2 dx =− dy
7x
Substituting 77 = y we have
y2
I =− # y dy =− +C 77 77 7x ^log 7h3 dx = dy ( 77 77 7x dx = 1 dy
7x 7x
Thus
x x
2 ^ 7h3
log
=− 1 ;log b1 + 1 lE + C
2
1
2 x Thus I =
^log 7h3
# 1 dy
y
= +C
^log 7h3

# y1 dy
7x
7
= 7 3 +C Thus I =
^log 7h

= log y + C

= log x10 + 10x + C

EXAMPLE 4.15 2012
2x
− e−2x dx
Evaluate : # ee 2x
+ e−2x EXAMPLE 4.17 2003
_ 1+ x i
3 5
SOLUTION :
Evaluate : # x
dx
e2x − e−2x dx
Let I = # e2x + e−2x
SOLUTION :
Substituting e2x + e−2x = y we have
_ 1+ x i
5
^2e2x - 2e-2x h dx = dy
3
Let I = # x
dx
ê2x - e-2x h dx = 12 dy
Substituting 1 + x = y we have
Thus I = 1 # y1 dy 1 dx = dy ( 1 dx = 2 dy
2 2 x x
= 1 log y + C

2
Thus I = 2 #^ 3
y h dy = 2
5
#y 5/3
dy
= 1 log e2x + e−2x + C

= 2 b 3 l y8/3 + C

2 8
= 3 ^1 + x h + C
8/3

4
EXAMPLE 4.16
97
Evaluate:
9 x EXAMPLE 4.18
# 10x x+ +1010log 10 dx
x−1
+ ee − 1 dx (ii)
(i) #ee
^x + 1h^x + log x h2
x
+ xe 10 x
Evaluate : # x
dx
SOLUTION :
x−1 SOLUTION :
+ xe − 1 dx
(i) Let I = #ee
# ^x + 1h^xx+ log x h dx
x
+ xe 2
Let I =
Substituting ex + xe = y we have
êx + exe − 1h dx = dy ( êx − 1 + xe − 1h dx = e1 dy Substituting x + log x = y we have
b1 + x1 l dx = dy
Thus I = 1 # 1 dy
e y
or bx +
x l
1 dx = dy
= 1 log y + C

e
= 1 log ex + xe + C

Thus I = # y dy
2
e
y3 ^x + log x h3
10x9 + 10x log 10 = +C =
+C
(ii) Let I = # x10 + 10x
dx 3 3
Substituting x10 + 10x = y we have

^10x9 + 10x log 10h dx = dy
EXAMPLE 4.19
^xex + 1hêx + log x hn

4. # x + x1log x dx
Evaluate : # x
dx
Ans : log 1 + log x + C
SOLUTION :
^xex + 1hêx + log x hn − e−ax dx

ax
# ee
Let I = # x
dx 5.
+ e−ax
ax
Ans :
1 log eax + e−ax + C
Substituting ex + log x = y we have a
bex + x1 l dx = dy ( c xe x+ 1 m dx = dy
x

x
+ 1 dx
Thus I = # y dy
n 6. # ee x
+x
yn + 1 êx + log x hn + 1 Ans : log ex + x + C
^n + 1h ^n + 1h
=
+C = +C
4.8 Integration by Parts

Applied Mathematics In this section, we shall learn the method of
CBSE Class XI and XII Commerce integration by parts. This method is useful in
A Text Book by www.cbse.online integrating the product of functions.
Theorem
Let f ^x h and g ^x h be two continuously differentiable
For all Chapter Free PDF Whatsapp at 94140 63210 functions. Then,
No Missing topic No Extra Topic # f ^x h g^x hdx = f ^x h g ^x h dx −
# # :f l^x h # g^x hdx Ddx
PROOF :
Let u ^x h and v ^x h be two continuously differentiable
functions, then by product rule of differentiation, we
have
Exercise 4.3 dx ^ h ^ h ^ h ^ h ^ h ^ h
d 7u x v x A = u x vl x + ul x v x
Evaluate the Following Integrals : Integrating both sides w.r.t. x , we get
dx ^ h ^ h ^ h ^ h ^ h ^ h
d 7u x v x A dx = 7u x vl x + ul x v x A dx
# #
u ^x h v ^x h = # u ^x h vl^x h dx + # ul^x h v ^x h dx
x2 dx
1. # 1 + x3
1 log 1 + x3 + C
# u^x h vl^x hdx = u^x h v^x h − # ul^x h v^x hdx ...(1)
Let u ^x h = f ^x h and vl^x h = g ^x h. Then, ul^x h = f l^x h
Ans :
3
and v ^x h = g ^x h dx .
#
From (1), we have
#6
x
66 x
66 6x dx
# f ^x h g^x hdx = f ^x h # g^x hdx − # :f l^x h # g^x hdx Ddx
3.
Ans :
1 66 + C 6x
(log 6) 3 which proves the theorem.

Note
1. While integrating a product of two functions by = x eax + b − 1 eax + b dx
#
a a
the rule of integration by parts, the choice of the
order in which the two functions are to be taken is or I = x eax + b − 12 eax + b + C
a a
important. The following rule helps us in choosing
the first function:
If two functions are of different types, take EXAMPLE 4.21 2004
the first function to be the function when comes
first in the word ILATE where Evaluate : # x2 7x
dx
a. ‘I’ stand for the inverse circular function like SOLUTION :
sin-1 x , tan-1 x etc.
b. ‘L’ stands for the logarithmic function. Let I = # SS
x 2 dx 7x
c. ‘A’ stands for the algebraic function (like I II
polynomials). = x 27x dx −
# # ;dxd ^x h # 2 7x
dx E dx
d. ‘T’ stands for the trigonometric function.
= xc 2
7 log 2 m # ^1hc 7 2log 2 mdx
7x 7x
e. ‘E’ stands for exponential function.
−
2. In applying the rule of integration by parts, there
is no need to add constant of integration when 7x
we write the integral of the second function. The = x2 − 1

#2 7x
dx
7 log 2 7 log 2
constant of integration must be added in the final 7x 7x
I = x 2 − 2 +C
7 log 2 ^7 log 2h2
result. or
3. It is worth noticing that the rule of integration by
parts is not applicable to product of functions in
all cases. For example, this rule does not work for
EXAMPLE 4.22
# x cos x dx . Because there does not exist any
2004
99
function whose derivative is x cos x . Evaluate : #xm ax

dx
SOLUTION :
Let I = # SS
x m dx ax
I II
EXAMPLE 4.20
Evaluate: = x max dx −
# # ;dxd ^x h # m ax
dx E dx
(i) # xe x
dx (ii) # xe ax + b
dx
= xe m o− # ^1he a log o dx
ax ax
m
a log m m
SOLUTION : ax
= xm − 1
#m ax
dx
a log m a log m
(i) Let I = # SS
x e dx x
I II ax ax
I = x m − m +C
a log m â log m h2
or
= x ex dx − ; d ^x h ex dx E dx
# # #
dx
or I = xex − # ^1hê hdx x

= xex − ex + C
EXAMPLE 4.23 2013
(ii) Let I = # SS
x e dx ax + b
Evaluate : #xe 2 -7x
dx
I II
= x eax + b dx −
# # ;dxd ^x h # e ax + b
dx E dx
SOLUTION :
= xc e m − ^1 hc e
a m
ax + b ax + b

a
dx # I = # SS
2
x e dx−7x
I II
= x log x −
# 1 dx
=x e
2
# −7x
dx − # ; d ^x2h e−7x dx E dx# or I = x log x − x + C
dx
= x2 c e m − # ^2x hc e− 7 mdx
−7x −7x

−7
2
EXAMPLE 4.26
=− x e−7x + 2 # SS # ^log x h dx
−7x
x e dx
7 7 I II
Evaluate 2
=− x e−7x + 2 'x e−7x dx − # ;dxd ^x h # e dx E dx 1

2

7 7 # −7x SOLUTION :
I = # ^log x h dx
2
= ^log x h dx
# S1 S 2
=− x e−7x + 2 (x c e m − ^1 hc e− 7 m dx 2
2 −7x −7x

7 7 −7 # II I
2 = ^log x h
2
# 1 dx − # ; d ^log x h2 # 1 dxEdx
=− x e−7x − 2 xe−7x + 2
# e−7x dx dx
7 49 49
or
2
I =− x e−7x − 2 xe−7x − 2 e−7x + C
= ^log x h2 ^x h −
# 2^log
x
xh
^x h dx
7 49 343
= x ^log x h2 − 2
# S1 S
log x dx
II I
EXAMPLE 4.24 = x ^log x h2 − 2 'log x # 1 dx − # ;dxd ^log x h # 1 dxEdx 1

#x log âx h dx
= x ^log x h2 − 2 '^log x h^x h − # b x1 l^x hdx 1
n
Evaluate :

SOLUTION : = x ^log x h2 − 2x log x + 2

# 1 dx
x log âx h dx
#S I = x ^log x h2 − 2x log x + 2x + C
n
I =
S I II
or
= log âx h xn dx −
# # ;dxd 7log âx hA # x dxEdxn
= log âx hc x # c axa mc nx+ 1 mdx

n + 1m
n+1 n+1
−
log âx h − 1
n+1
= x # x dx
^n + 1h ^n + 1h
n
and Hard Books. Please whatsapp at 94140 63210
for revised PDF.
log âx h − x
n+1 n+1
= x
^n + 1h
+C
^n + 1h2

EXAMPLE 4.25
Evaluate : # log x dx Exercise 4.4

SOLUTION :
I = # log x dx = # S1 S
log x dx
II I 1. # xe 4x
dx
= log x
# 1 dx − # ; d ^log x h 1 dx E dx # 1 xe 4x − 1 e 4x + C
dx Ans :
4 16
= ^log x h^x h −
# b x1 l^x hdx
2. # x3 5x + 2
dx 11. # sin x log (cos x) dx
Ans :
x 35x + 2 − 35x + 2 + C Ans : cos x [1 − log (cos x)] + C
5 log 3 (5 log 3) 2
3. # x cos 5xdx 12. # (x + 1) e log (xe ) dx x x
1 1 cos 5x + C Ans : (xex ) [log (xex ) − 1] + C

Ans : x sin 5x +
5 25
4. # x cosec 9xdx 2
13. # (x 2
+ 1)log xdx
Ans : b l
x3 + x log x − x3 − x + C
1
Ans : − x cot 9x +
1 log sin 9x + C 3 9
9 81
5. # x log xdx
2 14. # x log (x + 1) dx
x3 log x − x3 + C Ans : (x + 1) :1 (x − 1) log (x + 1) − 1 (x + 1) + 1D + C
Ans : 2 4
3 9
6. # x log xdx
5
15. # x sin x dx
5 3
Ans :
1 [sin x3 − x3 cos x3] + C
1 6
Ans : x log x −
1 x6 + C 3
6 36
101
7. # x log 2xdx
16. #e x
dx
x
Ans : 2e ( x − 1) + C
Ans :
x2 log 2x − x2 + C
2 4
8. # x e dx
2 x Applied Mathematics
Ans : ex (x2 − 2x + 2) + C CBSE Class XI and XII Commerce
9. # x (log x) dx 2

x2 (log x) 2 − x2 log x + x2 + C
Ans :
2 2 4 No Missing topic No Extra Topic
10. # log xdx

10
Ans :
1 (x log x − x) + C
log 10 4.9 Integration using Partial Fraction
This method is useful in integrating the rational

algebraic functions. Before proceeding with the
method, let us first understand the following basic terms: 2x + 5 = A + B ...(2)

^x + 3h^x + 4h x + 3 x + 4
Substituting
1. Rational Algebraic Function : A function of the form
, where P ^x h and Q ^x h are polynomials in x and
P^x h
Q^x h 2x + 5 = A ^x + 4h + B ^x + 3h
Q ^x h ! 0 , is called a rational algebraic function or 2x + 5 = Ax + 4A + Bx + 3B
rational function. Comparing coefficients of x and constant terms on both
2. Proper Rational Function : If degree of P ^x h < sides, we get
degree of Q ^x h, then the rational function is called
2 = A + B, 5 = 4A + 3B
proper rational function.
3. Improper Rational Function : If degree of P ^x h $
Solving above equations, we get
degree of Q ^x h, then the rational function is called A =− 1, B=3
improper rational function. Substituting values of A and B in (2), we get
We have divided the method of integration of 2x + 5 =− 1 + 3 ...(3)
^x + 3h^x + 4h

rational functions using partial fractions into five x+3 x+4
types that we shall discuss one by one in the following From (1) and (3), we get
subsections. 1 dx + 3 1 dx
I =−
x+3 # x+4#
4.9.1 Partial Fractions of Type I =− log x + 3 + 3 log x + 4 + C

In this type, we shall consider proper rational functions
having denominators expressible as product of distinct
linear factors. EXAMPLE 4.28
In other words, we shall evaluate integrals of the
form , where P ^x h and Q ^x h satisfy the following:
Evaluate # x^x 1+ 1h dx
1. Degree of P ^x h < Degree of Q ^x h.
2. Q ^x h takes the form Q ^x h = ^x − a1h^x − a2h ... ^x − an h SOLUTION :
, where a1, a2, ..., an are all distinct constants,

We have the following working rule:
Let I = # x^x 1+ 1h dx ...(1)
Step I: 1 = A + B ...(2)
x ^x + 1h
Put
P ^x h x x+1
= A1 + A2 + ... + An ,
Q ^x h
Write
x − a1 x − a 2 x − an = A ^x + 1h + Bx
1
where A1, A2, ..., An are constants. 1 = Ax + A + Bx
Comparing coefficients of x and constant terms on both
Step II: sides, we get
Equate L.H.S. and R.H.S. to determine A1, A2, ..., An .
0 = A + B, 1=A
Step III: Solving above equations, we get A = 1 and B =− 1
Evaluate the given integral. Substituting values of A and B in (2), we get
1 = 1 − 1 ...(3)
x ^x + 1h

x x+1
From (1) and (3), we get
EXAMPLE 4.27
2x + 5 dx I = 1 dx −# 1 dx
#
Evaluate : #x 2
+ 7x + 12
x x+1
SOLUTION :
= log x − log x + 1 + C

2x + 5 dx
Let I = #x 2
+ 7x + 12
EXAMPLE 4.29
2x + 5
=

^x + 3h^x + 4h
#
dx ...(1)
Evaluate # ^x − 1h^x +1 1h^4x − 5h dx
SOLUTION : = 2B − 2D
6
Let I = # ^x − 1h^x +1 1h^4x − 5h dx ...(1) - 3 =− 4A
1 = A + B = D ...(2) A = 3 , B = 13 , D =− 11
^x − 1h^x + 1h^4x − 5h

x − 1 x + 1 4x − 5 4 8 8
1 = A ^x + 1h^4x − 5h + B ^x − 1h^4x − 5h + D ^x − 1h^x + 1h Substituting values of A, B and D in (2), we get
1 = 4Ax2 − Ax − 5A + 4Bx2 − 9Bx + 5B + Dx2 − D x2 + 6x − 3 = 3 + 13 − 11 ...(3)
x ^x − 2h^x + 2h 4x 8 ^x − 2h 8 ^x + 2h

Comparing coefficients of x2 , x and constant terms on
both sides, we get From (1) and (3), we get
= 4A + 4B + D ,
0 I = 3 1 dx + 13
# 1 dx − 11
# # x +1 2 dx
4 x 8 x−2 8
=− A − 9B
0
=− 5A + 5B − D
1 = 3 log x + 13 log x − 2 − 11 log x + 2 + C

4 8 8
Solving above equations, we get A =− 1 , B = 1 and
2 18
D = 16
9
EXAMPLE 4.31 2014
Substituting values of A, B and D in (2), we get
2x + 6
1 1 1 16 Evaluate: #x dx
^x − 1h^x + 1h^4x − 5h 2 ^x − 1h 18 ^x + 1h 9 ^4x − 5h
=− + + 3
+ 4x2 + x − 6
...(3)
SOLUTION :
2x + 6
I =− 1 #
2 x−1
1 dx + 1 1 dx + 16
18 x + 1 # 1 dx
9 4x − 5 # Let I = #x 3
+ 4x2 + x − 6
dx
2 ^x + 3h
=− 1 log x − 1 + 1 log x + 1 + 16 ; 1 log 4x − 5 E + C #
103
^x − 1h^x + 2h^x + 3h
2 18 9 4 =
dx
=− 1 log x − 1 + 1 log x + 1
2
#
^x − 1h^x + 2h
2 18 =
dx ...(1)
2 = A + B ...(2)
^x − 1h^x + 2h x − 1 x + 2
Put
EXAMPLE 4.30 = A ^x + 2h + B ^x − 1h
2
2
Evaluate : # x x+−6x4−x 3 dx
3
2 = Ax + 2A + Bx − B
sides, we get
SOLUTION :
0 = A + B, 2 = 2A − B
x2 + 6x − 3 dx
Let I = # x3 − 4x
A = 2 , B =− 2
x2 + 6x − 3 dx ...(1) 3 3
=

x ^x − 2h^x + 2h
#
Substituting values of A and B in (2), we get
2
Put x + 6x − 3 = A + B + D ...(2)
x ^x − 2h^x + 2h
2 2 2
^x − 1h^x + 2h 3 ]x − 1g 3 ^x + 2h
x x−2 x+2 = − ...(3)
x2 + 6x − 3 = A ^x − 2h^x + 2h + Bx ^x + 2h + Dx ^x − 2h From (1) and (3), we get

x2 + 6x − 3 = Ax2 − 4A + Bx2 + 2Bx + Dx2 − 2Dx I = 2 1 dx − 2 1 dx

3 x−1 #3 x+2 #
both sides, we get
= 2 log x − 1 − 2 log x + 2 + C

3 3
= A + B + D,
1
4.9.2 Partial Fractions of Type II I = 3 # x +1 2 dx − 7 # ^x +1 2h dx

2
In this type, we shall consider proper rational functions
having denominators expressible as product of linear = 3 log x + 2 +
7 +C
x+2
factors such that some of them are repeating.
In other words, we shall evaluate integrals of the
form # P^x h
Q^x h
dx where P ^x h and Q ^x h satisfy the following:
EXAMPLE 4.33
1. Degree of P ^x h < Degree of Q ^x h.
2. Q ^x h takes the form Evaluate : # ^x −32xh+^x1+ 2h dx
2
Q ^x h = ^x − a hk ^x − a1h^x − a2h ... ^x − an h where

a, a1, a2, ..., an are all distinct constants. SOLUTION :
Step I:
Let I = # ^x −32xh+^x1+ 2h dx ...(1)
2
Write 3x + 1 = A + B 2 + D ...(2)
^x − 2h ^x + 2h x − 2 ^x − 2h x + 2
Put 2
P _x i
= A1 + A2 + ... + Ak k + A1 + A2 + ... + An
l l l
Q _x i x − a _x − a i2 x − a1 x − a2 x − an
3x + 1 = A ^x − 2h^x + 2h + B ^x + 2h + D ^x − 2h2
_x − a i

where A1l, A2l, ..., Akl, A1, A2, ..., An are constants.
3x + 1 = Ax2 − 4A + Bx + 2B + Dx2 − 4Dx + 4D
Step II: Comparing coefficients of x2 , x and constant terms on
Equate L.H.S. and R.H.S. to determine both sides, we get
A1l, A2l, ..., Akl, A1, A2, ..., An .
= A + D,
0
Step III
= B − 4D ,
3
Evaluate the given integral.
1 =− 4A + 2B + 4D
Solving above equations, we get A = 5 , B = 7 and
16 4
D =− 5
16
EXAMPLE 4.32
Evaluate : # ^3xx+−21h dx
2
3x + 1 5 7 5
^x − 2h ^x + 2h 16 ^x − 2h 4 ^x − 2h 16 ^x + 2h
2 = = 2 − ...(3)
SOLUTION : From (1) and (3), we get
# ^3xx+−21h dx ...(1) I = 5 1 dx + 7
# 1 dx − 5
# 1 dx
#
4 ^x − 2h2
Let I =
2 16 x − 2 16 x + 2
3x − 1 = A + B ...(2) = 5 log x − 2 − 7 − 5 log x + 2 + C
4 ^x − 2h 16

^x + 2h2 x + 2 ^x + 2h2
Put 16
3x - 1 = A ^x + 2h + B
3x - 1 = Ax + 2A + B
EXAMPLE 4.34
2
sides, we get Evaluate : # ^x −x1h+^x1+ 3h dx
2
3 = A, − 1 = 2A + B
Solving above equations, we get SOLUTION :
A = 3 , B =− 7 2
Substituting values of A and B in (2), we get (iii) Let I = # ^x −x1h+^x1+ 3h dx ...(1)
2
3x − 1 = 3 − 7 ...(3)
^x + 2h ^x + 2h2
x2 + 1
2 x + 2 = A + B 2 + D ...(3)
^x − 1h ^x + 3h x − 1 ^x − 1h x + 3
Put 2
x2 + 1 = A ^x − 1h^x + 3h + B ^x + 3h + D ^x − 1h2
x 2 + 1 =− 12 log x − 6 + 29 log 2x + 1 + C

2 2 x 2
= Ax + 2Ax − 3A + Bx + 3B + Dx − 2Dx + D
both sides, we get
= A + D,
1 EXAMPLE 4.36
2
= 2A + B − 2D ,
0 Evaluate # 2xx ++23xx ++ x5 dx
3 2
=− 3A + 3B + D
1
Solving above equations, we get A = 3 , B = 1 , and SOLUTION :
8 2
D =5 2
8 Let I = # 2xx ++23xx ++ x5 dx
3 2
2
x2 + 1 3 1 5 I = # 2x^x++31xh +x 5 dx ...(1)
^x − 1h2 ^x + 3h 8 ^x − 1h 2 ^x − 1h2 8 ^x + 3h
= + + ...(3) 2
From (1) and (3), we get 2x2 + 3x + 5 = A + B + D ...(2)

^x + 1h2 x x + 1 ^x + 1h2 x
Put
I = 3 # 1 dx + 1 1 dx + 5
# 1 dx
#
2 ^x − 1h2 8 ^x + 3h

8 x−1 2x2 + 3x + 5 = A ^x + 1h x + Bx + D ^x + 1h2
= 3 log x − 1 − 1 + 5 log x + 3 + C 2x2 + 3x + 5 = Ax2 + Ax + Bx + Dx2 + 2Dx + D

2 ^x − 1h 8

8 Comparing coefficients of x2 , x and constant terms on
both sides, we get
= A + D,
2
EXAMPLE 4.35 = A + B + 2D ,
3
2
Evaluate : # x 5^x2x++61h dx
2
5 =D
Solving above equations, we get A =− 3 , B =− 4 and
105
D =5
SOLUTION :
2
Let I = # x 5^x2x++61h dx ...(1) 2x2 + 3x + 5 =− 3 − 4 + 5 ...(3)
^x + 1h2 x x + 1 ^x + 1h2 x
2
5x2 + 6 = A + B + D ...(2) From (1) and (3), we get

x ^2x + 1h
Put 2 x x 2 2x + 1
1 dx − 4 1 dx + 5 1 dx
I =− 3 # ^ 1h2
# #
5x2 + 6 = Ax ^2x + 1h + B ^2x + 1h + Dx2 x+1 x + x
5x2 + 6 = 2Ax2 + Ax + 2Bx + B + Dx2 =− 3

log x+1 + 4 + 5 log x + C
x+1
both sides, we get
= 2A + D ,
5 EXAMPLE 4.37 2015
= A + 2B ,
0 2
6 =B
Evaluate # x ^+x +5x1+h 1 dx3
Solving above equations, we get A =− 12 , B = 6 and SOLUTION :

D = 29 2
Substituting values of A, B and D in (2), we get Let I = # x ^+x +5x1+h 1 dx ...(1)
3
2
5x + 6 =− 12 + 6 + 29 ...(3)
x2 ^2x + 1h
x2 + 5x + 1 = A + B + D ...(2)
x x2 2x + 1 x + 1 ^x + 1h2 ^x + 1h3
^x + 1h3
Put
x2 + 5x + 1 = A ^x + 1h2 + B ^x + 1h + D
I =− 12 1 dx + 6 12 dx + 29
# #1 dx
#
x x 2x + 1 x2 + 5x + 1 = Ax2 + 2Ax + A + Bx + B + D
both sides, we get EXAMPLE 4.38

2
+ 5x + 2 dx
= A,
1 Evaluate : #x x+3
= 2A + B ,
5
SOLUTION :
1 = A+B+D
# ;^x + 2h − x +4 3Edx
2
+ 5x + 2 dx =
Solving above equations, we get Let I = #x x+3
A = 1, B = 3 , D =− 3
Substituting values of A, B and D in (2), we get = ^x + 2h dx − 4
# # x +1 3 dx
2
x 2 + 5x + 1 = 1 + 3 3 ...(3) I = x + 2x − 4 log x + 3 + C
2 −
^x + 1h ^x + 1h ^x + 1h3
or
3 x + 1 2
1 dx + 3 1 dx − 3 1 dx
I = #x+1 #
^x + 1h2
#
^x + 1h3 EXAMPLE 4.39
3 + 3 4 3 2
= log x + 1 −

x + 1 2 ^x + 1h2
+C Evaluate : # 2x x+^x7+x 2+h 6x dx
SOLUTION :
Applied Mathematics 4 3 2
CBSE Class XI and XII Commerce Let I = # 2x x+^x7+x 2+h 6x dx

A Text Book by www.cbse.online 3 2
Based on New (Modified on 31st March 2021) = 2x + 7x + 6x dx
#
x+2
= ^2x2 + 3x h dx
#
No Missing topic No Extra Topic or
3 2
I = 2x + 3x + C
Click Here To Buy Hard Copy 3 2
4.9.3 Partial Fractions of Type III EXAMPLE 4.40

In this type, we shall consider improper rational functions. ^x3 + 8h^x − 3h
In other words, we shall evaluate integrals of the form Evaluate : # x2 − 2x + 4
dx
# QP^^xx hh dx where P ^x h and Q ^x h satisfy the condition that
degree of P ^x h $ degree of Q ^x h. SOLUTION :
^x3 + 8h^x − 3h
Step I Let I = # x 2 − 2x + 4
dx
Divide P ^x h by Q ^x h and find quotient S ^x h and 4 2
remainder R ^x h. Then, = x − 23x + 8x − 24 dx

#
x − 2x + 4
P ^x h R ^x h
= S ^x h + = ^x2 − x − 6h dx #
Q ^x h Q ^x h
where degree of R ^x h < degree of Q ^x h. 3 2

or I = x − x − 6x + C
3 2
Step II
Write the given integral as follows
P ^x h R ^x h
# dx = S ^x h dx +
# # EXAMPLE 4.41
Q ^x h Q ^x h
dx
2
+ 3x + 5 dx
Hence, the given integral can be evaluated by evaluating
Evaluate : #x 3x + 2
the integrals on R.H.S., using any of the earlier methods. SOLUTION :
2 2
+ 3x + 5 dx = 1
Let I = #x 3x + 2 3 # x _+x +3x +i 5 dx x-1 = A + B ...(3)
2
^ h^ h x−3 x−2
3 Put
x - 3 x - 2
_ 319 i
= 1 >bx + 7 l +
Hdx# x - 1 = A ^x − 2h + B ^x − 3h
3 3 _x + 23 i
x - 1 = Ax − 2A + Bx − 3B
= 1 bx + 7 l dx + 31
# # 1 dx
3 3 27 _x + 23 i
sides, we get
I = 1 c x + 7x m + 31 log x + 2 + C
2
or = A + B,
1
3 2 3 27 3
- 1 =− 2A − 3B
Solving above equations, we get A = 2 and B =− 1
EXAMPLE 4.42 Substituting values of A and B in (3), we get
# ^^xx ++ 31hh^^xx ++ 24hh dx

x-1 = 2 − 1 ...(4)
^x - 3h^x - 2h x − 3 x − 2
Evaluate :

SOLUTION :
2 dx −
I 1 = # # x −1 2 dx
# ^^xx ++ 31hh^^xx ++ 24hh dx
x−3
Let I =
I1 = 2 log x − 3 − log x − 2 + C
x2 + 3x + 2 dx
=
# Substituting value of I1 in (1), we get
I = x + 5 62 log x − 3 − log x − 2 @ + C
x2 + 7x + 12

^− 4x − 10h
= <1 + 2
F dx #
x + 7x + 12
2x + 5 dx
or I = # 1 dx − 2 # x 2
+ 7x + 12
Applied Mathematics
107
or I = x − 2I1 ...(1)
2x + 5 dx CBSE Class XI and XII Commerce
Now, I 1 = 2 #
x + 7x + 12 A Text Book by www.cbse.online
Proceeding as in Example 1.47(i), we have Based on New (Modified on 31st March 2021)
I1 =− log x + 3 + 3 log x + 4 + C Syllabus Released By CBSE
Substituting value of I1 in (1), we get For all Chapter Free PDF Whatsapp at 94140 63210
I = x + 2 log x + 3 − 6 log x + 4 + C No Missing topic No Extra Topic
EXAMPLE 4.43 2007
x2 + 1 dx
Evaluate #x 2
− 5x + 6
SOLUTION :
x2 + 1 dx
Let I = #
Exercise 4.4
2
x − 5x + 6
^5x − 5h
= # <1 + 2 F dx
x − 5x + 6
x − 1 dx
= 1 dx + 5
# #
x 2 − 5x + 6
I = x + 5I1 ...(1)
or 1. # (x + 1)x(x + 2) dx
x − 1 dx
Now, I 1 = #
x 2 − 5x + 6 Ans : 2 log x + 2 − log x + 1 + C
I 1 = # ^x −x3−h^x1− 2h dx ...(2)
2x
2. #x 2
+ 3x + 2
dx 11. # x 2-x 1 dx
3
Ans : 4 log x + 2 − 2 log x + 1 + C Ans : 2 log x − 1 − 1 log x2 + x + 1 + 2 tan−1 c 2x + 1 m + C

3 3 3 32
3. # (x - 1) (x -x 2) (x - 3) dx 1
12. # (x 2
+ 1) (x2 + 4)
dx `
Ans :
1 log x − 1 − 2 log x − 2 + 3 log x − 3 + C
2 2 Ans :
1 tan−1 x − 1 tan−1 x + C
3 6 2
4. # (x +31x) −(x2+ 3) dx
# x (x 1+ 1) dx
2
13. 5
Ans :
11 log x + 1 + 5 − 11 log x + 3 + C
4 2 (x + 1) 4 Ans :
1 log x5 − 1 log x5 + 1 + C
5 5
3x + 5
5. #x 3
− x2 − x + 1
dx
1 1
Ans : log x + 1 − log x − 1 −
4 +C
2 2 x−1
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION
2
6. # x(x+−x1+) 1 dx 3 MCQ 4.1 2017, 2018
Ans : log x − 1 −
3 − 3 +C
The integration of # 5
x2 $ dx is
x − 1 2 (x − 1) 2
(a) 3 x7 + c (b) 5 7 x5 + c
3
7. #x x2 dx (c) 5 5 x7 + c (d) None of these

2
− 4x + 3 7
9 1
Ans : x + log x − 3 − log x − 1 + C
2 2 Ans (c) 5 5 x7 + c
7
SOLUTION :
3
8. # (x - 1)x(x - 3) dx We have I = # 5
x2 $ dx
x2 + 4x − 1 log x − 1 + 27 log x − 3 + C Here, 5 x2 = x2/5
Ans :
2 2 2
Hence, I = #x 2/5
$ dx
+1 2
= x2
5
x
9. # (x 2
+ 1) (x − 1)
dx
5 +1
+c
7/5
1 1 1
2 4
2
2
−1
Ans : log x − 1 − log x + 1 + tan x + C = x 7 + c = 5 x7/5 + c

5
7
MCQ 4.2 2016

x2 + x + 1 dx
10. #(x + 2) (x2 + 1) The value of
2
# ^1 3+x x h $ dx
6 is
Ans :
3 log x + 2 + 1 log x2 + 1 + 1 tan−1 x + C
5 5 5 (a) cot−1 x3 + c (b) tan−1 x3 + c
(c) sin−1 x3 + c (d) None of these
(b) tan−1 x3 + c
3 3
Ans (a) ex + c (b) 3ex + c
(c) 1 ex + c
3
(d) None of these
SOLUTION : 3
(c) 1 ex + c
3
Ans
2 3
We have I = # ^1 3+x x h $ dx 6
SOLUTION :
2
3x
=

^ h + ^x3h
1 2 #
2 $ dx ...(1)
We have I = #x 2
$ ex3 $ dx
Let, x3 = t ...(2) Let, u = x 3
Differentiating both sides Differentiating both side
3x2 dx = dt ...(3) du = 3x2 $ dx
From eq. (1), (2) and (3) The integration becomes
I = 1 $ dt
# I = 1 ex3 ^3x2 $ dx h #
]1g2 + ^ t h2
3
Now Using, # x dx = 1 tan −1

aa k + c
x = 1 e 4 $ du = 1 eu + c
#
2
+a a 2 3 3
Substituting the value of u
= 1 tan−1 b t l + c = tan−1 ^ t h + c

1 1 I = 1 e x + c
3
3
Put the value of t we have
I = tan−1 ^x3h + c MCQ 4.5 2015
MCQ 4.3 2016

Which one is equal to 3 x $ dx ? #
(a) 4 4 x3 + c (b) 3 4 x3 + c
# sec ^xlog x h $ dx
2 3 4
The value of is
(c) 4 3 x 4 + c (d) 3 3 x 4 + c
3 4
(a) log ^tan x h (b) tan ^log x h
109
3
(c) sin ^log x h
3 4
Ans (d) x +c
(d) None of these 4
Ans (b) tan ^log x h SOLUTION :
SOLUTION : # x $ dx
We have I = 3
sec2 ^log x h = # x $ dx
#
1/3
We have I = $ dx ...(1)
x
Substituting log x = t and then, differentiating both +1 1 4
= 1x + c = x4 + c
3 3

sides 3 +1 3
1 = dt
= 3 x 3 + c = 3 3 x4 + c
4

x dx 4 4
dx = dt n+1
x (Formula used: #x n
$ dx = x + c ; n !- 1)
n+1
Substituting above in eq (1) we have
MCQ 4.6 2013
I = # sec ^t h $ dt 2
= tan t + c
# 5e 4 logx
5
$ dx
Substituting the value of t we have (a) x5 (b) x

5
I = tan ^log x h + c (c) 5x 4 (d) 4x5
MCQ 4.4 2015

Ans (a) x5
The value of #x 2 3
$ ex $ dx is SOLUTION :
# 5 $ e $ dx
We have I = 4 logx Ans (c) tan x - x
= # 5$e 6n log ^m h = log ^m h@

logx 4 n SOLUTION :
$ dx
= # 5 $ x $ dx 6elogâ h = a@ # tan x $ dx 2
4 I =
4+1 5 = # ^sec x − 1h $ dx
2
8tan x = ^sec x − 1hB
2 2
= 5$ x
+ c = 5 x + c = x5 + c
4+1 5 = tan x − x + c

MCQ 4.7 2017
MCQ 4.10 2016
The anti-derivative of [sec q sec2 q] is
(a) − cot θ + c (b) − cosec θ + c #2 x+3
x+3
dx is
x
(c) 1 sec2 θ (d) None of these (a) 2 + c (b) 2
2 log 2 log 2
Ans (b) − cos ec θ + c (c) c (d) None

log 2
x+3
SOLUTION : Ans (a) 2 +c
log 2
We have I = # sec q sec q 2
SOLUTION :
=
sec q .d q
# We have I = #2 x+3
$ dx ...(1)
tan2 q
Let u = x + 3 then we have
1/ cos q
=

sin2 q/ cos2 q
.d q # du = dx
Substituting these values in Eq. (1)
= cos2 q .d q
# u x
sin q #2 u
$ du = 2 + c #a x
$ dx = a + c
log 2 log a
#
= cot q cosec qdq =− cos ec θ + C Put the value of u we have
x+3
MCQ 4.8 2017 I = 2 +c
log 2
2 3 4
The integral of 1 + x + x + x + x + ... is MCQ 4.11 2015
2 3 4
(a) e (b) ex - 1
x # sec xdx is
(c) ex + 1 (d) None of these (a) logcos x + c (b) log sec x + tan x + c
(c) logtan x + c (d) None
Ans (a) ex
Ans (b) log sec x + tan x + c
SOLUTION :
SOLUTION :
2 3 4
We have y = 1 + x + x + x + x + ...
2! 3! 4! We know that
or y = e x I = # sec âx + bh $ dx
I = # y : dx = ex : dx = ex + c log sec âx + b h + tan âx + b h
= +c
dx âx + b h
d
MCQ 4.9 2017
log sec x + tan x
#
The value of tan2 xdx is Hence, sec x = # ^ h
d x
+c
(a) tan x + x + c dx
(b) tan x = log sec x + tan x + c

(c) tan x - x
MCQ 4.12 2014

= sec2 xdx −
# # cosec xdx
2
# cosec x cot xdx is

= tan x − (− cot x) + c = tan x + cot x + c

(a) − cosec x + c (b) - cot x
(c) cosec x (d) None MCQ 4.15 2011
Ans (a) − cosec x + c tan −1
# e1 + xx dx 2 is equal to
SOLUTION : -1
(a) tan-1 x (b) e tan x
(c) sec-1 x (d) None of these
I = # cosec x cot xdx

-1
Ans (b) e tan x
=− cosec x + c =− cosec x + c
^ h
d x
dx SOLUTION :
MCQ 4.13 −1
e tan x dx
#
# ^x +x1h dx
2 We have I =
1 + x2
is equal to
Substituting tan-1 x = t , & 1 dx = dt we have
(a) 2 x5/2 + 3 x3/2 + x1/2 (b) 2 x5/2 + 4 x3/2 + 2x1/2 1 + x2
5 4 5 3
(c) 5 x5/2 + x1/2 + 1 (d) None of these
I = # e dt
t
= et + c = e tan
−1
x
+c
2
MCQ 4.16 2010
Ans (b) 2 x5/2 + 4 x3/2 + 2x1/2 dx
5 3 # x2 - a2
is equal to
SOLUTION :
(a) log e (x + x2 − a2 )
^x + 1h2
We have I = # dx (b) 1 x + log e (x + x2 − a2 )
111
x 2
= d x + 2x + 1 n dx
2
# (c) log 10 (x2 - x2 - a2 )
x
(d) None of these
= ^x3/2 + 2x1/2 + x−1/2h dx
# Ans (a) log e (x + x2 − a2 )
5/2 3/2 1/2
= x5 + 2 $ x3 + x1 + c
SOLUTION :
2 2 2
dx
= 2 x5/2 + 4 x3/2 + 2x1/2 + c

5 3
Let I = # x2 − a2
MCQ 4.14 2012 Substituting x = a sec θ we have
2 2
dx = a sec q tan qdq
# sinsinx x-cos
2
cos x dx
x 2 is equal to
I = a sec q tan qdq =
(a) tan x - cot x (b) tan x + cot x
Thus #a sec2 q − a2
2 # sec qdq
(c) sec2 x - cosec2 x (d) None of these or I = log e (sec q + tan q) + c
Ans (b) tan x + cot x = log (sec q +
sec2 q − 1) + c
= log c x + x2 − 1 m + c
2
SOLUTION :
a a
2 2
We have I = # sinsinx x−cos
2
cos x dx
x 2
= log c x + x − a m + c

2 2
a
= (sec2 x − cosec2 x) dx
# = log (x + x2 − a2 ) − log a + c

= log e (x + x2 − a2 ) + c

MCQ 4.17
# log 2x dx is equal to
(a) x log x - 1 (b) x log 2x + 1

(c) x log 2x - x (d) x log 2x + 2x
Ans (c) x log 2x - x
SOLUTION :
# log 2x dx = # log 2x $ 1dx

We have I =
= log 2x $ # dx − # ' 1 $ 2 # dx 1 dx

2x
= x log 2x − 1 $ xdx = x log 2x − x + c

#
x
MCQ 4.18
# tan xdx
3
is equal to
(a) tan + log (sin x) (b) tan x + log (tan x)
x
2 2
(c) tan2 x + log (cos x) (d) 1 tan2 x + log (cos x)
2 2
1
Ans (d) tan x + log (cos x)
2
2
SOLUTION :
# tan x dx
Let I = 3
= # tan x. (sec x − 1) dx
2
= tan x. sec2 x dx −
# # tan x dx
2
= tan x + log (cos x) + c

2
******
Chapter 5 Definite Integration PAGE 113
CHAPTER 5
De finite Integration
5.1 Introduction
y = dA
Let f be a continuous function defined on the closed dx
interval 6a, b@. Then, we denote the definite integral of f b
dA dx = AdA l b
on 6a, b@ as

a
# y dx = #
a dx 0
#
If x = a , then A = 0 and if x = b , then A = area EFGH
f ^x h dx ,
b
#
a = Al (say)
where a is called the lower limit of the integral and b is
# y dx = 5A? = Al = areaEFGH
b
Al
Then 0
called the upper limit of the integral. a
area EFGH = # y dx = # f ^x h dx
b b
a a
5.2 Geometrical Interpretation Geometrically, the value of the definite integral

Let EF represent the curve y = f ^x h as shown f ^x h dx
b
#
in Figure 2.1. Then, area EFGH represents the a
area bounded by the curve y = f ^x h, the x -axis and the represents the area bounded by the curve y = f ^x h,
ordinates x = a and x = b . the x -axis and the ordinates x = a and x = b . So, the
definite integral always has a unique value.
113
Applied Mathematics
Figure 5.1 Click Here To Buy Hard Copy
Let P ^x, y h and R ^x + ∆x, y + ∆y h be any two
neighbouring points on the curve. Draw PM and RN 5.3 Fundamental Theorem of Integral
perpendicular to x -axis. Let A and A + ∆A denote the Calculus
area EPMH and area ERNH respectively.
We now state an important theorem (without
Then, ∆A = Area PRNM proof) of integral calculus known as “Fundamental
Clearly, area PSNM # area PRNM # area QRNM Theorem of Integral Calculus’. This theorem acts
y ∆x # ∆A # ^y + ∆y h ∆x as a link between indefinite integration and definite
integration.
y # ∆A # ^y + ∆y h
∆x First Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus
Taking limit as ∆x " 0 , we get
Let f ^x h be a continuous function defined on the closed
y # dA # y ( ∆y " 0 , as ∆x " 0 )
dx
PAGE 114 Definite Integration chapter 5
interval 6a, b@. Let A ^x h be the area function defined as substitution relation between x and t .
A ^x h = f ^x h dx
3. If it is not possible to evaluate the given integral
#
x

a using above working rule, then we evaluate the
Then, Al^x h = d c # f ^x h dx m = f ^x h for all x ! 6a, b@. integral using the methods discussed in previous
x
dx a chapter.
This is First Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus.
Second Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus
Let f ^x h be a continuous function defined on the closed EXAMPLE 5.1 2018
interval 6a, b@. Let F ^x h be an anti-derivative of f . Then, Evaluate the following integrals:
^4x3 − 5x2 + 6x + 9h dx
3
# f ^x hdx = 6F^x h@
2

b
b
a = F ^b h − F â h (i) #2
x2 dx (ii) # 1
a
This is Second Fundamental Theorem of Integral SOLUTION :
x2 dx = ;x E = 9 − 8 = 19
Calculus. 3 3 3
(i) #
2 3 2 3 3
Application of Second Fundamental Theorem
^4x3 − 5x2 + 6x + 9h dx = ;x 4 − 53x + 3x2 + 9x E
2 3 2
In this section, we shall evaluate the definite integrals (ii) #1 1
directly by using the methods done in the previous
chapter. We have the following working rule: = ;16 − 40 + 12 + 18E − ;1 − 5 + 3 + 9E

3 3
Step I:
Evaluate the indefinite integral # f ^x hdx . = 64

3
Let # f ^x hdx = F^x h

[Here, F ^x h is anti-derivative of f ^x h] EXAMPLE 5.2
Step II: Evaluate the integral #

3 -x
e dx s:
0
By second fundamental theorem of integral calculus,
we have
SOLUTION :
# f ^x hdx = 7F^x hA = F ^b h − F â h
b
b

e dx = 7− e−xA3
a
#
3 -x
a
0
0
Note
= ;− 1x E = 0 − ^− 1h = 1
3

1. While evaluating f ^x h dx in Step I, there is no
# e 0
need to take the constant of integration C because if
we take # f ^x hdx = F ^x h + C , then
# f ^x hdx = 7F^x h + CA EXAMPLE 5.3

b
b
a
^x2 + 1h dx :
7
#
a
= 7F ^b h + CA − 7F â h + CA
Evaluate the integral
−7
= F ^b h − F â h
SOLUTION :
i.e., the constant of integration disappears while
^x2 + 1h dx = ;x3 + x E
evaluating the definite integral. 7 3 7
2. While evaluating the integral by substitution method,

#
−7 −7
suppose the original variable x is substituted by a
new variable t , then special care has to be taken = ; 343 + 7E − ;− 343 − 7E

3 3
while writing the new limits of integration. The
limits of the new variable t are simply the values of = 728

3
t corresponding to the original variable x . They can
be obtained by Substituting the limits of x in the
2x dx 1
Let I =
1 + x2
#
Applied Mathematics
0
2
Substituting 1 + x = y we have
2x dx = dy
Based on New (Modified on 31st March 2021) If x = 0 , then y = 1 and if x = 1, then y = 2 , thus we
Syllabus Released By CBSE have
2
1 dy
For all Chapter Free PDF Whatsapp at 94140 63210 I = #1 y
No Missing topic No Extra Topic = 6log y@12

Click Here To Buy Hard Copy = log 2 − 0 = log 2

EXAMPLE 5.7
EXAMPLE 5.4
2
1
Evaluate the integral
1
#e x
dx s:
Evaluate : #
1 x ^1 + log x h2
dx
-1
SOLUTION :
SOLUTION :
dx = 6ex@1−1 Substituting 1 + log x = y we have

1
#e x
-1
1 dx = dy
x
= e−1
If x = 1, then y = 1 and x = 2 , then y = 1 + log 2 , thus
e
we have
1 + log 2
1 dy
EXAMPLE 5.5 I = # y2
115
1
9
x
Evaluate : # ^30 - x3/2h
2 dx = <− 1 F

1 + log 2
4 y 1
1 + log 2 ^ h
=−
1 − −1
SOLUTION :
9
x
Let I = # 4 ^30 − x3/2h
2 dx =

log 2
1 + log 2
Substituting 30 - x3/2 = y we have
- 3 x1/2 dx = dy ( x dx =− 2 dy EXAMPLE 5.8
2 3
2
If x = 4 , then y = 22 and if x = 9 , then y = 3 , thus we Evaluate : #
0
x 2 - x dx
get
I =− 2
3
1 dy =− 2 <− 1 F3 SOLUTION :
Thus
3 22 y2 3 y 22 # 2
=− 2 ;− 1 − b− 1 lE = 19
Let I = #0
x 2 − x dx
3 3 22 99
Substituting 2 - x = y we have
2 - x = y 2
EXAMPLE 5.6 or x = 2 − y2 ( dx =− 2y dy
1
2x dx If x = 0 , then y = 2 and if x = 2 , then y = 0 , thus we
Evaluate : # 0 1 + x2 have
SOLUTION :
^2 − y2h^y h y dy
0
I =− 2 # 2
2
I = # y1/2 dy
=− 2 ^2y − y h dy
0
# 2
2 4 0
2
=;
3 E0
2y3/2

=− 2 ; − E
2y3 y5 0

3 5 2
= 2 7y3/2A0
2

3
=− 2 <^0 − 0h − c 4 2 − 4 2 mF

3 5 = 2 62 2 − 0@

3
or I = 16 2
15 or I = 4 2
3
EXAMPLE 5.9 2019 EXAMPLE 5.11 2012
# x^1 - x h dx
1 2
6x + 3 dx
Evaluate :
0
n
Evaluate : #
0 x2 + 4
SOLUTION :
SOLUTION :
2
6x + 3 dx
Let I = # x^1 − x h dx
1
n Let I = #
0 x2 + 4
0
2
x dx + 3 2
1 dx
Substituting 1 - x = y we have =6
2
0 x +4
# #
0 x2 + 4
x = 1 − y ( dx =− dy or I = 6I1 + 3I2 ...(1)
If x = 0 , then y = 1 and if x = 1, then y = 0 , thus we 2
x dx
have
Now, I 1 = 2
0 x +4
#
# ^1 − y h^y hdy
I =−
0
n Substituting x2 + 4 = y we have x dx = 1 dy
2
1
If x = 0 , then y = 4 and if x = 2 , then y = 8 , we get
=− # ^y − y h dy
0
n n+1

27 A4
I 1 = 1
8
1 dy = 1 log y 8
yn + 1 yn + 2 0
1

2 4 y #
=−<
n + 1 n + 2F1
−
= 1 7log 8 − log 4A = 1 log 2
=−;^0 − 0h − c 1 − 1 mE
2 2

n+1 n+2 2
1 dx = 2
1
Now, I 2 = # 0 x + ^2 h
2 dx #
I = 1 − 1
2
0 x +4
2
or
n+1 n+2
= :1 tan−1 x D = π − 0
2

2 2 0 8
or I = π
EXAMPLE 5.10 2010 8
1
Substituting values of I1 and I2 in (1), we get
Evaluate : #
−1
5x 4 x5 + 1 dx
I = 3 log 2 + 3π
8
SOLUTION :
1
Let I = # 5x 4 x5 + 1 dx
−1
Applied Mathematics
Substituting x5 + 1 = y we have
5x 4 dx = dy A Text Book by www.cbse.online
If x =− 1, then y = 0 and if x = 1, then y = 2 , thus we Based on New (Modified on 31st March 2021)
get Syllabus Released By CBSE

x = A ^x + 2h + B ^x + 1h
or x = Ax + 2A + Bx + B
Click Here To Buy Hard Copy Comparing coefficients of x and constant terms on both
sides, we get
= A + B,
1
0 = 2A + B
EXAMPLE 5.12 2018 2014
Solving above equations, we get A =− 1 and B = 2
2
1
Evaluate: #
0 4 + x − x2
dx Substituting values of A and B in (2), we get
x =− 1 + 2 ...(3)
^x + 1h^x + 2h

x+1 x+2
SOLUTION :
2
1
Let I = # 4 + x − x2
dx
I =−
2
1 dx + 2
# #
2
1 dx
0
1 x + 1 1 x+2
1 2
=−

0 x 2
− x−4
dx # =−7log x + 1 A1 + 2 7log x + 2 A1

2 2
1 2 =−6log 3 − log 2@ + 2 6log 4 − log 3@

=−

0 _x − 2 i − 4 − 4
1 2 1
dx # or I =− 3 log 3 + log 2 + 2 log 4
1 2
=− #
0 _x − 1 i − _ 17 i
2 2 dx
2 2
EXAMPLE 5.14 2016
Substituting x - 1 = y we have
2 3
1
dx = dy Evaluate : #
1 x ^x + 1h
2 dx
If x = 0 , then y =− 1 and if x = 2 , then y = 3 , we have SOLUTION :

117
2 2
3
1
I =− #
3/2
1 dx
Let I = # x2 ^x + 1h
dx ...(1)
y −_ 2 i
1
−1/2
2 17 2
Substituting 2 1 = A + B2 + D
x ^x + 1h
3/2
=−> H
1 log y −
17
2
x x x+1
2 _ 217 i
...(2)
y+ 17
2 −1/2
= Ax ^x + 1h + B ^x + 1h + Dx2
3/2
=− 1 >log H
2y − 17 1

17 2y + 17 −1/2 1 = Ax2 + Ax + Bx + B + Dx2
=− 1 >log 3 − 17 − log − 1 − 17 H

17 3 + 17 − 1 + 17 both sides, we get
0 = A + D, 0 = A + B, 1=B
or I =− 1 >log 3 − 17 − log 1 + 17 H Solving above equations, we get A =− 1, B = 1 and
17 3 + 17 1 − 17
D=1
EXAMPLE 5.13 1 =− 1 + 12 + 1 ...(3)
x2 ^x + 1h

2
x x x x+1
Evaluate : #1 ^x + 1h^x + 2h
dx
SOLUTION : 3
1 dx + 3
1 dx + 3
1 dx
I =− #
1 x #1 x2
#
1 x+1
2
x
Let I = # ^ + h^x + 2h
dx ...(1)
=−7log x A1 + ;− 1 E + 7log x + 1 A1
1 x 1 3 3
3
Substituting
x 1
x = A + B ...(2)
^x + 1h^x + 2h x + 1 x + 2 =−6log 3 − 0@ + ;− 1 − ^− 1hE + 6log 4 − log 2@

3
Substituting x + 1 = y we have
x
=− log 3 + 2 + log 4 − log 2
3
c1 - 12 m dx = dy
or I = 2 + log 2 x
3 3
If x = 0 , then y = 3 and if x = 1, then y = 2 , thus we
get
EXAMPLE 5.15 2007
2
1 dy =−<− 1 F2
1 2
x − 1 dx I =− #
Evaluate : #
0 x 4 + x2 + 1
3 y2 y 3
SOLUTION : =−:− 1 − 0D = 1

2 2
1
x2 − 1 dx
Let I = #
0 x 4 + x2 + 1
EXAMPLE 5.17 2014
_1 − x1 i
^x - x3h
1
= # 2
2
1/3
1 dx
1
0 x +1+ x 2 Evaluate : # x4
dx
_1 − x1 i
1/3
1
= #
0 ^x + x h − 1
1 2
dx
2
SOLUTION :
[On dividing numerator and denominator by x2 ] ^x − x3h

1/3
1
Let I = # dx
Substituting x + 1 = y we have 1/3 x4
x
8x3 ` x −x x jB
3 1/3
c1 - 12 m dx = dy
1
= #
3
dx
x 2 1/3 x4
2
1 dy = =1 log y − 1 G
I = 2
3 y −1
# 2 y+1 3 x _ x1 − 1i 1
1/3
2
=

1/3 x4
dx # 2
= >1 log H
1− 1
y

2 1+ 3 1
1 c 1 − 1m1/3 dx
#
1
y =

1/3 x
3
x2
= 1 log 1 − 0
2 3 Substituting 12 - 1 = y we have
x
or I = 1 log 1
2 3 1 dx =− 1 dy

x3 2
If x = 1 , then y = 8 , and if x = 1, then y = 0 , thus we

3
EXAMPLE 5.16 have
1
1 − x2 dx
# y1/3 dy =− 1 ;
0
2 4 E8
3y 4/3
I =− 1
0
^x2 + 1h
Evaluate :
0
2
2 #
8
SOLUTION :
or I =− 1 60 − 12@ = 6
1 2
1 − x dx 2
Let I = #
0 ^x2 + 1h
2
1
x2 − 1 dx
=− 4 2
0 x + 2x + 1
# EXAMPLE 5.18 2006
Dividing numerator and denominator by x2 we have
;x1 - 1 2 E e2x dx
2
1 1− 1
Evaluate : # 2x
#
1
I =− 2
x2
dx
0 x + 2 + x1 2 SOLUTION :
;x1 − 1 2 E e2x dx
1 − x1 2
#
1
=−

0 ^x + x h
1 2
dx # 2
Let I =
1 2x
c− 1 2 m e2x dx
1
1 e2x dx +
#
2 2
=

x S # # 2. xex2 dx
1
S
I
II 1 2x 0
2 Ans :
e-1
= > 1 e e oH − e − 12 oe e2 o dx + e − 1 2 o e2x dx
2x 2 2x 2

x 2 #
1 x
#
1 2x
2
1
I = ;e E
2x 2
or 2
2x 1 3. #0
x x + 2 dx
4 2
= e −e
Ans :
16 (2 + 2)
4 2 15
1
EXAMPLE 5.19 2014 4. #0
x
xe dx
1
1
Evaluate : #
0 1+x − x
dx Ans : 1
SOLUTION :
1
1
Let I = #
0 1+x − x
dx 5. #
π/2
x2 sin 2xdx
0
^ 1+x + xh
1 π2 - 1
=

0 ^ 1+x −
#
x h^ 1 + x + x h
dx Ans :
8 2
^ 1 + x + x h dx
1
=
#
0 3
1 dx
2 ^1 + x h 3/2 1
6. # x 2
-1
=< + 2x F
3/2 2
1 3
3 3 0 Ans : log
2 2
119
= c 2 + 2 m − b 2 + 0l
5/2

3 3 3
]2g5/2 2x + 3 dx
1
or I =
3
7. # 2
0 5x + 1
1
Ans : log 6 +
3 tan−1 5
5 5
2
5x2
for revised PDF or visit www.cbse.online 8. # 2
1 x + 4x + 3
dx
5 3 45 log 5
Ans : 5 + log −
2 2 2 4
Exercise 5.1 2x dx
1
9. #0 1+x
4
Ans :
π
Evaluate the following Integrals : 4
π/2
#
p/4
1. # cosec xdx
p/6
10.
0
sin2 xdx
2 -1 Ans :
π
Ans : log 4
2- 3
# f ^x hdx . Substituting x
π/2 b
11. #
0
cos x sin3 xdx Consider the integral
a
= t we
have
Ans :
8
21 dx = dt
If x = a , then t = a and if x = b , then t = b , the we have
# f ^x hdx # f ^t hdt
b b
π/6 Then, = This proves property 1.
12. # cos x cos 2xdx
0
a
PROPERTY 2:
a
5
# f ^x hdx =− # f ^x h dx
b a
Ans :
12
a b
# f ^x h dx = 0
a
In particular,
1
# -1 a
13. tan xdx
0
Ans :
π - 1 log 2 PROOF :
4 2 Let F ^x h be an anti-derivative of f ^x h.
# f ^x hdx = 7F^x hA = F ^b h − F â h
b
b
Then, a
−1 a
tan x dx
1
14. #
# f ^x h dx =−7F ^x hAba
a
1 + x2
0 and -
π2 b
=− #F â h − F ^b h- = F ^b h − F â h
Ans :
32
# f ^x hdx =− # f ^x h dx
b a
Hence,
a b
tan-1 b 2x 2 l dx
1
15.
0
# 1-x In particular, taking b = a ,we get
# f ^x h dx =− # f ^x h dx
a a
Ans :
π - log 2
2 a a
# f ^x h dx = 0
a
2
a
#
a
(3x2 + 2x + 1) dx = 11, then find the value
f ^x h dx = 0
16
#
a
1 This prove Property 2.
of a . a
Ans : 2
5.4 Evaluation of Definite Integral EXAMPLE 5.20 2004

Using Properties
x
#
a
Evaluate : dx
In this section, we shall study some fundamental -a a2 - x2
properties of definite integrals which are a very SOLUTION :
useful tool for evaluating the definite integrals.
x
#
a
Let I = dx
−a a − x2
2
5.4.1 Properties 1 and 2

Substituting a2 - x2 = y we have
PROPERTY 1: x
dx =− dy
# f ^x hdx = # f ^t hdt a - x2
b b 2

a a
If x =− a , then y = 0 and if x = a , then y = 0 , we have
In other words, value of integration does not depend on
; #a f ^y h dy = 0E
0
#
a
the variable of integration. So, we call the variable of I =− 1 dy = 0
0
integration as dummy variable.
5.4.2 Property 3
PROOF :
PROPERTY 3:
We have, x - 3 =−^x − 3h if 0 # x # 2
f ^x h dx = # f ^x hdx + # f ^x h dx
b
#
c c

^x − 3h dx =−;x2 − 3x E
2 2 2
a a b
Then, I =− #
0 0
PROOF :
=−7^2 − 6h − ^0 − 0hA

Let F ^x h be an anti-derivative of f ^x h. or I = 4
f ^x h dx = 7F ^x hAba = F ^b h − F â h ...(1)
b
Then, #
a
f ^x h dx = 7F ^x hAbc = F ^c h − F ^b h ...(2)
EXAMPLE 5.23 2006
#
c
and
5
b
Evaluate : # x + 2 dx
# f ^x h dx = 7F ^x hA = F ^c h − F â h ...(3)
c c −5
and a
a SOLUTION :
Adding (1) and (2), we get 5
Let I = # x + 2 dx
f ^x h dx + f ^x h dx = F ^b h − F â h + F ^c h − F ^b h
b
# #
c
−5

−^x + 2h if − 5 # x 1 − 2
a b
= F ^c h − F â h
We have x + 2 = *
x+2 if − 2 # x # 5
f ^x h dx #
c
^x + 2h dx + ^x + 2h dx
=
[Using (3)] −2 5
a Then, I =− #
−5
#
−2
f ^x h dx = # f ^x hdx + # f ^x h dx
b
#
c c
Hence,
=−;x + 2x E + ;x + 2x E
2 −2 2 5
a a b
2 2
This proves property 3. −5 −2
=−;^2 − 4h − b 25 − 10 lE + ;b 25 + 10 l − ^2 − 4hE

2 2
121
EXAMPLE 5.21 or I = 29
1 − 2x if − 1 # x 1 0
Evaluate f ^x h dx , where f ^x h = *
1
-1
# 1 + 2x if 0 # x # 1
EXAMPLE 5.24
` x + 3 − x j dx
4
SOLUTION :
Evaluate : #
1
1 − 2x if − 1 # x 1 0
We have f ^x h = *
1 + 2x if 0 # x # 1 SOLUTION :
# f ^x hdx = # ^1 − 2x h dx + # ^1 + 2x hdx
1 0 1
` x + 3 − x j dx
4
Then,
-1 −1 0
Let I = #
1
= 6x − x2@−0 1 + 6x + x2@10
We have,
x + ^3 − x h if 1 # x 1 3
= 7^0 − 0h − ^− 1 − 1hA
x + 3 − x = *
x − ^3 − x h if 3 # x # 4

+7^1 + 1h − ^0 + 0hA
3 if 1 # x # 3
=4
=*
2x − 3 if 3 1 x # 4
^2x − 3h dx
3 4
Then, I = #
1
3 dx + #
3
EXAMPLE 5.22 2006, 20018
2 = 63x @13 + 6x2 − 3x @34

Evaluate : #
0
x - 3 dx
= 69 − 3@ + 7^16 − 12h − ^9 − 9hA

SOLUTION : or I = 10
2
Let I = #
0
x − 3 dx
EXAMPLE 5.25
or I = 11
4
_ x − 1 + x − 2 + x − 3 i dx
3
Evaluate : #
1
SOLUTION :
5.4.3 Properties 4 and 5
_ x − 1 + x − 2 + x − 3 i dx
3
Let I = #
1 PROPERTY 4:
f ^x h dx = f â − x h dx
We have,
# #
a a

x − 1 + x − 2 + x − 3 0 0
^x − 1h − ^x − 2h − ^x − 3h if 1 # x < 2
=*
^x − 1h + ^x − 2h − ^x − 3h 2 # x # 3
PROOF :
# f â - x h dx .
a
Consider the integral
− x + 4 if 1 # x < 2
=*
0

x if 2 # x # 3 Substituting a - x = t we have
^− x + 4h dx +
3
2
dx =− dt
Then, I = #
1
# x dx
2

If x = 0 , then t = a and if x = a , then t = 0 , we have
= ;− x + 4x E + ;x E
2 2 2 3
f â - x h dx =− f ^ t h dt
0
# #
a
Then,
2 1 2 2 0 a
= ;^− 2 + 8h − b− 1 + 4 lE + : 9 − 2D f ^ t h dt
#
a
=
[Using property 2]
2 2 0
= # f ^x h dx
a
or I = 5 [Using property 1]
0
# f ^x h dx = # f â − x h dx
a a
Hence,
0 0
EXAMPLE 5.26 2007
This proves property 4.
2
Evaluate: #
-1
3
x - x dx PROPERTY 5:
f ^x h dx if f ^2a − x h f ^x h
# f ^x hdx = * #
a
SOLUTION : 2a 2

if f ^2a − x h =− f ^x h
0
2 0 0
Let I = #
−1
x3 − x dx
We have PROOF :
Z 3 Using property 3, we have
]x − x if − 1 # x < 0
x - x = [−^x − x h if 0 # x < 1 f ^x h dx = f ^x h dx + f ^x h dx ...(1)
2a 2a
# # #
3 3 a

]x3 − x if 1 # x # 2 0 0 a
f ^x h dx .
\Z 3 2a
]x − x if − 1 # x < 0 Consider the integral # a
= [x − x3 if 0 # x < 1
Substituting 2a - x = t we have
]x3 − x if 1 # x # 2
\ 0 x = 2a − t ( dx =− dt
^x3 − x h dx + ^x − x3h dx
1
Then I = #
−1
#0 If x = a , then t = a and if x = 2a , then t = 0 , we have
^x3 − x h dx
2 Then,
+ #
f ^x h dx =− f ^2a − t h dt
2a 0
1
# #
= ;x − x E + ;x − x E + ;x − x E
4 2 0 2 4 1 4 2 2 a a

f ^2a − t h dt
4 2 −1 2 4 0 4 2 1
#
a
=
[Using property 2]
= ;^0 − 0h − b 1 − 1 lE + ;b 1 − 1 l − ^0 − 0hE
0

4 2 2 4 f ^2a − x h dx #
a
=
[Using property 1]
+;^4 − 2h − b 1 − 1 lE
0

4 2
f ^x h dx = f ^2a − x h dx ...(2)
2a
# #
a 9 3
x
Thus
a 0
Let I = #0
3
x+ 3
9−x
dx ...(1)
From (1) and (2), we get 9−x 9 3

= #
9 − x + 3 9 − ^9 − x h
dx
f ^x h dx =
# f ^x hdx + # f ^2a − x hdx
2a
#
a a 3
0
0 0 0 [Using property 4]
= # 7f ^x h + f ^2a − x hA dx
a
9 3
9−x
0 =
0
3
9−x +3 x
#dx ...(2)
2 f ^x h dx if f ^2a − x h = f ^x h #
a
=* 0
Adding (1) and (2), we get

0 if f ^2a − x h =− f ^x h 9 3
x 9 3
9−x
2I = # 3
x+ 3
9−x
dx + # 3
9−x +3 x
dx
Hence 0 0
# f ^x hdx = * # ^ h
if f ^2a − x h = f ^x h
9 3
x + 3 9 − x dx
#
a
2a f x dx 2 =
3
x +3 9−x
if f ^2a − x h =− f ^x h
0 0
0 0 9
= 1 dx
#
This prove Property 5. 0
= 6x @90 = 9

EXAMPLE 5.27 or I = 9
2
x
#
a
Evaluate : dx
0 x + a−x
SOLUTION :
EXAMPLE 5.29 2005
x
#
a
Let I = dx ...(1)
log ; 1 - 1E dx
1
0 x + a−x Evaluate : #
0 x
123
a−x
#
a
=
dx
0 a − x + a − â − x h SOLUTION :
[Using property 4]
log ; 1 − 1E dx
1
Let I = #0 x
a−x
#
a
=
log ;1 − x E dx ...(1)
dx ...(2) 1
0 a−x + x =

0 x #
1 − ^1 − x h
log ;
1−x E
1
2I = #
a x dx + #
a a−x dx
=

0
#
dx [Using property 4]
0 x + a−x 0 a−x + x
log < x F dx ...(2)
1
=
x + a − x dx
#
a or I = #0 1−x
0 x + a−x
#
a
= 1 dx

log ;1 − x E dx + log < x F dx
1 1
0 2I = # x # 1−x
= 6x @a0 = a
0 0

(log ;1 − x + log < x F2 dx
x E
1
or I = a
=

0 1−x #
2
log <b 1 − x lc x mF dx
1
=

0 x 1−x #
= ^log 1h dx = 0
1
EXAMPLE 5.28 #0
3
9
x
Evaluate : #
0
3
x +3 9−x
dx Thus I = 0
SOLUTION :
5.4.4 Property 6
PROPERTY 6: 6
x 6
7−x
2I = # dx + # dx
f ^x h dx = f â + b − x h dx
b b
#
a
#
a
1 7−x + x 1 x + 7−x
6
x + 7 − x dx
=

1 7−x + x
#
PROOF :
f â + b − x h dx . = 1 dx = 6x @16
6
#
b
Consider the integral #
a

1
Substituting a + b − x or 2I = 6 − 1 = 5
= t we have
Thus I = 5
dx =− dt 2
If x = a , then t = b and if x = b , then t = a , Then

f â + b − x h dx =− f ^ t h dt
b
# #
a
5.4.5 Property 7
a b
= f ^ t h dt
b
# [Using property 2] PROPERTY 7:
# f ^x hdx = * # ^ h
if f ^− x h = f ^x h
a a
f x dx 2
= # f ^x h dx
b a
[Using property 1]
if f ^− x h =− f ^x h
0
a -a 0
# f ^x hdx = # f â + b − x hdx If f ^− x h = f ^x h, then f is called even function.

b b
Hence,
If f ^− x h =− f ^x h, then f is called odd function.
a a
Applied Mathematics
PROOF :
Using property 3, we have
f ^x h dx = f ^x h dx + f ^x h dx ...(1)
0
# # #
a a

A Text Book by www.cbse.online -a −a 0
# f ^x hdx .
0
Consider the integral
Syllabus Released By CBSE -a
Substituting x =− t we have
dx =− dt
No Missing topic No Extra Topic If x =− a , then t = a and if x = 0 , then t = 0 , Then
f ^x h dx =− f ^− t h dt
0 0
# -a
#
a
f ^− t h dt [Using property 2] #
a
=

0
f ^− x h dx [Using property 1]
EXAMPLE 5.30
#
a
=

6
x
#
0
Evaluate : dx
# f ^x hdx = # f ^− x h dx ...(2)
0 a
1 7−x + x Thus
-a 0
SOLUTION : From (1) and (2), we get

# f ^x h dx = # f ^− x h dx + # f ^x h dx
a a a
6
x
Let I = #
1 7−x + x
dx ...(1) -a 0 0
7f ^− x h + f ^x hA dx #
a
1+6−x 6 =

=

1
#
7 − ^1 + 6 − x h + ^1 + 6 − x h
dx 0
2 f ^x h dx if f ^− x h = f ^x h #
a
[Using property 6] =* 0

6
7−x 0 if f ^− x h =− f ^x h
or I = #
1 x + 7−x
dx ...(2)
EXAMPLE 5.33
f ^x h dx if f ^− x h = f ^x h
# f ^x hdx = * #
a
a 2
Hence,
if f ^− x h =− f ^x h
0
-a 0
5.4.6 Property 8
PROPERTY 8:
f ^x h dx = f ^x h dx + f ^2a − x h dx
2a
# # #
a a

EXAMPLE 5.31 2015, 2011 0 0 0
log <ax2 − bx + c F dx
p/2 2
Evaluate : #
− p/2 ax + bx + c PROOF :
Using property 3, we have
f ^x h dx = f ^x h dx + f ^x h dx ...(1)
2a 2a
# # #
SOLUTION : a

0 0 a
x3 cos d ex + 1 n dx f ^x h dx .
4 x
#
2a
Let I =
−4 e −1
Consider the integral #
a
Substituting 2a - x = t we have
Assume f ^x h = x cos d ex + 1 n
x
3
e −1 x = 2a − t ( dx =− dt
If x = a , then t = a and if x = 2a , then t = 0 , Then
Then, f ^- x h = ^− x h3 cos d e−x + 1 n
−x
f ^x h dx =− f ^2a − t h dt
2a 0
e −1 #
a
#a
=− x3 cos d 1 + ex n
x

f ^2a − t h dt #
a
1−e =
[Using property 2]
0
=− x3 cos =−d ex + 1 nG
x
f ^2a − x h dx

#
a
e −1 =
[Using property 1]
0
Thus
=− x3 cos d ex + 1 n
x

f ^x h dx = f ^2a − x h dx ...(2)
e −1 2a
# #
a

=− f ^x h
125
a 0

Thus I = 0 [Using property 7]
f ^x h dx = f ^x h dx + f ^2a − x h dx
2a
# # #
a a

0 0 0

EXAMPLE 5.32 2013
p/2
Evaluate : #
2
− p/2 ax + bx + c
SOLUTION : for revised PDF or visit www.cbse.online
p/2 2
Let I = #
− p/2 ax + bx + c
Assume f ^x h = log <ax2 − bx + c F

2
ax + bx + c
a ^− x h2 − b ^− x h + c
Then, f ^- x h = log > H
a ^− x h2 + b ^− x h + c
Exercise 5.2
= log <ax2 + bx + c F
2

ax − bx + c
Evaluate the following :
=− log <ax2 − bx + c F =log c n m = − log c m mG
2
m n

ax + bx + c
=− f ^x h
2π
1. #
0
cos7 xdx
Thus I = 0 [Using property 7]
π/2
0 1
Ans :
10. #0 1 + cot n dx
x
Ans :
π
3 4
2x dx
2. #−3 1 + x
2
Ans : 0 π/2
1
11. #0 1 + tan3/2 x
dx
Ans :
π
2x + 1 if x # 1 4
# f (x) dx , where f (x) = * x
2
3.
-1 − 5 if x > 1
Ans : -3 6
x+3 4
2 12. #0 x+3 +4 9−x
4
dx
Ans : 3
4
4. # f (x) dx , where
1
2x + 8 if 1 # x < 2
f (x) = * 5
x
6x if 2 # x # 4 13. #3 8−x + x
dx
Ans : 47 Ans : 1
4
5. #−1
x + 5 dx
14. #
p/3
sinn x
n dx
n
p/6 sin x + cos x
65
Ans :
2 Ans :
π
12
1
6. #−1
2x + 1 dx
15. #
p/3
n
cosn x
n dx
p/6 sin x + cos x
Ans :
5
2 Ans :
π
12
4
7. # ( x + x − 2 + x − 4 ) dx
16. #
p/3
1
0 n dx
p/6 1 + tan x
Ans : 20
Ans :
π
12
p/4
8. # sin x dx p/3
1
- p/4
18. # 1 + cot n dx
x
Ans : 2- 2 p/6
Ans :
π
12
π/2
cotn x
9. # cotn x + tann x
dx p/4
0
π
19. # tan xdx
- p/4
Ans : Ans : 0
4
p/2
Ans (b) odd function
20. #
- p/2
sin7 xdx
π/2
Ans : 0
If # f (x) dx = 0 when f (x) is odd function.
0
MCQ 5.3 2005, 2014

a
21. #
p/3
x3 sin 4 xdx
If f (− x) =− f (x), then # f (x) dx is equal to:
- p/3 (a) 2 -a (b) 0
Ans : 0 (c) 1 (d) None
Ans (b) 0
p/4 SOLUTION :
22. # sin2 xdx
# f ^x hdx = * # ^ h
- p/4 a
π-1 a f x dx 2

if f ^− x h =− f ^x h
Ans : 0
4 2 -a 0
If f ^− x h = f ^x h, then f is called even function.
p/2
23. # cos xdx
- p/2 MCQ 5.4 2016, 2013
2
# #
Ans : a a
f (x) dx = 2 f (x), dx, when f (x) is
−a 0
(a) even function

1 (b) odd function
24. # (x + 1) dx
−1 (c) neither even nor odd function
Ans : 2
127
Ans (a) even function
SOLUTION :
# f ^x hdx = * # ^ h
a
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION
a f x dx 2
if f ^− x h =− f ^x h
0
-a 0
If f ^− x h = f ^x h, then f is called even function.
MCQ 5.1 2016, 2014, 2013
sin x, cos x are periodic function having period
(a) π (b) 2π MCQ 5.5 2018, 2017
(c) π (d) 0 π/2
2
The value of # log cos x dx is equal to the value of:
Ans (b) 2π 0
π/2 π/2
sin x, cos x are periodic function having period 2π . (a) # log sin x dx (b) # log sec x dx
0 0
π/2 π/2
MCQ 5.2 2015
π/2 (c) # log cos x dx (d) # log tan x dx
# f (x) dx = 0 when f (x) is
0
0 0
π/2
(a) even function Ans (a) # log sin x dx
(b) odd function 0
(c) neither even nor odd function

(d) None SOLUTION :
π/2 π/2 π/2
We have I = # log cos x dx (a) # log tan x dx (b) # log cot x dx

0 0 0
π/2
π/2
I = # log cos a x2 − x k $ dx #
(c) log cos x dx (d) None of the
0 above
0
b b
Using property * # f (x) $ dx = # f (a + b − x) $ dx we get π/2
0
π/2
0 Ans (c) # log cos x dx
0
I = # log sin xdx SOLUTION :
0
π/2
MCQ 5.6 2014
3
We have I = # log sin x $ dx
# 1 +1 x 2 dx is equal to: 0
π/2
= %log sin π − x / $ dx #
0

(a) π (b) π 2
4 8 0
b b
(c) π
16
(d) None Using Property *# f (x) − dx − # f (a + b − x)4 .dx we
Ans (d) None get 0 0
π/2
SOLUTION : I = # log cos x dx

3 0
Let I = # 1 +1 x 2 $ dx MCQ 5.9

b
2016
= [tan−1 x]3
0
= tan−1 3 − tan−1 0 The value of # f (a + b − x) dx is equal to
a
= π −0 = π
b b

2 2 (a) 2 # f (x) dx (b) # f (x) dx
a a
MCQ 5.7 2013 b
3
1 dx is equal to
(c) - # f (x) dx (d) None of the above
# 1 + x2
a
b
1
(a) π (b)
4
π
8
Ans (b) # f (x) dx
a
(c) π (d) π
16 32 SOLUTION :
(a) π
b
Ans
4 We have I = # f (a + b − x) dx
a
SOLUTION : b
3 = f (a + b − (a + b − x) $ dx
#
1 $ dx
Let I = # 1 + x2
a
b
= [tan−1 x]31

1
= f (x) dx
#
a
= tan−1 3 − tan−1 1
MCQ 5.10 2015
=p−p =π
π/2

2 4 4 The value of # 0
1 + cos 2x .dx is
(a) 2 (b) 2
MCQ 5.8 2013
(c) 0 (d) None
π/2

The value of # log sin x dx is equal to the value of: Ans (b) 2
0
SOLUTION :
π/2
π/2
We have I = # 1 + cos 2x $ dx I = # log 9cot a π2 − x kC $ dx

0
0
a a
>by property # f (x) dx = # f (a − x) $ dx H

2
Use the identity cos (2x) =− 1 + 2 cos (x) we have
π/2
0 0
I = # (1 − 1 + 2 cos2) $ dx π/2
0
π/2
I = # log xdx ........(2)
0
= 2 cos x $ dx
# n
Adding eq (1) and (2), we get
0
π/2
= 2 [sin x] 0π/2 =
2 [sin π/2 − sin 0] 2I = # [log tan x + log cot x] $ dx
e
= 2 [1 − 0] =
2 0
π/2
MCQ 5.11 2005, 2016 #

= log e (tan x + cot x) $ dx
π/4 0
The value of #
tan2 xdx is π/2
0
(a) π (b) π - 1 = log e (1) $ dx
#
4 4 0
π/2
(c) 1 - π
4
(d) 1 = 0 $ dx
# log e 1 = 0
Ans (c) 1 - π 0
4 I = 0
SOLUTION :
MCQ 5.13 2013
π/4
We have I = # tan2 xdx 2
0 Value of # dxx = ...........
129
Use the following identity: 1

2
tan (x) =− 1 + sec (x) 2 (a) log 1 (b) log 3
π/4 (c) log 2 (d) None of these
= − 1 + sec2 (x) $ dx
# Ans (c) log 2
0
p/4 p/4
SOLUTION :
=− 1 $ dx + sec2 (x) $ dx
# # 2
0 0
= [− x] 0p/4 + [tan x] 0p/4

We have I = # dxx = [log x] 12
1
=− p + 9tan p − tan (0)C
= log 2 − log 1

4 4
= log 2 − 0

=− π + [1 − 0] = 1 − π

4 4
= log 2

MCQ 5.12 2013
π/2 MCQ 5.14 2018
Value of # log cot x $ dx 2
0 # (x − 1) dx =
3
(a) 1/2 (b) 0 1
(c) 1 (d) 2 (a) 1 (b) 7

4 4
Ans (b) 0
(c) 1 (d) 7
2 2
SOLUTION :
Ans (a) 1
π/2 4
Let I = # log (cot x) $ dx ........(1)
0
SOLUTION :
I = π log 2
Substituting (x − 1) = t we have 8
1 1 MCQ 5.17
# t dt = b t4 l
4
I = 3
=1
0 4 π/2
MCQ 5.15
0
# sin x dx = 5
(a) 4 (b) 2
5
# | x | dx = 5 15
(c) 4 (d) 8
−3
(a) 25 (b) 9 15 15
2 2
(c) 17 (d) 8 Ans (d) 8
15
Ans (c) 17
SOLUTION :
SOLUTION : We know that

π/2 π/2
5 0 5
I = # | x | dx = # − xdx + # xdx # sin x.dx = # cos x dx

n n
−3 −3 0 0 0
Zn − 1 n − 3 _
= :− x D + :x D

2 0 2 5
] .... 2 .1; ....If n is odd b
2 −3 2 0 n n−2 3
= [n − 1 n − 3 1 π `
] n n − 2 .... 2 . 2 ; .... If n is evenb
= 9 + 25 = 17
Therefore \ a
2 2
π/2
MCQ 5.16 2018 # sin dx = 54 $ 23 = 158
5
π/4 0
# log (1 + tan x) dx = MCQ 5.18

0
(a) π log 2 (b) π log 2 1/2

dx
2 4 # 0 1 - x2
is equal to
(c) π log 2 (d) - π log 2
8 2 (a) π (b) π
2 4
Ans (c) π log 2 (c) π (d) None of these
8 6
(c) π
SOLUTION :
Ans
π/4
6
We have I = # log a1 + tan a π4 − x kkdx SOLUTION :
0
1/2
dx
= log b1 + 1 − tan x l dx
π/4
Let I = #

1 + tan x # 0 1 − x2
0
π/4
= (sin−1 x) 10/2

= log b
1 + tan x l
2
dx # = sin−1 1 − sin−1 0 = π − 0 = π

2 6 6
0
π/4
MCQ 5.19
#
= (log 2 − log (1 + tan x)) dx 2
0
π/4
I= # | 1 − x | dx
0
is equal to:
= log 2dx − I
# (a) 0 (b) 1
2
0
2I = π log 2 (c) 1 (d) None of these

4
Ans (c) 1
SOLUTION : 2
x
By definition:
Let I = #
1 3−x + x
dx ......(1)
| 1 - x | = 1 − x , if 0 # x # 1 2
1+2−x
Hence I = # 3 − (1 + 2 − x) + (1 + 2 − x)
= x − 1, if 1 < x # 2
1
: # f (x) dx = # f (a + b − x) dx D
2 1 2 b b
Hence # | 1 - x | dx = #
0 0
(1 − x) dx + # (x − 1) dx
1

a a
3−x 2
= bx − x l + b x − x l

2 1 2 2
1
I =
x + 3−x
#
dx ......(2)
2 0 2 1
= ;b1 − 1 l − 0 − 0)E + ;b 4 − 2 l − b 1 − 1lE
( 2
x + 3 − x dx
2 2 2 I + I = #
1 x + 3−x
=1
2
Hence 2I = # dx
1
= (x)12
MCQ 5.20
I = 1
b 2
# e dx
a
x
is equal to
MCQ 5.22
(a) 0 (b) 1 log 3
ex dx is equal to
(c) eb - ea (d) None of these # log 2 1 + ex
Ans (c) eb - ea (a) 0 (b) log 2
(c) log 4 (d) 2 log 2
SOLUTION : 3
We know that, Ans (c) log 4
b
3
# f (x) dx = lim h [f (a) + f (a + h) + f (a + (n − 1) h)]
a h"0 SOLUTION :
131
b
# f (x) dx = lim h [e
a h"0
a
+ ea + h + ea + 2h + ea + (n − 1) h] Put ex = t & ex dx = dt
when x = log 2 , t = e log2 = 2
h.ea (1 − enh)
= lim
when x = log 3 , t = e log3 = 3
h"0 1 − eh
ex dx = 3 dt log 3
= lim

hea (1 − eb − a) Thus
log 2 1 + e
x I =
2 1+t
# #
h"0 1 − eh
= [log (1 + t)]32 = log 4 − log 3

= lim h h (ea − eb)

h"01 − e
= log 4

3
= (ea − eb) lim 1 h
[L. Hospital’s Rule]
h"0 −e
MCQ 5.23
a b π/2
= (e − e ) (− 1)
sin x
b a
# sin x + cos x
dx is equal to
= e −e
0
(a) 0 (b) 1
MCQ 5.21 π
(c) (d) π
2 4
2
x
# 1 3−x + x
dx is equal to Ans (d) π
4
(a) 0 (b) 1 SOLUTION :
2
π/2
sin x
(c) 1 (d) None of these We have I = #
0 sin x + cos x
dx ........(1)
Ans (b) 1
2 p/2 sin ^ p2 − x h
SOLUTION :
or I = #
0 sin ^ p2 − x h + cos ^ p2 − x h
dx
#
π/2 p
cos x
or I = #
0 cos x + sin x
dx .........(2) Hence,
-p
sin3 x cos 4 xdx = 0
Adding (1) and (2), we get MCQ 5.26

π/2
sin x + cos x dx
I + I = #
0 sin x + cos x I= #
1
3
3 + x3 dx , then
π/2
Hence 2I = # 1 $ dx
0
(a) 1 # I # 4
(b) 4 # I # 2 30
or, 2I = (x)π0/2 = π (c) 1 # 4, $ 2 30
2
(d) None of these
Hence I = π
4 Ans (b) 4 # I # 2 30
MCQ 5.24
π/2
SOLUTION :
sin x
The value of
0
#
sin x + cos x
dx is Since, f (x) = 3 + x3 is monotonically increasing on the
(a) π (b) π interval [1, 3].
4 2
Hence, m = f (a) = f (1) = 3+1 = 2
(c) π (d) 0
M = f (b) = f (3) = 3 + 33 = 30
Ans (a) π b
4 m (b - a) #
Since, # f (x) dx # M (b - a)
a
SOLUTION : 3
π/2
sin x
2 (3 − 1) #
Hence, # 3 + x3 dx # 30 (3 − 1)
Let I = #
0 sin x + cos x
dx
1
Hence,
4 # I # 2 30
π/2
cos x
I = #
0 cos x + sin x
dx
MCQ 5.27
log x
b
2I = #
π/2
sin x + cos x dx I= # x
dx , then the value of I is
0 cos x + sin x a
π/2 (a) 1 log b b l log (ab) (b) log b b l log (ab)

= 1 dx
#
0
2 a a
(c) log a a k log b (d) None of these
=π
b a
2
Ans (a) 1 log b b l log (ab)
or I = π 2 a
4
SOLUTION :
MCQ 5.25
b log x
#
p
3 4
sin x cos xdx is equal to We have I = #
a x
dx
-p
(a) 0 (b) 1 Put log x = t

2
(c) 1 (d) None of these 1 dx = dt
x
Ans (a) 0 2 log b
tdt = b t l
log b
Hence I = #
log a 2 log a
SOLUTION :
= 1 [(log b) 2 − (log a) 2]

2
Let f (x) = sin3 x cos 4 x
= 1 [log b + log a] [log b − log a]

Hence, f (- x) = sin3 (− x) . cos 4 (− x) 2
=− sin3 x cos 4 x
=− 1 log (ba) . log b

2 a
=− f (x)
Since f (x) is an odd function
MCQ 5.28 MCQ 5.31
# #
3 - c
x
e x3 dx is equal to The value of C > 0 for which x (1 − x) dx = 0 is
0 0
(a) 2 (b) 4 (a) 1/3 (b) 2/3

(c) 6 (d) None of these (c) 1 (d) 3/2
Ans (c) 6 Ans (d) 3/2
# # # #
3 -x 3 −x c c
e x3 dx = e x 4 − 1 dx = 4 = 6 x (1 - x) dx = (x − x2) dx
0 0 0 0
MCQ 5.29
= b 1 x2 − 1 x3 l
c

1 2 3 0
The value of # | 5x - 3 | dx
0
is
= 1 c2 (3 − 2c)

6
(a) -1/2 (b) 13/10
(c) 1/2 (d) 23/10 = 1 c2 (3 − 2c)

6
Ans (b) 13/10 =
x (1 − x) dx = 0 #
c
SOLUTION : = 1 c2 (3 − 2c) = 0 & c = 3/2

6
1
We have I = # | 5x − 3 | dx
0
MCQ 5.32
1
=
− (5x − 3) dx + #
3/5 1
# (5x − 3) dx
The value of # xe dx
0
x
is
0 3/5
(a) -1 (b) 1
1
= b− 5 x2 + 3x l + b 5x − 3x l
3/5 2
(c) e (d) 2e
133
2 0
2 3/5
Ans (b) 1
= b− 9 + 9 l + ;b 5 − 3 l − b 9 − 9 lE

10 5 2 10 5
SOLUTION :
= 9 + b− 1 + 9 l = 13
1
10 2 10 10 # xe dx = (xe
0
x x
− ex )10
MCQ 5.30
= [ex (x − 1)]10

1
dx
# 0 ex + e−x
is equal to = e (1 − 1) − e0 (0 − 1)

(a) π/4 (b) tan-1 e - π = 0 − 1 (0 − 1) = 1

4
MCQ 5.33
(c) cot-1 e - π (d) π
4 2
2x + 1 dx is equal to
1
Ans -1
(b) tan e - π # x2 + x
4 0
(a) 2 (b) 2
SOLUTION :
(c) 1/ 2 (d) 2 2
1
dx = 1
ex dx
#
0 e + e−x
x #
0 e2x + 1
Ans (d) 2 2
Substituting ex = t & ex dx = dt we have SOLUTION :

1
dx = e dt
x
0 e +e
#
−x 2
1 t +1
# Substituting x2 + x = t we have
(2x + 1) dx = dt
= (tan t) = tan e − π −1 e −1
1
2x + 1 dx = 2 dt
4 1
Hence, # 0 x + x2 0 t
#
= 2 (t1/2)20 = 2 2
(a) 0 (b) 1
2
MCQ 5.34 (c) 1 (d) 2
cos (log x)
π/2
# dx is equal to Ans (b) 1
1 x 2
(a) 2 sin a log π k (b) cos a log π k SOLUTION :

2 2
1
dx
(c) sin p - log p (d) sin a log π k
2 2 2
Given that #0 1 − x2
= mπ
Ans (d) sin a log k π

^sin x h0 = mπ
-1 1
2
sin-1 - sin-1 0 = mπ
SOLUTION :
π - 0 = mπ
π/2
cos (log x) 2
Let I = #
1 x
dx
m = 1
2
Substituting log x = t we have
MCQ 5.37
1 dx = dt
#
a
x a2 - x2 dx is equal to
0
When x = 1, t = log 1 = 0 2
(a) π (b) πa
When x = π , t = log π 4 4
2 2 2
(c) πa (d) πa
log π/2 2 2
Hence, I = # cos tdt
0 2
Ans (b) πa
= [sin t] log
π/2 4
0
= 9sin a log π k − sin 0C

SOLUTION :
2
#
a
Let I = a2 − x2 dx
= sin a log π k
0
2
Substituting x = a sin θ we have
MCQ 5.35
dx = a cos q dq
#
p
x 4 sin5 xdx is equal to:
-p When x = 0 , θ = 0
(a) 0 (b) 1 When x = a , θ = π
(c) -1 (d) 1/5 2
π/2
Ans (a) 0 Hence, I = # a2 − a2 sin2 θ a cos θdθ
0
SOLUTION : π/2
= a2
cos2 θdθ #
0
#
p
We have I = x 4 sin5 xdx
−p
= a2 $ 1 $ π (By Walli’s Formula)

2 2
Since, f (- x) = (− x) 4 sin5 (− x)
2
=− x 4 sin5 x = πa

4
Hence f (x) is odd function
MCQ 5.38
#
p
x 4 sin5 xdx = 0
x4
#
-p a
dx is equal to
MCQ 5.36 0 a2 - x2
4 4
1
dx (a) πa (b) 3πa
If #
0 1 − x2
= mπ , then the value of m is 16 16
4 4
(c) πa (d) πa ******
14 13
4
Ans (b) 3πa
16
SOLUTION :
x4
#
a
Let I = dx
0 a2 − x2
Put x = a sin θ
dx = a cos q dq
When x = 0 , θ = 0
and x = a , θ = π
2
π/2
a 4 sin 4 θ
Hence, I = #
0 a2 − a2 sin θ
a cos θ dθ
π/2
=a
sin 4 θ.dθ 4
#
0
= a4 $ 3 $ 1 $ π

4 2 2
4
= 3 πa

16
MCQ 5.39
π/2
135
The value of #
0
sin x cos5 xdx is
(a) 25/33 (b) 32/231
(c) 64/231 (d) 28/33

Ans (c) 64/231
SOLUTION :
π/2
I = #
0
sin x cos5 xdx
π/2
=
#
0
sin x (1 − sin2 x) 2 $ cos x dx
π/2
=
#
{(sin x) 1/2 − 2 (sin x) 5/2 + (sin x) 9/2} cos xdx
0
Substituting sin x = t and differentiate both sides,

cos x dx = dt
1
Thus I = #
0
(t1/2 − 2t5/2 + t9/2) dt
= b 2 t3/2 − 4 t5/2 + 2 t11/2 l

1

3 7 11 0
= 2 − 4 + 2 = 64

3 7 11 231
Page 136 Application of Integration chapter 6
CHAPTER 6
App lication of Integration
6.1 INTRODUCTION or C = 10, 000e0.3x + 50x + k (1)

Integration has a wide range of applications to a very where k is the constant of integration. Since the fixed cost
large number of disciplines such as business and economics is 80,000 i.e. when x = 0 ,
(marginal analysis, maximizing profit, consumer’s C = 80, 000
surplus), biology (bacterial growth), geometry (finding
Substituting C = 80000 at x = 0 in eq (1) we have
the area under a curve), and to probability. In this chapter
was shall discuss some of these applications. = 10, 000e(0.3)(0) + 50 (0) + k
, 80,000
k = 70, 000
Therefore the total cost function of the firm is given by
6.2 marginal Cost and total
cost C = 10, 000e0.3x + 50x + 70, 000
In this section we investigate some of the applications of
integration to marginal analysis. The first such application
is that of finding the cost function when marginal cost Applied Mathematics
function is given. Since the marginal cost function MC CBSE Class XI and XII Commerce
is the derivative of the cost function C , therefore by
definition C is an antiderivative of MC . That is,
Based on New (Modified on 31st March
C = # MC dx + k
where k is the constant of integration. However, if we 2021) Syllabus Released By CBSE
are also given the fixed costs (i.e., costs involved when For all Chapter Free PDF Whatsapp at 94140 63210
x = 0 ) or the cost of production of a specific number of No Missing topic No Extra Topic
units of the commodity, we can determine the value of the
constant of integration and thus find the particular cost Click Here To Buy Hard Copy
function C . Once C is obtained, the average cost function
can be obtained by using the equation
EXAMPLE 6.2
AC = C The marginal cost function of manufacturing x pair of
x
shoes is 6 + 10x − 6x2 . The total cost of producing a pair of
shoes is < 1200. Find the total and average cost functions.
The marginal cost function of a firm is given by Marginal cost MC = 6 + 10x − 6x 2
MC = 3000e0.3x + 50, where x is quantity produced. If the
i.e., dC = 6 + 10x − 6x 2
fixed cost is < 80, 000, find the total cost of the firm. dx
SOLUTION : Integrating both sides with respect to x ,
Marginal cost MC = 3000e0.3x + 50
C = # ^6 + 10x − 6x 2hdx
or dC = 3000e0.3x + 50
dx or C = 6x + 5x 2 − 2x 3 + k (1)
Integrating with respect to x , we obtain where k is the constant of integration. Since the cost of
C = # (3000e 0.3x
+ 50) dx producing a pair of shoes is < 1200,
0.3x
= 3000 e + 50x + k
i.e., when, x = 1, C = 1200
0.3
Therefore, 1200 = 6 ^1 h + 5 ^1 h2 − 2 ^1 h3 + k
chapter 6 Application of Integration Page 137
k = 1191 i.e. ^ h
dC = log x 2
dx
Hence the total cost function is given by Integrating both sides with respect to x gives
C = 6x + 5x 2 − 2x 3 + 1191 C = # ^log x h2dx
The average cost function is given by
= ^log x h2x − #
2 log x
$ x dx
x
AC = C = 6 + 5x − 2x 2 + 1191
x x
= x ^log x h2 − 2 # log x dx

EXAMPLE 6.3 = x ^log x h2 − 2 ;log x.x −
1 $ x dx E #
x
Assume that the marginal cost in lakhs of rupees is given = x ^log x h2 − 2x log x + 2x + k

by where k is the constant of integration.
MC = 4 + 5x 2 + 3 e−x At x = 1 we have C = 22 . Thus
2
= 1 ^log 1h2 − 2 ^1 h log 1 + 2 ^1 h + k
22
where x is the quantity produced in thousand. Find the
total cost of production when x = 2 , if fixed cost is < 6 k = 20 (since log 1 = 0 )
lakhs. Hence the total cost function is given by
SOLUTION : C = x ^log x h2 − 2x log x + 2x + 20
Marginal cost, MC = 4 + 5x 2 + 3 e−x The cost of producing 100 units is given by

2
C ^x = 100h = 100 ^log 100h2 − 200 log 100 + 200 + 20
or dC = 4 + 5x 2 + 3 e−x
dx 2 =< 1419.7252

Integrating both sides with respect to x gives

EXAMPLE 6.5
C = # b 4 + 5x 2 + 32 e−x l dx If the marginal cost function is given by MC = 3 ^3x + 4h−1/2
and the fixed cost is 2, find the average cost for 7 units
or C = 4x + 5 x 3 − 3 e−x + k (1) of output.
3 2
where k is the constant of integration. When x = 0 i.e. at SOLUTION :
fixed cost, C = 6 . Substituting this result in (1) we have Marginal cost, MC = 3 ^3x + 4h−1/2
6 = − 3 + k & k = 15 i.e.
dx
^ h
dC = 3 3x + 4 −1/2
2 2
C = 4x + 5 x 3 − 3 e−x + 15 ,
Hence,
3 2 2 C = # 3 ^3x + 4h−1/2 dx
= 2 ^3x + 4h1/2 + k
which gives the cost of producing x units.
where k is the constant of integration. However, C = 2
In particular, when x = 2 , we have when x = 0 . Thus
C = 8 + 40 − 3 e−2 + 15 = 2 63 ^0 h + 4@1/2 + k
2
3 2 2
k =− 2
= 173 − 3 e−2
Hence, total cost function is given by
6 2
C = 2 ^3x + 4h1/2 − 2
EXAMPLE 6.4 The average cost function is given by
The marginal cost function of a firm is MC = ^log x h . 2
2 ^3x + 4h1/2 2
Find the total cost of 100 units if the cost of producing AC = C = −
x x x
one unit is < 22.
Average cost for 7 units of output, i.e when x = 7 ,
SOLUTION :
2 ^25h1/2 2
Marginal cost MC = ^log x h2 AC =
7
− =8
7 7
EXAMPLE 6.6
= # ^150 + e.5x h dx
4

If C is the total cost of an output x , it is known that the 2
= ^150x + 2e.5x h 24
marginal cost MC always equals average cost AC . Show

that C is a constant multiple of x .
= ^600 + 2e 2h − ^300 + 2e h

SOLUTION :
= 300 + 2e 2 − 2e

Since marginal cost MC always equals average cost AC
,we have
MC = AC EXAMPLE 6.8
dC = C The marginal cost function of manufacturing x units of
i.e.,
dx x a product is 4x 3 + 3x 2 + 15 . The total cost of producing 8
items is < 6000. Find the total cost function.
dC = dx
C x
SOLUTION :
Marginal cost, MC = dC
log C = log x + log k dx
where k is an arbitrary constant
# MCdx
Total cost, C =
Thus, log C = log ^k x h = # ^4x 3 + 3x 2 + 15h dx

C = kx 3+1 2+1
= 4x + 3x + 15x + c

which shows that C is a constant multiple of x . 3+1 2+1
Applied Mathematics = x 4 + x 3 + 15x + k

The total cost of producing 8 items is < 6000. Thus
CBSE Class XI and XII Commerce Cx = 8 = 6000
A Text Book by www.cbse.online ^8h + ^8h + 15 ^8h + k = 6000
4 3
Based on New (Modified on 31st March 4096 + 512 + 120 + k = 6000

2021) Syllabus Released By CBSE k = 6000 − 4728 = 1272
Thus, C = x 4 + x 3 + 15x + 1272
Click Here To Buy Hard Copy EXAMPLE 6.9
The marginal cost function of manufacturing x units of
a commodity is 12x 3 + 15x 2 + 4x + 1. If there is no fixed
cost, find the total cost and average cost functions.
EXAMPLE 6.7
SOLUTION :
The marginal cost is given by MC = 150 + e.5x , where x
is the number of units of a product in hundreds. If x Marginal cost, MC = dC
dx
increases from 200 to 400, find the total increase in cost.
# MCdx
Total cost, C =
SOLUTION :
= # ^12x 3 + 15x 2 + 4x + 1h dx

Marginal cost, MC = 150 + e.5x 4 3 2
dC = 150 + e.5x = 12x + 15x + 4x + x + k

i.e., 4 3 2
dx
We have to find total increase in cost when x increases = 3x 4 + 5x 3 + 2x 2 + x + k

from 2 hundred to 4 hundred. That is, we have to find Since fixed cost is zero, C = 0 at x = 0 which gives k = 0 .
C ^4 h - C ^2 h . Thus, C = 3x 4 + 5x 3 + 2x 2 + x
C ^4 h - C ^2 h =
4
Now # dC dx
2
dx Average cost, AC = C
x
4 3 2 EXAMPLE 6.12
= 3x + 5x + 2x + x

x The marginal cost function of product is given by
= 3x 3 + 5x 2 + 2x + 1
MC = 2 ^2x + 9h−0.5 and the fixed cost is < 4. Find the
corresponding total and average cost functions. Also,
find per unit cost when 8 units are produced. Also find
EXAMPLE 6.10 additional cost when production increases from 8 units to
The marginal cost function for x units of output is 20 units.
a . If the cost of zero output is zero, find the total SOLUTION :
ax + b
MC = 2 ^2x + 9h−0.5
Marginal cost,
cost function.
= 2
SOLUTION : ^2x + 9h
Marginal cost, MC = dC Marginal cost, MC = dC
dx dx
Total cost, C = # MCdx # MCdx
Total cost, C =
= #
a dx = # 62 ^2x + 9h^−0.5h@dx

ax + b
2 ^2x + 9h^−0.5 + 1h
a âx + b h 2 ^− 0.5 + 1h
1
2 +1 =
+k
2 â h
=
1 +c
= 2 ^2x + 9h0.5 + k

= 2 âx + bh + c Since fixed cost is 4 i.e. C = 4 at x = 5 , we have
The cost of zero output is zero, thus TC = 0 at x = 0
2 ^2 ^0 h + 9h0.5 + k = 4
0 = 2 à # 0 + b j + c
2 ^3 h + k = 4 & k =− 2

0 = 2 b + c Total cost function,
c =− 2 b C = 2 ^2x + 9h0.5 − 2
Thus, C = 2 âx + b h − 2 b Thus, average cost
2 ^2x + 9h0.5 − 2
AC = C =
EXAMPLE 6.11 x x
The marginal cost function of producing x units of a When, x = 8 , total cost,
Cx = 8 = 2 2 ^ 8 h + 9 − 2 = 8
product is given by MC = 2x + 4x 3 + 25 . The total cost of

producing 5 times is < 1000. Find the total cost function.
2 ^2 ^8h + 9h0.5 − 2
SOLUTION : Average cost, ACx = 8 =
8
Marginal cost, MC = dC 2 ^16 + 9h0.5 − 2
dx =

8
# MCdx
Total cost, C =
2 ^5 h − 2
= # ^2x + 4x 3 + 25h dx
=

8
=1
2 4
= 2x + 4x 25x + c
Thus, per unit cost is < 1 when 8 units are produced.
2 4
= x 2 + x 4 + 25x + c
Additional cost when output increases from 8 to 20 units
20 20
Since total cost C = 1000 at x = 5 , we have 2
# MCdx = # dx
^5 h2 + ^5 h4 + 25 ^5 h + k = 1000 8 8 2x + 9
25 + 625 + 125 + k = 1000
= 62 2x + 9 @ 8
20

k = 1000 − 775 = 225
= 62 2 ^20h + 9 @ − 62 2 ^8h + 9 @

Thus, C = x 2 + x 4 + 25x + 225
= 14 − 10 = 4

Thus, the additional cost when output increases from 8 to function when the fixed cost is < 60, 000. Also find the
20 units is < 4. total cost of 10 units and the additional cost when output
increases from 10 to 20 units, using definite integral.
SOLUTION :
EXAMPLE 6.13
We have MC = 3000e 0.3x + 100
The marginal cost at a production level of x is given by
115 + 3600 . Find the cost of producing 20 additional # MCdx
Total cost, C =
x3 = # ^3000e 0.3x + 100h dx

units after 10 units have been produced. 0.3x
= 3000e + 100x + c

0.3
SOLUTION :
We have MC = 115 + 3600 = 10000e 0.3x + 100x + c

x3
Since fixed cost is 60000, i.e. C = 60000 at x = 0 . Thus
Marginal cost, MC = dC = 10000e 0.3^0h + 100 ^0 h + k
60000
dx
= 10000 + k (e 0 = 1)
60000
Total cost, C = # MCdx k = 60000 − 10000
The cost of producing 20 additional units after 10 units
= 50000

have been produced can be calculated as :
30 30 Total cost function,
3600
# MCdx = # b115 + x 3 l dx C = 10000e 0.3x + 100x + 50000
10 10
3600 ^x −3 + 1hF
Average cost function,
= <115x +
30

− 3 + 1 10 0.3x
+ 100x + 50000
AC = TC = 10000e
x x
3600 ^x −2hF
= <115x +
30
0.3x
−2 10 = 10000e + 100 + 50000

x x
= ;115x − 1800
2 E
30
Total cost of 10 units
x 10
TC ^10h = 10000e 0.3^10h + 100 ^10h + 50000
= =115 ^30h − 18002G − =115 ^10h − 18002G
^30h ^10h

= 200855.37 + 51000 = 251855.37

= 63450 − 2@ − 61150 − 18@
Additional cost when output increases from 10 to 20 units
# MCdx = # ^3000e 0.3x + 100hdx

20 20
= 3448 − 1132 =< 2316

Applied Mathematics 10 10
= 610000e 0.3x + 100x @10

20

= 710000e 0.3^20h + 100 ^20hA

A Text Book by www.cbse.online − 710000e 0.3^10h + 100 ^10hA
= 4036287.93 − 201855.37

2021) Syllabus Released By CBSE
= 3834428.73

No Missing topic No Extra Topic EXAMPLE 6.15

Click Here To Buy Hard Copy The marginal cost in lakhs of rupees of producing a motor
car is given by 6 + 4x 2 + 1.5e −x , where x is the quantity
produced. Determine the total cost of producing 5 cars if
the fixed cost is < 7 lakhs.
EXAMPLE 6.14
The marginal cost function of a product is 3000e 0.3x + 100 SOLUTION :
. Determine the corresponding total and average cost We have MC = 6 + 4x 2 + 1.5e −x
# MCdx
Total cost, C = using the equation px = R , or p = R/x .
= # ^6 + 4x 2 + 1 5e −xh dx
.
= # 6dx + # 4x 2dx + # 1.5e −x dx
EXAMPLE 6.16
2+1 −x If marginal revenue is MR = 2 − 6x , find the demand law.
= 6x + 4x + 1.5e + k

2+1 −1
SOLUTION :
3
= 6x + 4x − 1.5e −x + k
Marginal Revenue MR = 2 − 6x
3
Since MR is the derivative of the revenue function R ,
Since fixed cost is 7 lakhs i.e. C = 7 at x = 0 . Thus dR = 2 − 6x
i,e
4 ^0 h3 dx
= 6 ^0 h +
7 − 1.5e −0 + k Integrating both sides with respect to x gives
3
R = # ^2 − 6x hdx
=− 1.5 ^1 h + k & k = 8.5
7
= 2x − 3x 2 + k ,

Cost function is
where k is the constant of integration.
3
C = 6x + 4x − 1.5e −x + 8.5 Total revenue is zero at x = 0 . Thus
3
= 0+k & k = 0
0
Total cost of producing 5 cars
Thus the revenue function is given by,
4 ^5 h3
Cx = 5 = 6 ^ 5 h + − 1.5e −5 + 8.5 R = 2x − 3x 2
3
But R = px where p is the price per unit or demand
= 30 + 500 − 1.5 ^0.0067379h + 8.5
function.
3
Thus, px = 2x − 3x 2
= 38.5 + 166.666667 − 0.010107
2
p = 2x − 3x = 2 − 3x ,
= 205.15656
x
which is the required demand function.
Total cost of producing 5 cars is < 2, 05, 15, 656.
Applied Mathematics EXAMPLE 6.17

CBSE Class XI and XII Commerce ab - c . Prove
^x - b h2
Marginal revenue function of a firm is
that the demand law is p = a − c.
Based on New (Modified on 31st March b−x
2021) Syllabus Released By CBSE SOLUTION :
For all Chapter Free PDF Whatsapp at 94140 63210 ab − c
Marginal Revenue MR =
^x − b h2
dR = ab − c
dx ^x − b h2
R ^x h = # = ab 2 − cG dx
^x − b h

6.3 marginal revenue and total
revenue or R ^x h = − ab − cx + k
x−b
The marginal revenue MR is the derivative of the revenue
function R . Therefore, to find R , we integrate the marginal where k is an arbitrary constant.
revenue function. Thus At x = 0 we have, R = 0 . Thus
R = # MRdx + k 0 =− ab − 0 + k & k =− a
where k is the constant of integration to be determined by −b
using the fact that R = 0 , when x = 0 . Once R is obtained, Hence the revenue function is
the corresponding demand function can be obtained by
R = − ab − cx − a
x−b
# MRdx = # ^4 + e−0.03x hdx

100 100
But R = px , where p is the price per unit or demand

0 0
function.
= :4x − e
0.03 D0
−0.03x 100
Thus, px =− ab − cx − a
x−b
= ;400 − e E − ;− 1 E
−3
ab −c−a
x ^x − b h
p =− 0.03 0.03
x
= 400 − 1.66 + 33.33

= − ab − ax + ab − c
x ^x − b h

= 431.67 thousand of rupees.

or p = a −c
b−x
EXAMPLE 6.19
which is the required demand law. 4 − 1, show
^2x + 3h2
Given the marginal revenue function
EXAMPLE 6.18 that the average revenue is p = 4 −1

6x + 9
The marginal revenue (in thousand of rupees) function for
SOLUTION :
a particular commodity is 4 + e−0.03x , where x denotes the
Marginal Revenue MR = 4 −1
^2x + 3h2
number of units sold. Determine the total revenue from
the sale of 100 units. It is given that e−3 = 0.05 (app.)
dR = 4 −1
^2x + 3h2
SOLUTION :
i.e
dx
If R denotes the revenue function, then we have
MR = 4 + e−0.03x
R = #= 4 − 1G dx
^ 3h2
dR = 4 + e−0.03x
or 2 x +
dx
^2x + 3h−1
^− 1h 2
Integrating both sides with respect to x gives = 4$
−x+k
R = # ^4 + e−0.03x hdx 2 −x+k

Thus, R =−
−0.03x 2x + 3
= 4x − e
+k
.03
where k is an arbitrary constant.
where k is the constant of integration.
At x = 0 we have, R = 0 . Thus
At x = 0 we have, R = 0 . Thus 2 −0+k & k = 2
2 ^0 h + 3
0 =−
3
0 = 0 − 1 + k & k = 33.33
.03
Hence the revenue from the sale of x units is given by Hence the revenue function is given by
2 −x+2
R = 4x − 1 e−0.03x + 33.33 R =−
2x + 3 3
0.03
In particular, the revenue from the sale of 100 units is
The average revenue function is given by
−3
Rx = 100 = 400 − e + 33.33
0.03 p = AR = R
x
= 400 − 0.05 + 33.33
2
0.03 −1+ 2
x ^2x + 3h
=−

3x
= 431.67 thousand of rupees

= − 6 + 4x + 6 − 1
3x ^2x + 3h
<= 4, 31, 670

Alternative : = 4 −1

6x + 9
Total revenue from the sale of 100 units, 4 − 1 is the desired average revenue
Thus p =
6x + 9
function. 20
= # ^175 − 2x − 0.3x 2h dx

10
EXAMPLE 6.20 = 6175x − x 2 − 0 1x 3@10

. 20
A firm’s marginal revenue function is given by = 6175 ^20h − ^20h2 − 0.1 ^20h3@

- 6175 ^10h - ^10h2 - 0.1 ^10h3@
e 1 - o . Find the corresponding demand function.
-x/10 x
20e
= ^3500 − 400 − 800h
10

- ^1750 - 100 - 100h
SOLUTION :

d1 − n
Marginal Revenue MR = 20e −x/10 x
10 = 750

dR = 20e−x/10 d1 − x n
Applied Mathematics

dx 10
Integrating both sides with respect to x , we obtain CBSE Class XI and XII Commerce
R = # 20e−x/10 d1 − 10
x n dx A Text Book by www.cbse.online
= 20 # e
−x/10
dx − 2 # xe −x/10
dx 2021) Syllabus Released By CBSE
= 20 # e
−x/10
dx − 2 9− 10xe −x/10
dx − # − 10e−x/10 dx C For all Chapter Free PDF Whatsapp at 94140
= 20 # e
−x/10
dx + 20xe −x/10
− 20 # e −x/10
dx 63210
−x/10
= 20xe
+k
where k is an arbitrary constant
At x = 0 we have, R = 0 . Thus Click Here To Buy Hard Copy
= 0+k & k = 0
0
Thus the revenue function is given by
EXAMPLE 6.22
R = 20xe−x/10
x
But R = px , where p is the price per unit. If the marginal revenue of a product is 10e 400 e 1 - x o .
400
Show that the corresponding demand function is
Hence, px = 20xe−x/10
p = 20e−x/10 x = 400 ln c 10 m .
p
which is the required demand function. SOLUTION :
Marginal Revenue,
x
EXAMPLE 6.21 MR ^x h = 10e 400 d1 − x n
400
A manufacturer’s marginal revenue function is x
175 - 2x - 0.3x 2. Find the increase in the manufacturer’s dR = 10e 400 d1 − x n
dx 400
total revenue if production is increased from 10 to 20 units.
x
SOLUTION :
R = # <10e 400 d1 − 400 F
x n dx
Marginal Revenue MR = 175 − 2x − 0.3x 2
dR = 175 − 2x − 0.3x 2 −x x
i.e.,
dx = 10 <fe 400 dx − # d x n e 400 dx F
400
We have to find total increase in revenue when x increases R J x x NV
# >c 400 Hdx OOW
S 400 OW
from 10 to 20 units. That is, we have to find R ^20h - R ^10h .
x 400
K x e 400 1 m e
= 10 S #
e dx − K −
SS K 400 − 1 − 1 WW
20
dR dx L 400 400 PX
Rx = 20 − Rx = 10 = # T
= 10 ; # e 400 dx − b− xe + # 8e B dx lE
dx x − x − x
10 400 400
− x
= 10xe 400 + c
# MRdx
Revenue R =
− x = # ^7 − 6x 2 + 2x h dx

Thus R = 10xe 400 +c
3 2
We have R = 0 at x = 0 . Thus = 7x − 6 x + 2 x + c

3 2
0 = 10 ^0 h e
− 0
400 +k & k = 0 = 7x − 2x 3 + x 2 + c

− x
Therefore, R = 10xe 400
We have R = 0 at x = 0 . Thus
10xe
− x 7 ^0 h − 2 ^0 h3 + ^0 h2 + k & k = 0
0
p = R =
400
Demand function, x
x R = 7x − 2x 3 + x 2
− x Thus demand function
p = 10e 400
R ^x h 3 2
p = = 7x − 2x + x
x x
ln 10 = x
p 400
Thus p = 7 − 2x 2 + x
Hence, corresponding demand function is x = 400 ln c 10 m .
p
EXAMPLE 6.25
EXAMPLE 6.23
The monthly marginal revenue function for a company is
If the marginal revenue for a product is given by given by
MR = 16 − 9x 2 + 8x Find the total revenue function and
MR = 10 − 0.2x + 50
demand function. x + 10
SOLUTION : where x is the number of thousands of items produced

and sold and MR ^x h is measured in thousands of rupees
Marginal Revenue,
per thousand items. Find the revenue function for the
MR ^x h = 16 − 9x 2 + 8x company.
# MRdx
Revenue R =
SOLUTION :
= # ^15 − 9x 2 + 8x h dx

Marginal Revenue,
= # 15dx − # 9x 2dx + # 8xdx

MR ^x h = 10 − 0.02x + 50
3 2
x + 10
= 15x − 9x + 8x + k

3 2
Revenue R = # MRdx
= 15x − 3x 3 + 4x 2 + k

= # c10 − 0.02x +
50 m dx
We have R = 0 at x = 0 . Thus x + 10
= 15 ^0 h − 3 ^0 h3 + 4 ^0 h2 + k & k = 0
0 50 dx
= # 10dx − # 0.02xdx +
#
Now R = 15x − 3x 3 + 4x 2 x + 10
= 10x − 0.02x + 50 ln ^x + 10h + k

Demand function, 2

R ^x h 3 2 2
p = = 15x − 3x + 4x
x x = 10x − 0.01x 2 + 50 ln ^x + 10h + k

p = 15 − 3x 2 + 4x We have R = 0 at x = 0 . Thus
= 10 ^0 h − 0.01 ^0 h + 50 ln ^0 + 10h + k
0
EXAMPLE 6.24 = 50 ln ^10h + k
0
If the marginal revenue for a product is given by k = − 50 ln ^10h
MR = 7 − 6x 2 + 2x , find the total revenue function and log 10
=− 50 10
demand function. log 10 e
SOLUTION : =− 50 c 1 m

0.4343
Marginal Revenue,
MR ^x h = 7 − 6x 2 + 2x = − 50 ^2.3025h

=− 115.1277
The law of supply says that a higher price will induce
Revenue Function, producers to supply a higher quantity to the market. In
other words, as the price of a product increases, supplies
R = 10x − 0.01x 2 + 50 ln ^x + 10h − 115.13 will try to supply more goods to maximise their profits.
A market supply curve shows relationship between
quantity supplied and price of a product. The graph given
below shows that the curve has upward slope.
Applied Mathematics

6.4 Consumer surplus and

producer surplus
To understand consumer surplus and producer surplus, we
need the knowledge of demand and supply curves. 6.4.3 Equilibrium Point
Equilibrium point is the intersection of a demand curve and
6.4.1 Law of Demand a supply curve. It is the point where market equilibrium
The law of demand is a fundamental principle of economics is attained and occurs at the price where the quantity
that states that at a higher price consumers will demand demanded is equal to the quantity supplied.
a lower quantity of a good. In other words, the higher the The graph given below shows the equilibrium point.
price, the lower the quantity demanded and the lower the
price, the higher the quantity demanded.
A market demand curve shows relationship between
quantity demanded and price of a product. The graph
given below shows that the curve has downward slope.
6.4.4 Consumer Surplus and Producer

surplus
A consumer surplus happens when the price consumers
pay for a product or service is less than the price they’re
willing to pay. Consumer surplus is the benefit or good
6.4.2 Law of Supply feeling of getting a good deal. For example, let’s say that
you bought an airline ticket for a flight to Mumbai during EXAMPLE 6.26
school vacation week for Rs 3000, but you were expecting The demand function for a commodity is given by
and willing to pay Rs 4000 for one ticket. The Rs 1000 p = 100 − 8x . Find the consumers’ surplus corresponding
represents your consumer surplus. to the market price p = 4 .
Producer surplus is the difference between how much
a person would be willing to accept for given quantity of a SOLUTION :
good versus how much they can receive by selling the good Demand equation, p = 100 − 8x
at the market price. The difference or surplus amount is The market price is given to be p 0 = 4 . Substituting this
the benefit the producer receives for selling the good in the value of p0 in the demand function p = 100 − 8x, we get
market. A producer surplus is generated by market prices the market demand x 0 = 12 .
in excess of the lowest price producers would otherwise be Consumers’ surplus,
willing to accept for their goods x0
Consider a market at equilibrium and at the CS = # D ^x hdx − x 0 # p0

0
equilibrium point, the price per unit of a product is p0
and the market demand is x0 units. According to the where ^x 0, p 0h is the equilibrium point and p = D ^x h is the
demand curve, there are consumers who would be willing demand function.
to pay more than p0 . These consumers will be benefited
# ^100 − 8x hdx − 12 # 4
12
by paying the equilibrium price p0 . The total benefit of Thus CS =
these type of consumers is called consumer surplus (CS) 0
and is represented by the area between the line p = p0 and = ^100x − 4x 2h 0 − 48

12

= 6100 ^12h − 4 ^12h2@ − 48 = 576
the demand curve p = D (x) from x = 0 to x = x0 .

Hence consumers’ surplus is 576.
EXAMPLE 6.27
The demand law for a commodity is p = 20 − 2x − x 2 .
Find the consumers’ surplus when the market demand
is 3.
SOLUTION :
Demand equation, p = 20 − 2x − x 2
The market demand is given to be x 0 = 3 . Substituting
this value of x 0 in the demand function p = 20 − 2x − x 2,
we get the market price p 0 = 5 .
x0
= # D (x) dx − x0 # p0
Thus, CS Consumers’ surplus,
0 x0
According to the supply curve, there are producers CS = # D ^x hdx − x 0 # p0
who would be willing to sell the product at prices less 0
than p0 . These suppliers will be benefited by selling at where ^x 0, p 0h is the equilibrium point and p = D ^x h is the
equilibrium price p0 . The total benefit of these type demand function.
of suppliers is called the producers surplus (PS) and is
# ^20 − 2x − x 2hdx − 3 # 5
3
represented by the area between the line p = p 0 and the CS =
supply curve p = S (x) from x = 0 to x = x0 . 0
x0
= ;20x − x 2 − x E − 15
3 3
= x0 # p 0 − # S (x) dx
Thus, PS
3 0
0
= ^60 − 9 − 9h − 0 − 15 = 27

Hence consumers’ surplus is 27.
EXAMPLE 6.28 2
−x Thus PS = 21.84 # 2 − # 0.4e 2x dx

The demand equation of a product is p − 10e = 0 . Find 0
the consumer surplus when the market price p = 1. 2
= 43.68 − 0.2 e 2x
0
SOLUTION : = 43.68 − 0.2 6e 4 − e 0@

= 43.68 − 0.2 ^54.60 − 1h
−x
Demand equation, p = 10e
The market price is given to be p 0 = 1. Substituting this = 43.68 − 10.72 = 32.96

value of p0 in the demand function p = 10e−x we get the
market demand as follow :x 0 = 12 . EXAMPLE 6.30
1 = 10e−x If the supply function for a particular commodity is
e-x = 1 100p = ^x + 20h2 and the market price is < 25, find the
10 producer’s surplus.
e x = 10 SOLUTION :
x log 10 e = log 10 10 = 1 Supply function, 100p = ^x + 20h2
x ^0.4343h = 1 When market price is < 25, i.e p 0 = 25 ,
x = 1 = 2.30 100 # 25 = ^x0 + 20h2
0.4343
50 = x0 + 20 & x0 = 30
Consumers’ surplus, Now the producer’s surplus is
x0 x0
CS = # D ^x hdx − x 0 # p0 PS = x 0 # p 0 − # S ^x hdx
0 0
where ^x 0, p 0h is the equilibrium point and p = D ^x h is the where ^x 0, p 0h is the equilibrium point and p = S ^x h is the
demand function. supply function.
2.30 30
^x + 20h2
Now CS = # 10e−x dx − 1 # 2.30 PS = 25 # 30 − # 100
dx
0 0
= 750 − 1 ^x + 20h3
−x 2.30 30
= − 10 e
− 2.30 0
=− 10 6e−2.30 − e 0@ − 2.30
300 0

=− 10 ; 1 − 1E − 2.30 = 6.70
= 750 − 1 8^50h3 − ^20h3B = 360

10 300
EXAMPLE 6.29
EXAMPLE 6.31
The supply function of a producer is given by p = 0.4e 2x,
where x denotes thousand units. Find producer’s surplus The supply curve for a commodity is p = 9 + x and the
when sales are 2000 units. quantity sold is 7 units. Find the producer’s surplus.
Supply function, p = 0.4e 2x Supply function, p = 9 + x

The quantity sold is 7 units, thus x 0 = 7
When sales are 2000 units i.e x 0 = 2 ,
Substituting this value in the supply function we have
p 0 = 0.4e 4 p0 = 9 + 7 = 4
= 0.4 # 54.60 = 21.84 Now the producer’s surplus is
Now the producer’s surplus is x0
x0 PS = x 0 # p 0 − # S ^x hdx
PS = x 0 # p 0 − # S ^x hdx 0
0
where ^x 0, p 0h is the equilibrium point and p = S ^x h is the
where ^x 0, p 0h is the equilibrium point and p = S ^x h is the supply function.
supply function.
supply function p = 1 ^x + 3h , where p is price and x is

7
PS = 7 # 4 − # 9 + x dx 2
0 quantity.
= 28 − ; 2 ^9 + x h 2E
3 7
SOLUTION :
3 0
Demand function, D^x h , p = 8 −2
= 28 − 2 6163/2 − 93/2@
x+1

3
Supply function, D ^x h , p = 1 ^x + 3h
= 28 − 2 643 − 33@ = 10
2

3 3
Under pure competition, equilibrium is obtained by
equating demand and supply functions.
2^ h
Thus, 8 − 2 = 1 x + 3
EXAMPLE 6.32 x+1
If the supply function for a particular commodity is 16 − 4 ^x + 1h = ^x + 3h^x + 1h
p = 10 ^x + 3h2 and the market price is < 360, find the
x 2 + 8x − 9 = 0
equilibrium quantity and the producer’s surplus.
^x − 1h^x + 9h = 0
SOLUTION :
We get x = 1 as the negative value x =− 9 is meaningless.
Supply function, p = 10 ^x + 3h2
Substituting x = 1 in the demand function, we have
p
or x = −3 8 −2 = 2
10 p =
1+1
Equilibrium quantity, at market price pe =< 360 Thus the equilibrium point is (1, 2).
The consumers’ surplus is,
xe = 360 − 3 = 6 − 3 = 3
x0
10
CS = # D ^x hdx − x 0 # p0
Now the producer’s surplus is 0
x0 1
PS = x 0 # p 0 − # S ^x hdx = # c 8 − 2 m dx − 1 # 2

0
x+1
0
where ^x 0, p 0h is the equilibrium point and p = S ^x h is the = 68 log ^x + 1h − 2x @ 0 − 2

1

supply function. = 8 log 2 − 4

The producers’ surplus is,
PS = 360 ^3 h − # 10 ^x + 3h2dx
3 x0
PS = p 0 # x 0 − # S ^x hdx
0 0
10 ^x + 3h F
= 1080 − <
3 3
= 1 # 2 − # 1 ^x + 3h dx
1

3 0
2
0
= 1080 − 10 8^3 + 3h3 − 33B

^x + 3h2
1
3 = 2 −;
E = 14
4 0
= 1080 − 10 6189@

3
= 1080 − 630 =< 450

EXAMPLE 6.34
Thus, the producer’s surplus is < 450. The demand and supply functions for a commodity are
given by p = 24e−x and p = 36ex/2 respectively. Determine
the consumer and producer surplus at equilibrium price.

Find the consumer’s surplus and producer’s surplus under
pure competition for demand function p = 8 − 2 and
x+1 Demand function, D^x h , p = 24e−x
Supply function, D ^x h , p = 36ex/2 x0

CS = # D ^x hdx − x 0 # p0
Under equilibrium, Demand = Supply 0
-x x/2
24e = 3e
= # ^1600 − x 2h dx − 1200 ^20h
20

e3x/2 = 8 0
Taking natural logarithm on both sides, we get,

= c1600x − x m − 24000
3 20

3x = log 8 = 3 log 2 3 0

2
= 1600 ^20h − 20 − 0 − 24000
3

x = 2 log 2 = log 4 3
Substituting this value of x in the demand function, we
= 32000 − 8000 − 24000

have 3
p = 24 − e− log4 = 6
= 8000 − 8000 = 24000 − 8000

x0 3 3
Now CS = # D ^x hdx − x 0 # p0
0
= 16000 = 5, 333.33

log 4 3
= # 24e−x dx − 6 log 4

0 Producer’s Surplus,
= ^− 24e−x h 0log 4 − 6 log 4 x0
# S ^x hdx

PS = p 0 # x 0 −
= ^− 24h6e− log4 − e 0@ − 6 log 4
0
= ^− 24h; 1 − 1E − 6 log 4 = 18 − 6 log 4 = 1200 ^20h − # ^2x 2 + 400h dx

20

4
0
x0
# S ^x hdx = 24000 − ;2x + 400x E
3 20
and PS = p 0 # x 0 −
0 3 0
2 ^20h3
log 4
= 24000 − =d + 400 ^20h n

log 4
= 6 log 4 − # 3ex/2 dx = 6 log 4 − 6ex/2
0
3
2 ^0 h3
0
= 6 log 4 − 6 6e log2 − e 0@
−d + 400 ^0 h nG
3
= 6 log 4 − 6 ^2 − 1h = 6 log 4 − 6

= 24000 − b 16000 + 8000 l

3
^72000 − 40000h
EXAMPLE 6.35 =

3
The demand and supply functions under pure competition
are p = 1600 − x 2 and p = 2x 2 + 400 respectively. Find = 32000 = 10, 666.67

3
the consumer’s surplus and producer’s surplus.
SOLUTION : Applied Mathematics

Demand function, D^x h , p = 1600 − x 2
Supply function, D ^x h , p = 2x 2 + 400
Equilibrium, 1600 - x 2 = 2x 2 + 400
3x 2 = 1200
For all Chapter Free PDF Whatsapp at 94140
xe = 20 63210
pe = 1600 − 400 = 1200
Consumer’s surplus
Applied Mathematics
Unit 3 : Calculs
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PAGE 150 Differential Equation chapter 7
CHAPTER 7
Di fferential Equation
7.1 Introduction is called the degree of the differential equation.

The laws of the universe are written in the language of If any term of differential equation cannot be
mathematics. The most interesting natural phenomena expressed as polynomial in the derivative (or derivatives),
involve change and are described by equations that relate then the degree of the differential equation is not defined.
dy
to changing quantities. The derivative dx represents the For example, consider the equations:
rate at which the dependent variable y is changing with dy
a. = 2x3 + 7 x
dx
respect to the independent variable x . So, it is natural
b. 3 c m = xy − sin 2x
that the equations involving derivatives are frequently dy 2
dx dy
used to describe the changing universe. Such equations dx
are called differential equations.
c. 5 2 + 8 c m = log x
2
d y dy 2
dx dx
1 +c m
dy dy 2
7.2 Differential Equation d. y = x +2
dx dx
e. d1 - c mn =k 2
Differential Equation dy 2 3/2 d2y
dx dx
f. ^3x2 + 5y h dy − 5x dx = 0
An equation containing independent variables, dependent
variables and derivatives of dependent variables with
respect to independent variables is called a differential g. ^ylh2 + cos2 y = 0
equation. h. ^y mh2 − sin yl = 0
Ordinary Differential Equation i. y n − 3 ^y mh2 + ^ylh3 + log y = 5x
An equation containing only one independent variable, These are all ordinary differential equations.
only one dependent variable and derivatives of dependent a. The highest order derivative present in the given
dy
variable with respect to independent variable is called an differential equation is dx , so its order is 1. Hence the
ordinary differential equation. term in the derivative is a polynomial, so its degree
dy
is the highest exponent of dx , which is 1. Thus, its
degree is 1.
7.3 Order and Degree of Differential b. The highest order derivative present in the given
Equation dy
differential equation is dx , so its order is 1. It can be
written as 3 ^ dx h = xy. dx − sin 2x . Here eqch term in
dy 3 dy
Order
the derivatives is a polynomial, so its degree is the
The order of a differential equation is the order of highest exponent of dx dy
, which is 3. Thus, its degree
the highest order derivative of the dependent variable is 3.
with respect to independent variable appearing in the c. The highest order derivative present in the given
equation. 2
differential equation is ddxy , so its order is 2. Here

2
Degree each term in the derivatives is a polynomial, so its

2
If each term involving derivatives of a differential equation degree is the highest exponent of ddxy , which is 1.
2
is a polynomial (or can be expressed as polynomial), Thus, its degree is 1.

then the highest exponent of the highest order derivative d. The highest order derivative present in the given
Chapter 7 Differential Equation PAGE 151
differential equation is dy
, so its order is 1. It can be dy
dx (i) − cos x = 0
written as dx
(ii) c m + log y = x2
dy 2
c y - x m = 4 d 1 + c m n
dy 2 dy 2
dx
dx dx
^x2 − 4hc dx m − 2xy dx + y2 − 4 = 0

dy 2 dy SOLUTION :
or
(i) Given differential equation is
Here each term in the derivatives is a polynomial, so dy
dy - cos x = 0
its degree is the highest exponent of dx , which is 2. dx
Thus, its degree is 2. It involves the highest derivative of first order. So, it is of
e. The highest order derivative present in the given dy
2 order 1. It is a polynomial equation in . So its degree
differential equation is ddxy , so its order is 2. It can dx
2
dy
be written as a1 − _ i = k2 ` ddxy j . Here each term
dx k
dy 2 3 2 2 can be defined. The highest power of is 1. So, it is of
2 dx
degree 1.
in the derivative is a polynomial, so its degree is the
2
highest exponent of ddxy , which is 2. Thus, its degree

2
(ii) Given differential equation is
is 2.
c m + log y = x2
dy 2
f. The given differential equation can be written as
dx
^3x2 + 5y h dx dy
= 5x , so this equation is of order 1 and
It involves the highest derivative of first order. So, it is of
degree 1. dy
order 1. It is a polynomial equation in dx . So, its degree
g. The highest order derivative present in the given dy
can be defined. The highest power of dx is 2. So, it is of
differential equation is yl, so its order is 1. Here the
degree 2.
term containing the derivative is a polynomial, so
its degree is the highest exponent of yl, which is 2.
Thus, its degree is 2. Note that the term cos2 y is not EXAMPLE 7.2
a polynomial in y .
Determine the order and degree (if defined) of each of
h. The highest order derivative present in the given
the following differential equations:
differential equation is ym, so its order is 2. Here the
d n +
d2y d 2 y 4 dy
term sin yl is not a polynomial in yl, so the degree (i) + 6y = 4 (ii) =0
dx2 dx2 dx
of the given differential equation is not defined.
i. The highest order derivative present in the given SOLUTION :
differential equation is y n , so its order is 3. Here (i) Given differential equation is
each term containing derivatives y n , ym and yl are d2y
polynomials, so its degree is the highest exponent of + 6y = 4
dx2
y n , which is 1. Thus, its degree is 1. Note that the
It involves the highest derivative of second order. So, it
term log y is not a polynomial in y . 2
is of order 2. It is a polynomial equation in ddxy . So, its

2
In general, an ordinary differential equation of order 2
degree can be defined. The highest power of ddxy is 1. So,

one is of the form F _x, y, dx dy
i = 0 , where F is a function
2
dy it is of degree 1.
of the variables x , y , dx ; and an ordinary differential
equation of order 2 is of the form F `x, y, dx , dx j = 0 etc.
2
dy d y
2
d n + = 0
More generally, an equation of the form d 2 y 4 dy

dx2 dx
F ^x, y, y1, y2, ..., yn h = 0 is called an ordinary differential
equation of order n . It involves the highest derivative of second order. So, it
2
dy
is of order 2. It is a polynomial equation in ddxy and dx .
2
2
dy
So, its degree can be defined. The highest power of dx is 2
EXAMPLE 7.1 4. So, it is of degree 4.

the following differential equations:
EXAMPLE 7.3
b ds l + 3s d s2 = 0
4 2

the following differential equations: dt dt
+ sin c m = 0
dy dy It involves the highest derivative of second order. So, it is
(i)
dx dx 2
of order 2. It is a polynomial equation in ddts and ds
2
dt . So,
(ii) d 2 n + cos c m = 0
d2y 2 dy ds
its degree can be defined. The highest power of dt is 1.
2
dx dx
So, it is of degree 1.
(iii) y n + y2 + eyl = 0
SOLUTION : EXAMPLE 7.5

(i) Given differential equation is Determine the order and degree (if defined) of each of
+ sin c m = 0
dy dy the following differential equations:

dx dx
(i) x3 d 2 n + x c m = 0
d2y 2 dy 4
It involves the highest derivative of first order. So, it is dx dx
(ii) 5x c m − 2 − 6y = log x
of order 1. It is not a polynomial equation in dxdy
. So, its dy 2 d 2 y
degree cannot be defined. dx dx
(ii) Given differential equation is SOLUTION :
d 2 n + cos c m = 0
d2y 2 dy
(i) Given differential equation is
dx dx
x d 2 n + x c m = 0
3 d2y 2 dy 4
dy
dx dx
is of order 2. It is not a polynomial equation in dx . So,
its degree cannot be defined. dy 2
(iii) Given differential equation is is of order 2. It is a polynomial equation in dx and ddxy . 2

2
So, its degree can be defined. The highest power of ddxy is

y n + y2 + eyl = 0
2
2. So, it is of degree 2.
It involves the highest derivative of third order. So, it is
of order 3. It is not a polynomial equation in yl. So, its
5x c m - 2 - 6y = log x
degree cannot be defined. dy 2 d 2 y

dx dx
2
dy
EXAMPLE 7.4 is of order 2. It is a polynomial equation in dx and ddxy . 2
2
Determine the order and degree (if defined) of each of So, its degree can be defined. The highest power of ddxy is 2
the following differential equations: 1. So, it is of degree 1.
(i) xy 2 + x c m − y
d2y dy 2 dy
=0
dx dx dx
Applied Mathematics
(ii) b ds l + 3s d s2 = 0
4 2
dt dt CBSE Class XI and XII Commerce

SOLUTION :
(i) Given differential equation is Syllabus Released By CBSE
2 + x c dx m − y dx = 0
d2y dy 2 dy For all Chapter Free PDF Whatsapp at 94140 63210
xy
dx
2
is of order 2. It is a polynomial equation in ddxy and dx

2
dy
. Click Here To Buy Hard Copy
2
dy
So, its degree can be defined. The highest power of dx is 2
1. So, it is of degree 1.
Exercise 6.1 Hence, y = A cos x + B sin x is a solution of the differential

d2y
equation + y = 0.
Determine order and degree (if defined) of each of the dx2
following differential equations: (ii) Let y = A cos x − 3 sin x
dy
dy Then, =− 2 sin x − 3 cos x
1. + ey = 5 dx
dx
Ans : order = 1, Degree = 1 d2y
and =− 2 cos x + 3 sin x
dx2
2
2. s2 d t2 + s b dt l = log t
2
ds ds d2y
Thus + y = 0
Ans : Order = 2, Degree = 1 dx2
d2 y 2 d4 y
3. c 2 m + cos c m= 0 Hence, y = 2 cos x − 3 sin x is a solution of the differential
dx dx 4
d2y
Ans : Order = 4, Degree is not defined. equation + y = 0.
dx2
4. y''' + 2y'' + yl = 0 General Solution of a Differential Equation:
Ans : Order = 3, Degree = 1 A solution that contains as many arbitrary constants as
the order of the differential equation is called general
5. y'' + 2y' + sin y = 0 solution of that differential equation.
Ans : Order = 2, Degree = 1 For example, consider the differential equation
dy 2 dy 2 d2y
6. x + b
dx l
1 +b
dx l
= + y = 0
dx2
It is a differential equation of order 2.
Ans : Order = 1, Degree = 4
Since, y = A cos x + B sin x is a solution of the above
d4 y d3 y
4 − sin c m= 0
7. differential equation and it has two arbitrary constants.
dx dx3 So, y = A cos x + B sin x is a general solution of the above
Ans : Order = 4, Degree is not defined. differential equation.
8. (y''') 2 + (y'') 3 + (y') 4 + y5 = 0 Particular Solution of a Differential Equation:

Ans : Order = 3, Degree = 2 A solution obtained by giving particular values to
the arbitrary constants in the general solution of the
differential equation is called a particular solution of
7.4 Solution of a Differential that differential equation. In other words, a particular
Equation:
solution is a solution free from arbitrary constants.
A relation between the dependent and independent For example, consider the differential equation
variables that satisfies the differential equation is called d2y
+ y = 0
a solution of that differential equation. dx2
For example, consider the differential equation Since, y = 2 cos x − 3 sin x is a solution of the above
d2y differential equation and it has no arbitrary constant. So,
+ y = 0 y = 2 cos x − 3 sin x is a particular solution of the above
dx2
differential equation.
(i) Let y = A cos x + B sin x , where A and B are arbitrary
(i.e., unknown) constants. Note
dy Clearly, y =− sin x is also a particular solution of the
Then, =− A sin x + B cos x
dx
2
differential equation ddty + y = 0 . So, particular solution

2
d2y of a differential equation is not unique.

and =− A cos x − B sin x
dx2
d2y
Thus + y = 0
dx2
EXAMPLE 7.6
Given function is y = ax + b
x
Show that the function y = ax + b is a solution of the
a xy = ax2 + b
differential equation
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x , we get
dy b
y = x + dy dy
dx dx x + y = 2ax
dx
SOLUTION : dy y
+ = 2a
dx x
Given function is y = ax + b ...(1) Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x , we get
a
^x hc dx m − ^y h^1 h
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x , we get dy
d2y
dy + = 0
^x h2

= a dx2
dx
Substituting value of a in (1), we get d2y dy
x2 2 + x dx − y = 0
dy b dx
y = x + dy
dx dx which is the given differential equation. Hence, given
which is the given differential equation. Hence, given function is a solution of the given differential equation.
function is a solution of the given differential equation.

EXAMPLE 7.7
Verify that the function y = e−3x is a solution of
Show that the function y = ax + 2a2 is a solution of the differential equation
differential equation d 2 y dy
+ − 6y = 0
dx2 dx
2c m + x
dy 2 dy
− y = 0
dx dx
SOLUTION :
SOLUTION :
Given function is y = e−3x ...(1)
Given function is y = ax + 2a2 ...(1) Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x , we get
=− 3e−3x ...(2)
dy dx
= a
dx Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x , we get
Substituting value of a in (1), we get d2y
= 9e−3x
+ 2c m
dy dy 2 dx2
y = x
dx dx d2y
- 9e-3x = 0
2c m + x
dy 2
dy dx2
− y = 0
dx dx d2y -3x
which is the given differential equation. 2 - 3e - 6e-3x = 0
dx
Hence, given function is a solution of the given differential d 2 y dy
equation. + − 6y = 0 [Using (1) and (2)]
dx2 dx
which is the given differential equation. Hence, given
EXAMPLE 7.8
Show that the function y = ax + b is a solution of the

x
differential equation EXAMPLE 7.10 SBTEJ 2014
d2y dy Verify that the function y + x + 1 = 0 is a solution of

x2 2 + x dx − y = 0
dx differential equation
SOLUTION : ^y - x h dy - ^y2 - x2h dx = 0
SOLUTION :
dy 2
Given function is y + x + 1 = 0 ...(1) = x 1 +2x
dx 1+x
dy dy xy
+ 1 = 0 = [Using (1)]
dx dx 1 + x2
dx ^
− y + x h = 0
dy which is the given differential equation. Hence, given
[Using 1]
^y − x hdx − ^y − x h^y + x h = 0
dy

^y - x h dy - ^y2 - x2h dx = 0 7.5 Formulation of differential

which is the given differential equation. equation
Hence, given function is a solution of the given differential
Let us now understand the formulation of a differential
equation.
equation whose general solution is given. We can have
the following three types of problems:
(1) Problems in which general solution containing one
EXAMPLE 7.11
arbitrary constant is given.
Verify that the function x2 = 2y2 log y is a solution of (2) Problems in which general solution containing two
differential equation arbitrary constant is given.
xy = ^y2 + x2h
dy (3) Problems in which general solution representing

dx
some standard family of curves is given.
SOLUTION : Here we will study only the problems in which
general solution containing one arbitrary constant is
Given function is x2 = 2y2 log y
given. If we are given general solution containing one
arbitrary constant, then the following working rule can
2x = 2 <y2 d 1
dx F
n + log y c 2y m
dy dy be used to form differential equation:

y dx

x = ^y + 2y log y h
dy Step I:

dx Write the given general solution containing one arbitrary
x = <y + x F
2
dy constant.
[Using (1)]
y dx
Step II:
xy = ^y2 + x2h
dy

dx Separate (if possible) the arbitrary constant to L.H.S.
which is the given differential equation. and the variables (both dependent and independent) to
Hence, given function is a solution of the given differential R.H.S.
equation.
Step III:
a. If the arbitrary constant gets separated, then
differentiate both sides to eliminate the arbitrary
constant and get the required differential equation.
Verify that the function y = 1 + x2 is a solution of
b. If it is not possible to separate the arbitrary constant,
differential equation
then differentiate both sides of the given solution
dy xy and evaluate the arbitrary constant. Substitute this
=
dx 1 + x2
value of the arbitrary constant in the given solution
SOLUTION : to get the required differential equation.
Given function is y = 1 + x2 ...(1)

dy x
=
dx 1 + x2
EXAMPLE 7.13 y
= m
Form the differential equation representing the family of x
curves xy = a2 , where a is an arbitrary constant. Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x , we get
^x hc dx m - ^y h^1 h
dy
SOLUTION : = 0
x2
Given family of curves is dy
x - y = 0
xy = a2 dx
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x , we get which is the required differential equation.
dy
x + y = 0
dx
which is the required differential equation. EXAMPLE 7.16
Form the differential equation representing the family of

curves x2 + y2 = ax3 , where a is an arbitrary constant.
Applied Mathematics
CBSE Class XI and XII Commerce SOLUTION :
A Text Book by www.cbse.online Given family of curves is
x2 + y2 = ax3
x2 + y2
For all Chapter Free PDF Whatsapp at 94140 63210 = a
x3
No Missing topic No Extra Topic Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x , we get
Click Here To Buy Hard Copy ^x3hc 2x + 2y dx m − ^x2 + y2h^3x2h
dy
= 0
^x3h
2
m − 3 ^x2 + y2hF = 0
x2 <x c 2x + 2y
dy

EXAMPLE 7.14 dx
dy
Form the differential equation representing the family 2x2 + 2xy − 3x2 − 3y2 = 0
dx
of curves x2 − y2 = a2 , where a is an arbitrary constant. dy
2xy - x2 - 3y2 = 0
dx
SOLUTION : which is the required differential equation.
Given family of curves is
x 2 - y 2 = a 2
EXAMPLE 7.17 SBTEJ 2017, 2012
dy Form the differential equation representing the family of
2x - 2y = 0
dx curves given by the equation ^x − a h2 + 2y2 = a2 , where a
dy is an arbitrary constant.
x - y = 0
dx
which is the required differential equation. SOLUTION :
Given family of curve is

^x − a h2 + 2y2 = a2
x2 + a2 − 2ax + 2y2 = a2
Form the differential equation representing the family of
curves y = mx , where m is an arbitrary constant. x2 − 2ax + 2y2 = 0
x2 + 2y2 = 2ax
SOLUTION : x 2 + 2y 2
= 2a
x
Given family of curves is y = mx
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x , we get which is the required differential equation.
^x hc 2x + 4y dx m − ^x2 + 2y2h^1 h
dy
= 0
x2 EXAMPLE 7.20 SBTEJ 2016, 2001
dy
2x2 + 4xy − x2 − 2y2 = 0 Form the differential equation corresponding to
dx
y2 = ^x − a h3 , by eliminating a .
dy
4xy = 2y2 − x2
dx
which is the required differential equation. SOLUTION :
Given family to curves is

y2 = ^x − a h3
EXAMPLE 7.18
y2/3 = x − a
Form the differential equation representing the family Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x , we get
of curves ex − 1 = aey , where a is an arbitrary constant.
2 y-1/3 dy = 1
3 dx
SOLUTION : dy
2 = 3y 1/3
Given family of curves is dx
ex - 1 = aey which is the required differential equation.

ex - 1 = a
ey
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x , we get EXAMPLE 7.21
êy hêx h - êx - 1hcey dx m

dy Form the differential equation corresponding to
= 0 y = ax + 2a2 + a3 , by eliminating a .
êy h2

ey ;ex - êx - 1hE = 0

dy SOLUTION :

dx
ex - êx - 1h = 0
dy
y = ax + 2a2 + a3 ...(1)
dx
which is the required differential equation. Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x , we get
dy
= a
dx
EXAMPLE 7.19 Substituting value of a in (1), we get
y = x + 2 c m + c m
Form the differential equation corresponding to y = eax , dy dy 2 dy 3

dx dx dx
where a is an arbitrary constant.
which is the required differential equation.
SOLUTION :
Given family of curves is y = eax EXAMPLE 7.22

Taking log on both sides, we get Form the differential equation corresponding to
ax
log y = log e y2 = 4a ^x + a h, where a is an arbitrary constant.
log y = ax
SOLUTION :
log y
= a
x Given family of curves is
y2 = 4a ^x + a h
x d 1 n - log y
dy
y dx y2 = 4ax + 4a2 ...(1)
= 0
x2 Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x , we get
x dy - log y = 0 dy y dy
y dx 2y = 4a or =a
dx 2 dx
Substituting value of a in (1), we get Exercise 4.2

y 2 = 4 c m x + 4c
2 dx m
y dy y dy 2
Form the differential equation not containing the arbitrary
2 dx
constant(s) and satisfied by the following equations:
y2 = 2xy + y2 c m
dy dy 2
or
dx dx 1. x2 + y2 = a2 , a is arbitrary constant
which is the required differential equation. dy
Ans : y +x = 0
dx
2. y2 = 4ax , a is arbitrary constant
EXAMPLE 7.23 SBTEJ 2011 dy
Ans : 2x =y
Form the differential equation representing the family of dx
curves ^x − a h2 − y2 = 1, where a is an arbitrary constant. 3. x2 + (y − b) 2 = 1, b is arbitrary constant
dy 2
Ans : (x2 − 1) b l + x2 = 0
SOLUTION : dx
4. (x − b) 2 + 2y2 = b2 , b is arbitrary constant
dy
^x - a h2 - y2 = 1 ...(1) Ans : 4xy
dx
= 2y2 − x2
x2 + a2 − 2ax − y2 = 1 5. (2x + b) 2 + y2 = b2 , b is arbitrary constant

Ans : 2xy = y2 − 4x2 ,
dy dx
2x + 0 − 2a − 2y = 0
dx 6. (2x − b) 2 − y2 = b2 , b is arbitrary constant
dy dy
2a = 2x − 2y Ans : 2xy = 4x2 + y2
dx dx
dy 7. y = ax3 , a is arbitrary constant
a = x − y
dx Ans : xy1 = 3y
Substituting value of a in (1), we get
8. x2 − y2 = a2 , a is arbitrary constant
c x − x + y m − y 2 = 1
dy 2

dx Ans : yy1 = x
y 2 c m - y 2 = 1
dy 2
9. y2 = 4ax , a is arbitrary constant
dx
dy
which is the required differential equation. Ans : 2x =y
dx
10. y = emx , m is arbitrary constant
dy
Ans : x = y log y
Applied Mathematics −1
dx
11. y = ke tan x , k is arbitrary constant
dy
A Text Book by www.cbse.online Ans : (1 + x2) =y
dx
12. x2 + (y − b) 2 = 1, b is arbitrary constant
Ans : x2 (y 12 + 1) = y12
13. (x − a) 2 − y2 = 1, a is arbitrary constant
No Missing topic No Extra Topic Ans : y2 (y 12 − 1) = 1
7.6 Introduction
Step II:
A general differential equation of first order and first Integrating both sides, we get
degree is of the form # f ^x hdx = # g^y hdy
f c x, y, m = 0
dy
Step III:
dx
Evaluate the above integrals to get the solution of the
In the following sections, we shall learn the methods
form
of solving differential equation of first order and first
degree of the following types: F ^x h = G ^y h + C
1. Differential equations with separable variables. where C is an arbitrary constant.
2. Equations Reducible to Variable Separable Note
3. Homogeneous differential equations. The constants of integration that appear on both the
4. Non-homogeneous Differential Equation sides are combined together to give just one arbitrary
5. Linear differential equations. constant C.
6. Exact Differential Equation
7. Bernoulli’s Equation
7.7 Differential Equations with Solve the differential equation

Variable Separable
dy
= x5 − 3 + e−7x
A first order and first degree differential equation is of dx x
the form
SOLUTION :
= F ^x, y h ...(1)
dy
Given differential equation is
dx
dy
If the differential equation (1) can be expressed in the = x5 − 3 + e−7x
dx x
form
dy = bx5 − 3 + e−7x l dx
g ^y h dy = f ^x h dx

x
then the differential equation is said to have variables Integrating both sides, we get
separable and such equations can be solved by integrating
both sides. General solution is given by # 1 dy = # bx 5
− 3 + e−7x l dx
x
# g^y h dy = # f ^x hdx + C
6
y = x − 3 log x − 1 e−7x + C
6 7
where C is an arbitrary constant.
which is the required solution.
Method of Separation of Variables
Step I:
EXAMPLE 7.25
Express the given differential equation in the form
f ^x h dx = g ^y h dy
Find the general solution of the differential equation

= ^1 + x2h^1 + y2h
dy

dx
SOLUTION :

= ^1 + x2h^1 + y2h
dy

dx
^
1 dy = 1 + x2 dx
h
1 + y2
Integrating both sides, we get
EXAMPLE 7.28
# 1 +1 y 2 dy = # ^1 + x hdx
2
Find the particular solution of the differential equation

x ^1 + y2h dx − y ^1 + x2h dy = 0 , given that y = 1 when
3
tan-1 y = x + x + C
3
x = 0.
SOLUTION :
EXAMPLE 7.26 sbtej 2005 Given differential equation is

Solve the differential equation x ^1 + y2h dx − y ^1 + x2h dy = 0
^1 + y2h^1 + log x h dx + x dy = 0 y ^1 + x2h dy = x ^1 + y2h dx
y x dx
2 dy =
SOLUTION : 1+y 1 + x2
Given differential equation is Integrating both sides, we get
^1 + y2h^1 + log x h dx + x dy = 0
y x dx

1+y
#2 dy =
1 + x2
#
x dy =−^1 + y2h^1 + log x h dx
1 log 1 + y2 = 1 log 1 + x2 + C ...(1)
1 dy =− 1 + log x dx 2 2
1 + y2 x
Given that y = 1 when x = 0 .
Substituting x = 0 and y = 1 in (1), we get
1 dy =− 1 + log x dx
#
1 + y2 x # 1 log 2 = C
2
tan-1 y =− 1 ^1 + log x h2 + C Substituting value of C in (1), we get
2
which is the required solution. 1 log 1 + y2 = 1 log 1 + x2 + 1 log 2

2 2 2
EXAMPLE 7.27 log 1 + y2 = log 1 + x2 + log 2

dy 1 − y2
+ = 0
dx 1 − x2 EXAMPLE 7.29 sbtej 2006
SOLUTION : Find the general solution of the differential equation

Given differential equation is ^1 + x h^1 + y2h dx + ^1 + y h^1 + x2h dy = 0
dy 1 − y2
+ = 0 SOLUTION :
dx 1 − x2
1 − y2
dy
^1 + x h^1 + y2h dx + ^1 + y h^1 + x2h dy = 0
=−
dx
1 − x2
1 dy =− 1 dx ^1 + y h^1 + x2h dy =−^1 + x h^1 + y2h dx
2
1-y 1 − x2 1+y 1 + x dx
2 dy =−
1+y 1 + x2
1 1
# 1 - y2
dy =−
1 − x2
#dx Integrating both sides, we get
1+y
# dy =− 1 + x2 dx #
sin-1 y =− sin−1 x + C 1 + y2 1+x
# 1 +1 y
2 dy + # 1 +y y 2 dy =− # 1 +1 x 2 dx − # 1 +x x 2 dx
tan−1 y + 1 log 1 + y2 =− tan−1 x − 1 log 1 + x2 + C

2 2

# 1 dy =
^1 + x2h dx
#
EXAMPLE 7.30 1 + y2
3
Find the particular solution of the differential equation tan-1 y = x + x + C ...(1)
3
dy Given, y = 1 when x = 0 .
= 1 + x + y + xy , given that y = 0 when x = 1.
dx
SOLUTION : tan-1 1 = 0 + 0 + C
Given differential equation is C = π
dy 4
= 1 + x + y + xy
dx Substituting value of C in (1), we get
= ^1 + x h + y ^1 + x h
3
tan-1 y = x + x + π
3 4
= ^1 + x h^1 + y h which is the required solution.
or ^ h
1 dy = 1 + x dx
1+y
Integrating both sides, we get EXAMPLE 7.32 sbtej 2008
^1 + x h dx
1 dy =
#1+y # Find the particular solution of the differential equation
^x3 + x2 + x + 1hdx = 2x2 + x

dy
2

log 1 + y = x + x + C ...(1)
2
given that y = 1 when x = 0 .
Given that y = 0 when x = 1.
SOLUTION :
0 = 1+1+C
^x3 + x2 + x + 1h = 2x2 + x
2 dy
dx
C =− 3
2 2x2 + x
Substituting value of C in (1), we get dy = dx
x + x2 + x + 1
3
2
log 1 + y = x + x − 3 Integrating both sides, we get
2 2
2x2 + x
which is the required solution. # 1 dy = # x 3
+ x2 + x + 1
dx
2
y = # ^x +2x1h^+x x+ 1h dx ...(1)
2
Find the particular solution of the differential equation 2x2 + x = A + Bx2 + D ...(2)
^x + 1h^x2 + 1h x + 1
Put
x +1
dy
= 1 + x 2 + y 2 + x 2 y 2
dx 2x2 + x = A ^x2 + 1h + ^Bx + D h^x + 1h
given that y = 1 when x = 0 . 2x2 + x = Ax2 + A + Bx2 + Bx + Dx + D
SOLUTION : both sides, we get
Given differential equation is 2 = A + B; 1 = B + D; 0 = A + D
dy Solving above equations, we get
= 1 + x 2 + y 2 + x 2 y 2
dx
A = 1 ; B = 3 ; D =− 1
= ^1 + x2h + y2 ^1 + x2h
2 2 2

= ^1 + x2h^1 + y2h

2x2 + x 1 + 3x2− 1 ...(3)
or ^ h
1 dy = 1 + x2 dx
^x + 1h^x + 1h 2 ^x + 1h 2 ^x + 1h
2 =
1 + y2

y = 1
2 x+1
1 dx + 1
# 2 # 3xx +− 11 dx
2
= 1 log x + 1 + 3

2 2 # x x+ 1 dx − 12 # x
2 2
1 dx
+1
a c y 2 + m = y − x
dy dy

y = 1 log x + 1 + 3 log x2 + 1 − 1 tan−1 x + C ...(4) dx dx
2 4 2
SOLUTION :
Substituting x = 0 and y = 1 in (4), we get Given differential equation is
a c y 2 + m = y − x
= 0+0−0+C
1 dy dy

dx dx
1 =C
Substituting value of C in (4), we get dy dy
ay2 + a = y − x
dx dx
y = 1 log x + 1 + 3 log x2 + 1 − 1 tan−1 x + 1
^x + a hdx = y − ay2
2 4 2 dy

1 dy = 1 dx
y - ay2 x+a
EXAMPLE 7.33 Integrating both sides, we get
1 dy =
Solve the differential equation
y - ay2
# # x +1 a dx
^x2 − yx2h dy + ^y2 + x2 y2h dx = 0
1 1
given that y = 1 when x = 1.
^ ah
# dy = # x +1 a dx
dy2 - a n
- y
SOLUTION :
1 1

^- a h
# dy = # x +1 a dx
<by - 2a l - b 2a l F
Given differential equation is 1 2
1 2
^x − yx h dy + ^y + x y h dx = 0
2 2 2 2 2
R V
^x2 - yx2h dy =−^y2 + x2 y2h dx S
1 S 1 log y − 1 − 1 W
2a 2a W = log x + a + log C
- x2 ^y - 1h dy =− y2 ^1 + x2h dx ^− a h S2 b 1 l

S 2a y − 1 + 1 WW
2a 2a
y-1 1 + x2 dx T X
dy =
y2 x2 y- 1
- log a = log x + a + log C
d y1 - 12 n dy = c 12 + 1m dx
y
y x
ay − 1
Integrating both sides, we get =− log = log x + a + log C
ay
# d y1 - y1 ndy = # c x1 + 1mdx
2 2
log
ay
− log x + a = log C
ay − 1
log y + 1 =− 1 + x + C ay
y x
ây − 1h^x + a h
= C
Given that y = 1 when x = 1.
0 + 1 =− 1 + 1 + C
1 =C EXAMPLE 7.35 sbtej 2009
Substituting value of C in (1), we get Find the general solution of the differential equation
log y + 1 =− 1 + x + 1 dy
= eax − by .
y x dx
SOLUTION : 2x 4x
y1 = ae x + ae
−x
Given differential equation is e +e
dy SOLUTION :
= eax − by = eax e−by
dx
or eby dy = eax dx 2x 4x
Integrating both sides, we get y1 = ae x + ae

e + e−x
#e #e ae3x ê−x + ex h
by ax
dy = dx dy
=
eby = eax + C dx ex + e−x
b a
dy = ae3x dx
which is the required solution. Integrating both sides, we get
# 1 dy = a # e 3x
dx
EXAMPLE 7.36 y = a e3x + C
3
log c m = 3x + 4y , given that y = 0 when x = 0 .
dy
dx
SOLUTION : EXAMPLE 7.38 sbtej 2006
Given differential equation is Find the general solution of the differential equation
log c m = 3x + 4y = log e3x + 4y
dy eyl = x .

dx
dy SOLUTION :
or = e3x + 4y = e3x e 4y
dx
or e-4y dy = e3x dx eyl = x
Integrating both sides, we get Taking log on both sides, we get
#e -4y
#
dy e3x dx log eyl = log x
-4y 3x
yl = log x
- e = e + C dy
4 3 = log x
dx
Substituting x = 0 and y = 0 in (1), we get dy = log x dx
- 1 = 1 + C
4 3 # 1 dy = # S1 log
S
x dx
II
C =− 7
I

12 y = log x ^x h − # x1 _x idx
Substituting value of C in (1), we get y = x log x − x + C
-4y 3x
-e = e − 7 which is the required solution.
4 3 12
- 3e-4y = 4e3x − 7
EXAMPLE 7.39
cos c m = a , given that y = 1 when x = 0 .
dy
EXAMPLE 7.37 dx
SOLUTION :
Given differential equation is Ans : log y =− 1 cos 2x + 1

2 2
cos c m = a
dy
dy
dx 9. (x + 1) = 2xy , given that y (2) = 3
dx
dy Ans : log y = 2x − 2 log x + 1 + 3 log 3 − 4
= cos−1 a
dx
dy = cos−1 a dx 10. (1 + e2x ) dy + (1 + y2) ex dx = 0 , given that y=1
Integrating both sides, we get when x = 0
# 1 dy = # cos −1
a dx Ans : tan−1 y + tan−1 ex = π
2
y = ^cos−1 a h x + C ...(1)
Given that y = 1 when x = 0 . Applied Mathematics
Substituting x = 0 and y = 1 in (1), we get CBSE Class XI and XII Commerce
= 0+C
1 A Text Book by www.cbse.online
C = 1 Based on New (Modified on 31st March 2021)
Substituting value of C in (1), we get Syllabus Released By CBSE
y = ^cos−1 a h x + 1 For all Chapter Free PDF Whatsapp at 94140 63210
which is the required solution. No Missing topic No Extra Topic
Exercise 6.1 7.8 Equations Reducible to Variable

Separable
Find the general solutions of the following differential Equations of the form
equations:
= f âx + by + c h
dy

dx
dy
1. = x+1, y ! 2 can be reduced to the form in which the variables are
dx 2−y
y2 x2 separable.
Ans : 2y − = +x+C
2 2 Substituting ax + by + c = z , we have
dy 1 + y2 dy
2.
dx
=
1 + x2 a + b $ = dz
dx dx
Ans : tan−1 y = tan−1 x + C
= 1 b dz − a l
dy
or
3. y log ydx − xdy = 0 dx b dx
Ans : log log y = log x + C Therefore given equation becomes
4. y (ex + 1) dy = (y + 1) ex dx
b dx ^ h
1 b dz - a l = f z
Ans : y − log y + 1 = log ex + 1 + C

or
dx ^ h
dz - a = bf z
2 2
5. x 1 − y dx + y 1 − x dy = 0
Ans : 1 − x2 + 1 − y2 = C or
dx ^ h
dz = a + bf z
dy Separating the variables

6. = sin−1 x
dx dz
y = x sin−1 x + 1 − x2 + C
a + bf ^z h
Ans : = dx
7. (ex + e−x ) dy − (ex − e−x ) dx = 0 which can now be integrated.

Ans : y = log ex + e−x + C
dy
8. = y sin 2x , given that y (0) = 1
dx
EXAMPLE 7.40
dv - 1 = a2
dx ^
= 2x + 3y − 4h2
dy dx v2
Solve the differential equations
dv = a2 + 1 = a2 + v2
SOLUTION : dx v2 v2
Given differential equation is dx = v2 dv

a + v2
2
= ^2x + 3y − 4h2
dy

= d1 − 2 a 2 n dv
2
dx

Substituting 2x + 3y − 4 = v we have a +v
dy
2 + 3 = dv Integrating both sides, we get
dx dx
x = v − a2 $ 1 tan−1 v + C
= 1 b dv − 2 l
dy a a

dx 3 dx
x+y
Substituting these values in the given differential x = x + y − a tan−1 +C
a
equation, we get
x+y
1 b dv - 2 l = v2 a tan−1
a
= y + C
3 dx
dv = 3v2 + 2 x+y y+C
tan−1 =
dx a a
dx = 21 dv = 1 $ 2dv 2
x + y = a tan c
a m
y+C
3v + 2 3 v +3 ,
C is arbitrary constant.
x = 1 dv
#
3 v2 + _ 2 i2
+C
= 1 12 tan−1 d v 2 n + C
3

3 EXAMPLE 7.42 sbtej 2010
3 3
2^ h
x = 1 tan−1 b 3 2x + 3y − 4 l + C Solve the differential equation:

6 dy
+ 1 = e x + y
where C is arbitrary constant. dx
SOLUTION :
EXAMPLE 7.41 Given differential equation is

dy
Solve the differential equation ^x + y h2 + 1 = e x + y
dy
= a2 dx
dx
Substituting x + y = v we have
SOLUTION : dy
1 + = dv
dx dx
Substituting these values in the given differential
^x + y h2 dx = a2
dy
equation, we get
dv = ev
Substituting x + y = v we have dx
dy
1 + = dv e-v dv = dx
dx dx
On integration, we get
dv = dv − 1
dx dx e-v = x + C
-1
Substituting these values in the given differential
equation, we get or - 1 = ^x + Ch ev
or ^x + Ch ex + y + 1 = 0
v2 b dv - 1l = a2
dx C is arbitrary constant.

Substituting x - y = v we have
Solve the following differential equation dy
1 - = dv
^x + y h^dx − dy h = dx + dy dx dx
dy
= 1 − dv
SOLUTION : dx dx
Substituting these values in (1), we get
1 − dv + v − 1 = 0
^x + y h^dx − dy h = dx + dy

dx v + 1
^x + y − 1h dx = ^x + y + 1h dy dv = 1 + v − 1 = 2v
dx v+1 v+1
dy x+y−1
= ...(1) v + 1 dv = 2 dx
dx x+y+1
v
Substituting x + y = v we have b1 + v1 l dv = 2 dx
dy
1 + = dv
dx dx Integrating both sides, we get
dy v + log v = 2x + C
= dv − 1
dx dx x − y + log x − y = 2x + C
Substituting these values in (1), we get
log x - y = x + y + C ...(2)
dv - 1 = v − 1
dx v+1 Now when x = 0 , y =− 1
dv = v − 1 + 1 = 2v log 1 = 0 − 1 + C
dx v+1 v+1
C = 1 (a log 1 = 0 )
or v + 1 dv = 2 dx Substituting this value of C in (2), we get
v
log x - y = x + y + 1
b1 + v1 l dv = 2 dx which is the required particular solution.
Integrating, we get Applied Mathematics
v + log v = 2x + C CBSE Class XI and XII Commerce
x + y + log x + y = 2x + C A Text Book by www.cbse.online
log x + y = x − y + C Based on New (Modified on 31st March 2021)
x + y = e x − y + C = e x − y $e C Syllabus Released By CBSE
x + y = ! eC ex − y = Aex − y For all Chapter Free PDF Whatsapp at 94140 63210

where A is arbitrary constant. No Missing topic No Extra Topic
EXAMPLE 7.44

^x − y h^dx + dy h = dx − dy
given that y =− 1 when x = 0
SOLUTION : Exercise 6.2

Given differential equation is Find the general solution of the following differential
^x − y h^dx + dy h = dx − dy equations:
^x − y − 1h dx + ^x − y + 1h dy = 0 dy
dy x − y − 1 1. (2x − 2y + 5) = x−y+3
+ = 0 ...(1) dx
dx x − y + 1 Ans : x − 2y + log x − y + 2 = C
dy 7.9.2 Law of Natural Decay

2. (x + y + 1) =1
dx
Ans : y − log x + y + 2 = C Let the material m (t) at any time t decay at a rate
which is proportional to the amount present. Following
dy
3. (x + y − 1) = x+y differential equation describes the decay phenomena.
dx
dm =− km k>0
Ans : y − 1 log 2x + 2y − 1 = x + C dt
2
dy where k is the constant of proportionality. Here -ive sign
4. = sec (x − y)
dx is due to decay phenomena.
x−y
cot a
2 k
Ans : = y+C Separating the variables, we get
1 dm =− k dt
dy m
5. cos (x + y) = 1
dx
x+y
tan b
2 l
Ans : = y+C Integrating # m1 dm = # dt + c
dy
6. = cos (x + y) + sin (x + y) log m = − kt + log c
dx
x+y log m - log c =− kt
log 1 + tan b
2 l
Ans : = x+C
log m =− kt
c
m = e−kt
7.9 Exponential growth and decay c
m = ce−kt
7.9.1 Law of Natural Growth Solution of differential equation is
m (t) = ce−kt
Let x (t) be the population at any time t . Assume that
If initially at, t = 0 , m0 is the amount present then
population grows at a rate directly proportional to the
amount of population present at that time. Then the m (t) = m0 e−kt .
differential equation governing this phenomena is of the
first order, first degree linear equation
EXAMPLE 7.45
dx = kx
dt In a bank, principal increases continuously at the rate
where k is the constant of proportionality. Here k > 0 as of 5% per year. In how many years < 2000 double itself?
this is a growth phenomena.
Separating the variables, we have SOLUTION :
1 dx = k dt Let P be the principal at any time t . Now according to

x
the given problem,
Integrating # x1 dx = k # dt + log c dP = c 5 m P
dt 100 #
log x = kt + log c dP = P
dt 20
log x - log c = kt Separating the variables, we have
log x = kt dP = dt
c P 20
x = ekt
c Integrating, # dP
P
= # dt
20
x = cekt
Solution of differential equation is log P = t + log c
20
x (t) = cekt log = t
P
c 20
were c is constant of integration. Here, c , k are determined t
P = ce 20 (1)
from the two given (initial) conditions.
Now, P = 2000 when, t = 0, therefore Now, P = 1000 when t = 0 , therefore

2000
= ce 0 1000 = ce0 & c = 1000
2000 =c Substituting c = 1000 in (1), we get
Substituting c = 2000 in (1), we get P = 1000e0.01rt
P = 2000e 20
t
Now < 1000 become < 2000 in 10 years, thus
Let t years be the time required to double the principal. 2000
= 1000e0.01r # 10
Then = e 10
2
r
t
2000
= 2000e 20
log e 2 = r
t 10
=e
2 20
t = log 2 = r
0.6931
10
20 e
r = 6.931
t = 20 log e 2
Required rate of interest is 6.9 %.
Applied Mathematics
EXAMPLE 7.47
A Text Book by www.cbse.online In a bank, principal increase continuously at the rate of
Based on New (Modified on 31st March 2021) 5% per year. An amount of < 10000 is deposited with this
Syllabus Released By CBSE bank, how much will it worth after 10 years. ê0.5 = 1.648h
For all Chapter Free PDF Whatsapp at 94140 63210 SOLUTION :

No Missing topic No Extra Topic Let P be the principal at any time t .
Click Here To Buy Hard Copy From given condition, we have
^ h
dP = 0.05 P
dt
Separating the variables and integrating,
# 1 dP = 0.05 # 1 $ dt
EXAMPLE 7.46 P
In a bank, principal increases continuously at the rate of log P = ^0.05h t + log c
r % per year. Find the value of r if < 1000 double itself in log P = ^0.05h t
^log e 2 = 0.6931h
c
10 years.
P = ce0.05t ...(1)
SOLUTION : Now, P = 10000 at t = 0 , thus we have
Let P denote the principal at any time t and r % per 10000 = ce0 & c = 10000
annum be the interest rate. Substituting c = 10000 in (1), we get
From the given condition, P = 10000e0.05t
dt
^ h
dP = 0.01r P
When, t = 10 years, we have
Separating the variables, we have P = 10000 # e0.05 # 10
dP = 0.01rdt
= 10000 # e0.5
P
= 10000 # 1.648 = 16480
Integrating, # 1 dP = # 0.01rdt
P Thus < 10000 will become < 16480 after 10 years.
log P = 0.01rt + log c
log P = 0.01rt EXAMPLE 7.48

c
P = ce 0.01 rt ...(1) In a culture, the bacteria count is 2,00,000. The number
is increased by 10% in 2 hours. In now many hours will SOLUTION :

the count reach 4,00,000, if the rate of growth of bacteria The rate of growth of bacteria is proportional to N ,
is proportional to the number present? dN = kN
dt
SOLUTION : where k is constant of proportionality

Separating the variables and integrating,
Let y be the bacteria at any time t . 1 dN = k # dt
Since the rate of growth of bacteria is proportional to the # N
number present, we have log N = kt + log c
dy
= ky log N - log c = kt
dt
log N = kt
where k is the constant of proportionality c
Separating the variables and integrating, we get, N = cekt ...(1)
Now initially when t = 0 , N = 100
# y1 dy = k # dt
Thus 100 = ce0 & c = 100
log y = kt + log c
Substituting c = 100 in equation (1), we get
log y - log c = kt
N = 100ekt ...(2)
y
log = kt (1)
c When t = 1 hour, N = 332
Let y0 be bacteria at time t = 0 , then we have
y Thus 332 = 100ek
log 0 = 0 & c = y0 (1)
c ek = 332 = 3.32
Substituting c = y 0 in equation (1), we get 100
log e
y0 o
y
= kt ...(2) Substituting ek = 3.32 in equation (2), we get
N = 100 êk ht
When t = 2 , we have
N = 100 ^3.32ht
y = y 0 + 10 y 0 = 11 y 0
100 10 When, t = 32 hr, we have
Substituting above result in equation (2) we have
N = 100 ^3.32h1.5
log d n = 2k & k = 12 log c 11 m
11y 0
10y 0 10 = ^100h # ^6.0493h

Substituting above result in equation (2) we have
= 604.9 nearly
log e
y0 o
y
= 12 log e 10
11 o $ t ...(3)
Let the bacteria be 4,00,000 from 2,00,000 in t1 hours i.e., EXAMPLE 7.50
y = 2y 0 when t = t 1 .
In a culture of yeast, at each instant, the time rate change
Substituting in equation (3) we have
of active ferment is proportional to the amount present.
log d
y0 n
2y 0
= 12 log c 10
11 m $ t
1 If the active ferment doubles in two hours, how much
can be expected at the end of 8 hours at the same rate
log 2 = 1 log c 11 m $ t 1
2 10 of growth. Find also, how much time will elapse, before
2 log 2 the active ferment grows to eight times its initial value.
t 1 = 11 hours.
log 10
SOLUTION :
Let A be the amount of active in the yeast.

EXAMPLE 7.49
Since the time rate change of active ferment is proportional
The number N of bacteria in a culture grew at a rate to the amount present, we obtain
proportional to N . the value of N was initially 100 and dA = kA
dt
increased to 332 in one hour. What was the value of N
after 1 12 hours? where k is constant of proportionality
Separating the variables, we get
1 dA = k dt proportional to B , thus
A
dB = kB
Integrating # 1 dA = # dt + c dt
A
where k is constant
log A = kt + log c
log A - log c = kt 1 dB = kdt
B
log A = kt
c 1 dB = k # dt + c
Integrating #
A = cekt ...(1) B
Let A0 be the initial value of A when t = 0 log B = kt + log c
A0 = ce0 & c = A0 log B - log C = kt
c = log A0 log B = kt
C
Substituting c = A0 in equation (1), we get B = ekt
C
A = A0 ekt ...(2)
Now, when t = 2 hr A = 2A0 , thus from (2) we have B = ce kt
Let B0 be the initial population at t = 0 , then
2A0 = A0 e2k
B0 = ce0 & c = B0
e2k = 2
1 Thus B = B0 ekt
ek = 2 2
1
Since population triples i.e., becomes 3B0 between noon
Substituting ek = 2 2 in equation (2), we get and 2 PM i.e., in two hours
A = A0 êk ht 3B0 = B0 e2k
t
A = A0 2 2 ...(3) 3
= e2k
When t = 8 hr, we have 2k = log 3
4
A = A 0 2
k = 1 log 3 = 0.54930
2
A = 16A0
Amount present of active ferment after 8 hours Thus population rule is

= 16 # amount present initially. B = B0 e0.54930t
When A = 8A0 , from (3) we have Now the time at which population becomes 100 times
t the original i.e., 100B0 , we have
8A0 = A0 e 2
t 100B0 = B0 e0.54930t
2 3 = 2 2
100
= e0.54930t
=t
3 2 log 100 = 0.54930t
t = 6 hr. t =
log 100
= 8.3837015
0.54930
i.e., at 8.38 PM population becomes 100 times the
EXAMPLE 7.51 original population.
A bacterial population B is known to have a rate of

growth proportional to B itself. If between noon and EXAMPLE 7.52
2 PM the population triples, at what time, no controls
The population of a village increase continuously at
being exerted, should B become 100 times what it was
the rate proportional to the number of its inhabitants
at noon.
present at any time. If the population of the village was
SOLUTION : 8 thousand in 1999 and 10 thousand in the year 2004,
what will be the population of the village in 2009?
Let B be the rate of growth of bacterial population.
Since rate of growth of bacterial population B is
SOLUTION :
Let y be the population at any t . how much will remain at the end of 2, years?
From the given condition we have
dy SOLUTION :
dt
= ky
Let N be the present amount.
where k is constant of proportionality.
Separating the variables and integrating, Rate of decomposition of radium dN
dt
is proportional to
N,
# y1 dy = k # dt dN =− kN
dt
log y = kt + log c
where k is constant of proportionality. Here - ve sign is
log y - log c = kt
y due to disintegration of radium.
log = kt
c Separating the variables, we get
y = cekt (1) 1 dN =− kdt
N
Let y0 be the population at t = 0 .
Integrating # 1 dN =− k # dt + c
y0 = ce0 & c = y0 N
Substituting c = y 0 in equation (1), we get
log N = − kt + log c
y = y0 ekt (2)
log N - log c =− kt
Now, y = 10 when, t = 5 and y0 = 8 . Substituting this in
log N =− kt
c
(2) we have
N = ce−kt (1)
10
= 8e5k
Initially when t = 0 N = N0 , thus
8 = ê h
10 k 5

N0 = ce0 & c = N0
10 1/5 Substituting above result in equation (1), we get
b 8 l = ek
N = N0 e−kt ...(2)
Substituting above result in equation (2), we get
p
When t = l , N = 100 N0 , thus
y = y0 b 8 l (2)
10 t/5

p
N = N0 e−k ,
100 0
Taking logarithm of above we have
p
log e
y0 o
y
= 5t log e 54 o e-k, =
100
1
e-k = d
100 n
p l

Let y1 be the population in 2004 i.e. after 10 years
log e
y0 o
y1
= 15 # 10 # log b 45 l
N = N0 ê−k ht
log e
y0 o
y1
= 2 log b 54 l
t

N = N 0 d
100 n
p ,

log e
y0 o
y1 25
= log 16
N = N 0 d
100 n
p 2
When, t = 2, ,
y1 25
y0
= 16 Amount remains after 2, years
= N0 − N0 d
100 n
2
p
y1 = 25 # 8 Thousand
16
= 12.5 Thousand
= N0 >1 − d
100 n
H = >1 − d
100 n # 0
2 2
H N
p p

Required population in 2004 is 12500.
i.e, amount after 2 l years = 1 − d 100 n times the original
2
p
value.
EXAMPLE 7.53
Radium decomposes at a rate proportional to the present.

If p per cent of the original amount disappears in , years,
EXAMPLE 7.54 ^− 2.302585h

^− 0356674h
= 10 #
If 30% of a radioactive substance disappeared in 10 days,
how long will it take for 90% of it to disappear.
= 10 # 6.45571

= 64.6 days nearly.
SOLUTION :
Rate of disintegration of radioactive substance is

EXAMPLE 7.55
proportional to N , where N is the amount present in
radium i.e., dN
dt
is proportional to N . Under certain conditions, cane-sugar in water is
dN =− kN converted into dextrose at a rate which is proportional to
Thus dt the amount unconverted at any time. If of 75 gm at time
where k is constant of proportionality. Here - ve sign is t = 0, 8 gm are converted during the first 30 minutes, find
due to disintegration of radium. the amount converted in 1 12 hours.
Separating the variables,
1 dN =− kdt
SOLUTION :
N
Integrating # 1 dN = − k # dt + c Let N be the amount of unconverted cane sugar at time

N
t. Then dN is proportional to N
dt
log N =− kt + log c
dN =− k
log N - log c =− kt dt
log N =− kt where k is constant of proportionality. Here - ve sign is
c
due to decay nature.
N = ce−kt (1)
Initially when t = 0 N = N0 , thus
1 dN =− kt
N0 = ce0 & c = N0 N
Substituting above result in equation (1), we get 1 dN =− kdt
N
N = N0 e−kt ...(2) 1 dN =− k # dt + c
Integrating # N
When t = 10 days, amount disappeared is 30 % of N0 i,e
0.3N0 . Amount left after 10 days will be 70 % i.e. 0.7N0 log N = − kt + log c
Now from equation (2) we have log N - log c =− kt
0.7N0 = N0 e−10k log N =− kt
c
0.7
= e−10k N = ce−kt (1)
e-k = ^0.7h
1
10 Initially when t = 0 N = N0 , thus
Substituting above result in equation (2), we get N0 = ce0 & c = N0
N = N0 ê−k ht = N0 ^0.7h10 ...(3)
t
Now, let t = t1 , when amount 90 % i.e 0.9N0 disappear and N = N0 e−kt ...(2)
0.1N0 is left. Initially, when t = 0 , N N = 75 gm , thus N0 = 75 gm .
Substituting this result in (2) we have
0.1N0 = N0 ^0.7h t1
10 N = 75e−kt ...(3)
= ^0.7h t1
0.1 Now when t = 30 minutes, sugar left,
10
= 75 − 8 = 67 gm
log ^0.1h = t1 log ^0.7h Substituting above result in equation (3), we get
10
t 1 = log ^0.1h 67 = 75e−30k

10 log 0.7
e-30k = 67
log ^0.1h
75
t1 = 10 #
log ^0.7h 1
e-k = c 67 m ...(4)
30
75
From (3) and (4), we get 20 = e3k

7
N = 75 ê−k ht
t
From 60 = ce−k we get c
N = 75 c 67 m
30
75 = 60ek
When t = 90 minutes, Now let x = x 0 at t = 0 . Substituting this equation (1) we

90
have
N = 75 c 67 m 75 c 67 m
3
75
30
75
x 0 = c
= 75 ^0.8933h3 = 75 # ^0.7129h

= 60e k
= 53.4689 gm = 53.5 gm nearly 1
= 60 $ b 60 l
;e3k = E
20
3
Amount of cane sugar converted in 90 minutes 21 7

= 75 − 53.5 = 21.5 gm 1
= 60 $ c 20 m
3
7
= 60 $ ^2.8571h 3
1
EXAMPLE 7.56
In a certain chemical reaction, the rate of conversion of

= 60 # 1.4189 = 85.134 gm
a substance at time t is proportional to the quantity of

substance still untransformed at the instant. The amount
EXAMPLE 7.57
of substance remaining untransformed at the end of one
hour and at the end of four hours are 60 gm and 21 gm Uranium disintegrates at a rate proportional to the
respectively. How many grams of substance were present amount present at any instant. If M1 and M2 gm of
initially? uranium are present at times T1 and T2 respectively, show
^T2 - T1h log 2
that the half-life of uranium is .
SOLUTION : log c M1 m
M2
Let x be the amount of the substance untransformed at
time t . SOLUTION :
Now from given, dx

dt
is proportional to x . Let M gm of uranium be present at any time t . Then the
dx =− kx , k 2 0 equation of disintegration of uranium is
dt
dM =− kM
Separating the variables dt
1 dx =− k dt where k is a constant.
x
Integrating # 1 dx =− k # dt + c
x 1 dM =− kdt
M
log x =− kt + log c 1 dM =− k # dt + c
Integrating # M
log x - log c =− kt
log M =− kt + c ...(1)
log x =− kt
c
Initially, at t = 0 , M = M0
x = e−kt
c Substituting above result in equation (1), we get
x = ce−kt ...(1) log M0 = 0 + c
Now, when t = 1 hr, x = 60 gm c = log M0

Substituting the value of c in (1), we have
and when t = 4 hr, x = 21 gm
Substituting above result in equation (1), we get log M = log M0 − kt
= ce−k and 21 = ce−4k

60 kt = log M0 − log M ...(2)
60 = e−k Now, when t = T1 , M = M1

Dividing, 21 e−4k
and when t = T2 , M = M2
Substituting above result in equation (2), we get Initially, at t = 0 , m = m0

kT1 = log M0 − log M1 ...(3) Substituting above result in equation (1), we get
and kT2 = log M0 − log M2 ...(4) m0 = ce0
Subtracting (3) from (4), we get c = m 0

Substituting the value of c in (1), we have
k ^T2 - T1h = log M1 − log M2
m = m0 e−kt
log M1
k = M2 ...(5) Since 1.1% or original mass of radium decays in 25 years,
T2 − T1
the amount of mass of radium present when t = 25 years
Let T be the half-life of uranium i.e.,
is c1 - 1000
1.1 m m .
0
When t = T , M = 1 M 0
2
c1 -
1.1 m m = m e−k^25h
kT = log M0 − log
M0 100 0 0
2
1 - 0.011 = e−25k
kT = log M0 − log M0 + log 2
log ^1 - 0.011h =− 25k
kT = log 2
k =− 1 log ^1 − 0.011h
log 2 25
T =
k
= 0.000443
^T2 − T1h log 2

= In order to find the time taken for half the radium to
log M1
M2 disintegrate (to decay), we put m = 12 m0 in equation (1).
1 m = m e−kt
EXAMPLE 7.58 2 0 0
1 = e−kt
Radium decomposes at a rate proportional to the 2
quantity of radium present. Suppose that it is found that
log 1 =− kt
in 25 years approximately 1.1% of a certain quantity of 2
radium has decomposed. Determine approximately how log 1 - log 2 =− kt
long will it take for one-half of the original amount of 0 - log 2 =− kt
radium to decompose.
- log 2 =− kt
log 2 = kt
SOLUTION :
log 2
Let m be the amount of radioactive material radium t =
k
= 1564.66
present at time t . Let m0 be initial (original) amount of

= 1565 years nearly.
radium at t = 0 . by the decay rule
dm =− km
dt
1 dm =− kdt
m
Integrating # m1 dm = # dt + c MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

log m =− kt + log c
log m - log c =− kt
log m =− kt MCQ 7.1

c
m = e−kt The order and degree of the differential equation,

c
d 2y
b dx l + 2y c 2 m = 0 are respectively
dy 4
m = ce−kt ...(1) dx
(a) 1, 2 (b) 2, 4 Ans (c) 2 and 2

(c) 2, 1 (d) None
EXPLANATION :
Ans (c) 2, 1
d 2y
;1 + b dx l E = 2
1
dy 2 2
We have
EXPLANATION : dx
2
The highest order derivative present in the D.E. is ddxy , 2

Squaring both sides we get,
so it order is 2. The degree of the D.E. is the power to d 2y 2
= c 2 m
dy 2
1 +b l
which the highest order derivative is raised, viz, one (1). dx dx
Hence, order 2 and degree 1.
=2
Order
MCQ 7.2 =2
Degree
Which of the following is false ? MCQ 7.5 SBTEJ 2016

(a) The degree of the differential equation is the highest
What are the order and degree of the differential equation
power of the highest order differential coefficient
d 2y 3
c dx2 m + 2 b dx l + 1 = 0
dy 4
occurring it
(b) The order of the differential equation is the highest
(a) order = 2 , degree = 4
order derivative occurring in the equation
(b) order = 2 , degree = 3
(c) The order of a differential equation is unique
(c) order = 1, degree = 4
(d) The order of a differential equation is any integer.
(d) None of these
Ans (d) The order of a differential equation is any inte-
Ans (b) order = 2 , degree = 3
ger.
EXPLANATION :
EXPLANATION :
The highest order derivative present in the D.E. is _ ddxy i
2
The order of a differential equation can not be negative 2
integer. , so its order is two (2). The degree of the D.E. is the
power to which the highest order derivative is raised, viz,
MCQ 7.3 three. Hence order 2, and degree 3.
The order and degree of differential equation
MCQ 7.6 SBTEJ 2015
d 2y 3
c dx2 m
dy 4
+ 2 b dx l + 9 = sin x are What are the order and the degree of differential equation
dy 2
b dx l + dy/dx = 1 ?
1
(a) 2, 3 (b) 1, 4
(c) 3, 2 (d) 4, 1
(a) order = 3 , degree = 1
Ans (a) 2, 3 (b) order = 1, degree = 3
EXPLANATION : (c) order = 2 , degree = 3
The highest order derivative present in the D.E. is ddxy ,
2
2
(d) None of these
so its order is 2. The degree of the D.E. is the power to Ans (b) order = 1, degree = 3
which the highest order derivative is raised, viz, three
EXPLANATION :
(3). Hence order 2 and degree 3. dy
The highest order derivative present in the D.E. is b l
dx
MCQ 7.4 SBTEJ 2017 , so its order is 1. We rewrite the equation
_ dx i + 1
dy 3
The order and degree of the differential equation
1 = 1
d 2y
;1 + b dx l E = 2 are respectively
dy 2 2 dy
dx
dx The degree of the D.E. is the power to which the highest
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 1 order derivative is raised, viz three. Hence order 1 and
(c) 2 and 2 (d) None of these degree 3.
MCQ 7.7 SBTEJ 2014

(c) 2, 3 (d) 4, 2
Degree and order of the differential equation Ans (c) 2, 3
d 2y 4
c dx2 m + 2 b dx l + 9 = sin x are
dy 3
EXPLANATION :
(a) 2, 3 (b) 3, 2
2
The highest order derivative present in the D.E. is ddxy , 2
(c) 2, 4 (d) 4, 2 so its order is 2. The degree of the D.E. is the power to
Ans (d) 4, 2 which the highest order derivative is raised, viz, three
(3). Hence order 2 and degree 3.
EXPLANATION :
2
The highest order derivative present in the D.E. is ddxy , 2 MCQ 7.11
so its order is 2. The degree of the D.E. is the power to The order and degree of the differential equation
which the highest order derivative is raised, viz, four (4).
%1 + _ dx i /
3
dy 2 2
Hence degree 4 and order 2. = r are respectively

d2y
dx2
MCQ 7.8 SBTEJ 2013 (a) 2, 2 (b) 2, 6
The order and degree of the differential equation (c) 2, 3 (d) 1, 6
d 2 y 2dy Ans (a) 2, 2
+ − 8y = 0 are respectively
dx2 dx
EXPLANATION :
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 2
(c) 2 and 1 (d) None of the above Squaring both sides we get
2 2
'1 + b dx l 1 = r c 2 m
dy 2 3 2 d y
Ans (c) 2 and 1
dx
EXPLANATION :
Order =2
2
2
=2
degree
so its order is 2. The degree of the D.E. is the power to
MCQ 7.12
which the highest order derivative is raised, viz, one (1).
Hence order 2 and degree 1. Which of the following is an ordinary differential equation
?
MCQ 7.9 (a) y + 2x = d (sin x) (b) d (y + x) = x2 + sin x
dx dx
The order and degree of differential equation
d 2y (c) d (cos x + sin x) = x + y (d) y2 + x2 = d (xα + 1)
b dx l + y c 2 m are respectively
dy 4 dx dx
dx
(a) 1, 1 (b) 2, 2 Ans (b) d (y + x) = x2 + sin x
dx
(c) 2, 1 (d) None
EXPLANATION :
Ans (c) 2, 1 See, only the equation in (b) possesses dy/dx , hence (b)
EXPLANATION :
is ordinary differentiate equation.
2

MCQ 7.13
2
so its order is 2. The degree of the D.E. is the power to

which the highest order derivative is raised, viz, one (1). The degree of the differential equation
1
d2y 2 d 3y
= c dx2 m G
4
Hence, order 2 and degree 1. y + x = is given by
dx3
MCQ 7.10 SBTEJ 2013 (a) 2 (b) 3
Order and degree of the differential equation (c) 4 (d) 1
d 2y 3
x2 c 2 m + y b l + y 4 = 0 .
dy 4 Ans (c) 4
dx dx
EXPLANATION :
(a) 2, 4 (b) 3, 2
Rationalizing the degree of differential equation (d.e.),

we see that
d 2y 2 d3y 4
y + xc 2 m = c m
dx dx3
Hence the degree of given differential equation is 4.
MCQ 7.14
4
d3y 2 d2y
The order of the differential equation =1 + c 3 m G = 2
3
dx dx
is given by.
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 4
Ans (c) 3
MCQ 7.15
If m and n are the order and degree of the differential

equation
d 2y 3
c dx m + 4 b dx l + 3y + y = 0 , then
dy 2 2
(a) m = n (b)
m<n
(c) m > n (d)
m$n
Ans (b) m < n
EXPLANATION :
=2
Here, order
=3
and degree
m = 2
and n = 3
m<n

******
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Unit 3 : Calculs
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1.1 Implicit differentiation EXAMPLE 1.1

EXAMPLE 1.3 SBTEB 2009 EXAMPLE 1.5 sbtej 2013

If 1 − x2 + 1 − y2 = a (x − y), prove that dy 1

Let x = sin θ & θ = sin−1 x We have x = y + 1

EXAMPLE 1.4 sbtej 2014 1 d (x2) + 1 d (y2) = 0

If x3 + x2 y + xy2 + y3 = 81, then find

Differentiating wrt x , we have

EXAMPLE 1.16 SBTEB 2009, sbtej 2014

dy x..... to 3 EXAMPLE 1.17

dx = d (2at2) = 2a d (t2) = 4at (1 + t2) dtd (3t) − 3t dtd (1 + t2)

If y = f ^x h is a differentiable function of x , then its

exists if ddxy is differentiable. If 3 rd order derivative of

y = f ^x h is differentiable, then we can talk of 4 th order x

If y = log ^x + a2 + x2 h then show that

SOLUTION : EXAMPLE 1.25 SBTEB EVEN 2017

We have y = log ^x + a2 + x2 h If y = ax + b , show that 2y1 y 3 = 3 ^y2h2

− 2c ^ad − bc h 12c2 ^ad − bc h2

2 − 5 dx + 6y = 12e + 18e − 5 ^6e + 6e h

Differentiating wrt x , we have

− 2xy ^0 h − 2a3 xy 2a3 xy Differentiating again wrt x , we have

If y = log ^x + a2 + x2 h then show that ^a2 + x2h y2 + xy1 = 0 Exerc i s e 1 .3

20. Find the third derivative of the function x7 + sin x

22. If y = x3 log x , find y 3 . (c) sec3 x (d) None of the above

If x = a ^t + sin t h and y = a ^1 − cos t h, then

d2 y dy (a) cot tl (b) sec t

SOLUTION : n th derivative of ex with respect to x is

2x 2 If y = (tan x) (tanx) , then

(c) 2 (d) None (n - 1)! n!

1 = (tan x) tanx sec2 x 6logtan x (logtan x + 1) + cot x @

MCQ 1.16 SBTEB 2006

Correct option is (c). (c) 3 - 12x2 (d)

dy sin (a + y) cos y − sin y cos (a + y) Correct option is (a).

1 dy = y 1 + log x dy Correct option is (b).

(c) log (ex) (d) 1

PAGE 18 Application of Derivatives chapter 2

regard to the independent variable can be used as a rate-

with regard to x . Ultimately when δx " 0 , this limiting

is increasing when the radius is 10 cm.

SOLUTION : dS = d (6x 2) = d (6x 2) $ dx

Let x be the length of an edge, V the volume and S the

Applied Mathematics surface area of a cube.

= 12x # 8 2 = 32 cm2 / sec

cube at time t , then V = x 3 . An edge of a variable cube is increasing at the rate of

Rate of change of volume EXAMPLE 2.7

dV = dV dx A stone is dropped into a quiet lake and waves move in

CBSE Class XI and XII Commerce dA = 2πr 5

The radius of a circle is increasing at the rate of 0.7 cm/

EXAMPLE 2.9 EXAMPLE 2.11

The area of an expanding rectangle is increasing at the

EXAMPLE 2.10 SOLUTION :

EXAMPLE 2.14 SBTEB 2011

Volume V = 4 πr 3 It is given that length x of a rectangle is decreasing at

Hence, the rate at which the volume of the bubble is P = 2 (x + y)

Here, dr = 0.02 cm/ sec r = 4 cm