Arm_ynfuGef_rLepfygwD A[dkpnf;@H;k a&;aumfrwD.

tmabmf

*sme,f

1945 - 2020
_ynfoht
l m%mxkwfa0_cif; 75 ESpf_ynfh
txdr;f trSwf

trSwf (43)
pufwifbm/ 2020 ckESp?f
 pmwnf;tzGt
hJ rSm
1945 - 2020
_ynfoht
l m%mxkwfa0_cif; 75 ESpf_ynfhtxdrf;trSwf

jynfol htm%m*sme,f trSwf (43) pufwifbm/ 2020

ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw&D ŒJ ordik ;f ay;wm0ef
(1)
1939 ckEpS f=o*kwv f 15 &ufae@rSmzGŒJ pnf;cJw h Jh ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw[ D m 2020
jynhEf pS f =o*kwv f 15 &uf ae@rmS 81 ESpfjynho f Gm;yg+yD?
Armjynftvkyform;vlwef;pm;&JΠwyfO;D ygwDjzpfwJh ArmjynfueG jf rLepf
ygwD&JŒ ordkif;ay;wm0efuawmh Armjynf vl@tzGJŒtpnf;udk zdESdyfaoG;pkyfr_
uif;rJwh hJ om,m0ajymwJh vl@tzGŒJ tpnf;w&yfjzpfatmif vk;H yef;oGm;a&; jzpfw,f?
'Dwm0efudk+yD;ajrmufz@dk rsdK;qufaygif;rsm;pGm vkH;yef;oGm;&r,fqdkwmudk odjrif
em;vnfxm;ygw,f?
Armjynfvrl sK;d aygi;f pkH jynfovl xl tk usK;d pD;yGm;twGuf ArmjynfueG jf rLepf
ygwD[m 'Dordkif;ay;wm0efudk ausyGefatmif xrf;aqmifoGm;&rSmyg? uaeŒ
umv rdryd g0if&r,hf tcef;u¾rSm tcuftcJb,favmuf}u;D }u;D / toufaoG;
b,f avmufay;&ay;& wm0efausyGefatmif xrf;aqmifaeygw,f?
pD;yGm;a&;t&udkvdkeDwydkif;vl@tzGŒJ tpnf;jzpfaewJh ArmjynfukEd kid if aH &;
t& vGwv f yf+y;D 'Dru
kd a&pDxeG ;f um;wJh pD;yGm;a&;t& trDcS u kd if;wJh vl@tzGŒJ tpnf;
tjzpf ajymif;vJEikd rf S qd&k ,
S vf pf/ uGejf rLepfv@l avmuudk wnfaqmufEikd rf ,fqw kd m
udk ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDu em;vnfxm;ygw,f?
'ga=umihf vGwv f yfa&;wdkuyf GJrSmvnf; ArmjynfuGejf rLepfygwD yg0ifcJh
w,f? 'Dru dk a&pDa&;wdkuyf rGJ Smvnf; yg0ifcJhw,f? yg0ifaew,f? 'Drku d a&pDa&;
atmifjrif+yD;ajrmufwht J xd yg0ifomG ;rSmyJjzpfw,f? 'Dru dk a&pDa&;atmifjrif+yD;
ajrmuf+yD; qdk&, S fvpf/ uGejf rLepfavmuudk wnfaqmufatmifjrif +yD;ajrmufrS
om ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygw&D JΠwm0ef+yD;ajrmufukefqkH;rSm jzpfygw,f?
1
_ynf o l h t m%m
zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&; atmifjrif+yD;aemuf
(2) zqyv tzGŒJ csKyaf &m/ ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwyD g ajratmuf
Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwD pwifxlaxmifwJh ygwDtzGŒJ awG b0uaeajray:ygwDtzGJŒtpnf;awGtjzpf
1939 ckESpf umv[m e,fcsJŒEdkiif aH wGtcsi;f csi;f tkyfpk ajAmifa=unmay:xGufvmygw,f?
awGzŒJG =u+y;D tkypf w
k cke@J wck &efapmifae=uygw,f? t*Fvyd f vuf0JnDnGwfa&;udk r¾Kdijf yKxm;wJh zqyv
e,fcsJŒ orm;tkypf keJ@ *smrefzufqpfe,fcsJŒorm;tkyfpkwk@d tzGJŒcsKyfrSm trsdK;om;pnf;vkH;nD!Gwfr_[m tjrihfqkH;
&efapmif ae=u+yD; 'kwd,urBmppf jzpfr,hfqJqJtcsdef tcsdef jzpfaewma=umihf aeol&det f pnf;ta0;udk ac:qdk
jzpfygw,f? ('kw, d urBmppfpwifwm 1939 pufwifbm usi;f yEdik +f y;D tqdak v;&yfuv kd nf; ue@u f u
G o
f rl &Sd twnf
jzpfygw,f) urBmhqdk&S,fvpfpepfv_yf&Sm;r_ (rmhufpf0g') jyKEdkifcJhw,f? tJ'Dwkef;u oabmxm;uGJvGJr_awGudk
(0g) ody`Henf;us qd&k , S vf pf0g' (0g) uGejf rLepf0g') [m aemufwef;udk ydk@xm;EdkifcJhw,f? vGwfvyfa&;udpPudkyJ
wwd,tifwm ae&Sief ,fumvjzpf+yD; qdkAD,ufjynf tm¶kHpdkufxm;=uygw,f?
axmifpkorRw Edkiif o H m urBmrSm wckwnf;aom uGefjrL ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw[ D mvnf; vef;qef;wuf
epfEidk fijH zpfaeao;csed f jzpfygw,f? e,fcsŒJ tkypf kEpS fcv
k ;Hk [m ºupGmeJ@ 'kw, d t}udrfajrmuf ygwn D DvmcHukd atmifjrif
uGefjrLepfqe@fusiaf &;rSmawmh wpdwfw0rf;wnf; &Sd=u pGm usi;f yEdik cf Jhw,f? A[dkaumfrwDudk pepfwuszŒGJ pnf;
ygw,f? 'ga=umihf t*Fvdyef ,fcsJŒorm;&JŒ udkvekd jD zpfaewJh EdkifcJh+yD; ygwu D dkvnf; pepfwuspnf;¶kH;zGJŒpnf;edifcw Jh ,f?
ArmjynfrSm uGefjrLepfygwDudk v#dKŒ0SufpGmyJ zGJŒpnf;& 1945 ckEpS f Zlvdkiv f rSm jzpfygw,f?
ygw,f? ajratmufygwDayg?h t"dy`m,fu tcuftcJ zqyv tzGŒJ csKyftwGi;f rSmawmh oabmxm;
=um;xJu ygwDukd xlaxmifch&J wmyg? uGv J rJG a_ wGukd ajz&Si;f &mrSm 'Dru kd a&pDenf;vrf;wus rajz
tcuftcJtusyftwnf;eJ@ tEW&m,fxlajym &Sif;bJ ArmjynfuGefjrLepf ygwDudk zqyv tzGJŒcsKyfrS
wJh =um;xJuyJ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD[m zwyv xkwfy,fvu dk fw,f? ArmjynfuGejf rLepfygwD[m zqyv
(aemif zqyv) tzGJ@csKyfudk xlaxmif&mrSm urux tzGJŒcsKyf0if rjzpfawmhayr,hf vGwfvyfa&;twGuf
vkyf&wJh tcef;u yg0ifcJh&w,f? e,fcsJ@zufqpf *syef zqyv tzGJŒcsKyfeJ@ wlwmwGJvkyf rwlwmudk cGJvkyf+yD;
awmfvSefa&;udk yg0ifqifE$J&ygw,f? atmifjrifygw,f? yl;aygi;f aqmif¶u G +f rJ aqmif¶Gufygw,f? a0zefaxmufjy
awmfvSefa&;twGif;rSm ygwD0ifawG tawmfrsm;rsm; p&m &Sw d mawGuv kd nf; &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif;yJ a0zefaxmufjy
toufaoG;ac|; ay;vdu k f&ygw,f? tJ'DtxJrSm xif&mS ; cJhygw,f?
wmuawmh &Jabmfoed f;wef (&Jabmfcspw f D;) wd@k AdkvfrLS ; ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygw[ D m 'kwd,t}udrfygwD
Axl;wdk@wawGyg? uGef*&uft+yD;rSm ocifpdk; acgif;aqmif+yD; tvHeDygwD
(uGefjrLepfygw/D Armjynf) udk cGJaxmifvdkuw f ma=umihf
(3) tuGJt+yJjy\emeJ@ }uKHawG@vu dk f&ygw,f? 'gayrJh ygwD
[m rmhufpf0g'tajccHrl tay:rSm +rJ+rHpGm&yfwnf+yD;

2
 _ynf o l h t m%m

ygwD&J@ pnf;±kH;a&; pnf;urf;abmifawGudk pGpJ J+G rJ+rJvku d ef m pmwdu k fawGudk qd&k S,f vpfawGu vltkyfpzk J@G +yD; 0ifa&muf
usifo h H;k wma=umihf ygwu D kd }uHhckid af wmihwf if;atmif wnf zsufqD;wm vkyfygw,f? ArmjynfueG fjrLepfygwD&ŒJ Xme
aqmufEidk +f yD; vlx}k uD;udkvnf; pnf;¶kH;xm;Edik cf Jhygw,f? csKyf[m Am;*&mvrf;rSm zGihfxm;ygw,f? Am;*&mvrf;rSm
odk@aomf jim;vnf; zqyv tzGJŒcsKyf A[dktvkyftr_ Am;*&macsmuf &Sdw,f? Am;*&macsmufrSm um;vrf;u
aqmifvl}uD; wOD;vnf;jzpf/ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD atmufujzpf+yD; &xm;vrf;u tay:u jzwfygw,f?
pwifwnfaxmifol wOD;vnf;jzpfol A[dkaumfrwD ocifwif&JŒ owif;udk ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDA[dk&JŒ
Edkiif aH &;OD;aqmiftzGŒJ 0if ocifA[def;uawmh toufay; owif ; pmuvnf ; azmf j ycJ h w ,f ? 'gtwG u f ygwD
oGm;&ygw,f? ol[m zufqpfawmfvSeaf &;twGi;f 'kuQ owif;pmwdu k fudk +zKdcszsufq;D zdkΠqd&k , S fvpfawGu vkyf
qif;&Jr'_ %fawGa=umihf ESvkH;a&m*g jyif;xefvmygw,f? vmwJhtcg ocifoef;xGef;u qdk&S,fvpfawG vm&J&if
awmfvSefa&;t+yD; ygwDwGif; zqyv twGif; oabm vmcJh Am;*&macsmufudk qdk&S,fvpft¶dk;awGeJ@ zdk@ypf
xm;uGv J rJG a_ wG/ vGwv f yf a&;twGuf vk;H yef;&r_awGa=umihf r,fvk@d ajymcJhygw,f? wu,fu ArmjynfuGejf rLepfygwD
ESvH;k a&m*g ydrk q dk k;d 0g;vm+yD; aq;¶kw H ifxm;vdu k f&ygw,f? XmecsKyu f kd vlx}k uD;u umuG,x f m;wma=umihf qd&k , S f
zqyv tzGJŒcsKyfxJu ArmjynfueG fjrLepfygwDudk xkwf vpfawG rvm&Jygb;l ?
y,fvdkufw,fqdkwm odvdkuf&wJh tcgrSmawmh ocif ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD[m ArmjynfvGwfvyf
A[de;f pdwx f cd u kd v f eG ;f tm;}uD;+y;D ESv;Hk cke&f yfomG ;ygw,f? a&;udk todtrSwjf yKwmeJ@twl a0zefo;Hk oyfra_ wG jyKvkyf
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDu ArmjynfvGwfvyf ygw,f? 'ga=umihf a&G;aumufyv JG nf; 0ifw,f? v$waf wmf
a&;[m taESmiftzGJŒtcsdKŒeJ@&wJh vGwfvyfa&; jzpfw,f? xJrSmvnf; wnf=unfav;eufpmG a0zefaxmufjywm/
vGwfvw G fu|wfu|wf vGwv f yfa&;rsdK; r[kwfb;l qdw k m ok;H oyfcsuaf wGe@J vkyo f ihv
f yk x
f u kd wf mawGuv kd nf; wifjy
udk &Si;f &Sif;vif;vif;yJ a0zefygw,f? +yD;jynhpf w Hk Jh vGwvf yf cJyh gw,f? (ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwu D jzL;v$waf wmftrwf
a&; jzpfatmife@J 'Dru kd a&pD azmfaqmifEikd zf @kd 'Drku d a&pDopf jzpfol ocifoef;az&J@ v$waf wmfrmS aqG;aEG;wifjycsuf
vrf;a=umif;udk wifjycJhygw,f? zqyv tzG@J csKyfuawmh awGukd =unhfyg)
'Drdkua&pDa[mif;vrf;a=umif;eJ@oGm;zdk@ vkH;yef;ygw,f? ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw[ D m ol@&ŒJ ordik ;f ay;wm0ef
wu,fawmh zqyv tzGJ@csKyfudk jynfol@ta&;awmfyHk wckjzpfwhJ Armjynfukd +y;D jynhpf w Hk hJ vGwv f yfa&;eJ@ zGŒH +zdK;wd;k
ygwD wjzpfvJ Armjynfq&dk S,v f pfygwu D vuf0g;}uD;tkyf wuf+yD; 'Drdkua&pDxGe;f um;wJhEkid if jH zpfatmif 'Dru dk a&pD
xm;wmyg? 'ga=umihf EdkifiHa&;avmueJ@ pme,fZif; opfvrf;a=umif;eJ@ csw D uf&mrSm vGwv f yfa&;&+y;D aemuf
avmu rSm zqyv tpdk;&udk zq - qdk&, S f tpdk;&vdk@ ydik ;f Oya'wGi;f wdu k yf JG enf;vrf;eJ@omoGm;zd@k oabmxm;cJh
ac:a0:ok;H E_e;f wmawG &Scd hw J ,f? qd&k S,v f pfawG[m olw@kd ygw,f? 'Dwu kd yf eJG nf;vrf;udk rSew f ef;usatmif vkyaf qmif
eJ@ oabmxm; rwdkufqdkifolawGudk xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkif Edik rf ,fq&kd if trsKd ;om;pnf;vk;H nD!w G rf [
_ m wnfwchH ikd +f rJ
t=urf;zufajz&Si;f avh &Syd gw,f? ocifwif rawmfrw&m; rSm jzpfygw,f?
vkyfwJh (rD;cGurf _wf) udpPukd azmfxkwfa&;om;wJh owif;

3
_ynf o l h t m%m
qdk&, S fvpfawG&J@ vkyf}uHzefwD;wJh *d&k S,fppfwrf;
wdk@vdk[mawG&,f/ qdk&S,fvpfOD;ausmf+idrf;&J@ }uHpnfr_
awGudk tJh'Dwkef;u 0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfolOD;Eku oabmwl
vduk af vsmwm&,f/ (OD;Eka&;wJh wmawpaeom; pmtkyf
rSm =unhfyg) OD;ausmf+idrf;&J@ vufOD;r_,l vkyf}uHwwfwJh
tusihf (odef;azjrihfa&; ausmf+idrf;pmtkyf=unhfyg) wdk@
a=umihf tajctaeawG[m uajymif;ujyef jzpfukef
ygw,f?
rwfv 27 &ufae@ zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;
ae@ukd tpd;k &tzGŒJ tpnf;a&m/ EdkifiHa&;ygwD toD;oD;uyg
txdr;f trSwjf yKavh &S=d uw,f? 'Dtcsuu f kd tcGiahf umif;
,l+yD; tJh'aD e@rmS wcsw D nf;eJ@ uGefjrLepfygwD A[dak umfrwD
0if w+yKHv;Hk udk zrf;qD;zd@k eŒJ ygw¶D H;k tawmfrsm;rsm;udk 0if
a&mufpD;eif;zdkΠtJ'Dwkef;u jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;jzpfol
OD;ausm+f ird ;f u pDpOftrde@af y;cJw
h ,f? zrf;qD;r_ ratmifjrif
yg? ocifoef;xGef; tygt0if A[dkaumfrwD0iftrsm;pk
vGwfajrmufoGm;ygw,f? vGwaf jrmufoGm;wJh A[dkaumf
rwD0ifawG[m awmificl ¶dik /f xef;wyif+rdKŒe,f/ ausmuf
}uD;ayguf aus;¶GmrSm pkpnf;rd=u+yD; wygwDvkH; tzrf;
rcH=ubJ &&mvufeufe@J ckc=H uzd@k qkH;jzwfvku d f&ygw,f?
tJ'Dwke;f u ArmjynfuGejf rLepfygwDrmS vufeufuidk w f yf
r&Sdyg? vlxkxJrmS txl;ojzihf aus;vufv,form;xk
xJrmS &Sad ewJh 'kw, d urBm ppft+y;D jye@u f suJ secf w
hJ hJ rD;usKd ;
armif;ysuf vufeufawG pkpnf;um aus;vufvlxkudk
trmcHxm; pkaqmif;+yD; vufeufudkifwyfudk zGJŒpnf;
wdkufcdkuf&wm jzpfygw,f?
'g[m ArmjynfrSm vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;wJhaemuf
trsKd ;om;pnf;vk;H nD!w G rf _ +ydKuGrJ _tjrihq
f ;kH tqihf a&muf
oGm;+yD; 'Drku d a&pDqdwfoOk ;f oGm;um jynfwGif;ppfjzpfymG ;
oGm;&wmyJ jzpfygw,f?
4
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwu D dk rw&m;toif;tjzpf
tpdk;&u a=unmygw,f? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD[m
ol@&ŒJ ordik ;f ay; wm0efjzpfwJh 'Dru
dk a&pDopfvrf;a=umif;
eJ@ 'Drdkua&pDa&;wm0efudk Oya'wGif;rSm aqmif¶Gufzdk@
tcGift h vrf; vk;H 0r&Sdawmhyg? 'ga=umihf Oya'ytiftm;pk
tjzpfeJ@ ol@ordkif;wm0efudk tausyGefqkH; xrf;aqmif
vdkuf&ygawmhw,f? tJ'guawmh 'Drdkua&pDopf (0g)
jynfo@l 'rD ukd a&pDvufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;udk qifEv
J$ u
kd f
&wmyJ jzpfygw,f? ArmjynfrSm 1948 ckEpS f/ rwfv 28
&ufae@rSm jynfwGif;ppf pwifwmjzpfovdk tJ'Dae@udk
jynfol@'Drdkua&pD vufeufudkiaf wmfvSefa&;ae@ tjzpf
vnf; armfuGef;xdk;cJhygw,f?
(4)
jynfwGif;ppf pwifpu ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD
wzGJ@wnf; vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&; vkyfae&wmyg?
r=umcifrmS jynfo@l &aJ bmftzG@J vnf; vufeufuikd w f u kd yf JG
0ifvmygw,f? tpd;k &wyf&if;tcsKd@rS awmfvSeaf om Armh
wyfrawmf (RBA) emrnfeJ@tiftm;tcsKd@vnf; Arm
jynf uGefjrLepfygwDeJ@ yl;aygif;cJhygw,f? &cdik b f ufuvnf;
vufeufudkifwdkufyGJ 0ifvmcJhw,f? 1949 ESpfOD;ydkif;
rSmawmh KNDO eJ@ MNDO wdk@ vufeufukid w f u dk fyGJ
0ifvmjyefw,f? 'ga=umihf jynfwiG ;f ppf[m ydkrku d s,jf ye@f
euf&_dif;oGm;ygw,f?
jynfwGi;f ppf jzpfyGm;vmwJhtcg q&m}uD;ocif
ud, k af wmfrid_ ;f u olremud, k rf em +ird ;f csr;f a&;vkyzf @kd tqdk
jyK v_y&f mS ;ygw,f? 'gayrJh zqyv tpd;k &u tjyKwfacsre_ ;f
a&;eJΠvufeufcs tnhHcaH &;yJ oabmxm; vkyfaqmifyg
w,f? 'ga=umihf jynfwGif;ppf[m a&&SnfppfyGJ jzpfvm
ygw,f?

ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD[m aus;vuftajccH
+rdKŒudk0dkif;qdkwJh a&&Snfjynfol@ajymufusm;ppfyGJ pepfeJ@
wdkufyGJ0ifygw,f? awmfvSefa&;vkyfief;pOf wckvkH;t&
vufeufukid fwku d yf u
GJ dk t"duwdu
k fyGJo¿mef tjzpfxm;
+yD; tjcm;wdu k fyoGJ ¿mefrsm;eJ@ aygif;pyfwhJ enf;y&d,m,f
vrf;pOfudk usihfokH;ygw,f? 'ga=umihf ppfwdkufaewmeJ@
w+ydKifwnf;rSm vlxkwdkufyGJawG/ EdkifiHa&;wdkufyGJawGudk
qufpyf+yD; wenf;r[kwfwenf;eJ@ yg0ifpnf;¶k;H v_HŒaqmf
v_yf&Sm;ygw,f? jynfol@'Drdkua&pDvufeufudkif wdkufyGJ
wav#mufrSm tiftm;pktrsdK;rsdK;eJ@vnf; wyfaygif;pkzGJŒ
cJhygw,f?
zqyv tpdk;&u ajrvSefpepfeJ@ ppfqifwmudk
vnf; &ifqidk cf &Jh ygw,f? Adkvfae0if;ppftkypf ku tm%m
odr;f um ppftm%m&Sipf epfudk xlaxmif+yD; jzwfav;jzwf
pepfeJ@ ppfqifwmudkvnf; &ifqdkifausmfjzwf&ygw,f?
tajccHpcef;awG us,fjye@fvmvdkuf/ ao;usKHŒ
oGm;vdkuf/ vGwfajrmufa'o ay:vmvdkuf/ vufv$wf
qkH;&_H;oGm;vdkufeJ@ a&&SnfppfyGJrSm }uKHawGŒjzwfoef;&
ygw,f?
1948 ckESpfu 1989 txd ESpfaygif; 41 ESpf
twGi;f rSm ppfajrjyifrSm OuUÏESpfOD;/ twGif;a&;rSL;wOD;
tygt0if A[dktqihf au'g}uD;rsm;/ tqihfqihfau'g
rsm;/ ygwD0ifrsm;/ jynfol@wyfrawmf wyfrSL;}uD;rsm;/
tqihq f ihf wyfrLS ;rsm;/ wyfom;tajrmuftjrm; touf
ay;oGm;=uygw,f? axmifwGif;/ tusOf;pcef;twGif;
ppfa=uma&;awGrSmvnf; ygw0D ifau'grsm;/ ygwDvdkvm;
olaygi;f rsm;pGm toufay;oGm;=uygw,f? ArmjynfueG jf rL
epfygwD[m rdrd&JŒordkif;ay;wm0efudk b,favmufyJ
t&if;tES;D ay;&/ ay;& ausyGefatmif xrf;aqmifoGm;rSm
jzpfygw,f?
_ynf o l h t m%m
1975 ckESpf yJc;l ¶dk;rtajccHpcef; vufvw $ q f ;kH &_H;
&wJt h cg ta&SŒajrmufvw G af jrmufa'orSm A[dak umfrwD
opfukd zGJŒpnf;cJhw,f? ArmjynfuGejf rLepfygwD[m wAdv k f
us wAdkvfwufpepfeJ@ jynfol@'Drdkua&pD vufeufudkif
awmfvSefa&;udk qifE$JcJh&ygw,f/ 1979 ckESpfrSm OuUÏ
ocifAodef;wif trSL;jyKwJh A[dak umfrwDu tajctae
t&yf & yf u d k ok H ; oyf u m ygwD t axG a xG v k y f i ef ; pOf
tygt0if ygwDwnfaqmufa&;vrf;pOf/ ppfa&;vrf;pOf/
ajr,may:vpD pwJh vrf;pOf/ vkyfief;pOft&yf&yfudk
jyefvnf okH; oyf csrS wfcJh w,f? 1985 ck ESpf rSmawmh
wwd,t}udraf jrmuf ygwu D Ge*f &ufudk usif;yEdik cf w
Jh ,f?
uGef*&ufu wygwDppftm%m&Sifpepf zsufodrf;a&;
ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDpepf ay:ayguaf &; aºu;a=umfoEH iS t hf wl/
jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;tvH - 'Drkd ua&pDa&;tvHESihf -
trsdK;om; aoG;pnf;nD!w G fa&;tvHqdkwJh tvHok;H vuf
udk wdkif;jynfodk@ wifjycJhygw,f? A[dk aumfrwDopfudk
vnf; uGe*f &ufu a¶G;cs,w f ifajrm‡ ufvu kd wf ,f? vufeuf
udik w
f ku
d fyeGJ @J wjcm;wduk yf o GJ ¿mef aygif;pyfa&;udk wqihf
wdk; vkyfaqmifchw J ,f? 1988 ckESpf 'Dru dk a&pDa&; vlxktkH
ºur_}uD;rSm ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD[m rdrdyg0if&r,hf
tcef;u¾uae wufºupGmyg0ifcJhygw,f?
1989 ckESprf mS jynfol@'Drdkua&pD vufeufuidk f
awmfvSefa&;udka&m/ jynfol@'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&;
vrf;pOfudkyg qe@fusif+yD; ykefuefcJGxGufr_awG ay:ayguf
ygw,f? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD[m vGwfajrmufa'o
tm;vk;H / t"duwyftm;vk;H qk;H &_;H oGm;&wJb h 0udk usa&muf
oGm;ygw,f? ygwD0ifau'gtcsdKŒ/ ygwD0iftcsdKŒ ygwDudk
pGe@fcGmoGm;ygw,f?
(5)
5
_ynf o l h t m%m

aoaumifaygi;f vJ jzpfomG ;wJh ArmjynfueG jf rLepf &Si;f &Sif;vif;vif;yJ jrifygw,f? 2015 ckESpf a¶G;aumufyGJ
ygwD[m zkwfzufcg vl;vJx&yfvdkufygw,f? 1993 rSm 'DcsKyftEdkif&+yD; tpdk;&zGJŒum 2008 tajccHOya't&
rSmawmh wjynfvH;k tESH@tjym;rSm &SdaewJh ygw0D ifawGeJ@ v_yf&Sm;&wma=umihf 'Drku d a&pDtajymif;tvJ umvvdk@
jyefvnfqufo, G fcsdwq f ufEikd +f yD; txl;uGezf &ihw f &yfukd b,fvdkyJajymajym ppftm%m&Sipf epfeJ@ ppfAsL¶dkua&pD
usi;f yEdkifvmw,f? 1994 rSm +yD;pD;oGm;wJh 'DuGefz&ihfu ,EW&m;}uD;u vnfywf+rJ vnfywfaew,fvdk@yJ Arm
ArmjynfueG fjrLepfygwu D kd ajratmufygwDtjzpf jyefvnf jynfuGefjrLepfygwDu ¶dk;¶dk;&Si;f &Si;f yJ jrifygw,f?
zGJŒpnf;v_yf&Sm;zdk@ qkH;jzwfvdkufw,f? &Jabmf=uifarmif ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk wdu k zf sufypfEkid rf S jynfolŒ
OD;pD;wJh A[dkpnf;¶kH;a&;aumfrwDudk zGJŒpnf;vdkuw f ,f? ajr 'Drkud a&pDpepfukd taumiftxnfazmfEidk rf Sm jzpfygw,f?
atmuf vkyfief;vrf;!$efudkvnf; csrSwfvdkufygw,f? uae@ EdkifiHwumywf0ef;usift&/ yx0DEdkifiHa&;t&/
tckqk&d if A[dkpnf;¶kH;a&;aumfrwD0ifawGudk rsKd ;qufopf Armjynf jynfov l lxktajctaet&/ Armjynfppftkypf k
awGeJ@ xyfjznhfxm;Edkifygw,f? tajctaet&/ ArmjynfEdkifiHa&;tiftm;pk toD;oD;
ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw[ D m b,favmuf}u;D rm; tajctaet& ArmjynfrSm tajymif;tvJw&yf azmf
cufcw J Jh tajctaeudk a&mufygap 'Drku d a&pDopf vrf; aqmifzŒkd awmif;qdak eygw,f? uae@umvrSm ppftm%m
a=umif;jzpfwhJ jynfoŒl 'Dru kd a&pD tpd;k &w&yf ay:ayguaf &; &Sipf epfwu kd zf suaf &;&JŒ tpcscD su[f m 2008 tajccHOya'
&nfreS f;csufudk OD;wnfcsuf xm;&r,fqdkwm jywfjywf wdkuzf sufa&;yJvk@d ArmjynfuGejf rLepfygwDu jrifygw,f?
om;om;yJ jrifxm;ygw,f? tJ'guawmh 'Drdkua&pDudk ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwt D aeeJΠtajccHvw l ef;pm;
aESmifh,Sufwm;qD; ydwfyifwJh/ jynfolŒ'Drdkua&pDpepf&JŒ awG&ŒJ vwfwavmawmif;qdck suaf wGeŒJ twl jynfcsp0f g'
&efo[ l m rsufarSmufumvrSm ppftm%m&Sif pepfyJqdk vrf;pOfudk wifjyxm;ygw,f? v_HŒaqmfwdkufyGJ0ifaeyg
wm &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;yJ jrifxm;ygw,f? tm%modrf; w,f? t=urf;zufzEd ySd fpdk;rd;k r_udk t=urf;zufckcH wdkucf u kd f
ppftyk fpku awmfvSeaf &;aumifpDe@J tpd;k &zGŒJ wm/ rqv wm[m w&m;w,f/ rSeu f efw,fv@kd yJ ArmjynfueG jf rLepf
ygwDzGJŒ+yD; 74 tajccHOya'csrSwfum/ a¶G;aumufyGJ ygwu D pGJp+GJ rJ+rJ,kH=unfygw,f?
vkyf+yD; ygwD/ aumifpD/ v$wfawmf/ tpdk;&zGJŒwm/ 8 'Dwifjyawmif;qdk pnf;¶k;H v_ŒH aqmfwu kd yf 0JG ifra_ wG
av;vH;k ta&;awmfy}kH uD;aemufyikd ;f e0w/ etz tpd;k &udk [m 'Dru kd a&pDa&;twGuf vwfwavm xrf;aqmif&r,hf
zGJŒwm/2008 tajccHOya' twnfjyK+yD; 'Drku d a&pDpum; ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD&JŒ ordkif;ay;wm0ef w&yfvnf;
awG wzGzGajymum a¶G;aumufyJv G yk f+yD; }uHhzGHŒygwDtEdik f jzpfygw,f?
&apum tqihq f ihv
f w$ af wmfe@J tpd;k &ay:ayguv f mwm pmwnf;tzGJ@
awG tm;vk;H [m ppftm%m&SifpepfyJ jzpfw,fqdkwm

6
 Arm_ynfueG _f rLepfygwD A[dpk nf;@H;k a&;aumfrwD.
&cdik af 'otwGi;f ysEhH v
hHS maeaom
Covid - 19 ul;puf_refa&m*gEiS yfh wfoufI
xkwf_yefajunmcsuf

1? ,cktcg Covid - 19 ul;pufjrefa&m*gonf &cdik af 'otwGif; tvsit f jref ys@H EH@S aea=umif; owif;rsm;=um;od
ae&ygonf? =o*kwfv 16 rS 23 &ufae@ n 8em&Dtxd a&m*gydk;awG@&Sdol 59 OD;txd &Sdvm+yD? wjynfvkH;
ul;pufc&H ol pkpak ygi;f 450 OD;&Scd +Jh yD? usef;rma&;0ef}uD;Xme owif;rsm;t& ,ckul;pufr_rmS rsKd ;ADZajymif;vJaeaom
Adkif;&yfpftrsdK;tpm; jzpfEdkifaoma=umihf ul;pufr_E_ef; q,fqjrefa=umif;ESihf 'kwd,v_dif;wausmhjyefvmwm
jzpfEdkifa=umif; owday; E_d;aqmfxm;onf? WHO urBmhusef;rma&;tzGJŒ}uD;rSvnf; umuG,faq;prf;oyfjcif;ESihf
umuG,faq;vlwdkif;aph jze@fedkifa&;rSm ESpfcsD=umOD;rSmjzpfa=umif; owday;xm;onf?
2? ,cktcg &cdkiaf 'owGif; a&m*gxdef;csKyfa&;twGuf &yfuGu+f rdK@±Gmtvdkuf ydwfqdk@xm;jcif; Lockdown - aexdkirf _
ue@fowfxm;jcif;/ nrxGuf&trde@fxkwx f m;jcif;rsm;udk aqmif&u G fxm;a=umif; =um;od&ygonf? &cdkifajrmufydkif;
wGif tifwmeufqufoG,fa&;vdki;f jzwfawmufxm;onfrSmvnf; =umvSyg+yD? &cdkifEiS rfh Gwfpvif 'kuQonfpcef;rsm;
ESifh vwfwavm ppfab;a&Smifpcef;rsm;wGiv f nf; ode;f eJŒcsaD omvlrsm; ¹ywfoyd v f su&f adS eonf? olw@kd . 'kurQ sm;udv k nf;
em;vnfay;oihfygonf?
3? urBmESifch sDjzpfyGm;aeaom pD;yGm;a&;tusyftwnf;ESifh udkApfuyfatmufwiG f jynfwGif;ppfjy\em/ qif;&JrJaG wr_
jy\empaom tonf;toefjy\emaygi;f pkEH Sihf vk;H axG;ae&um pdefac:r_rsm;pGmESifh }uKHawGŒae&aom Armjynfvdk
zGŒH +zKd ;qJEikd if w
H Edik if w
H iG f a&m*gjye@yf mG ;r_ jrihw
f ufvmygu trsm;jynfow l @kd . touft;kd tdrf a=umufcref;vdvd qk;H &_;H oGm;
Edkio f nf? a&m*gjye@fymG ;r_ jrihfwufvmygu (txl;ojzihf usef;rma&;jy\emrsm;) xdef;rEdkio f drf;r& jzpfomG ;edkifonf?
4? ,aeŒumvonf ppfab;/ a&m*gab;/ tiwfab;ESihf tzdEySd fcHae&aomab;paom ab;'kuQtrsKd ;rsKd ;wdk@t=um;
ql;=um;xJu bl;uJhok@d tEœ&m,frsdK;pkH 0ef;&Hjcif;cHae&+yD; 'kuQzdp;D r_rsm;pGm &ifqidk af e&aom &cdkifjynf jynfolvx l k
tygt0if wjynfv;kH jynfolvx l k. ab;'kuEQ Sihf touftEœ&m,fuif;&Si;f apa&;udk tpdk;&ESit fh pdk;&ppfwyfwk@d onf

7
_ynf o l h t m%m

vnf;aumif; AA wyfawmfonfvnf;aumif;/ t"du a&S;±_OD;wnfoGm;&rnhf tcsed fumvjzpfonf[k u|Efkyw f dk@

,lqrdonf? od@k jzpfI &cdkifjynfolvlx. k aumif;usLd ;csr;f omudk OD;xdyyf efum vufeufukid t
f iftm; ESpfzŒGJ pvkH;rS
rnfonhf ppfae&m wd;k csJhr_/ ppfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;rsm;udrk qdk qufvufrvkyfaqmifoihfawmhyg? xdka=umihf ESpzf ufpvkH;
w+ydKifwnf; csufcsif;typf tcwf&yfpJ+yD; }udKwifpnf;urf;owfrSwfcsuf rxm;&SdbJ &cdkijf ynfe,f ppfrD;+idrf;at;
apa&;twGuf awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;r_rsm; qufvufvkyfaqmifoGm;=u&ef ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDtaejzihf tav;teuf
wdkufwGef;tyfygonf?

A[dkpnf;¶k;H a&;aumfrwD
ArmjynfuGejf rLepfygwD
2020 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv/ 24 &uf?
(1382 ckESp/f 0gacgiv
f qef; 6 &uf?)

urBmESihfcsDj zpfyGm ;aeaom

pD;yGm;a&;tusyftwnf;ESihf udkApfuyfatmufwGif
jynfwGif;ppfjy\em/ qif;&JrGJawr_ jy\empaom
tonf;toefjy\emaygif;pkHESihf vkH;axG;ae&um
pdefac:r_rsm;pGmESihf }uKHawGŒae&aom Armjynfvdk
zGHŒ+zdK;qJEdkifiHwEdkifiHwGif a&m*gjye@fyGm;r_
jrihfwufvmygu trsm;jynfolwdk@. touftdk;tdrf
a=umufcref;vdvd qkH;&_H;oGm;Edkifonf?

8
 1987 ckESp f -o *kwfv 15 &ufae@xkwf jynfo l@ tm%m*sme,f trSwf (1) twGuf
OuUX ocifAodef;wif. trSm pm
jynfol@tm%m*sme,f xkwfa0jcif;twGuf OuUXocifAodef;wif. trSmpm
&Jabmfw@dk

1945 ck *syefzufqpfrsm; 'kwd,urBmppfyJGwGif ppf±_H;+yD; vufeufcscJh&w,f?

t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ@tpdk;& Armjynfudk jyef0ifvm+yD;wJhaemuf usaemfwdk@ygwD[m ajratmufygwDtjzpfrS
Oya'wGif; ajAmifv_yf&Sm;EdkifwJh ygwDjzpfvmcJw h ,f?
45 ckESpfaemufyidk ;f rSm usaemfwk@d ygwD A[du k “jynfol@tm%m*sme,f” udk wywftwGif; xkwfa0Edkifcw
Jh ,f?
tJ'DwHk;u t,f'DwmcsKyftjzpf EdkifiHa&;OD;aqmiftzJG@0if wOD;jzpfol ocifA[def;u wm0ef,lcJhw,f?
aemufxyf “uGefjrLepfae@pOf” owif;pmudk xkwfa0EdkifcJhjyefw,f?
1948 ckESpf rwfv (28) &ufae@rSm azmufjyefwJh zqyv tpdk;&u azmufjyefwJh jynfwGif;ppfudk
pwifvmwJhtcgrSm “jynfol@tm%m*sme,f” eJ@ “uGefjrLepfae@pOf” owif;pmrsm;udk rSefrSefrxkwfEdkifcJhawmhyg?
Armjynf ta&S@ajrmufyidk ;f tajccHpcef;rsm;udk wnfaqmuf+yD;wJah emufrSmvnf; 'D*sme,fe@J owif;pmrsm;
udk rxkwfa0EdkifcJhyg?
r=umrDu atmifjrifpGm usifycJhwJh ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD wwd,t}udrfajrmuf jynfvHk;u|wf ygwD
uGef*&uf +yD;wJhaemuf tckyxrt}udrf “jynfol@tm%m*sme,f” udk jyefvnfxkwaf 0vdkuyf gw,f?
'D*sme,fudk jyefvnfxkwfa0&jcif;&J@ t"du&nf&G,fcsufu ygwD&J@vrf;pOf ay:vpDrsm;udk ydkrdkeuf±d_if;pGm
em;vnf taumiftxnfazmfEdkiaf tmif/ ygwDwiG ;f rSm ypPnf;rJhrqefwJh rSm;,Gi;f wJh tawG;tac:t,ltqrsm;udk
wdkufzsufum rSefuefwJh ypPnf;rJhtawG;tac: EdkifiHa&;/ pnf;±Hk;a&;/ vkyf[ef pwmawGudk wnfaqmufoGm;zdk@
jzpfw,f?
EdkifiHa&;vrf;pOfqdkwm[m awmfvSeaf &;atmifjrifzk@d twGuf wygwDvHk;&J@ csw D uf&mvrf;a=umif;udk !ïejf y+yD;
taumiftxnfazmf&rJh vkyfief;awGudk jyXmef;xm;wmjzpfw,f? pnf±Hk;a&;vrf;pOfqdkwmuawmh 'Drdkua&pD
A[dkcsKyfudkifr_rlt& ygwD0ifawGudk xdef;uGyfxm;wmjzpfw,f?
tawG;tac:eJ@ vkyf[ef[m tvGefeD;uyfpGm qufpyfvsuf&Sdw,f? ygwD0ifwa,muf&J@ vkyf[ef[m
ol@acgif;xJrSm&SdwJh tawG;tac:udk a,bk,stm;jzifh azmfjywmjzpfw,f? 'ga=umifh rSefuefwJhtawG;tac:eJ@
vkyf[efrsm; ygwD0ifwdkif;rSm t+rJ&Sdaezdk@ tvGefta&;}uD;ygw,f?
'D*sme,f jyefvnfxGufay:vmjcif;tm;jzifh ygwD/ wyf/ a'owGi;f rSm wm0ef,lae=uwJh &JabmfawGtm;vHk;
twGuf vufawG@vkyfaqmif&mrSm tultnDjzpfapvdrrfh ,fvdk@ ,Hk=unfygw,f?
ypPnf;rJh urBmtjrifudk pGJp+GJ rJ+rJ qkyu f dkifoGm;=uygpdk@?

Aodef;wif
9
 ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD. ygwD0ifwikd ;f
}u@}H uH@cikd &f yfwnf&rnfh tajccHr}l uD;oH;k &yf
1990 ckE S p f rwf v 28 &ufx kw f jynf o l@ tm%m*sme,f trS w f (5) rS

,ae@ArmjynfwiG ;f &Sd vlwef;pm;wdu k fyGrJ mS jyif;xef rxif xdawG@rdjcif;/ udkifpJGcJhjcif; r[kwfacs? ol@u|eb f 0
oJoefvo S nf? Edik if w
H umtajctae. *,uf±u kd cf wfr_ a&muf+yD;aemuf umv&Snv f sm;+yD; jyif;xefoJoefaom
rSmvnf; rao;vS[kqdk&rnf? txl;ojzifh jynfwGif; wdkuyf tJG qifq h ifhukd jzwfoef;/ }uD;rm;vSaom pGe@f vw $ f
tajctaerSm ordik ;f auG@csKd ;wcko@kd a&mufaeonf? Tod@k tepfemcHr_rsm; ðyvky+f yD;rS Toabmw&m;vrf;!ïefudk
aom umvrsKd ;onf awmfveS af &;tiftm;pkrsm;ESihf awmf awG@&Sduidk pf JGcJh=ujcif; jzpfonf? Toabmw&m;vrf;!ïef
vSefa&;orm;rsm;omru EdkifiHa&;tiftm;pkrsm;/ EdkifiH onf Armjynf jynfolwdk@tm; t*Fvyd fe,fcs@J orm;tm;
a&;orm;rsm;/ EdkifiHa&;ESihrf uif;Edkifolrsm; tm;vH;k udyk if qef@usifwdkufcdkuf&mwGifvnf;aumif;/ *syefzufqpfrsm;
ppfaq;ar;jref;vsuf&Sdonf? Tae&mwGif w&m;ol}uD; tm; wGe;f vSeaf rmif;xkw&f mwGiv f nf;aumif;/ ppftpdk;&
um; jynfov l lxk/ ar;cGef;um; oifb,fvk&d yfwnfrnf tygt0if jynfwiG ;f azmufjyefa&;orm;rsm;tm; awmfveS f
enf; qdo k nfyif? rnfonft h iftm;pk/ rnfow l OD;wa,muf &mwGiv f nf;aumif; xda&mufatmifjrifpmG a&S@aqmifEikd f
r# a&Smifv$Jvdk@r&/ ajz=u&vdrhrf nf? cJo
h nf? ygww D nfaxmif+yD; TrSmbuf ordik ;f wGif rmhupf f
Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwD. ygwD0ifrsm;url 0g'/ vDeif0g'/ armfpDwkef;tawG;tac:tm; Armjynf
atmufygtwdkif; &yfwnf=uayonf? awmfvSefa&; vufawG@ESifh rSefuefpGm aygif;pyfEdkifv#if
1? rmhupf 0f g'/ vDeif0g'/ armfpw D ek ;f tawG; jynfow l k@d atmifyJGcH+yD;/ aygif;pyfrr_ mS ;,Gif;v#if jynfow l k@d
tac:udk a&S@aqmiftjzpfxm;+yD; Armjynf. wdusaom epfemqHk;±H_;onfudk awG@c=Jh u&ayonf?
vufawG@jzifh aygi;f pyfEdkifro S mv#if ArmjynfawmfveS fa&; xdk@a=umifh ygwD0ifrsm;tzd@k tvGet f a&;}uD;
rSm atmifyJGcHEidk fayvdrfhrnf? onfh wm0efw&yfrSm rmhupf f0g'/ vDeif0g'/ armfpDwek f;
ygw.D taxGaxGvyk if ef;pOfwiG f “ArmjynfueG jf rL tawG;tac:udk eufeuf±d_if;±_di;f avhvmoabmayguf
epfygwo D nf rmhupf 0f g'/ vDeif0g'/ armfpw D ek ;f tawG;tac: atmifvkyf&if;/ wzufwGifvnf; Armjynf. wdusaom
udk rdrt d awG;tac:tm; vrf;!ïeaf om oabmw&m;tajc vufawG@tajctaeudk qENpGu J if;uif;jzifh rSefrSeuf efuef
cHEiS hf vkyfief;vrf;!ïet f jzpf cH,u
l siohf ;kH onf?” [k &Si;f odem;vnf qkyfudkifrad &;yifjzpfonf? odk@rSom oabm
vif;pGm azmfjyxm;onf? Armjynf jynfolEiS hf Armjynf w&m;ESifhvufawG@ aygif;pyfa&;qdkonfrSm E_dif;pmjcif;
awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;onf rmhufp0f g'/ vDeif0g'/ armfpD tm;jzifh vG,fulayvdrfhrnf? oabmw&m;ESihf vufawG@
wkef;tawG;tac:tm; tvG,fwul odk@r[kwf trSwf aygi;f pyfjcif;qdo k nfrmS pmtkyx f rJ S t&mrsm;udk vufawG@
10

*Giw f Gif wdkuf±u dk fatumiftxnfazmfjcif;[k ,lqv#if
trSm;}u;D rSm;ayvdrrhf nf? txufwiG f azmfjycJo h vdk yuwd
bm0ydkif;udkvnf; em;vnfoabmaygufatmif vkyf/
twWydkif;udkvnf; a&csdefjr‡ifhwif+yD; vufawG@usifhoHk;
=unfh/ rSm;v#if jyefoHk;oyfðyjyif/ vufawG@wGif wzef
usio hf ;kH pojzifh wzefwvJvJ jzwfoef;&aom jzpfpOf}u;D
jzpfonf? rSm;vdkuf/ ðyjyifvdkufESifh jyif;xefcufcJaom
jzpfpOf}uD;vnf; jzpfonf?
,ckw avm Ed k i f iH w umwG i f rmh u f p f0 g'ESi f h
uGefjrLepf0g'udk qef@usifaom tawG;tac:rsm; tESH@
tjym; ay:ayguaf eonf? tcsKd @onfvnf; rdrdjzpfapvdk
onfhtwdkif; rmhufp0f g'. tajccHrrl sm;udk ckwfxpfjzwf
awmuf+yD; yHkzsufae=uonf? tcsdK@aom qdk&S,fvpf
Edkiif rH sm;twGi;f uaomif;ueif;jzpfaeonfrsm;udk vuf
!‡dK;xd;k xdk;+y;D rmhufp0f g' acwfuke+f yD[k tljrL;csdKºuae=u
onf? Tonfudk tcGihaf umif;,lum “"e&SifEkid fiaH &;
orm;rsm;ESifh pma&;q&mrsm;uvnf; rmhufpf0g'ESifh
uGefjrLepf0g'udk t±l;trl; wdkucf u kd fvm=uonf? tar
&duefEkid if w H Gif umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;vkyfcJhzl;ol b&ufZif;
puD;uqdv k #if “20 &mpkESpf uGefjrLepfpepf arG;zGm;jcif;ESifh
aoqH;k jcif;” [laom pmtkyfwtkyaf &;om;+yD; urBmwGif
uGefjrLepf0g' usq;Hk +yDjzpfav[ef a=unmcJhonf? wcsed f
xJwGif ,l*dkqvyfAfEidk if Hu *s;D vyfpfuho J k@d aom uGefjrLepf
rmhupf 0f g'/ vDeif0g'/ armfpw D ek ;f tawG;tac:udk
a&S@aqmiftjzpfxm;+yD; Armjynf. wdusaom vufawG@jzifh
aygif;pyfEdkifrSomv#if ArmjynfawmfvSefa&;rSm
atmifyJGcHEdkifayvdrfhrnf?
_ynf o l h t m%m
0g'udk ausmcdik f;opPmazmufoGm;=uolrsm;uvnf; uGef
jrLepf0g'udk ±kyfysufqif;ysujf zpfatmif ajymqdak &;om;ae
=uayonf? T"e&Sipf epf. a&S@aersm;u vlom;ordkif;
wGif ay:aygucf zhJ ;l aom vlrp_ epftm;vH;k wGif t&if;&Sipf epf
onfomv#if tqifhtjrifhqk;H / taumif;qH;k pepf/ acwf
ESihftnD vdkufygEdkio f nfhpepf/ tusyftwnf;aygif;pHkudk
ausmfvm$ ;Edkifonfhpepf[k tr$ef;wifae=uonf? ol@wdk@
tzdk@ t&if;&Sipf epfonf vlom;ordki;f . txGwt f xdyf
jzpfaeonf? xdk@twl t&if;&Sif 'Drdkua&pDonfvnf;
tjynfh0qHk;/ tppfreS fqHk; 'Dru dk a&pDjzpfonf[k olw@dk u
qdak e=uonf?
wu,f a wmh Tol r sm;onf ord k i f ; a&pD ;
a=umif; rnfok@d &Sdonfudk em;rvnf/ oabmraygu=f u
jcif;om jzpfonf? vl@ordkif;. jzpfay:wdk;wufr_ a&pD;
a=umif;onf qdk&S,fvpf0g'/ uGefjrLepf0g'qDodk@ rkcs
a&muf&adS yvdrrfh nf? TonfrmS rnfow l OD;wa,muf.
pdwfqENESifhr# rywfoufovdk rnfolur#vnf; wm;qD;
I r&Edkifacs? trSeyf if Tod@k aom a&pD;a=umif;}uD;wGif
wefjyefa&pD;a=umif;uav;rsm;vnf; &Sdwwfonf? odk@
aomf ¹cif;csufukd w&m;xifv#if trSm;}uD;rSm;ayawmh
onf? rmhufpfESifhtdef*,fwdk@ uG,fvGef+yD;onfhaemufY
urBmay:wGif rmhupf 0f g'udk ,k=H unfumuG,o f rl sm; tifrwef
avsmhyg;oGm;cJhonf? Oa&myEdik if H tenf;i,fwiG f vuf
11
_ynf o l h t m%m
csdK;a&wGuEf kid af vmufaom ta&twGuo f m usefawmh
onf? odk@aomf rmhupf f0g'onf qHk;cef;wdkifroGm;±Hkru
q,fpkEpS f ESpfckoHk;ckavmuftwGi;f rSmyif urBmyh xrqHk;
aom qdk&, S fvpfEdkifi}H uD;udk azmfxkwfay;cJhayonf?
,ae@tcg EdkifiHwumh uGefjrLepfv_yf&Sm;r_wGif
vnf;aumif;/ ArmjynfuGefjrLepf0g' ta&;awmfyHkwGif
vnf;aumif; aemufjyefqkwfr_rsm;ESifh tusyftwnf;
rsm; trSefyif }uHKawG@ae&ayonf? Todk@ jzpf&jcif;.
t"duta=umif;&if;rSm txufwGif wifjycJhouJhok@d yif
oabmw&m;ESifh vufawG@udk rSefrSefuefuef aygif;pyf
Edkijf cif; r&Sad oma=umif[ h k tusO;f ±Hk; oHk;oyf&ayonf?
EdkifiHtoD;oD;. jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_rSm rwljcm;em;±Hkru
±_yfaxG;cufco J nf? Tod@k aomtajctaersdK;wGif rmhufpf
0g'tm; rl&Sdaomtvkyfvrf;!$ef[k oabmrxm;bJ
w&m;aoqefqef usifhoHk;r_rsm;/ rlay:wGif }uH@}uH@cdkif
r&yfwnfbJ qefpif&musnaf yG@vku d o f vdk vd&k mqJGoHk;r_
rsm;onf qHk;±_H;r_rsm;om jzpfay:apayonf? rmhufpf
0g'a&csed f edru hf sjcif;a=umifhvnf;aumif;/ vufawG@tajc
taeudk tuJjzwf&mwGif qENpJG usjcif;a=umifhvnf;
aumif; trSm;rsm; ñuaH wG@&jcif;jzpfonf[k qdEk ikd af yonf?
xdk@a=umifh ,ae@tcgwGif ygwD0ifwdkif;onf
- rmhu fpf 0g'/ vD eif0 g'/ armfpDw kef ;tawG;
tac: usr;f &if;rsm;udk eufeuf±id_ ;f ±_id ;f toufygyg avhvm
+yD; rdrdwk@d . oabmw&m;a&csed fudk jr‡ihw f if=u&rnf?
- Armjynf vl@tzJ@G tpnf;vufawG@udk rSefrSef
uefuef tuJjzwfEidk af tmif vHk;yef;&rnf?
- rnfo@dk aom ab;tEW&m,frsdK;ESiyfh if ñuHawG@
onfjzpfap rmhufpf0g'ESifh uGefjrLepfta&;awmfyHkudk
toufay;+yD; umuG,f=u&rnf?
2? tkyfpk;d olrsm;u vufeufjzifh t=urf;zuf
zdEySd vf mygu tkyfpk;d cHrsm;taeESifh vufeufjzifh t=urf;
zuf ckcaH wmfvSejf cif;onf w&m;onf[laom cH,lcsuf
udk vufc&H rnf?
vlwef;pm;rsm; uGJjym;aeaom vl@tzJ@G tpnf;
wckwiG f Edkiif aH wmfqo dk nfrmS vlwef;pm;w&yfu tjcm;
12
vlwef;pm;rsm;udk tm%moHk;I tkyfcsKyfjcif;yifjzpfonf?
tkyfp;dk ol vlwef;pm;.vufwGif ppfwyf/ ykvdyf/ tcsKyf
axmif/ w&m;±Hk;ponfh zdESdyfr_,EW&m;wpHkvHk; t+rJyif
tjynfhtpH&k o Sd nf? odk@aomf tkyfpk;d olvw l ef;pm;u pepf
wuszdESdyf tkyfcsKyfxm;onfh =um;uyJ ,if;vl@tzJG@
tpnf;twGif;&Sd vlwef;pm;wdkufyJGonf tqufrjywf
jzpfay:wdk;yGm;vsuf &Sdayonf? odk@jzifh tkyfpdk;cHrsm;u
usKd ;usdK;EGHEt GH kyfpdk;cHaejcif; rðyawmhbJ ±kef;uefxºuvm
=u+yD qdkaomtcg tkyfpdk;olrsm;onf yHkreS ftkyfcsKyfr_ (zd
ESdyfr_) twdkif; tkyfcsKyfjcif;rSae t=urf;zuf zdESdyfonfh
toGifodk@ ul;ajymif;oGm;wwf=uonf? Todk@aom
tajctaersKd ;wGif tzdESdyfcH jynfol od@k r[kwf trsKd ;om;
odk@r[kwf vlwef;pm;rsm;taejzifh tqdyk g t=urf;zuf
zdEySd fr_udk rnfo@dk rnfyHk wk@H jyefrnfqo dk nfrSm rdrw
d @dk . b0
uH=urRmudk rdrdwdk@a&G;cs,fjcif;yif jzpfayonf? tkyfpdk;cH
vlwef;pm;w&yftzdk@ tkyfpdk;olvlwef;pm;. t=urf;zuf
zdEySd fr_ukd t=urf;zufcck aH wmfveS &f ef rpOf;pm;0h/H rqH;k jzwf
0Hhb;l [kqv kd #if tqdyk g tkyfp;kd cHvw l ef;pm;onf b,fawmh
rS tkypf ;kd cHb0rS vGwaf jrmufawmhrnfr[kwaf cs? zdEydS rf u _ kd
rwGe;f vSef0aHh om vlwef;pm;onf xm0&yif zdEdyS cf &H ay
awmhrnf?
TonfEiS yhf wfoufI &JabmfveD ifu “vufeuf
zsufodrf;a&; aºu;a=umfoH” aqmif;yg; (vDeifusrf; twJG
23 pmrsuEf mS 96 wGi)f “vlwef;pm;w&yfaejzifh vufeuf
udk toH;k cs&efEiS hf ydkifEkid u f |rf;usizf k@d róu;pm;bl;[kqkv d #if
,if;vlwef;pm;onf u|efðycHxdkufonfh vlwef;pm;om
jzpfawmhonf?” [ka&;xm;onf?
rdrd&oifh&xdu k f/ cHpm;oifhcHpm;xdkuo f nfrsm;udk
at;csrf;pGm &,lvdkaoma=umifh óu;yrf;cJ&h mrSm tkyfpdk;ol
vlwef;pm;u t=urf;zuf zdEdyS v f mojzifh vufeufuidk f
+yD; jyefvnfckcaH wmfveS f&olrsm;tzdk@ tpðy&mwGihf rnf
onfht&mr# tqifoifh&drS nf r[kwfay? vlxkaxmufcH
r_rSty tppt&m&m jynfhpHkaeaom &efoltm; vufrJh
b0jzifh ckcHawmfvSefjcif;rS tpðy=u&onfcsnf;yif jzpf
onf? vufeuf&Sm&rnf? vufeufudkifwyf zJG@&rnf?
 _ynf o l h t m%m

tajccHpcef; xlaxmif&rnf? tm;vHk;vdkvdkyif r&Sd&mrS acgi;f qdkonfrmS “ckcaH wmfvSefwm[m w&m;w,f” [l

&Sd&mod@k wufvSrf;oGm;&jcif; jzpfayonf? tcGihrf omqHk; aom cH,cl suu f kd pJpG +GJ r+J rcJ ,
H x l m;aomacgi;f rsm; jzpfonf?
aom tajctaersKd ;wGif Tvkyfief;rsm;udk vkyfaqmif& ESpfvHk;wnf;vnf; ruacs? TOD;acgi;f rsm;onf jynfol
onfjzpfojzifh Tvkyfief;rsm;rSm trSefyifcufcJvSay rsm;. acgif;xJwGif pOf;pm;aeonfrsm;udk pOf;pm;
vdrfhrnf? }uD;rm;aom pGef@v$wf&r_rsm; &Sdrnf? wefzdk; taumiftxnfazmfEdkifv#if oef;aygif;rsm;pGmaom
}uD;vnf;ay;&rnf? xdk@a=umifh t=urf;zufzdEdSyfr_udk OD;acgif;rsm; jzpfvmayvdrfhrnf? oabmw&m;onf
t=urf;zuf ckcHawmfvSefjcif;onf w&m;onf[laom vlxk}uD;udk csKyfudkifvu dk fEkid faomtcg }uD;rm;aom ±kyf
cH,lcsurf &SdbJESihf Tr#cufct J EW&m,frsm;aom vkyfief; 0wÎKtiftm; jzpfvmayvdrfhrnf?
wm0eftm; +y;D ajrmufatmif aqmif&u G Ef ikd rf nf r[kwaf y? 3? Armjynf. t"duyÉdyuQonf ppftpdk;&u
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDonf 1948 ckESpf rwfv wzuf/ vlrsdK;aygif;pHk jynfolvx l kuwzuf jzpfaeaom
28 &ufae@wGif TcH,lcsufjzifhyif jynfol@'Drdkua&pD yÉdyuQjzpfonf? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDonf jynfol
vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;udk qifE$JcJhjcif; jzpfonf? vlxkbufu xm0pOf&yfwnfrnf?
tm%m/ vufeuf/ aiGa=u; jynfytultnD tpp ArmjynfueG fjrLepfygwD. taxGaxGvyk fief;pOf
t&m&m jynfhpHkaeaom zqqdk&S,fvpftpdk;&udk vuf wGif “jynfolvlxkonfomvsif urBmhordkif;udk zefwD;
Avmjzifh tefwkcJh=ujcif; jzpfonf? xdkpOfu ygwDwGif onfh tiftm;jzpfonf[al om tjrifukd ArmjynfueG jf rLepf
bmr#r&Sdch?J t=urf;zufzEd ySd fr_ukd t=urf;zufcck HwGe;f vSef ygwu D vufcHusiho f ;Hk onf? ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwDonf
rnf[al om cH,lcsuo f mv#if &SdcJhonf? ,ckqkv d sif 42 Armjynf&Sd vlrsKd ;toD;oD; jynfov l x l uk kd pdwaf &mud, k yf g
ES p f &S d + yD ? 42 ES p f t wG i f ; twuf t qif ; / tauG @ tvkyftau|;ðyayonf?” [k twdtvif; a=unmxm;
taumufawG rsm;vSonf? r&Sd&mrS&Sd&m/ ao;i,f&mrS onf? Toabmxm;onf vGecf o Jh nfh 51 ESpf ygwDpwif
}uD;xGm;&modk@ wdk;wufjzpfay:cJhonf? ajymif;jyeftm;jzifh xlaxmifuwnf;u udik pf cJG aJh om ygwD. tajccHoabm
}uD;xGm;&mrS ao;i,f&modk@vnf; jzpfay:cJhzl;onf? xm;w&yf jzpfayonf? Toabmxm;ESit hf nD ygwo D nf
,ckwavm +ird yf pd pftpd;k &u ygwu D kd “acgi;f om ,cifuvnf; jynfol@bufu&yfwnfcJhonf? ,ckvnf;
&S+d yD; ud,k rf &Sad wmh” [kajymaejyefonf? vGecf o hJ nfh 1958 jynfob l ufu &yfwnfonf? aemifwiG v f nf; jynfob l uf
ckESpf ‚wdk@ yxrt}udrf tm%modrf;cJhpOfuvnf; uom &yfwnfoGm;rnfjzpfayonf? rnfo@dk aomtajc
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDudk “aumufoif;aumuf±Hkom taersdK;wGifrqdk ygwDonf jynfolbufrSom &yfwnf
usefawmhonf” [k a=unmcJhzl;+yD? tESpf 30 ausmf oGm;ayrnf?
aumufoif;aumufIyif rukeEf idk af om uGefjrLepfrsm;yg Armjynfjynforl sm;onf awmfveS o f nfh jynfol
wum;? +idrfydppftpdk;&ajymovdk acgif;om&Sdonfxm; rsm; jzpfonf? t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ@orm;/ *syefzufqpfESifh
OD;awmh xdkacgif;onf rnfodk@aomacgif; jzpfoenf;? jynfwGif;azmufjyefa&;orm; rSefor#udk rqkwfrepf
rmhupf Ef Sifhtde*f ,fwnf;[laom urBmay:wGif uGefjrLepf qef@usiaf wmfvSecf ho J lrsm; jzpfonf/ olwk@d onf ppftkyfpk/
acgi;f ESpv f k;H wnf;om &Sdao;aom umvuyif ‚wdk@u ppftm%m&SifpepfESifh ppfAsL±dku&uf ,EW,m;wdk@udk
“igw@dk wGif qH;k ±_;H p&m[lI aESmifóu;rSwyg; bmrSr&S?d &Edik f jywfjywfom;om; qef@usiw f ku
d yf G0J ifcJholrsm; jzpfa=umif;
p&mum; urBmESit hf 0ef;wnf;” [k a=unmcJh=uonf? udk 1962 ckEpS f *sLvdik f 7 &uf ta&;tcif;rStp 1974
urBm}uD;. rao;vSaom tpdwt f ydki;f rsm;wGif wu,f - 75 - 76 ckEpS f tHºk uqENjyyJrG sm;ESihf 1988 ckEpS f ta&;
yJ teDa&mifvr$ f;cJo h nf? ,ae@ +idrfypd pftpdk;&ajymaom awmfyk}H uD;wGif txift&Sm; oufaojycJhonf? xdt k a&;
13
_ynf o l h t m%m

tcif;rsm;wGif yg0ifqifE$J=u&if; ppftpdk;&. t=urf;zufzEd ydS rf a_ =umifh vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;xJo@kd ajymif;vJyg
0ifcJh=uolrsm;rSm ,ae@xufwdkif ArmjynftESH@tjym;&Sd vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;wyfzJG@rsm;wGif trsm;tjym;
&Sdaeonf r[kwyf gvm;? 'gomru Armjynf Edik if Ha&;avmuudk ppftkypf ku pwif+yD; ajAmif0ifa&mufcho J nfh 1958
- 60 ckESpf tdrfapmifhtpdk;&qdkonfudkvnf; jynfolrsm;u enf;rsdK;pHkjzifh qef@usifcJh=uonf?
1960 ckESpf a&G;aumufyJGwGifvnf; jynfolvlxkonf ppftkyfpk. qENESifh pDpOfzefwD;csufrsm;udk qef@
usifum “tonf;=um;rS rJwjym;” [laomaqmifyk'fudk azmfxkwfum tiftm;jycJh=uonf? xdka&G;aumufyJG
onf aemufqk;H wGif Armjynfjynfov l x l }k uD;. ajymifajrmufaom ppftpdk;&qef@usifa&; qENjyyJ}G uD; jzpfomG ;cJhonf?
jynfol@tiftm;udk a=umufvef@oGm;aom ae0if;onf ‚.tiftm;udk xdr;f odrf;Edik &f ef ppftyk fpktwGi;f rS ppftkypf k
0ifwcsdK@ukd "m;pmcHvyk fum ppfwyfwGi;f rS xkwyf ,fypfc&Jh onf? aemufr=umrDrSmyif tiftm;jyefvnfpak qmif;um
62 ckEpS w
f iG f xyfrt
H m%modrf;cJo h nf? tm%modrf;+yD;aemuf rqv wygwDtm%m&Sipf epf usio hf ;kH um jynforl sm;udk
vufpm;acsonfh taeESifh ajAmifusus t=urf;zufzdEdyS fcJhayonf?
,ckvnf; +idrfydppftpdk;&onf a&G;aumufyJG Zmwfcif;aejyef+yD? xd@k a=umifh Armjynf&Sd Edik fiaH &;tiftm;pk
wdik ;f onf Ta&G;aumufyu GJ kd tm±Hpk ukd uf m tm;jyifvsuf &Sd=uonf? wzufwGif +idryf pd pftpdk;&uvnf; tpGr;f ukef
npfywf&ef jyifqifvsuf&o Sd nf? Todk@aom tajctaersKd ;wGif ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDonf 1960 ckEpS f a&G;aumufyGJ
umvwkef;uenf;wl ud, k fusdK;pD;yGm; vHk;0riJhbJ jynfolvlxt k usdK;udo
k m OD;xdyfwif+yD; jynfoluwzuf ppftpd;k &
uwzuf jzpfyGm;aeaom yÉdyuQwGif jynfolvlxkbufrS enf;rsdK;aygif;pHkjzifh yg0iftm;jznfhrnfom jzpfayonf?
Tt}udrfa&G;aumufyw JG Gifvnf; vGefcho J nfh tESpf 30 uenf;wl jynfolvx l k. ppftpdk;&qef@usifa&; tiftm;
jyyJG}uD;tjzpf taumiftxnfazmfEdki&f ef óu;pm;oGm;rnfom jzpfayonf?
txufwiG af zmfjycJah om tajccHrl}uD; oHk;&yfonf ,ae@Armjynf&Sd uGefjrLepfygw0D ifrsm;tm; awmif;qdk
vsuf&Sdonfh vkyfief;wm0ef}uD; oHk;&yf[k ac:qdkEdkifovdk wdkif;wmonfh pHoHk;&yf[kvnf; owfrSefEdkifayonf?

tkypf ;kd olrsm;u vufeufjzifh t=urf;zuf

zdEydS v
f mygu tkypf ;kd cHrsm;taeESihf
vufeufjzifh t=urf;zuf ckcaH wmfveS jf cif;onf
w&m;onf[al om cH,cl suu f kd vufc&H rnf

14
 Armjynfue
G jf rLepfygwD. vkyif ef;pOf
(1995 ckESpf 'DZifbmvxkwf jynfol@tm%m trSwf 14 rS)

(u) rmhufpf0g'/ vDeif0g'/ armfpDwkef;tawG;tac:

ArmjynfuGejf rLepfygwDonf rmhufpf0g'/ vDeif0g'/ armfpD udk oabmw&m;vrf;!ïeftjzpf cH,o l nf? ypPnf;rJh Edkiif H
wke;f tawG;tac:udk rdrt d awG;tac:tm; vrf;!ïeaf om wumh0g'udk usio hf ;Hk onf? wcsdefwnf;wGif jynfcspf0g'
oabmw&m;tajccHEiS hf vkyif ef;vrf;!ïeftjzpf cH,u l sifh udk usifho;Hk onf?
oHk;onf? TudpPrsm;udk &Sif;vif;wifjyvdkonf?
(taxGaxGvkyfief;pOfrS)
(c)
qdAk ,
D uf,leD,rH òyuGcJ if tawmf=um=umrSp+yD; wurBmvHk;&Sd ypPnf;rJhrsm; pnf;vHk;nD!Gwf+yD;
Edkiif wH umhueG fjrLepf v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;wGif tawG;tac: urBmhypPnf;rJh qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;}uD; qifE$Jum
t,ltqa&; ±_yaf xG;,drf;,dik rf _rsm; &Scd ho J nf? qdAk D,uf atmifyJG&,lEdkifrS aoG;pkyfzdESdyfcH jynfolrsm;tm;vHk;
,le, _ nf txGwf wu,fwrf;t+yD;tydkif vGwfajrmufEdkif=urnf?
D H òyuGaJ omtcgwiG rf l ±_yaf xG;,dr;f ,dik rf o
txdyfodk@ a&mufcJhonf? qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;udk wdkif;jynftcsdK@wGif
Ttajctaeudk csuaf umif;,lI "e&Sio f abm qifEJu $ m atmifyGcJ ,H lEdkif±krH #ESifh pdwfcsvufcs qdk&, S fvpf
w&m;q&mrsm;onf rmhpf0g'udk xdk;ESufwdkufcdkufvm wnfaqmufa&;udk wnf+idrpf mG vkyEf ikd +f yD[k rqdEk ikd ?f urBmh
=uonf? t&if;&Sipf epf. 0dik ;f 0ef;wdu k fcudk f zsufqD;r_udk wav#muf
uGefjrLepf0g'udk opPmazmufausmcdkif;oGm;=u vHk; cHae&rnfom jzpfonf? urBmhawmfvSefa&;}uD;
olrsm;uvnf; oHòyifvdkuf[pf=uonf/ Tolrsm;u atmifjrif+yD;rSom pdwfcsvufcs qdk&S,fvpfavmuudk
ydkIyif AvmcsD wdkufcdkufwwf=uonf? olwdk@tay: wnfaqmufEdkifrnf?
tm%mydkifrsm;u rsufrmef&SrSmudka=umuf+yD; “b,m urBmht&if;&Sifpepfonf &mpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGm
*wd” jzifh vkyaf e=ujcif;vnf; jzpfEkid fonf? }u;D pd;k cs,v
f ,S f aoG;pkycf iG &hf cJo
h jzifh pD;yGm;a&;t& tiftm;
xdk@a=umifh ygwoD nf rdrd.,H=k unfcsu/f OD;wnf }uD;rm;aeonf?
csuf (vkyif ef;pOf) udk xyfrHI &Sif;vif;wifjy&ef vdktyf e,fcsJ@pepfusifhoHk;um aoG;pkyfcs,fvS,fcGifhudk
vmcJhonf? &mpkES pfES ifhc sDI &cJh Iwa=umif;/ urBm ppf} uD;rsm;udk
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwo D nf ypPn;f rJhvlwef;pm; ta=umif;ðyI wa=umif;/ e,fcs@J orm;txl;ojzifh tar
ygwDjzpfonf? Edkiif Hwumh uGefjrLepfv_yf&Sm;r_. wyfzJG@ &duefe,fcsJ@onf pD;yGm;a&;t& tvGeftm;aumif;cJh
wck jzpfonf? onf?
15
_ynf o l h t m%m
tar&duefe,fcsJ@onf urBmhypPnf;rJhawmfvSefa&;
rjzpfay:a&;twGuf uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;udk ay:vpD
csum t±l;trl;vkyfcJhonf?
uGefjrLepf0g'uvnf; urBmhypPnf;rJhawmfvSef
a&;}uD; jzpfay:zdk@ tm;xkwrf nfqko d nfukd b,fwkef;urS
uG,f0Sufrxm;cJh? ajAmifa=unm+yD; EdkifiHwumwGif
uGefjrLepfygwDrsm;udk xlaxmifxm;=ujcif;jzpfonf?
rmhufpf/ tdef*,fwdk@u urBmhypPnf;rJhawmfvSefa&;
}uD;onf t*Fvdyf/ jyifopf/ *smr%D/ tar&duef ponfh
a&S@wef;a&muf Edkiif H}uD;rsm;rS ypPnf;rJhrsm; wcsdefwnf;
wòyifwnf; urBmht&if;&Sifpepfudk awmfvSe=f u&rnf[k
pOf;pm;ajrmfjrifc=Jh uonf? Tod@k aom urBmhawmfveS af &;
}uD; jzpfay:ap&ef olwk@d woufwmvH;k vHk;yef;cJh=uonf?
“urBmhypPn;f rJrh sm; aoG;pnf;=u” [laom aºu;
a=umfoHjzifh ypPnf;rJhrsm;udk pkpnf;cJhonf?
“qH;k ±_H;p&m aESmifóu;yJ&w Sd ,f? atmifEikd pf &mu
wurBmvH;k yJ” [lI vH_@aqmfcJhonf? olwk@d woufwm
twGif; urBmhypPnf;rJhawmfvSefa&;}uD; jzpfvdrfhrnf[k
vnf; xifch=J uonf? od@k aomf olwk@d xifovdk jzpfrvmcJ?h
urBmht&if;&Sifpepfudk xm0pOfa=umuf'l;wkef
&ifckefaeaprnfh “rmhufpf0g'” vufeufudkom EdkifiH
wumrS ypPnf;rJhrsm;twGuf tarGay;EdkifcJh=uonf?
vDe if? olonf rmhufpf0g'. awmfvSefa&;
tarGudk qufcHolESifh wdk;csJ@co Jh ljzpfonf?
olw;dk csJ@co
Jh nfrmS a&S@wef;a&mufEikd if }H uD;rsm;rSm
wcsdefwnf; wòyifwnf; urBmhypPnf;rJh awmfvSefa&;
vkyfz@dk qko
d nfrSm rvG,f? a&S@wef;a&muf EdkifiH}uD;rsm;&Sd
e,fcsJ@orm;rsm;u olwdk@wdkif;jynfrS ypPnf;rJhrsm;tm;
vmbfxdk;xm;onf? wurBmvHk;udk aoG;pkycf sk,v f S,f+yD;
&vmcJhonfh {&mrtjrwftpGef;}uD;xJrS t±d;k t&if;rsm;
udk ay;urf;vmbfxdk;aeonf? xdk@a=umifh e,fcsJ@EdkifiH
rsm;rS ypPnf;rJrh sm;onf xHx k kid ;f vm=uonf? awmfveS &f ef
pdwfrul;=u? olwk@d wawG awmfvSefrS urBmyh pPn;f rJhrsm;
vGwfajrmuf&rnfqdkv#if uarBurBmapmifh&rnf?
xdk@a=umifh vDeifu rmhufpf0g'udk wdk;csJ@vdkuf
16
onf? “tcGifhaumif;&wJh/ jyifqifr_vnf;aumif;wJh/
acwf a emuf u swJ h wd k i f ; jynf u ypP n f ; rJ h a wG u p+yD ;
awmfveS af &;vkyEf ikd w
f ,f? awmfveS af &;atmifjrifwhJ tcg
usrS a&S@wef;a&muf wdik ;f jynfawG&@J urBmhawmfveS af &;udk
wGef;wifay;Edkifw,f? 'DvdkeJ@ urBmhypPnf;rJhawmfvSef
a&;}uD; jzpfr,f?” [k wifjycJhonf?
1917 ck E S p f w G i f vD e if . oabmw&m;ud k
vufawG@prf;oyf&ef tcGifhta&;}uHKcJhonf? yxrurBm
ppf jzpfvmcJhonf? Tppf}uD;rSm e,fcsJ@csif;wdkufonfh
ppfjzpfonf? (rmhufpf/ tdef*,fwdk@ vufxufu e,fcsJ@
pepf ray:ao;/ pwifay:aeonfh jzpfpOfudk jzwfoef;
aeqJ)?
t*Fvdyf/ tar&duef/ jyifopf/ *smr%D e,fcsJ@
orm;rsm;rSm olwdk@tcsif;csif; wdkufae&I ±k&SypPnf;rJh
awmfvSeaf &;udk wdkuzf suf&ef tcsderf &? tiftm;vnf;
r&Sdjzpfaeonf? 'gukcd suaf umif;,l+yD; (1917 atmufwdk
bm) wGif vDeif.acgif;aqmifr_jzifh qdk&, S fvpfawmfveS f
a&;udk qifE$Jum atmifycJG v H dkufonf?
vDe if . awmf vS ef a&;oabmw&m;a=umif h
±k&Sm;awmfvSefa&; atmifjrifcJhjcif; jzpfonf? vDeifu
1901 ckESpfuwnf;u “awmfvSefa&;oabmw&m;
r&Sd&if awmfveS af &;v_yf&mS ;r_ r&SEd idk ”f [k wifjycJhonf?
awmfvSefa&;oabmw&m;jzifh ygwDudk wnfaqmufcJh
onf? ypPnf;rJv h wl ef;pm;ESihf ypPnf;rJhwydik ;f vlwef;pm;udk
awmfvSeaf &;tod &Sdvmap&ef pnf;±H;k cJhonf? Todk@jzifh
atmufwdkbmypPnf;rJh qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&; vkyf&ef
toifhjyif+yD; jzpfaeonf? awmfvSefa&;vkyfaomtcg
vlxk. vdktifqENjzpfaom “+idrf;csrf;a&;/ ajr,mESifh
tpm;tpm”udk jznfq h nf;ay;Edik cf o hJ jzifh atmify&GJ cJo
h nf?
atmifyJG&+yD;aemuf urBmhypPnf;rJhawmfvSefa&;
udk wGef;wifcJhaomfvnf; olar#mfvifhovdk jzpfrvmcJh?
[efa*&DawmfveS af &;ESihf *smr%DawmfveS af &;rsm; c%om
jzpf+y;D ±_H;oGm;=uonf? usefa&S@wef;a&muf Edkiif rH sm;wGif
awmfvSefa&;rsm; jzpfrvmcJh? e,fcsJ@ppf}uD;vnf; +yD;qHk;
cJh+yD? uGefjrLepf0g'udk Eke,fpOfumvrSm “ykcufwGif;rS
 _ynf o l h t m%m

uav;udk vnfrsdK!‡pfowf” ovdk owfypf&ef urBmh ray;cJh=uay?

t&if;&SifpepfwGif tcsut f vuf&SdvmcJhonf? qdAk D,uf
qdk&S,fvpfpepfudk 0dkif;0ef;wdkufcJh=uonf?
“urBmhypPnf;rJhawmfvSefa&;om jzpfrvm&if
'dk@vkad cwfaemufuswhJ EdkifiHu ypPnf;rJah wmfvSefa&;[m
±_H;oGm;r,f? &efol0dkif;0dkif;vnfaewJh &efol@uwkwfudk
odrf;xm;&wmjzpfw,f” [k vDeifu wzGzGa&;cJh ajymcJh
onf? urBmah wmfveS fa&;}uD; jzpfatmifvnf; wGe;f wifcJh
onf? od@k aomf wGef;wifIr& jzpfaeonf? Todk@aom
“vufawG@” udk }uHK&aomtcg vDeifonf tcsKd @aom
oabmw&m;a&; r}uH@cdkifolrsm;/ awmfvSefa&; owWd
AswrWd &Sdolrsm;vdk t}uHuek f ^m%fukerf jzpfcJh? a=umuf'l;
wkef+yD; t±_H;ray;cJh?
urBmypPnf;rJhawmfvSefa&;. vSHoGm;tcef;rS
yg&rnfh e,fcsJ@EdkifiHrsm;rS ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;u tdyf
armusaev#if tjcm;awmfveS v f o
dk lrsm;bufo@kd vSnh&f
rnf[k vDeifjrifco Jh nf? ±k&mS ;jynfwiG f “pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpD
opf” csrw S +f yD; qdk&,
S vf pfawmfvSefa&; atmifo;D atmif
yGirhf sm;udk xde;f xm;um wzufuvnf; awmfveS af &;r[m
rdwrf sm;udk &SmcJhonf?
e,fcs@J acwfwiG f awmfvSefa&;vkyfvko d lrsm;onf
udkvdkeDwydkif; wdkif;jynfrsm;u trsKd ;om;rsm; jzpfonf?
e,fcsJ@vufatmufrS trsKd ;om; vGwfvyfa&;&&ef ±kef;
uefae=uonfukd vDeifawG@co hJ nf? olw@kd ukd urBmyh pPn;f rJh
awmfvSefa&;. “obm0r[mrdwfrsm;” tjzpfowfrw S f
cJhonf?
Toef;aygif;&maxmifcsD&Sdaom trsKd ;om;rsm;
jynfolrsm;udk vDeifu e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&; udkvdkeDpepf
qef@usifa&;twGuf rmhufpf0g'/ vDeif0g' vufeufudk
ay;tyfcJhonf?
,cifuqdkvsif e,fcsJ@wdkif;jynfrsm;rS “qdk&S,f
vpf” qdo k rl sm; “qdk&, S ”f 'Drkud &ufqo dk lrsm;onf e,fcs@J
pepfESifh udkvdkeD0g'udk ra0zef/ rwdkufcdkuf=u? udkvdkeD
wdik ;f jynfrsm;. vGwv f yfa&;udk pdwrf 0ifpm;=u? oef;aygi;f
rsm;pGmaom trsdK;om;rsm;. vGwfajrmufa&;udk tm;
olwdk@onf e,fcsJ@t&if;&Sifrsm;u csay;aom
t±dk;t&if;udpk m;&if; e,fcs@J 0g'/ udv k edk D0g'udk axmufcH
ae=uonf?
xdk “qdk&S,fvpf” qdkolrsm;ESifh ajymif;jyefyif
uGejf rLepfrsm;u e,fcs@J 0g'ESihf udv k ekd 0D g'udk qef@usio f nfh
tvHtm; v$ifhxljyvdkufonf? udkvdkeDwdkif;jynfrsm;.
vGwfvyfa&;ESihf tzdESdyfcHtrsdK;om;rsm;. vGwfajrmuf
a&;udk tm;ay;axmufcHjyvdkufonf?
xdktcgusrS tm&S - tmz&du - vufwif
tar&durS e,fcsJ@qef@usiaf &; trsdK;om; awmfveS fa&;
orm;rsm;onf rmhufp0f g'/ vDeif0g' (uGefjrKepf0g') udk
awG@&=dS uonf? ,ciftcgrsm;uqdv k sif trsKd ;om;vGwv f yf
a&;tawGuf wdu k yf 0GJ iforl sm;onf tkwef &H H acgi;f ESiahf qmifh
&ovdk jzpfaeonf? e,fcsJ@orm;u tiftm;tqrwef
}u;D vGe;f ojzifh wdu k v f u kd ±f ;H_ vdu
k f jzpfaeonf? rmhupf v f eD if
0g'udk awG@v#ifawG@csif; tm;&0rf;omvufcH=uonf?
vufcHolrsm;wGif armfpDwkef;ygonf? [dkcsDrif;ygonf?
uiftDqGef;/ uyfpx±dk polw@dk vnf; ygonf? Armjynf
uGejf rLepfygwu D kd pwifxal xmif=uonfh ocifatmifqef;/
ocifA[def;/ ocifpk;d / ocifvSaz (Adkvv f ufsm)/ &Jabmf
*d&k S,w f dk@vnf; ygonf?
olw@kd tm;vH;k onf e,fcs@J vufatmufcH wdik ;f
jynfrsm;rS e,fcsJ@qef@usiaf &;orm; “jynfcspf0g'D” rsm;
jzpf=uonf? aemufuGefjrLepf0g' vufcHvmaomtcg
“EdkifiHwumh0g'D” rsm;vnf; jzpfvm=uonf?
tzdESdyfcH wdkif;jynfrS awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;
tzdk@qv dk #if jynfcsp0f g'ESihf “Edik if w H umh0g'” onf yÉdyuQ
r[kw?f wckuw dk cku taxmuftulðyaejcif; jzpfonf?
armfpDwkef;? olonf rmhufpf0g'/ vDeif0g'udk
qufcw H dk;csJ@cJhol jzpfonf? jynfcspf0g'ESifh EdkifiHwum
0g'ud k w±k w f j ynf a wmf v S e f a &;wG i f atmif j rif p G m
aygi;f pyfEkid cf ho
J l jzpfonf? udkvked /D udkvdkeDwydik ;f wdki;f jynf
rsm;. awmfvSefa&;twGuf vrf;!ïefjyEdik o f l/ vufawG@
vkyfjyEdkicf hoJ l jzpfonf? 0yfwmG ;ae&aom w±kwjf ynf}uD;
17
_ynf o l h t m%m
udk rm;rm;rwfrwf x&yfEdkifatmif a&S@aqmifcJhaom
uGefjrLepfwOD; jzpfonf?
±k&Sm;atmufwdkbm awmfvSefa&;. vrf;twdkif;
r[kwb f J aus;vufukt d ajccHaom a&&Snaf wmfveS fa&;
ppf qifE$Jjcif;jzifh atmifyJGudk&,lcJholjzpfonf?
±k&Sm;awmfvSefa&;u òr@awmfudk t&ifodrf;/
aemufrS aus;vufodk@ awmfvSefa&;udk jzef@usufonfh
enf; jzpfonf? Tenf;twdki;f vkyzf @dk qkv d #if wpHkw&m
aom tajctaeESiht f csuftvufrsm;&Sdzk@d vdkonf?
ypPnf;rJh/ ypPnf;rJhwydkif;vlwef;pm;ESifh tjcm;
aom vkyo f m;jynforl sm; (v,form;rsm;/ ud, k yf ikd v
f yk f
ief;&Siuf av;rsm; ponf) udk pnf;±kH;xm;&rnf? awmf
vSefa&;tod jrifrh m;vmatmif vufawG@vkyif ef;rsm;jzifh
ynmay;xm;&rnf? (or*~rsm;zJG@pnf;jcif;/ oydwfwdkufyG/J
vlxktiftm;jyyGJ ponf ponf) Todk@vkyfEdkifonfh
'Dru
dk a&pDtcGiht f a&; wpHw k &m&Sd&rnf jzpfonf?
tcgtcGifhaumif;jzpfaom e,fcsJ@tcsif;csif;
ppfwdkufae+yD; tvkyf±y_ faewmvnf; jzpf&rnf?
w±k w f j ynf w G i f xd k o d k @ aomtajctaeES i f h
tcsuftvufrsm; r&Sd? tkyfpdk;olvlwef;pm;onf 'Drdk
ua&pD tcGit hf a&;udk enf;enf;uav;r#ray;? =urf;=urf;
wrf;wrf; ESdyfuGyfonf?
cseaf u&Swd f udrk ifweftpd;k &u awmfveS fa&;}uD;
udk opPmazmufum wefjyefawmfvSefa&;vkyfaomtcg
ydkqdk;onf? &JabmfarmfpDwkef;u +idrf;csrf;pGm EdkifiHa&;
vkyfcGifhray;&if aus;vufudktajccHum vufeufudkif
ajymufusm;wdkufyGJ wdkuf&rSmyJ[k wifjycJhonf?
aus;vufudk tajccHv#if v,form;xk.
axmufcrH _ &S&d rnf? v,form;xk. &efol}uD;jzpfaom
ya'o&mZf ajr&Sipf epfukd jywfjywfom;om; uGefjrLepf
rsm;u qef@usifwdk ufcdk ufjy&rnf? v,fo rm;wd k@.
ya'o&mZfajr&Sif qef@usiaf &; wdkuyf u JG kd axmufc&H rnf?
v,form;rsm;. aus;vuftm%mudk xlaxmifay;
&rnf?
armfpDwkef;. aus;vufajymufusm;ppfyJGonf
18
vDeif wifjycJhz;l aom “tvkyform;-v,form; ,m,D
tpdk;&” t,ltqudk w±kwfjynf. vufawG@tajc
taeESifh udkufnDpGm wdk;csJ@vdkufjcif;jzpfonf?
csef a u&S d w f ud k r if w ef t pd k ; &u òr@ay:wG i f
vlowfyG}J uD;rsm; w+cdr+fh cdrv fh kyfaecsdew
f Gif Tenf;rSwyg;
wjcm;enf;vrf; r&Sday?
EdkifiHrsm;. b0wGif jy\em}uD;rsm;udk tif
tm;oHk;jcif;jzifhom ajz&Si;f =ujcif; jzpfonf? azmufjyef
onfhvlwef;pm;rsm;u t=urf;zufr_ESifh jynfwGif;ppfudk
pwif=ujcif;rSm xHk;pHjzpfonf? olwdk@onf jy\emudk
&Si;f &ef vSHpGyu f dk pwiftoHk;ðy=uonf[k vDeifu wifjy
cJhonf?
w±kwfjynfwGifvnf; vDeifajymovdkyif jzpfcJh
onf? csefau&Sdwf udkrifweftpdk;&u “uGrfóu;”/
“&Se[ f ”J / “csef&Sm;” vlowfyJG}uD;rsm;jzifh jynfwiG pf pfudk
pwifcJhjcif;jzpfonf?
jynfwGi;f ppf 10 ESp&f rSd S (1937 wGirf S) *syefppf
0g'rD sm;u w±kwjf ynf wjynfv;kH udk odr;f ydu k &f ef taxGaxG
xdk;ppf}u;D qifE$Jjcif;jzpfonf? TppfyGrJ mS e,fcsJ@csi;f jzpf
onfph pf r[kwf?
xdkpOfu t*Fvdyf tar&duefwdk@onf w±kwf
- *syefppfyJGtay:rS tjrwfxkwf&efom pdwf0ifpm;=u
onf? *syefppf0g'Drsm;ESifh e,fcsJ@orm;rsm;onf olwdk@
tcsif;csif; em;vnfr_&Sd=uonf? t*Fvdyf/ tar&duef
wdk@u *syefukw d dkufonfh ppfyG}J uD;onf aemufig;ESp=f umrS
(1942) wGirf S jzpfvmjcif;jzpfonf? ±k&Sm;atmufwb dk m
awmfvSefa&;vrf;twdkif; e,fcsJ@csif;jzpfonfh ppfyJGudk
apmifhrnfqdkygu w±kwfjynfawmfvSeaf &;onf (15) ESpf
apmifh&rnf? xdk (15) ESpftwGi;f wGif csefau&Sdwf owf
ojzifh usqHk;&aom w±kwfuGefjrLepfrsm;ESifh awmfvSef
aom tvkyo f rm;/ v,form;rsm;.t±d;k aqG;avmuf+y?D
±k&mS ;awmfvSefa&;vrf;twdik ;f rvdkufbJ w±kwf
awmfvSefa&;vrf;a=umif;opfudkxGifI a&S@aqmifEdkifcJh
onfrSm armfpDwkef;tawG;tac: jzpfonf? Todk@jzifh
w±kwjf ynfawmfvSefa&; &Sifoefjcif;jzpfonf? aus;vuf
 _ynf o l h t m%m

rS pwifaom awmfvSefa&;u aemufqHk;rS òr@awmfudk [pfwvmudk ajr‡mufay;+yD; qdAk D,uf,le, D Hudk

odrf;jcif;jzpfonf? wdkuaf pvdkaompdwfu r$efaeonfh t*Fvdy/f jyifopfwk@d
onf em;r0ifch?J jrL;epfpmcsKyfudk [pfwvmu =op}wD;
(*) ,m;udk (1938 rwfv) wGif odrf;ydkuf+yD;csdefwiG rf S (1938
zufqpf0g'onf t&if;&Sipf epf a&cHajrcHay:rS pufwifbm) wGif csKk yfqdkcJh=ujcif;jzpfonf?
aygufzGm;aom e,fcsJ@pepf trsdK;tpm;wckjzpfonf? [pfwvmudk ta&S@bufo@dk jrm;OD;vSnafh pa&;
zufqpfpepf tm%m&vmonfESifh wòyifeuf uGefjrLepf rSm olwdk@.ay:vpD jzpfonf? =op}wD;,m;udo k drf;jcif;/
rsm;udk cyf=urf;=urf; zdEdyS fonf? uGefjrLepfqef@usiaf &;/ csufudk xdk;au|;jcif;jzifh olwdk@ay:vpDatmifjrifae+yD[k
qdkAD,uf,leD,H qef@usifa&;udk ay:vpDw&yftjzpf xifae=uonf? csdefbmvdef (t*Fvdyf 0ef}uD;cskyf) u
usifhoHk;onf? *smr%DEiS hf ppfrjzpfawmh (+idr;f csrf;a&;&+yD) [kyif ajymcJh
xdkodk@ zufqpf0g' - emZD0g' vkyfaejcif;udk onf?
urBmt h &if;&Sifrsm; e,fcsJ@orm;rsm;u óuufESpo f uf=u ,if;odk@aom tajctaewGif &Jabmfpwmvif
onf? ajr‡mufyifI h yif ay;=uonf? onf ppfjrm;OD; rdrb d ufw;dk rvmap&ef *smr%DESifh rusL;
1936 wGif pydefjynfwGif;ppfY zufqpfrsm;u ausmfa&; pmcsKyfudk uref;uwef;csKyfcJh&onf? (1939
ajymifajymifwif;wif; yg0ifusL;ausmf=uonf? t*Fvdyf/ =o*kwf) wGijf zpfonf?
jyifopf ponfwdk@u vl=um;aumif;atmif “=um;ae 1939 pufwifbmwGifum; t*Fvdyf/ jyifopf
a&;” tvHxx l m;+yD; wzufvSnhjf zifh zufqpfrsm;bufu wdk@onf *smr%Dtay: ppfra=unmI rjzpfawmhonfh
tm;ay;=uonf? tajcodk@ qdkuaf &mufcaJh wmhonf?
ta&S@bufo@kd vn S I hf xd;k ppfqifapzd@k [pfwvm &ufpGJrsm; ta&;}uD;ojzifh Todk@wifjy&jcif;
udk acsmhjr‡La&;/ tav#mhay;a&; ay:vpDudk usifhoHk; jzpfonf? zufqpfqef@usifa&; ppfyo JG nf urBmhwk;d wuf
=uonf? jrL;epfoabmwlncD suf (pmcsKyf) jzifh “csuf” jzpfay:r_wGif tvGefta&;}uD;aomtcef;u ygcJhojzifh
Edkiif u
H dk xdk;au|;um [pfwvmudk tav#mhay; aphpyf=u Toifcef;pmrsm;udk rarhoifhay? (zufqpfvufopfrsm;
onf? urBmht&if;&Sifpepfudk,fpm; e,fcsJ@tm;vHk;. emZDvufopfrsm;/ ppf0g'udk jyefvnftoufoGi;f vdkol
udk,pf m; [pfwvmu qdkA, D uf,leD,u H dk usL;ausmfppf rsm; urBmwGif ,ckay:aejyef+yD? ordki;f oifcef;pm r,l
qifapvdkonfrSm olwk@d .&nf&G,fcsuf jzpfonf? wwfv#if tem*wf rom,mEdkifonfudk owdrloifh
1922 ckESpfwGif zufqpf0g' tDwvDjynfwGif onf?)
pwifay:uwnf;u EdkifiHwumuGefjrLepfrsm;u urBmh Edkiif w
H umrS zufqpfqef@usiaf &;ppfyG. J tcef;
tEW&m,ftjzpf odjrif=uonf? *smr%DjynfwGif emZDwk@d onf EdkifiHw umtwGuf ta&;ygovdk w±kwf jynf
tm%m&vmaom 1933 ckEpS w f Gifum; ab;'kuq Q ;dk }uD; awmfvSeaf &; a&S@wqifhwufa&;twGufvnf; ta&;ygcJh
udk rv$rJ a&Smifom awG@&awmhrnfrSm udsef;aoae+yD? onf? &JabmfarmfpDwkef;. tawG;tac: ajymifajrmuf
&Ja bmfp wmvif / &Ja bmf 'D rD xa&mh Af w dk @ OD ; r_a=umifh zufqpfqef@usifa&; wyfaygif;pkzGJ@EdkifcJhonf?
aqmifaom uGefjrLepftifwmae&Sife,f tzJG@csKyfu w±kwfjynfawmfvSefa&; }uHKawG@ae&aom tusyf
zufqpfqef@usifa&;twGuf aqmf=ocJhonf? qdkAD,uf twnf;rsm;rS ausmfvGefEdkifcJhonf?
tpdk;&onf zufqpf0g'udk 0dkif;0ef;wm;qD;&eftwGuf w±kwjf ynfEiS hf Armjynfonf tm&SwdkufrS tdrf
t*Fvdyf/ jyifopf tpdk;&rsm;odk@ csOf;uyfcJhonf? eD;csif;wdkif;jynfrsm; jzpf=uonfomru vl@tzJG@tpnf;
19
_ynf o l h t m%m

jzpfay:r_csif;vnf; (xyfwlr[kwaf pumrl) a,bk,stm; cJhaom aumif;jrwfonfh tarGtESprf sm;udk qufcHonfh

jzifh wlnD=uonf? ordki;f tawG@tñuHcsif;vnf; ruGm qdkA, D uf,leD,H uGejf rLepfygwDacgi;f aqmifpo k nf rdkurf J
jcm;vS? e,fcsJ@pepf/ zufqpfpepfESifh ñuHóuufcJh=u&onf pGm ðzef;wD;ypfovdk vkyfvku d f=uonf?
rsm;rSmvnf; a&S@qifhaemufqifh jzpf=uonf? xd@k a=umifh rmeaxmifv$m;pOfu zdeyfjzifh ukvor*~ pm;yJG
ArmjynfuGejf rLepfygwDonf armfpDwek ;f tawG;tac:udkyg udk acgufcJhonf? tar&duefe,fcsJ@ESihw f JI G urBmudk cJaG 0
oabmw&m;vrf;!ïeftjzpf cH,ljcif;jzpfonf? Adkvfuszdk@ }uHpnfco Jh nf?
rmeawG av#musaom tcgwGifrl (rSm;,Gif;
(C) aom ay:vpDt&yf&yfa=umifh tajctaersm; qkw, f wk f
“oabmw&m;tajccH / vk y f i ef ; vrf ; !ï e f ” vmaomtcg) tar&duefe,fcs@J .aemufvu kd f/ t&if;&Sif
[laom toHk;tE_ef;udk uGejf rLepfrsm;u us,f0ef;aom urBm. vufa0cHtjzpf r&Sufra=umuf vufcHcho J nf?
t"dy`m,fjzifh oHk;E_ef;jcif;jzpfonf? qdkAD,ufygwD. aemufqHk;acgif;aqmifpkonf
oabmw&m;tajccH rcdik rf mv#if OD;wnf&mrJh rmhupf 0f g'/ vDeif0g'udk vG,v f ,G yf if pGe@f ypfvu kd =f uonf?
jzpfvdrfhrnf? &yfwnfcsufudk ysufjym;apvdrrfh nf? “uGejf rLepf”acgi;f aqmif}uD;rsm;onf vpfb&,f
&yfwnfcsuf/ tjrif/ enf;em[lI uGefjrLepf "e&Sif EdkifiaH &;orm;rsm;/ vlrsdK;a&;0g'Drsm;tjzpf qkwf
rsm;u cJG jcm;I ajymqdk =uonf ? &yfw nf csufo nf ,kwfysufjym;oGm;=uawmhonf?
tc&m jzpfonf? &yfwnfcsufysufv#if rcdkifrmv#if csKyfIajym&vsif &yfwnfcsufysuu f t&m&m
t&m&mysujf ym;&awmhonf? &Jabmfpwmvif uG,v f eG f ysufawmhonf? xdk@a=umifh &yfwnfcsufudk tc&m[k
+yD;aemuf qdkAD,uf,leD,HuGefjrLepfygwD. acgif;aqmif qdkjcif; jzifonf?
r_onf rmhufpfvDeif0g'&yfwnfcsuf rcdkifrrm jzpfvm ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDwGifvnf; trSm;rsm;
onf? &Scd yJh gonf? od@k aomf &yfwnfcsuyf sufaom trSm;udu k m;
rdrdu,
dk fudk txif}uD;vGef;+yD; rmevnf;axmif ygwDw&yfvHk;taeESifh rrSm;cJhzl;yg?
v$m;=uonf? uGefjrLepfwdk@ rvkyftyfaom Adkvfus u|efawmfwk@d ygwrD mS ;cJhz;l aom trSm;rsm;onf
v$rf;rdk;a&;udk vkyfvmonf? EdkifiHwumhuGefjrLepf v_yf tjrifqdkif&m trSm;/ enf;emqdkif&m trSm;rsm; jzpf=u
&Sm;r_udk òyuGJaponf? uGefjrLepfygwDcsif; qufqHa&;rl onf?
rsm;udk ausmcdki f;vmonf? uG efj rLepfy gwD wd kif ;wG if Oyrm - zufqpfawmfveS af &;t+y;D (1945) wGif
rdrdwdkif;jynf. vufawG@tajctaet& trSDcdkuif;pGm rSm;cJhonfh “ba&muf'g0g'” trSm;? EdkifiHwumtajc
rdrdbmomqHk;jzwfydkifcGifh &Sdayonf? uGefjrLepfygwDwdkif; taeudk ydkwGufrdjcif;ESifh e,fcsJ@pepf/ t&if;&Sifpepf.
onf Edik if HwumuGefjrLepf v_yf&Sm;r_. nDaemifwyfzG@J 0if oabmobm0udk rSm;,Gi;f pGm wGuq f rdjcif;[laom tjrif
tcsif;csif;jzpfI vdktyfaoma0zefr_/ oifhawmfaom qdkif&mtrSm;? ppf}uD;wav#mufvk;H wGif ppfab;ppf'%f
t}uHay;r_rsm;um; &SdEkid af yonf? odk@aomf nDaemifygwD wd@k cHpm;cJ&h aom Armjynfvx l k}uD;twGuf +idr;f csr;f apvdk
. twGi;f a&; 0ifpGujf cif;/ tusyfukid jf cif;/ vlo&d Sif=um; aom qENpGJtrSm;? Todk@aom tjrifrsm;wGif rSm;cJhojzifh
ykwfcwfajymqdkjcif;rsm; ðyygu “ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; Edkiif H enf;emtrSm;rsm;onfvnf; qufwdkufrSm;cJh&onf?
wumh0g'” udk csKd ;azmufjcif; jzpfawmhonf? nDaemifquf odk@aomf TtrSm;onf vtcsdK@om=umaom trSm;
qHa&;udkvnf; ysufjym;aponf? jzpf.? od@k aomf Edik if aH &;/ ppfa&;t& xdcku d ef pfemr_um;
&JabmfvDeif/ &Jabmfpwmvifwdk@ pkaqmif; rsm;vSonf?
20
 _ynf o l h t m%m

aemufOyrmwckukd wifjyygO;D rnf? (1967) u tºuif;rJh zsuford f;ypf+yD; “v,fvyk folv,fykid af &;” rludk
trSm;jzpfonf? “ygwDwGif;awmfvSefa&;”[k w&m;0if udkipf Ju
G m wdkuyf 0JG ifcho
J jzifh ajr&Sifpepfudk t}uD;tus,f
ac:aom trsm;u (ðzwf/ xkwf/ owf) [lI odaom csnfheJ@oGm;apjcif;? (ajr&Sipf epf tºuif;tuserf sm; &Sq d J
trSm;jzpfonf? jzpfonf?)
ArmjynfawmfvSeaf &;. 'Da&jrifhESifhywfoufI · ygwDonf rmhufpf0g' oabmw&m;tajccH
rSm;,Gif;pGm tuJjzwfaomtjrifESifh rmhufpf0g'/ vDeif ay:wGif xm0pOf&yfwnfcJhjcif;?
0g'udk ypfy,fae=uaom/ tacsmif0g'jzpfatmif jyifqif · zdESdyo
f lrsm;. t=urf;zufzdESdyfr_udk tzdEdyS fcH
ae=uaom jyefvnfjyifqifa&;orm;rsm;udk rke;f wD;aom vlwef;pm;u (rnfr#yif rdrd.tiftm; enf;aeygap/
tjrifESihf rdrdygwDwiG ;f wGif Todk@aomolrsm; b,fawmhrS &ef§ig tiftm; tcsdK;tpm; rnfr#yifuGmjcm;aeygap)
ray:ap&[laom qENpGt J jrifw@kd a=umifh T}uD;av;aom ykefuefawmfveS f&rnf? ykefuefawmfvSejf cif;onf w&m;
trSm;udk ygwDu usL;vGefrjd cif; jzpfonf? qufwu kd v
f kud f onf[k cH,lusifhoHk;cJhjcif;?
vmaom enf;emtrSm;um; ðzwf/ xkwf/ owfjcif; jzpf · tqufqufaom azmufjyefa&;tpdk;&ESihf ppf
onf? ðzwf/ xkwf/ owf tvkyfcH&aom &Jabmftm;vHk; tpd;k &uwzuf/ jynfov l x
l }k u;D uwzuf jzpfymG ;aeonfh
wGif trsm;enf;wl trSm;rsm;&Sad umif;&Sdayrnf? od@k aomf t"duyÉdyuQwGif jynfolvlxk}uD;bufu xm0pOf&yf
jyefjyifa&; jzpfavmufatmif &yfwnfrt _ & rSm;rnfo h l wnfjcif; ponfwdk@onf ygwDu rSefuefonfh tcsuf
rsm;um; r[kwf=uay? tcsdK@ jzpfonf?
rSm;,Gi;f onfu h mvuvnf; =umonf? Edik if aH &;
t&/ ppfa&;t& aemufqufwGJ qHk;±_H;epfemr_uvnf; (i)
rsm;vSonf? tjrifudpP? udpPwdkif;wGif trsdK;rsdK;tzHkzHkaom
Tum; ygwD. t"durSm;rsm;ESifh ywfoufI tjrifrsm; &SdEdkifonf? pif;vHk;acsm rSefuefonfhtjrif
Oyrmxkwjf yjcif; jzpfonf? tjcm; ppfa&;trSm;/ ajr,m jzpfz@dk qko
d nfrmS cJ,Of;rnfjzpfaomfvnf; tajccHtm;jzifh
qdik &f mtrSm; pojzifhvnf; &S=d uygonf? rSefuefaomtjrifum; jzpfudkjzpf&rnf? rSm;,Gif;c|wf
“ArmjynfueG fjrLepfygwDonf rdr. d vkyif ef;rsm; acsmfaom tjrif[lor#onf qENpGJtjrifrsm;om jzpf
wGif csKd @,Gi;f r_rsm;ESihf rSm;,Gif;r_rsm;udk zHk;uG,jf cif; rðybJ onf?
udk,fhudk,fudk a0zefa&;/ a0zefa&;enf;emjzifh rjywf rSefuefaom tjrifjzpf&eftwGuf t"duvdktyf
aq;a=um+yD; tcsed frD ðyjyifum ygwD0ifrsm;ESihf au'grsm; onfrSm “ody`Henf;usa&;” jzpfonf? vufawG@rsm;u
tm; ynmay;jcif; ðyayonf?” [k taxGaxGvyk if ef;pOf (tcdik t f rm tcsut f vufrsm;ud)k pl;prf;avhvm&rnf?
wGif &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; a&;xm;ygonf? Ttwdki;f vnf; pepfwuspl;prf;avhvmonfh “ody`Henf;us pdwf"mwfESifh
usifhoHk;oGm;rnfjzpfonf? vky[ f ef” &S&d rnf?
Tpmwrf;wGif ygwDu bmawGrSefcJhonf qdk u|efawmfwdk@wdkif;jynfonf ya'o&mZfacwf/
onfukd a&;om;&ef r&nf&G,yf g? odk@aomf vdktyfonf udvk dkeaD cwf/ 'Drdkua&pDqdwfokO;f aom “vGwfvyfa&;”
[k xifojzifh vdkoavmufwifjyygrnf? acwfw@dk ukd jzwfoef;cJh&onf? xdk@a=umifh ody`Hpdwf"mwf
· e,fcs@J qef@usiaf &;/ zufqpfqef@usiaf &;/ wdik ;f (pepfwus pl;prf;avhvma&;) wGif tm;enf;cJhonf?
jynfvGwfvyfa&;wdkufyJGwGif aumif;r_tvDvD ðycJhjcif;? pl;prf;avhvma&;udk qENpGJjzifh tpm;xdk;wwf
· ya'o&mZf a jr&S i f p epf u d k tuk e f t pif ojzifh oGuo f u
G vf nfatmif rSm;cJv
h aS v+yD? rqv acwf
21
_ynf o l h t m%m

wGif xkwfjyefaom pm&if;Z,m;rsm;onf qENpGJ.erlem xdk@a=umifh xyfwlu;l csjcif;/ yHw

k lul; vkyfjcif;rsm;
rsm; jzpfonf? tqif;&JqHk;Edkiif t H jzpf a'0gvDcH&awmhryS J onf tEW&m,f&dw S wfvo S nf? oGuo f Gufcgatmif rSm;
qENpGJpm&if;awGjzpfa=umif; od&awmhonfhtjzpfrsdK;udk wwfonf?
oifcef;pm,lwwf=u&rnf?
qENpGeJ nf;enf;ygv#if enf;enf;rSm;rnf? qENpGJ (q)
rsm;rsm;ygv#if rsm;rsm;rSm;rnfrSm "rRwmyifjzpfonf? rmhufpfESifh tdef*,fw@dk u igwdk@.oabmw&m;
onf w&m;aor[kw?f tvkyv f rf;!¸efomjzpfonf [k
(p) t}udrf}udrf ajymcJh=u.?
enf;emudpP? a&G;cs,f&ef a&G;vrf;trsm;qHk; ody`Henf;us oabmw&m;w&yfonf tjcm;
&S d a om ud p P j zpf o nf ? tjrif w G i f od y ` H e nf; us jzpf aom odyHy` nmrsm;vdkyif a&S@odk@wdk;wufonf? ab;odk@
oavmuf enf;ema&G;cs,fr_wGif rSefuefEdkiaf yonf? vnf; jzef@usufonf? tqHk;pGefa&muf+yD/ +yD;jynfhpHk+yD/
tjrifudpP/ enf;emudpPrsm;wGif t"dua&Smif aemufxyfwdk;csJ@vdk@r&/ a&S@wufvdk@r&awmhaom oy`H
=uOfoifhonfhtcsufrSm ordkif;rsOf;òyifqJG+yD; jrifaom ynm[lI r&SdEkid fay?
tjrifE S if h tawG @ tñuH0 g't& vk yf j cif ;/ w&m;ao rmhufpf0g'onfvnf; ody`Henf;usoabm
vkyfjcif;/ olrsm;vkyfovdk waumufaumuf vdkufvkyf w&m; jzpfay&m a&S@odk@/ ab;odk@ wdk;wufjzef@usufae
jcif;wd@k jzpfonf? “[dkwek ;f u 'Dvdkvkyv f u
dk fwmyJ”/ “[dk &ayrnf?
wdkif;jynfrSm 'Dvdkjrif+yD; 'DvdkvkyfwmyJ” [k vG,fvG,f ody`HynmawG@&Sdcsufwckonf aemufxyfwdk;csJ@
pOf ; pm;um vG , f v G , f v k y f a om tjrif E S i f h e nf ; em aom awG@&cSd sufwcka=umifh ‚.yifu, dk ft&nftaoG;
jzpfonf? ysujf y,fomG ;onf r[kw?f ydI k awmufajymifvmjcif;om
ordkif;onf xyfwx l yfr# xyfjyefausmhjcif; r&Sd jzpfonf? rmhupf f0g'onfvnf; Ted,mrtwdik ;f yif jzpf
ay? qifwl±dk;rSm;jzpfjcif;um; &SdEdkifayonf? udk,fhwdkif; ayonf? rmhufpf0g' b¾mwdkufonf t+rJjynfhwif;
jynfwGif jzpfygap [dw k kef;utjzpfrsKd ; “xyfw”l aemuf aernfh b¾mwdu k jf zpfonf? vDeif0g'onfvnf;aumif;/
xyfjzpfjcif; r&SdEdkifay? armfpDwkef;tawG;tac:onfvnf;aumif; rmhufpf0g'
wjcm;wdik ;f jynfwGif jzpfjcif;rsdK; udk,fhqDrmS jzpfzk@d b¾mwdkufudk jznfhqnf;cJhjcif;jzpfayonf? aemufxyf
um; b,fawmhrS rjzpfEdkifacs? vnf; Tb¾mwdkufukd jznfhqnf;=uOD;rnfyif? ?

tqufqufaom azmufjyefa&;tpdk;&ESifh ppftpdk;&uwzuf/

jynfolvlxk}uD;uwzuf jzpfyGm;aeonfh t"duyÉdyuQwGif
jynfo lv lx k} uD;bufu xm0pOf&yfw nfjcif;

22
 uGe_f rLepfawmfveS af &;orm;/ avxD;wyfom;/
a_ymufusm;uGerf ef'kd
(jynfol@tm%m*sme,f xkwfa0jcif; 75 ESpfjynfhtxdrf;trSwf jynfol@tm%m*sme,f
trS w f (43) rS m jynf o l @ tm%m*sme,f & J @ pmwnf ; tzG J @ 0if w OD ; tjzpf wm0ef
xrf;aqmifcJhol AdkvfrSL;cspfaumif;ta=umif; a&;om;azmfjyvdkufygw,f?)
AdkvfrSL;cspfaumif;&J@ *k%fa&mifajymifwJhordkif;udk ol@
twÎKy`w/dœ ola&;wJph mawGe@J ol@ta=umif; pmtky/f pmay
awGrmS txift&Sm; awG@Edkifygw,f? ArmjynfueG fjrLepf
ygw&D @J A[dak umfrwD0if/ Auy jynfo@l wyfrawmfu Adv k f
rSL;}uD;? ygwD&JabmftjzpfeJ@ tdENd,oGm;+yD; avxD;
oifwef; tygt0if ppfoifwef;awG wufcJhol? *syef
txGu/f t*Fvyd f jyeft0ifrmS Armhwyfrawmfukd ajymif;vJ
zGJ@pnf;awmh wyfuxGuf+yD; ygwDwm0efawGudk tm;}udK;
rmefwuf xrf;&Gucf o Jh ?l ocifA[de;f eJ@twl ygw&D @J yxr
qHk; jynfo@l tm%m*sme,f xkwfa0zdk@ tm;xkwf}udK;yrf;
cJho?l *sme,f&J ph mwnf;tzGJ@0if? ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw&D @J
vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&; twGi;f rSmyJ ol&Jaumif;yDo
pGm/ uGefjrLepfaumif; yDopGm usqHk;oGm;wJh uGefjrLepf
tmZmenfwOD;pojzifh ol@ordkif;udk vltrsm; od=uyg
w,f?
Auy jynfo@l wyfrawmf&@J Edik if aH &;rSL;/ Adv
k rf LS ;}u;D
jzpfv@kd Adv k rf LS ;cspaf umif;/ ume,fcspaf umif;vd@k vlord sm;
ayr,fh trnf&if;u pdk;armif jzpfygw,f? jrif;jcHpk;d armif/
jrif;+cHpk;d jrifh/ atmifxGe;f / Adkvcf spfaumif; pwJh uavmif
awGe@J pma&;ovdk tJ'DemrnfawGe@J Edik if aH &;tvky/f awmf
vSefa&; tvkyaf wGvnf; vkyyf gw,f? udkwl;/ Adkvfw;l vdk@
vnf; ol@&JabmfawGu ac:=uw,f? jrif;+cH/ v,fopf&Gm
rSm arG;zGm;+yD; jrif;+cH+rdK@ay:u tar&duefESpfjcif; c&pf
,mefomoem jyKausmif; (ABM) rSm ynmqnf;yl;cJh
w,f? rEWav; OypmaumvdyfrSm Oypmtxufwef;
atmifwJhtxd ynmoifcJhw,f? jrif;+cHausmif;om;
or*~ OuUÏjzpfovdk ausmif;om;oHr%dwyfrSmvnf;
ygcwhJ ,f? jrif;+cHqw kd m jynfwiG ;f ppf tapmydik ;f rSm xif&mS ;
wJh roH;k vHk;a'o (rEWav;/ rdwÎv D m/ jrif;jcH) &J h+rdK@w+rdK@yg?
uGejf rLepfe@J aq;ayghvyd fxu G fw+hJ rdK@vk@d &mZ0ifwiG fygw,f?
Adkvrf SL;cspaf umif;/ &Jabmfav;armifpwJh uGefjrLepf tm
ZmenfawG&J harG;&yfajryg?
ArmhvwG v f yfa&;wyfrawmf (BIA) xJ0if=ur,f
qdk+yD; ,k;d ',m;Edik if uH odk mG ;zdk h}udK;pm;wJh jrif;+co H m;tpkudk
=unf&h if udkpdk;armif (AdkvfrLS ;cspfaumif;)/ ociftkef;wif
(aemiftcgrmS jynfo@l &aJ bmfygw&D @J taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;
rSL;csKyf jzpfvmwJh Adv k tf ek ;f wif)/ ocifAv kd f ('d@k Arm vuf±;kH
wyfacgif;aqmif) udkbuGef; (rEWav;ta&;awmfyHk)/
23
_ynf o l h t m%m

udkxGe;f jrifh (ausmif;om;oHr%dwyf) wd@k ukd awG@Ekid w f ,f? (K) udk qdv k krd eS f;odygw,f? tar&duefppfAv dk u
f olwk@d
jrif;jcH ocifAv dk fu jrif;jcH vuf&Hk;wyfacgi;f aqmiftjzpf tzGJ@udk t*FvdyfppfAdkvfeJ@ csw d fqufay;vdkufygw,f?
xif&Sm;ygw,f? emrnfwljzpfwJh anmifwkef; ocifAdkvf Adv
k rf LS ;cspaf umif;/ Adv k t
f ek ;f armife@J ref;0if;armif
uawmh ArmjynfuGejf rLepfygwD pwifwnfaxmif&mrSm wdk@tzG@J u jrpf}uD;em;uae umvuwœm;udk av,mOfeJ@
yg0ifc+Jh yD; tdENd,rSm Adkvrf SL;cspfaumif;eJ@twl ppfoifwef; oGm;=uygw,f? tdE, Nd rSm ppfoifwef;/ avxD;oifwef;
wufcho J yl g? Armjynfppfqifa&;twGuf tdE, Nd / *sufqdk awGwufr,fh yxrtokwyf g? tdEN, d rSm ocifoed f;azeJ@
av,mOfuiG ;f u txGurf mS yJ av,mOfysufusv@dk usqk;H awG@=uwJhtcg Adv k frSL;cspfaumif;udk ocifoed ;f azu tck
oGm;ygw,f? 1957 ckESpfrSm Adkvfcspfaumif; tzrf;cH& vdk tuJjzwf rSwcf sufjyKygw,f?
awmhvnf; jrif;+cH yrnw trwf OD;armifudkeJ@twl “Adkvfwl;ac: atmifxGef;rSm jrif;+cHom;jzpf
tzrf;cH&wmyg? onf? t&yf&n S f+yD; tom;ta&ajcmufonf? rsuaf rSmif
AdkvfrSL;cspfaumif;[m vGwfvyfa&;twGuf ukwu f w k /f rsupf ad pGapGEiS hf atmufo;kd od;k ±_ &Sad oma=umifh
vufeufuidk w f kud fr,fqkw d Jh ol@&nfrSef;csuu f kd jzpfatmif jrifjrifcsif; ol@twGif;oabmudk tuJcwfrnfqdkygu
vkyfw,f? ppfxJ0ifw,f? r*Fvm'Hk Adv k foifwef;ausmif; txifrSm;p&m&Sdayonf? rsufarSmifukwfI ±_odk;aomf
rSm uGefjrLepfuvmyfpnf;awGeJ@ csdwfrd+yD; uGefjrLepf vnf; tvGefpdwfoabm jzLpifonf? ±dk;om;yGifhvif;
oifwef;awG wufw,f? zufqpfawmfvSefa&;twGuf onf? onf;cHpw d Ef iS hf ZG}J uD;vSayonf? cyfa=umifa=umif
ocifode;f az (odef;azjrif)h &SdwJh tdEdN,udk oGm;+yD; ppfoif ajymwwfq dkwwf awG;wwf aomfvnf; rSwf Om%f
wef;wufzdk@ a&G;cs,fapv$wfcH&w,f? ocifodef;azu aumif;onf? pOf;pm;Om%fuvnf; racvS? t0wf
ppftwGif;r[mrdwfjzpfwJh t*FvdyfeJ@qufzdk@ Armjynf tpm;ESihf [eftrlt&m royf&yfaomfvnf; vufa&;
zufqpfqef@usifa&; tiftm;pk&J h ukd,fpm;vS,ftjzpf vufom; oyf&yfvSonfrSmvnf; tHh=ozG,fyifjzpf.?
tdE, dN udk }udKa&mufEiS +hf yD; vdktyfwJh csdwq f ufra_ wG/ tpD olum; jrif;+cHpdk;jrifh trnfjzifh aqmif;yg;rsm;
tpOfawG vkyf&ygw,f? t*Fvyd fu ta&S@widk ;f ppfqif pGmudk a&;om;zl;oljzpf.? pm&l;[k ac:&avmufatmif
a&;twGuf 1941 ckESpf uwnf;u “tdEN, d rpf&Sif” pmzwfI pmrSwfoljzpfonf? u|eaf wmfwk@d pma&;q&m
qdkwmudk zGJ@xm;wmyg? GSI (K) qdkwJh trnf0Suf ay; rsm;a&;+yD; udk,fb,fae&mrSm bma&;cJhonfudk arhae
xm;w,f? 'ga=umifh ocifoef;xGe;f u Adv k rf LS ;cspaf umif; wwfay&m olvv dk lrsKd;u azmfay;wwfonf?
wdk@ r[mrdwfeJ@qufoG,fwJhtcg ajym&r,fh pum;0Suf Adkvw f l;onf rEœv;aumvdyo f dk ha&mufatmif
tjzpf GSI (K) udk ay;vdu k yf gw,f? 'gayrJh jrpf}u;D em;u ynmoifcJhaomfvnf; ppfom;±dk;±dk; tjzpfjzifhyif wdkif;
tar&duef 0rf;tkd0rf; (101) pcef;udka&mufwJhtcg jynfwm0efudk xrf;&Gu&f ef bDtidk af todk@ 0ifchaJ vonf?
Adkvrf SL;cspaf umif;wdk hu (K) udk 12 vdk@xifvdk@ GSI (12) aemuf r*Fvm'Hk Adv k o f ifwef;ausmif;od@k wuf& avonf?
vdk@ rSm;ajymrdw,f? 'gayrJh tar&dueft&m&Sdu GSI r*Fvm'kH Adkvfoifwef;ausmif;rSm *syefq&mwdk@. yg;±du k f
cHI ynmoif&if; uGefjrLepfuvmyfpnf;rsm;ESifh awG@cJh

24
 _ynf o l h t m%m

onf? wdwfww d yf ek ;f yd@k csaeaom uGefjrLepf oifwef;rsm; ArmhvGwfvyfa&;twGuf ta&S@bufxGuf+yD;

udk wufc&hJ avonf? xk@d aemuf tdE, dN jynfo@kd vdu
k yf g&ef tultnD&mS olawGu *syefaxmufvrS f;a&;eJ@ awG@&+yD;
a&G;cs,fjcif;cH&ojzifh u|efawmfwdk@xH a&mufvmcJhjcif; *syefoifay;wJh ppfynmudk ,l&ygw,f? wcg *syefudk
jzpfayonf?” jyefcszdk@ taemufbufxGuf+yD; tultnD&SmolawGu
ocifode;f az&J h't D uJjzwfcsuf wckwnf;eJ@wif tar&duef axmufvSrf;a&;eJ@+Adwdo# axmufvSrf;a&;
jrif;+cHatmifxGef; (ac:) Adkvrf SL;cspfaumif;[m b,fvv dk l awGqDu ppfynmudk ,l=u&w,f? 'kwd,urBmppfrSm
pm;qdkwm &Si;f ygw,f? "mwfykaH wGxJrmS vnf; t+rJvdkvdk zufqpf/ emZD 0if±;kd wef;tkypf k&J ah xmufvrS ;f a&; tzG@J awG
+yHK;aewJh ol@rsuEf SmrSm pdwfoabm jzLpifow l a,muf ta&;yg=uovdk zufqpfqef@usifa&; vkyfwJhtcg
jzpfwmudk txif;om;awG@Eidk yf gw,f? ao&J/ wdkuf&JwJh tar&duefe@J t*Fvyd f axmufvSrf;a&;awGu tc&mus
pdwf"mwfudkvnf; ol@pmtkyf “tESpfESpfq,f” xJrSm ygw,f? tm&SrmS tar&duef aoe*FAsL[mXme&H;k (Office
wdkuyf aGJ wGta=umif; a&;om;xm;yHkudk =unf&h if odom of Strategies - OSS) &J h101 wyfcGJ (Detachment 101)
jrifomygw,f? aorif;eJ@ &ifqdkif+yD; ppfcif;aewmudk eJ@ t*Fvdyf 136 wyfzJ@G (Force 136) u t"du v_yf&mS ;
ayghayghyg;yg; a&;xm;wmyg? pma&;wmvnf; tawmf =uw,f? Adv k frSL;cspfaumif;wdk@ jrpf}uD;em;rSm awG@cw Jh m
aumif;wJh awmfvSefa&;orm; pma&;q&mwOD;yg? tar&duefaxmufvrS f;a&;tzGJ@ 101 wyfcyGJ g? olwk@d u
Adkvrf SL;cspaf umif;eJ@ref;0if;armifu tdE, dN oGm; +Adw do#axmufvSrf;a&;tzGJ@ jzpfwJ h 136 wyfzGJ@&Sd&m
awmhvnf; yxrtokwfrmS twlwl/ tdE, dN u wqifh umvuwWm;udk av,mOfeJ@ydk@ay;vdkufwm jzpfygw,f?
oD&dvuFmEdkiif /H udkvb H u dk ko
d mG ;+yD; oifwef; xyfwuf& tar&duef OSS u aemiftcgrSm CIA jzpfvm
awmhvnf; twlwyl g? udv k bH kd oGm;&wJt h pku ocifAv kd /f ygw,f? +Adwdo# 136 wyfzGJ@uawmh 'kwd, urBmppf
ref ; 0if ; armif / Ad k v f t k e f ; armif / Ad k v f o ef ; / Ad k v f r S L ; twGif;rSm zGJ@xm;wJh txl;ppfqifa&; tr_aqmiftzGJ
cspfaumif;wdk@ jzpfygw,f? tdEdN,oGm;+yD; ppfoifwef; h ( Special Operations Executive - SOE ) &J @
wuf=uwJh umvrSm olwdk@csif; wa,mufukd wa,muf ta&S@zsm;a'oXmecGJ jzpfygw,f? 136 wyfzGJ@rSm Arm
udkwif (ref;0if;armif)/ udkjzL (ocifAdkvf)/ udkjr (udt k kef; jynfzufqpfawmfvSeaf &; vkyfief;awGtwGuf Armjynf
armif)/ atmifxGef; (Adkvfwl;) vdk@ ac:=uw,f? ocif XmecGJ (Burma Country Section - BCS) &Sdygw,f?
wifa&$u zdk;±H/k a':jr&D (ausmufqnf) u rcifpD trnfeJ@ +Ad w d o#axmuf v S r f ;a&; tzG J @ &J @ bD v wf p pfq if a &;
yg? ocifwifa&$e@J a':jr&Dukd tdEd, N rv$wfcifrmS ocifpk;d (Operation Billet) u Armjynfu awmfvSefa&;orm;
u vufxyfay;ygw,f? t*FvdyfawGuawmh ocif awGukd tdEdN,eJ@uv dk Hbkrd Sm ppfoifwef; (v#dK@0u
S fppfqif
wifa&$udk vef@pfavmh (Lancelot)/ a':jr&Dudk *Gef;tpf a&; oifwef;/ uGefref'ko d ifwef;) awG ay;ygw,f? AdkvfrLS ;
AD;,m; (Guinevere) vd@k trnf0u S f ay;xm;w,f? t*Fvyd f cspaf umif;wdk@udk umvuwWm;eJ@ 12 rdik af 0;wJah e&mu
'¾m&DxJu ol&Jaumif;wyfrSL;eJ@ ol@cspfol rdzk&m;&J@ tdrfwtdrfrSm oifwef;ay;ygw,f? tJ'DrSm oifwef;
emrnfyg? ausmif;zGifhxm;+yD; ta&S@wkid ;f pum;jyefoifwef;ausmif;

25
_ynf o l h t m%m

(School of Eastern Interpreters - SEI) qdkwJh [efjy

trnf ay;xm;ygw,f? 'ga=umifh a':jr&Du SEI ausmif;
wuf&w,fv@kd ola&;wJph mawG/ tifwmAsL;awGrmS r=um
c% &nf!eï ;f avh&ydS gw,f? ocifoed ;f azuawmh ausmif;
emrnf arhaew,fv@kd a&;xm;wm zwf&w,f? ausmif;zGifh
xm;wJhtrd fu uAsmq&m}uD; &mbif'&memhofw*dk;&f&J@
tdrfyg? 136 wyfzGJ@u ±Hk;awG/ oifwef;ausmif;awG vkyf
xm;wJhtrd af wGxJrSm rlqviftzGJ@csKyfu rdk[mruf tvD
*sif;em;&J@ bHak butdrfvnf; ygygw,f?
bDvwfppfqifa&;rSm avxD;qif;r,fh tzGJ@awG
udk oHk;tkyfpk cGJxm;ygw,f? txufArmjynftwGuf
*&de;f (Grain)/ atmufArmjynftwGuf ae;&Si;f (Nation)
eJ@ &ckid wf dkif;twGuf refEl,,f (Manual) qk+d yD;awmhyg?
txufArmjynftwGuf owfrSwfxm;wJh *&def;tkyfp&k J@
avxD;wyfzGJ@udk Elephant vdk@ trnfay;ygw,f? tJ'D
tzGJ@rSm ocifwifa&$eJ@ udkuk}d uD; (Aef;armf) wd@k ygygw,f?
a':jr&Du ausmufqnf tajctaet& avxD;qif;zdk@
rvdkawmhvdk@ rygawmhbl;? AdkvfrSL;cspaf umif;eJ@ udkoef; XmecsKyfodk@ay;&ef pmwapmif a&;cJh.? ,if;pmrSm (1)
ygwht J zGJ@ukd Reindeer vdk@ trnfay;xm;ygw,f? olwk@d zufqpfqef@usifa&; tiftm;pku &efukef+rdK@ukd odr;f &ef/
tzGJ@rSmygwJh t*Fvdyft&m&SdawG&J@ trnfawGutp (2) zufqpfqef@usifa&; tiftm;pku acgif;aqmif+yD;
AdkvfrSL;cspfaumif;u “tESpfESpfq,f” pmtkyfrSm twd ,m,DtrsKd;om; tpdk;&zGJ@&ef/ (3) vufeufrsm;udk 0Suf
tus rSwfwrf;wifxm;ygw,f? wjcm;t*Fvdyb f mom xm;&ef/ tcsuf 3 csuf ygavonf? xdkpmudk Adkvfwl;
eJ@ rSwfwrf;awGyg tcsuftvufeJ@ uGJvGJr_ r&Sdygbl;? onf v#Kd 0h uS pf mG ,laqmif+y;D oGm;&avonf” vd@k azmfjy
tifrwef aphpyfoyl g? t*Fvyd rf w S w
f rf;rSm Adv
k rf LS ;cspaf umif; xm;ygw,f?
udk atmifxGef;vdk@ azmfjyxm;ygw,f? jynfwGi;f ppftwGif; AdkvfrSL;cspfaumif; tzrf;cH
OD;odef;azjrifh&@J rSww
f rf;rSm “rwfv 18 &ufae@ &+yD; }udK;wduk fxJ a&mufaecsdefrSm a':jr&Du axmif0ifpm
u Adv k w
f ;l ac:aom jrif;+cHatmifxeG ;f tm; ocifoef;xGe;f oGm;awG@ygw,f? “rcifpaD & usKyfaor,fqdk&if aoaysmf
&Sd&m awmifial 'o wae&mwGif avxD;ESihf csay;&onf? yg+yDAsm? wdkif;jynftwGuf vkyfcJh+yD;+yDyJ? 'gayrJh usKyf
Adkvw f l; ac: jrif;+caH tmifxGe;f um; u|eaf wmf t,Hk=unf raocsifao;bl;? bmjzpfvdk@vJqdk&if usKyfrmS wdkif;jynf
qHk ;/ pdw ft csqHk ; &J abmf w OD ; jzpf onf ? ol @xHw Gi f twG u f wif j yp&mawG &S d a o;w,f ” vd k @ Ad k v f r S L ;

26
 _ynf o l h t m%m

cspfaumif;u a':jr&Dudk ajymygw,f? wdki;f jynftwGuf wwfEidk o f avmuf tvkyv f kyfomG ;csiwf Jh ol@qENudk txif;
om; awG@&ygw,f?
a':jr&Du orRwjzpfaewJh ref;0if;armifeJ@ awG@wJhtcg “udkwif orRw}uD;jzpfrS udw k l;ao&wmrsKd; tjzpf
rcHEdkifbl;” vdk@ ajymcJhygw,f? tdEdN,rSm ppfoifwef; twlwufcJh/ zufqpfawmfveS fa&;rSm twlwdkufy0GJ ifcJh=uwJh
&Jabmf&JbufawG=um;u oHa,mZOfeJ@ aoG;pnf;cspf=unfr_u *k%f,lp&m/ =unfEl;p&myg? AdkvfrSL;cspfaumif;u
ao'%fuae vGwaf jrmufcaJh yr,fh wdkif;jynftwGuf vufeufukid fawmfvSeaf &;rSm toufay;oGm;ygw,f? tqHk;
pGefaom pGef@v$wftepfemcHrj_ yKzd@k ydkif;jzwfxm;olwa,muf qdkwmudk ol@awmfvSefa&;jzwfoef;r_rSm txift&Sm;
jrifawG@Eidk yf gw,f? Adv
k frSL;cspfaumif;[m awmfvSefa&;c&D;w0ufrmS usq;Hk oGm;ayr,fh *k%af &mifajymifwhJ ol@ordkif;eJ@
awmfvSefa&;tarGudk aemufrsKd;qufawGtwGuf csefxm;cJhygw,f?

13/ 9/ 2020?

&nfn$ef;?

odef;azjrifh/ “ppftwGif;c&D;onf” / “r[mrdwfESifh Armhwref”

AdkvfrSL;cspfaumif;/ “tESpfESpfq,f”
a':jr&D (ausmufqnf)/ “zufqpfawmfvSefa&;ESihf awmfvSefa&;pdwf"mwf”
oef;0if;vd_if/ “ume,fcspfaumif;”
Terence O’Brien (1987) The Moonlight War: The Story of Clandestine Operations in Southeast Asia, 1944-
1945
Keggie Carew (2017) Dadland
Richard Duckett (2017) The Special Operations Executive (SOE) in Burma: Jungle Warfare and Intelligence
Gathering in World War

27

ArmjynfrSm ppftkyfpktkyfpdk;aecJhwm
ESpfaygif; 60 jynhfcgeD;yg+yD? 58 ckESpf
tm%modrf;umvudkyg xnfhwGuf
vdkuf&if ESpfaygif; 60 ausmf+yDvdk@
awmif qdkEdkiyf gw,f? olwk@d tm%m
tkyfpD;xm;cJh=uwJh 'Dumv¶Snf}uD;
wav#mufrSm olwdk@wawGu EdkifiH
wuma&;&mrSm =um;aea&;0g'udk
usio hf ;Hk w,fvdk@ wav#mufv;Hk toH
aumif; [pfc=hJ uwmudv k nf; owdjyKrd
=urSmyg? EdkifiHwumjrifuGif;rSm vl
vdrRm}uD;vkyw f mvdk@ ajymEdik yf gw,f?
'Dae&mrSm ar;p&m jzpfvm
wmu olwdk@ bmvdk@'Dvkv d yk wf mvJ/
vkyaf ewmvJ qdkwmygyJ?
Armjynf [ m yx0D t ae
txm;t& ta&;ygwahJ e&mrSm wnf¶dS
ygw,f? tm¶Swu dk rf Sm tc&muswJh
ae&mwckrSm a&mufaeygw,f? 'g
a=umifh Edik if H}uD;awGtm;vH;k u tm¶Hk
28
Arm=ynfppftyk pf 7k ]J
jum;aea7;0g'
pduk =f uw,fqw kd m vlwikd ;f odygw,f?
ydw
k ud satmif ajym&&if jyifytiftm;
}uD;awGu tm¶Hkpdkuf=uwmeJ@twl
tenf;eJ@trsm; qdkovdk vufyg=u
wmawGvnf; ¶Sdygw,f? 'Dvdktae
txm;rSm jynfwGi;f rSmjynfolawGudk
&uf&ufpufpuf owfjzwfaewJh ppf
tm%m¶Sifbv D l;awG[m Edkiif w H um
rSmusawmh tm;vH;k udk rsuEf mS csKd aoG;
wJhenf;eJ@ olwdk@&JŒowœdudk azmfjyae
=uygw,f? ArmEdkifiH vGwfvyfa&;
&csdefavmufup+yD; ay:aygufcJhwJh
ppfa t;ppf yGJ umv wav#mufr Sm
Armjynfu tkyfpkd;olawG[m =um;
aea&;0g'qdkwJh aºu;a=umfoHeJ@ eef;
wufvm=u+yD; b,fEikd if }H u;D / ppfat;
ppfyJ&G JΠb,fbufudkrS rqef@usif/
ruef@uGufbJ cGwkwfwJh ay:vpDudk
om usio hf ;kH cJ=h uygw,f? olw@kdusio hf ;kH
wJh =um;aea&;qdw k m tJ'gygy?J udk,fh
teD;tem;rSmwif jzpfyGm;aewJh tif'kd
csKd if;em; - AD,uferf ppfyv JG [kd mrsKd ;udk
awmifrS avoHwcGe;f r[/ E_wyf w d af &iHk
aecJh=uwmyg?
tm%m±Siaf wG t"dutm±Hk
pdkufwm[m wdkif;jynfrSm olwdk@
tm%m wnf+rJa&;omyJ jzpfygw,f?
olw@dk taeeJ@ jynfwiG ;f - jynfy ESpf
buf!y‡ rf rd ,fh tEW&m,fukd rvdv k m;
ygbl;? tJ'DEdkifiH}uD;awGu Armjynf
wGi;f rSm olw@kd vyk cf siw
f ikd ;f vkyaf ewm
awGukd rwm;qD;/ rqef@usifzk@d [m 'D
tm%m±S i f a wG t wG u f t"d u eJ @
ta&;t}uD;qHk;yJ jzpfygw,f? 'ghtjyif
tJ'DEdkifiH}uD;awGqDu “taxmuf
tyH”h emrnfcH vufeufc, J rf;eJ@ jynf
wGi;f zdEydS af &;,Eœ&m;awGukd tvum;
rwfwif;aps;eJ@0,fwm tygt0if enf;
trsKd ;rsKd ;eJ@ vufjzef@c,H al e=uygw,f?
'Dae&mrSm oif;wdk@wawG t}uD;
 _ynf o l h t m%m

tus,f oifcef;pm&cJw h mu 1967 rD',

ckESprf Sm rqv tpdk;&u jynfwGif;
qefjywfvyfr_uae vlxktkºH ur_awG
jzpfay:vm+yD; olw@kd yv†if ,dr;f cgvm
awmh jynfolvlxkudk tm±Hkv$Jzdk@
twGuf w±kwf - Arm ta&;tcif;
udk zefwD;cJw
h uJh dpPygyJ? tJ'aD emufrSm
Adkvaf e0if;udk,w f idk f yDuif;udk ysmysm
ovJa jy;+yD ; awmif ; yefc J h & wmud k
olwdk@rarhwefavmufao;ygbl;?
tck ppfat;ppfyGJ&JΠtcif;
tusi;f [m ajymif;pjyKae+yDvk@d urBmh
D mawGu qdkae=uygw,f? 'Dvdk
tajymif;tvJrmS ppftm%m¶Siaf wG
&JΠoabmxm; b,fvdktajymif;
tvJ ¶SdrvJqw dk m pdwf0ifpm;p&myg?
tcktxd jrifae&wmuawmh bmrS
rajymif;vJygbl;? “[dk q&mhvnf;
av;pm;ygw,f - 'D q &mh v nf ;
av;pm;ygw,f”qdw k mrsdK;yJ vlvdrmR
av; vkyfaewkef;vdk@ qdkEdkifygw,f?
jynfwGif;rSmawmh jynfwGif;ppfudk
wdk;jr‡ifh/ zdESdyfr_awG qufwdkufvkyf+rJ
vkyaf ewke;f yg? oif;wd@k wawG[m Edik if H
wuma&;&mrSm =um;aea&; atmfae
ayr,fh jynfwGif;a&;rSmawmh olwdk@
[m bufrvdkufbJraeygbl;? zdESdyf
oleJ@ tzdESdyfcHawGt=um; yÉdyuQ
jzpfay:wdkif; zdEySd folawGbufucsnf;
vdkuyf gumuG,af ecJhw,fqw dk m ¶Sif;
aeygw,f? 'D&yfwnfcsuu f ae b,f
wke;f urS r,drf;,dkif raoGznfcJhzl;
ygbl;?

Armjynf[m yx0Dtaetxm;t&
ta&;ygwahJ e&mrSm wnf¶ydS gw,f?
tm¶Swukd rf mS tc&muswahJ e&mwckrmS
a&mufaeygw,f?

29
 a&G;aumufyEJG ikd if aH &;wckwnf;om
&So
d nfr[kwyf g

a&G;aumufyt JG }uKdumv toHrsK;d pkH yGuyf u G n f v

H monf? a&G;aumufyJeG JŒ ywfoufvŒdk &Jabmf=uifarmifu apmpGm
ta&mifrsKd;pkH tjrifrsKd;pkHxGufvmonf? uwnf;uyif “a':atmifqef;pk=unfu ol@ay:vpDudk
vuf awGΠEd ki fi Ha &;wG i f a&G; aumufy GJ oydw f bmrS rajymao;? 'DykwfxJu 'DyJ - yJ aerSmyJ? a&G;
arSmufjcif; odk@r[kwf jynfou l kd tusKd;&Sdap+yD; Edkiif aH &; aumufyeGJ J@ wufvm&if raumif;/ ppftpdk;&vkyfay;wJh
tajymif;tvJ azmfaqmifEdkifrnf[k ar#mfvifh&onfh a&G;aumufyGJu wufvmwmudk bmpdwful;,Ofr_rsKd;rS
ygwu D dk rJxnfhzkdŒ wkdufwGef;E_d;aqmf&jcif;rsK;d awG &Sdwwf rxm;eJ@” [k 90 ckESpfavmufuwnf;u &Sif;&Sif;
ygonf? TvufawGŒEdkifiaH &;udk udk,hw f kid f;jynf. tcsed f vif;vif; ajymxm;+yD; jzpfygonf? (,ae@ 25/ 7/
tcg/ tajctae/ tcsut f vufEiS hf &ef§ig tiftm;tae 2020) rSm wyfrawmfu 2020 a&G;aumufyw JG iG f olw@kd
txm;wdŒk tay: rlwnfI wGufcsu&f p+rJ jzpfonf? wyfwGif; rJ±kHwcsK@d udkom tjyifxkwfay;Edkifrnf/ usefwJh
,ckusawmh tcsdeftcg/ tajctae/ tcsuf rJ±aHk wG wyfwGi;f rSmyJ qufxm;&rnf[k ajymvdu k f+yD? ,ck
tvufawG ajymif;oGm;+yD? ,cka&G;aumufyGJu 2008 a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Si. f pnf;rsO;f pnf;urf; owfrw S cf suf
em*pf tajccHOya'atmufrS usif;yaom udkApfumv rsm;twdik ;f vdkufemygrnfqadk om olwdk@uwdukd olwdkŒ
2020 a&G;aumufyJG jzpfonf? ,cka&G;aumufyJYG vlxkukd azmufzsuf+yD? a&G;aumufyJG yGihv f if;jrifomr_udk olwdkŒcsKd;
rnfoŒkd rnfyv Hk yk yf g[k rwku
d wf eG ;f vkyd g? Ta&G;aumufy. JG zsu+f yD? a&G;aumufyjJG zpfjzpf a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Sijf zpfjzpf
vm&m/ vm;&mESihf &v'fwŒdk udkom !ïejf yoifo h nf[k olwdkŒ vdkuef mcsifwmyJ vdkufemrnfhoabm jzpfonf?
,lqrdonf? bmr# ,k=H unfp&m r&Syd g? )
a&G;aumufyGJESihf ywfoufI &Sif;&Si;f vif;vif; onfah emufyikd ;f umvwGiv f nf; “2008 tajccH
}uD; jrifEdkifonfh t"dutcsuf 2 csuu f ydk J ajymygrnf? Oya'atmuf a&G;aumufy0GJ ifonfukd raxmufc/H v$wf
(1) awmfwiG ;f 0if§jyif vrf;a=umif;udk raxmufc?H v$waf wmf
“a&G;aumufyJu G wufvm&if ppfwyfrsufESm wGi;f rS 2008 em*pftajccHOya'udk jyifv#iv f nf; atmifjrif
=unfv h yk f&wJh tpdk;& jzpfvrd rfh ,f”? OD;Ektpdk;&udk ppfwyf r,fvkŒd rxif” [lIvnf; ygwD. pmapmifpmwrf;rsm;
u aemufr}S uKd;udik x f m;aom acwfumvu a&G;aumuf xJrS jywfj ywfom;om; wif jycJhy gonf? odkŒ&mwGif
yGt
J ay: Auy oabmxm; jzpfygonf? onfbufacwf “u|efawmfwdkŒ oabmrwlaomfvnf; uysuf,ysuf
30

vkyfrnfr[kwfyg? vpfb&,fvrf;a=umif; vrf;qk;H atmif
av#mufvSr;f onfukd apmif=h unfhygrnf? xdkiI f apmifah e
rnf r [k w f y g? vpf b &,f v rf ; a=umif ; rayguf v #if
&uf'Du,fvrf;a=umif;jzifh tpm;xdk;&ef jyifp&m&So d nf
wdkŒudk jyifqif&if; apmifhygrnf”[k wifjycJhygonf? T
uwdtwdkif; wnfwnf=unf=unf apmifhxdef;+yD; *¶k
wpdkuf apmifh=unfhaecJhygonf?
,ckawmh 0if§jyif vrf;a=umif; wdk;rayguo f nfh
tjyif &if=um;apha&; vrf;a=umif;onfvnf; yl;aygi;f a&;
vrf;a=umif; jzpfoGm;cJhyg+yD? v$wfawmfwGif; 2008 em*pf
Oya' jyifa&;onfvnf; t+yD;owfrmS 0S;D zwfq+kd yD; tr_u d f
ykH oGm;uyfygonf? TodŒk ratmifrjrifjzpfoGm;csdef v$wf
awmfjyify vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_ESihf aygif;pyf&ef vdktyfcsufudk
vnf; ypfypfcgcg y,fcsxm;ygonf? (±k&mS ;awmfveS fa&;
wGif vDeifu uGefjrLepfrsm; v$wfawmfwGif;odk@ trwf
a&G;yGJ 0ifa&muf,OS òf yifapcJo
h nfh umvwck &Scd hzJ ;l ygonf?
v$wfawmfwiG ;f rSm vDeifu ajra0a&; tqdkwifcJhygonf?
rJcaJG wmh uGejf rLepfawG &_H;ygonf? vDeifu +idrf;csrf;a&;
tqdk wifjyefawmhvnf; trwftcsKdŒu “tzEdkifiH
u,fwifa&;”qd+k yD; +idrf;csrf;a&;udk y,fcsonf? vDeifu
v$wfawmfukd “pum;ajympifwrsKd;”[kom oabmxm;
cJhonf? TwGif vDeifu v$waf wmfjyify ppfwyfuko d mG ;
I ajra0a&;ESifh +idr;f csrf;a&;twGuf 0g'jzef@onf? pnf;±kH;
onf? 'Dawmh ppfwyfu vufcHvm+yD; (10) oef;avmuf
&SdwJh ppfwyf}uD;u ppfrwdkufawmhbJ ppfom;awG tdrf
jyefvm=urS ajra0a&;ESihf +idr;f csr;f a&;udk azmfaqmifum
vDeifw@dk tm%mcdki+f rJoGm;onf? v$wfawmfwGif;v_yf&mS ;
r_ESifh v$wfawmfy v_y&f Sm;r_wk@d udk vDeifwdk@u ,if;uJhok@d
aygif;pyfaqmif&GufcJhonf?) Armjynf rsufarSmufwGif
um; ppf t rwf t pd w f o m;jzif h xd e f ; csKyf x m;aom
_ynf o l h t m%m
ppfvw $ fawmfu 2008 em*pfOya'yk'rf awGxJu bmrS
ta&;rygaom pmom;wcsK@d ESifh tcsuftvuf wcsuf
ESpfcsuf jyifwmudkyif tjyifrcHvdk/ tausmuftuef
umuG,fxm;onf? tm%m&ygwu D vnf; v$wfawmf
wGi;f wdkufyJ±G H;_ edrhcf sdef v$waf wmfy v_yf&Sm;r_ESihf csw d fquf
vduk v f #if ppfwyfòijiifoGm;rSmudk ta=umuf}uD; a=umuf
onf? onfvrf;udk jywfjywfom;om; pGef@y,fxm;onf?
2008 em*pftajccHOya'atmufrS tpkd;&wkdif;
onf ppfAsL±kdua&pD,Eœ&m;ESifh vnfywfckwfarmif;ae
&+yD; tESpfom&tm;jzifh ppftkyfpu k }uKd;ukdifjc,fvS,f
aeaom ppftm%m&Sif tpkd;&om jzpfaeonf? 2008
em*pftajccHOya'atmufu a&G;aumufy/GJ v$waf wmf/
tpkd;& qkdonfwŒkd onf ppftm%m&Sifpepf om;pOfajr;
quf tqifajyajytkycf sKyfEidk af &;twGuf vlxu k v dk rd n f m
vSnjfh zm;&ef cif;usi;f jyoxm;aom taqmifta,mif
rsm;om jzpfonf? 2008 Oya'u arG;zGm;ay;vku d faom
tpkd;&rsm;onf rsufESmcsi;f rwlayr,fh p&kduw f /l tusifh
wl/ oaE<wal om om;rsm;omjzpfa=umif; OD;ode;f pdet f pk;d &
ESihf 'DcsKyftpkd;&wkdŒu oufaojycJh+yD?
2008 em*pftajccHOya'atmufu ,ck 2020
a&G;aumufyrJG mS vnf; ppftyk fpu k acgi;f ukid zf cifjzpfonf?
,cifa&G;aumufyJrG sm;uJho@kd yif ppftyk pf u k aemufu, G rf S
}uKd;ukdicf sKyfxdef;xm;aom tpkd;&(zatwlom;uav;)
ukdom arG;zGm;ay;ygvdrfhrnf?
(2)
2015 a&G;aumufyw GJ ek ;f u trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pD
tzG JŒ csKyf aºu;a=umf c J h a om “tajymif ; tvJ ”tay:
jynfolawGu [kwfEkd;Ek;d ar#mfvifch suf}uD;cJhonf? tpk;d &
oufwrf; 5 ESpf &SdoGm;+yD? bmr# rajymif;vJ? ppftm%m
&Sipf epfu qufvuf}uD;pdk;+r?J ppftkypf k0ifawG ppfxyd foD;
31
_ynf o l h t m%m
awG wuf&rnfh Edik if HwumckH¶kH;udk olwŒdk udk,pf m; olwkŒd
udk tumtuG,fay;zdkŒ ppftkyfpk&ŒJ wdkufazmfwdkufzuf
aoazmf aozuft jzpf Ed kb,f qk& Sif a':atmifqef;
pk=unf &J&Jwif;wif; vSrf;wufoGm;onfudk vlxku
tHh=ow}uD; awGŒjrifvdkufonf?
tvkyform;vlwef;pm;uawmh 'DcsKyf pwuf
v#ifwufcsif; ppfudkif;tvkyform;oydwf csDwufr_rSm
pwif+yD; t=urf;zuf +zKdcJrG _ukd cHvku
d &f onf? rsufarSmuf
udkApfumvtxd tvkyform;oydwfawG w+cdrf;+cdrf;
tqufrjywfay:cJhonf? 5 ESpfwmumv tpdk;& pifay:
wufcsed rf Sonf pifay:rS qif;awmhrnft h csed ftxd tvkyf
orm;ausmukef; wtkef;tkef;¶dkufoHawGom =um;ae&
onf? tpdk;&u tvkyform;ESifh tvkyf&SifyÉdyuQrsm;
wGif tvky&f Sifbufu yif;+yD; &yfwnfonfh om"uawG
rsm;pGm &Scd ho
J nf? udAk pf uyfa&m*gudk ckcaH e&onfh umv
twGif;rSmyifv#if tvkyform;awGudk tav;xm;
axmufyaHh y;onfxuf tvky&f iS af wGukd aiGa=u;t& yHyh ;kd
ulnDwmudk txift&Sm;awGŒ&onf?
awmifolv,form;awG aus;vufaeawG
tr,ftdkygrusef vufxdwfcwf t=urf;zuf zrf;qD;
tusO;f cswmawG &Sdcho J nf? v,form;awG v,frvkyf
&bJ w&m;±kH;okdŒ tr_&ifqdik fzdŒk oGm;ae&onf? axmifus
onf? aoolvnf; aoonf? tpkd;&u vkyfief;&Sifbuf
u yif;+yD; a'ocHaus;vufvlxktay: rw&m; zdESdyf
a=umif; vufyaH wmif;a'oenf;wl “atmifoajyaus;
&Gm” u oufaojyonf? awmifolv,form;awG ajr
,m rw&m;odrf;yku d fcH&onfh tr_aygif;rsm;pGm ,cktxd
rajz&Sif;Ekdifao;? 'ghtjyif ppfwyf/ ppftm%mykdifESifh
vkyif ef;&Siaf wGu t"rRajr,mvk,o l rd ;f yku
d rf a_ wG topf
xyfrjH zpfay:aeonf? 'Dtpdk;&acwfrSm ajrvGwf/ ajrvyf/
32
ajr¶dkif; Oya'=urf;udk zmax;/ v$wfawmfrSm aqG;aEG;+yD;
xkwjf yefvku d fjcif;a=umifh awmifay:a'o wdik ;f &if;om;
aygi;f pkt H ygt0if awmifolv,form;awGtwGuf El&m
0Jp/GJ vJ&m olck;d axmif;cHvdkuf&wmru vnfyif;awGuydk g
=uKd;uGif;tpGycf Hvdkuf&wm jzpfonf?
'D 5 ESpwf mtwGi;f rSmvnf; ,ciftpd;k &acwfrsm;
uJhodkŒyif ausmif;om;or*~tzGJŒ0if ausmif;om;awG
trsm;tjym; zrf;qD;tusO;f csjcif;cH&onf? ,ciftpd;k &
rsm;enf;wl 'DcsKyftpdk;&uvnf; ausmif;om;or*~qdk
v#if òijiifonf? udv k edk Dtpd;k &rStp azmufjyefa&;tpd;k &
tqufqufuJhodkŒyif tkyfp;dk olrsm;ESifh ausmif;tm%m
ydik w
f Œkd . vufyg;ap ausmif;om;tzGŒJ tpnf;rsK;d udyk J vdv k m;
onf? ausmif;om;or*~ESifh pifòyif ausmif;om;tzGJŒ
tpnf;rsm; zGŒJ pnf;a&;udk wGef;tm;ay;onf? 'Dru dk a&pD
ynma&;pepfudk jiif;y,fzdESdyfonf?
tpd k ; &tquf q uf jynf w G i f ; ppf o rd k i f ;
wav#muf ppfjzpfyGm;&m wdkif;&if;om;a'orsm;wGif
t&yfom;jynfolawG toufaygif;rsm;pGm qkH;±_H;=u&/
ppfwyf. owfjzwfr_ rk'rd ;f usirhf /_ vk,ufrw _ Œkd udk cH&onfh
enf;wl rsuaf rSmuftpd;k &acwfwiG v f nf; qufvufcpH m;
ae&onf? &cdik jf ynfe,fESifh csi;f jynfe,fwkŒd wGif ppfwyf
u oJ}uD;rJ}uD; jynfwGi;f ppfudk qifE$Jonf? ydkrdkxl;jcm;
onfr Sm a':atmifqef;pk=unfu atatwyfzGJ Œudk
tjyKwfacsre_ ;f cdki;f onf? orRwu &cdkirf mS ppfav,mOf
AkH;}uJr_udk cGifhjyKay;onf? AkH;}uJvdkΠaus;&GmawG &GmvkH;
u|wfr# rD;avmifwmawG/ ausmif;awGygrusef AkH;}uJwm
awG/ a'ocHjynfolawGudk ppfwyfu zrf;qD;ESdyfpufwm
awG/ ausmif;om;uav;i,fygrcsef owfjzwfwmawG/
uav;rdcifygrcsef rk'drf;usifhwmawGpaom tedÏm¶kH
 _ynf o l h t m%m

owif;awG tifwmeufvdkif;awG jzwfawmufxm;wJh onf? 'DaeŒtxd tvkyform;wdkufyGJawG qufjzpfae

=um;u aeŒpOfvkv d kd tqufrjywf =um;odae&onf? ygonf? wjynfvkH;wGif ppftkyfpk. vufudkifwkwf ppf
ppftpd k;&tqufqufu Jhodk Œyif ,ck wyfudk ckcHqefŒusifwdkufyGJ0ifae=uaom wdkif;&if;om;
tpdk;&vufxufwGifvnf; jynfolawGtzdESd yfcH&qJ/ jynfoal wG. vufeufukid f wdkufyJaG wG &Sdaeygonf? 7
aoa=u'kuaQ &mufae=u&qJ/ qif;&Jiwfjywfae=u&qJjzpf &uf Zlvdkif txdrf;trSwfaeŒwGif aoG;aºu;udk rarhzdkŒ
a=umif; tusOf;oabm azmfjyvdkujf cif;jzpfonf? vrf;awGay: pma&;+yD; E_d;aqmfaom ausmif;om;rsm;.
2008 tajccHOya'atmufu a&G;aumufyGJ/ pmvk;H }uD; ydkpwm v_y&f Sm;r_ &SdcJhygonf? t&yfom;rsm;
v$wfawmfESifh tpdk;&wdkŒonf tESpfom&tm;jzifh ppf tm; ppfwyfu &ufpufpGm owfjzwfru _ dk qefŒusifuefŒ
tm%m&Sifpepfomjzpfa=umif;/ tzdESdyfcHjynforl sm;onf uGufaom ausmufrJvlxk. pDwef;vSnfhvnf qENjyr_
ppftm%mESifh 2008 tajccHOya'atmufrS rvGwf onfvnf; a&G;aumufyGJt}uKdumvrSmyifv#if jzpfay:
ajrmufa o;or# qufv uf tzd ES dy f cH ae&OD; rnfj zpf vmaeygonf?
a=umif; wifjyjcif;om jzpfonf?
wcsdefwnf;wGif urBmw0ef;wGifvnf;
a&G;aumufyGJEdkifiHa&;toHawG oJoJv_yfaepOf
azmufjyef aom tpdk ;&wdk Œ. vl rsKd; cGJ jcm;r_/ tom;
ppftyk pf k ppfxyd o
f ;D awGu olwŒkd . tdraf wmfrsm;xJrS }uwd f
ta&mifcGJjcm;r_ESifh rw&m;zdESdyftkyfpdk;r_wdkŒudk wGef;vSef
I +yKH;ae=uygvdrfhrnf? a&G;aumufyGJjzifh 2008 tajccH
uefŒuGuf qENjy=uaom vlxkvy_ &f mS ;r_awG ydrk u dk s,fjyefŒ
Oya'atmuf 0ifa&;vrf;a=umif;udk olwdkŒcif;ay;xm;
pGm jzpfay:vmaeygonf?
onf? 'Dvrf;twdik ;f pnfpnfum;um; wd;k a0SŒav#mufvrS ;f
Ttcsed fwGif a&G;aumufyGJvrf;a=umif;/ 0ifjyif
vmaeonfukd olwŒkd b,frmS oabmrusbJ aernfenf;?
vrf;a=umif;/ ppftm%mESifh yl;aygif;a&;vrf;a=umif;
2008 atmuf 'DcsKyf 'l;axmuf0ifa&muf oGm;cJh
wdkŒonf vufawGŒt& rSm;,Gif;a=umif; azmfxkwf+yD;
onft h wGuf (88 atmifo;D atmifEjSH zpfwh)J 1990 &v'f
tk yf pdk ;ol rsm;. rw&m;zd ES dyf r_r sm;ud k jynfol awGu
ysufjy,foGm;+yD; (2008 ajcO) w&m;0ifovdk jzpfoGm;
jywfjywfom;om; ckcHqefŒusifaom/ wdkufyGJ0ifaom/
wma=umifh wdkuf&ydkcufoGm;onf? em*pfqENcH,yl JeG J@ a&G;
awmfvSeaf om vrf;a=umif;ukd n$ejf yay;&ygrnf? awmf
aumufyGJ}udKwifrJa=umifhvnf;aumif;/ oef;acgipf m&if;
vSefaom tawG;tac:udk jynfolvlxk}uD;w&yfvkH;u
t& rJay;olOD;a& rormr_ay: aygufvmaoma=umifh
qkyfudkifrdaomtcg }uD;rm;aom tiftm;w&yf jzpf
vnf;aumif;/ 2008 ajcOeJ@ 2010 a&Gaumufy&GJ JΠw&m;
wnfvm+y;D rd;k ajrudk arSmufveS v
f u kd o
f vdk wu,ft h ajymif;
r#wr_tay: ar;cGef;txkwfcHae&wm jzpfonf?
tvJ}uD;w&yfudk zefwD;Edkifayvdrfhrnf? 2008 tajccH
ArmjynfEdkifiHa&;rSm ,Ofaus;r_"avhw&yfvdk
Oya'atmuf&dS ppftpd;k &. vdrn f mr_ r_id ;f trsK;d rsK;d rS azmuf
vpfb&,fawGqifEGJaeaom a&G;aumufyGJEdkifiHa&; wck
xGufcsDwuf&ef jynfolvlxk}uD;u wpwpawmif;qdk
wnf ; om &S d o nf r [k w f y g? ppf t m%m&S i f p epf .
vmae+yD?
&ufpuf=urf;=uKwfaom zdEySd fr_udk acgi;f ikŒH rcHbJ wGe;f vSef
wdu
k fyJ0G ifae=uaom vlxEk dkifiHa&;wdkufyGJawGvnf; &Sdyg
33
 ausmif;'um
vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;xJ a&mufpwGif u|efawmf
onf rdwfaqGvrl dsK;pk vufeufuidk t f zGJ@ wzGJ@xJrmS aecJh
&um xdktzGJ@rS acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifhtwl olwdk@. pnf;&Hk;
a&;e,fajr/ &Gm}uD;/ &Gmi,frsm;odk@ a&mufz;l cJo h nf? xdv k l
rsdK;pkonf bmoma&;udik f;±_id ;f aom vlrsKd ;pkjzpf[ef wlyg
onf? Oykofae@rsm;wGif bkef;}uD;ausmif;odk@ &Gm&Sd vluek f
yif vSLzG,fypPnf;/ qGrf;/ yef;/ z,mif;wdkif tar$;wdkif
rsm;jzifh oGm;a&muf=u+yD; oDv,l=uonf? bkef;}uD;
ausmif;rsm;onf &Gm}uD;rsm;rSmqdkv#if }uD;us,fcrf;em;
+yD; a&$a&mif/ rSefa&mif wzdwfzdwf awmufae=uonf?
&Gmvwf/ &Gmi,frsm;rSmyif u|efawmfwdk@ jrpf0u|ef;ay:
a'o aus;&Gmausmif;rsm;xuf rsm;pGm}uD;aom ausmif;
rsm;udk awG@&onf?
Todk@awG@&jcif;onf xdkrdwfaqG vlrsdK;pktzGJ@
tpnf;rS au'grsm;u aus;&Gmrsm;od@k a&mufwidk f; (&efol@
wyf v_y&f Sm;r_EiS hf a0;v#i)f bkef;}uD;ausmif;rsm;odk@ rysuf
ruGuf 0ifa&mufum/ ausmif;xdkifq&mawmfrsm;tm;
0wfjznfh uefawmhjcif;/ pum;pjrnf ajymqdkav#muf
xm;jcif; jyK=uaoma=umifhjzpfonf? &Gmvlxkudk pnf;
±Hk;&mwGif &Gm. bkef;}uD;/ &[ef;rsm;udk pnf;±H;k a&;onf
r&Sdrjzpfvkt d yfonf[k qdk=uygonf? vufeufudkifawmf
vSefa&;xJa&mufp u|efawmfhtzdk@ oifcef;pmwcktjzpf
rSwf,lcJhygonf? wm0efus&m ygweD ,fajrodk@ a&muf+yD;/
a&S @ wef ; e,f a jrod k @ pnf ; ±H k ; a&;qif ; &aomtcgwG i f
xdkoifcef;pmudk u|efawmfvufawG@ usifhoHk;cJhygonf?
34
ygwD. +rdK@e,fwyfrsm; v_yf&mS ;&m a&S@wef;e,f
ajrodk@ u|efawmfqif;&aomtcgwGif wyfz@GJ rsm;ESihf rawG@
rDrSm +rdK@EiS hf tvGet
f vSr;f uGm+yD;/ &efo@l wyfrsm; ta&muf
taygufenf;aom &Gmav;w&Gm&Sd bkef;}uD;ausmif;
wausmif;wGif vHk+cHKpdwfcspGm wnf;cdkcGifh&cJhygonf?
ausmif;wGif ausmif;wdkiq f &mawmfrv S JI
G OD;yÍif;/ udk&if
wdk@ r&Sd? bkef;}uD;ausmif;om; ESpfa,mufom &Sdygonf?
Te,fajronf &efukefESifh tvGef tvSrf;a0;vSaomf
vnf; q&mawmfonf &efukef&dS pmoifwku d f wwdu k frSm
ESpfrsm;pGm oDwif; oHk;cJhzl; aom yk*~dKvfjzpfaeygonf?
xdk@jyif/ avmuDpmayrsm;udk avhvmvdkufpm;cJhov l nf;
jzpfonf? xdktcsdefu emrnf}uD;cJhaom pma&;q&mrsm;
jzpfonfh Aef;armfwifatmif/ wuUodkvfbkef;Edkifponfh
pma&;q&mrsm;. 0wÎKpmtkyftawmfrsm;rsm;udk zwfczJh ;l
onfhtjyif/ armfpDwek f;. usr;f rsm;udyk if zwfz;l a=umif;
od&ojzifh u|eaf wmfonf q&mawmfEiS hf pmayta=umif;/
Edik if aH &; ta=umif;wd@k udk tawmfrsm;rsm; aqG;aEG;ajym
qdkjzpfcJhygonf?
q&mawmfu olonf omoemjyKa&;twGuf
Te,fpGeef ,fzsm; a'oodk@ xGufvmcJjh cif; jzpfonf[k
trdef@&Sdygonf? Te,fajr&Sd tpGeftzsm; aus;&Gmrsm;
onf qif;&J=uojzifh tcsdK@ aus;&Gmrsm;rSm bkef;}uD;
ausmif;rsm; r&Sd=u? &Sdaom bkef;}uD;ausmif;rsm;onf
vnf; ,dk,iG ;f ysufp;D ae=uum/ aus;&GmtaeESifh jyifqif
ay;&ef tvSLaiG tvHktavmuf rwwfEidk =f uojzifh ygwD

taeESihf vdktyfaom tvSLaiGrsm;udk xnfh0ifay;&efESifh
ausmif;r&Sdaom aus;&Gmrsm;wGif ausmif;aqmufvkyf
vSL'ge;f ay;&efvnf; arwœm&yfcyH gonf?
e,fajrxJrSm v_yf&Sm;aeaom wyfzGJ@ESifh qHk+yD;
aemufwiG f aus;&Gmrsm;odk@ wyfz@GJ ESiht
f wl u|efawmfvSnfh
vnfcJhygonf? tpGeftzsm;usaom aus;&Gmw&GmwGif
ausmif;wausmif;onf waqmifwnf;aom taqmuf
tODtjzpf ,m,Doabmavmufom aqmufxm;a=umif;
awG@&onfwGif/ ausmif;xdik q f &mawmftm; ausmif;ESihf
ywfoufI u|efawmfav#mufxm;ar;jref;cJ hygonf?
q&mawmfu - rlvausmif;aqmif ,dkifeJ@+ydKusoGm;aom
a=umifh aus;&Gmom;rsm;u ta&;ay:tjzpf ,m,D
ausmif;aqmif aqmufxm;ay;jcif;jzpfa=umif;/ ygwD (+rdK@
e,faumfrwD) u aEGayguv f mv#if ausmif;aqmufvLS
'ge;f ay;rnfjzpfa=umif; trdef@&ySd gonf (aEG&moDwGif xdk
&G m od k @ u|ef a wmf a &muf a om tcgwG i f ausmif ; u
aqmufvkyf +yD;pD;aeESifh+yD;I oHCmawmfrsm; oDwif;oHk;
ae=ua=umif; awG@&ygonf? ausmif;a&pufcsyGJudk
u|efawmf r=uHKvdkufyg)? +rdK@e,fwyfrSL;tm; u|efawmf
ar;jref;=unfh&m/ ausmif;aqmuf&eftwGuf awmxJrS
opfrsm;udk cGJay;&ef v$orm;rsm;tm; p&efaiGay;+yD; jzpf
a=umif;/ opfrsm;udk o,f,&l mwGiv f nf; ra0;vSa=umif;/
rdk;tukefwGif vdktyfaom opfrsm;pHkoavmuf&Sdv#if/
ausmif;udk pwifaqmufvkyf&ef vuform;rsm;ESihv f nf;
pum;ajymxm;+yD;jzpfa=umif; ajymjyygonf?
ausmif;wGif ausmif;xdkifq&mawmf/ OD;yÍif;
wyg;/ udk&ifwyg;ESifh ausmif;om;ESpfa,mufom &Sdyg
onf? aus;&Gmu tdrfajc (60) cef@om &Sd+yD;/ &Gmom;
trsm;pkonf &mbm+cHtvkyo f rm;rsm;jzpfonf? tcsKd @u
awmif,mvkyfjcif; trJvdkufjcif;/ tjcm;&Gmrsm;&Sd O,smOf
_ynf o l h t m%m
rsm;wGif aygif;oif/ jrufckwf ae@pm;vkyfjcif;tm;jzifh
toufarG;=uolrsm; jzpfonf? touf&Sif &yfwnfa&;
twG ufyif tEd kifEd kifjzpfae=uum/ bkef ;}uD ;ausmif;
twGuf qGrf;/ ausmif;/ aq;/ ouFef;wnf;[laom
ypPnf;av;yg;teuf wefzdk;t}uD;qHk;jzpfaom ausmif;
twGuf vSL'ge;f &efrwwfEdkif=uojzif/h ygwDu vSL'gef;&ef
pDpOfxm;jcif; jzpfonf? xdk@jyif ygwDu tjcm; aus;&Gm
tcsdK@wiG vf nf; bke;f }uD;ausmif;rsm; aqmufvkyv f SL'gef;
xm;a=umif; od&ygonf?
u|efawmfpmzwfwwfp rlvwef;ausmif;om;
t&G,af vmufu ‘"rREœ&m,f’[laom pmapmifwapmif
udk tdrfwkid f;vdkvkrd Sm awG@z;l cJo
h nf (wu,fawmh xdpk Ofu
tm%m&Scd ahJ om z q y v tpd;k &u jynfolvlxktm;
rjzpfrae wufa&mufapaom ‘"rREœ&m,f ±_wfcsy’GJ qdk
onfukd usi;f yum/ wufa&mufolwidk ;f tm; a0ay;aom
pmapmifjzpfonf)? apwDb&k m;yHak wmfu rsuEf mS zH;k tjynfh
jzpf+yD;/ vuf,mbuf/ atmufem;wGif vlwa,mufu
tjcm;olwa,muftm; bk&m;qD vuf!dK‡ ;xdk;jyaeaom
umwGef;yHkwyHkygonf? bk&m;yHkawmfygojzifh tcsdK@tdrf
rsm;u td r f a cgif ; &if ; buf x&H w G i f xd k p mtk y f u d k
uyfxm;=uonf? u|eaf wmfwk@d trd Yf rl u|eaf wmfhtazu
xdkpmtkyfukd ol@pmtkyyf aHk v;xJ&Sd tjcm;pmtkyrf sm;=um;
wGif xm;onf? u|efawmf tv,fwef;ausmif;om;
t&G,af &mufrSom xdkpmtkyfudk [dv k Sef/ onfveS f zwfrd
onf? pmtkyfrsufESmzHk;yg bk&m;onf a&$wd*b Hk &k m;jzpf
a=umif;/ umwGef;yHkxJu vuf!‡dK;xdk;jyaeoludk ocif
oef;xGef;tjzpf &nf!ïef;xm;a=umif; od&ygonf?
xdpk Ofu u|eaf wmfonf ocifoef;xGe;f ta=umif;
udkaomfvnf;aumif;/ pmtkyx f JwGif r=umc% &nf!ïef;
a&;aom epfjzL (ArmjynfueG fjrLepfygwD) ESifh epfeD (tvH
35
_ynf o l h t m%m
eDuGefjrLepfygwD) wdk@ ta=umif;udkaomfvnf;aumif;
bmwckrS rodyg? pmtkyfwtkyfvHk;rSm a&;om;xm;onf
rsm;udk jcHKiHkI em;vnfrdonfum; uGefjrLepfrsm;onf
bmoma&; (Ak'b < mom) . &efoljzpfa=umif;/ uGefjrKepf
rsm;u bmoma&;udk qef@usifa=umif;/ bk&m;qif;wk
awmfrsm;udkyif zsufqD;a=umif;yif jzpfonf? bkef;}uD;
rsm;ESifh vrf;rSmqHkrdv#iyf if/ tazESiht
f wl vrf;ab;qif;
I &Scd k;d &aom u|efawmfonf xdk epfjzL/ epfeD[kac:aom
uGefjrLepfrsm;udk vlr[kwaf om a=umufp&mowœ0grsm;
[k xifcrhJ yd gonf? wl/ wHpOf trSwt f om;udv k nf; wlEiS fh
wHpOf aygif;pyfxm;jcif;tjzpf rjrifbJ a=umufp&m}uD;
wcktjzpf jrifryd gonf u|eaf wmf txufwef; ausmif;
om;t&G , f a&muf r S o m ausmif ; om;acgif ; aqmif
wa,muf. &Sif;jycsuft& xdt k rSwftom;onf wlESifh
wHpOf aygif;pyfxm;jcif;jzpfa=umif;// tvkyform;ESifh
v,form;vlwef;pm;wdk@udk udk,fpm;jyKa=umif; od&yg
onf? tvkyo f rm;/ v,form;/ qif;&Jom;rsm;twGuf
vkyfaeaom uGefjrLepfrsm;u bmoma&;udk qef@usif
a=umif;ESihf bk&m;qif;wkawmfrsm;udk zsufq;D a=umif;udk
xdkpmapmifxJrSm bma=umifha&;om;ovJ qdkonfudk
awmh u|eaf wmfem;rvnfcyJh g? xdpk mapmif. &dkucf wfru _
u|eaf wmft h ay:rSm wm&Sno f ufa&mufaecJo
h nf? t&G,f
a&mufcsed fwGif rmhupf f0g'udk u|efawmfavhvmI tm;&
auseyfpmG ,H=k unfvufcaH eonfh wcsed fwnf;rSmyif “ig
uGefjrLepfjzpfoGm;+yDvm;” [laom pdk;&drfpdwf jzpfay:
rdygonf? ta=umif;rSm uGefjrLepfrsm;onf rdp>m'dXdrsm;
jzpfonf[al om tpGJa=umifjh zpfygonf? ae@pOfjzwfoef;
ae&aom vlwef;pm;yÉdyuQESihf vlwef;pm;wdkuyf aGJ =umifh
om xd k‘ "rR Eœ &m,f ’ pmapmif r Sa eI jzpf ay:cJh aom
tpGJtvef;rsm; aysmufoGm;cJhjcif; jzpfygonf? wu,f
36
awmh tky fpdk;olvlwef;pm;. uGefjrLepfqef @usifa&;
r_dif;wdkufr_onf oif;wdk@. zdESdyfr_a=umifh jzpfay:vm&
aom vlwef;pm;tod/ vlwef;pm;trkef;udk racszsuf
Edkifyg?
ckawmh bkef;}uD;ausmif;/ &[ef;oHCmESihf bk&m;
ykxk;d apwDrsm;r&SEd kid [
f k u|efawmfi,fpOfu xifcJhonfESifh
qef@usifpGmyif/ uGefjrLepfe,fajrwGif uGefjrLepfygwDu
bkef;}uD;ausmif;rsm;udk aqmufvkyf vª'gef;onfudk tH=o
pGm awG@&ygonf? ‘"rRE&œ m,f’pmapmif. tmabmft&qdk
v#if bkef;}uD;/ &[ef;rsm;onf uGejf rLepf[k toH=um;±Hk
r#ESifhyif xGufajy;=u&ef&Sdygonf? uGefjrLepfygwD0ifjzpf
aom u|efawmfESifh tjcm;ygwD&Jabmfrsm;onf &Gmol
&Gmom;rsm;enf;wlyif &[ef;oHCmrsm;tm; ±dkaopGm
&Sdcdk;jcif;/ pum;pjrnfajymqdkav#mufxm;jcif;jyK=uum/
&[ef;oHCmrsm;uvnf; u|efawmfwdk@ uGefjrLepfrsm;
tm; rdp>m'dXrd sm;tjzpf/ &Gmom;rsm;ESihf cGJjcm;qufqjH cif;
rjyK=uonfhtjyif awmwGif;vufeufudkifrsm;tjzpf &GH@
jcif;/ a=umufjcif;vnf; r&Sd=u=umif; awG@&ygonf?
u|eaf wmfonf aus;&Gmrsm;od@k a&mufwikd ;f / tcGihf
omv#if (e,fajrtajctaeat;csrf;v#if)/ bkef;}uD;
ausmif;odk@wuf+yD;/ ausmif;xdkifq&mawmf/ cef;ae
OD;yÍif;wdk@udk 0wfjyK&Sdcdk;jcif;/ pum;pjrnf ajymqdk
av#mufxm;jcif;jyKcJhygonf? Todk@jzifh ygweD ,fajrwGif;&Sd
&[ef;oHCmtawmfrsm;rsm;ESifh odu|rf;/ &if;ESD; cJhyg
onf? c&D;a0;oGm;jcif;/ aq;0g;0,fjcif;ponfh udpPrsm;
twGuf 0wÎK (aiGa=u;) vdkaom q&mawmfrsm;u tvSL
cH v #if / u|ef a wmf t ygt0if ygwD a u'grsm;u ygwD
udk,fpm; axmufyHhvSL'gef;cJhygonf? oHCmawmfrsm;u
vnf; ygwDtm; wwfEidk o f nfhbufraS eI tultnDay;
=uygonf? u|efawmfwdk@. ajcukyfpcef;ESifh tvSrf;a0;

aom aus;&GmrS ausmif;xdkifq&mawmf wyg;qdkv#if/
tcGeaf umufcsdefwGif/ xdk&GmrS tcGefaiGukd oludk,w f dkif
aumuf+yD;/ u|efawmfw@dk xo H k@d pm&if;ESifhwuG ydk@ay;avh
&Sdonf? zdvpfyidk f uGefjrLepfygwD (CPP-NPA) udk xdk
wdik ;f jynfrS vlrsm;pku;kd uG,af om &drk efuufovpf bmom
. bkef;}uD;rsm;u axmufcHtm;ay;jcif;udk u|efawmf
trSwf&rdygonf?
oHCmawmfrsm;. u|efawmfwdk@tay: xm;&Sd
aom arwœmESihyf wfoufI u|efawmf ,ae@xdwkid f rarh
Edkifaom jzpf&yfwck&SdcyJh gonf?
wcgu +rdK@e,fwyfrsm;xJrS xkwfEkwftiftm;
pkpkaygif; vl (70) cef@ygaom ppfa=umif;udk c&dkifwyfrLS ;
}uD; ud, k fwidk Of D;pD;um ygw. D tajccHe,fajrxJrSm vSnfh
vnfcJhonf? wae@/ naerdk;csKyfcsdefwGif u|efawmfwdk@
ppfa=umif;onf &efol@wyfpcef;wck&Sd&m &GmteD;&Sd &Gm
w&Gmod@k a&mufonf? &GmxJrSm c%em;+yD;/ u|efawmfwk@d
jyefxGufvmcJhonf? u|efawmfwdk@ xGufxGufcsif;yif/
&efolu vufeuf}uD;/ vufeufi,frsm;udk w'def;'def;/
w'dik ;f 'dik ;f ypfazguaf wmhonf? wu,fawmh u|eaf wmfw@kd
tm; ypfcwfjcif; r[kwyf g? &efou l |efawmfw@dk ppfa=umif;
. tiftm;udk (100) ausmf[k cef@rSef;um/ a=umuf'l;
wkef+yD; aoewfoaH y;jcif;yif jzpfonf (&efo@l ppfom;rsm;
onf ol w d k @ pcef ; teD ; ywf 0 ef ; usif r S m ol w d k @ xuf
tiftm;}uD;aom &efo&l daS eonf[k owif;&v#i/f T
od@k vufeuf}u;D / vufeufi,forH sm;ay;um/ a=umufpw d f
ajzwwfa=umif; u|efawmfhwdk@. tawG@t}uHHKt&
aumif;pGmod+yD;jzpfygonf?) xdknu oef;acgifausmf
tcsdef txdyif/ &efolu vufeuf}uD;rsm;udk ypfazgufcJh
onf? aemufae@ eHuf/ xrif;wnfpm;+yD;aemuf/ c&D;
qufcJh&m/ u|efawmfwdk@ ajcukyfpcef;teD;&Sd/ bkef;}uD;
_ynf o l h t m%m
ausmif;od@k a&muf+yD; pcef;cs tem;,l=uonf? ausmif;
ay:wufI ausmif;xdkifq&mawmftm; zl;&mY/ q&m
awmfu - nu vufeuf}uD;oHrsm; =um;&I wdkufyGJ
t}uD;tus,f jzpfonf[k xifa=umif;/ u|efawmfwdk@
wawG ab;uif;=uygap[k wnvHk; qkawmif;ay;aecJh
a=umif;/ ,ck u|efawmfw@dk ab;roD&efrcbJ jyefa&muf
vmonfudk awG@&rS pdwfat;&a=umif;trdef@&Sdygonf?
wae@wG i f u|ef a wmf E S i f h txl ; &if ; ES D ; aom
ausmif;xdkifq&mawmfwyg;u ygwDvLS 'gef;aom ausmif;
opf wausmif;. a&pufcsyGJodk@ u|efawmfhtm; wuf
a&mufapvdka=umif; trdef@&Sdygonf? bkef;}uD;ausmif;
r&S d a om &G m av;w&G m twG u f +rd K @e,f a umf r wD u
ausmif; aqmufay;+yD; / ausmif ;xdk ifrnfh q&mawmf
bkef;}uD;wyg;udk +rdK@ay:&Sd *dk%f;csK yfq&mawmfu cef@tyf
ay;rnfjzpfygonf? xdk&mG av;onf tdrfajc (20) cef@om
&Sdaom &Gmodrf&Gmi,fav;jzpf+yD;/ &Gm[kqdkaomfvnf;
tdrfrsm;u wtdrfESifhwtdrf wac:avmuf a0;onfh
tjyif awmifuek ;f rsm;jcm;aewwfaom awmif,mwJrsm;
jzpfonf? Ak'<bmom ydk;u&ifvlrsdK;rsm; jzpfaomfvnf;
bkef;}uD;ausmif; r&Sdojzifh/ ema&;twGufyif o&%*kH
wifay;rnfh oHCmrsm;udk yifhaqmif&ef tvGeftcuf
awG@cJhonf? od@k jzpf&m &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;u olwdk@&GmrSm
bkef;}uD;ausmif;wausmif; xm;&S+d yD; ud;k uG,v f k=d uonf?
odk@&mwGif qif;&Jol qif;&Jom;rsm;jzpf=u&m/ TudpP
twG u f rpG r f ; aqmif E d k i f = uacs? Ttajctaeud k
em;vnfaxmufxm;aomtm;jzifh +rdK@e,faumfrwDu
&Gmvl}uD; tygt0if &Gmom;rsm;ESihf wdkifyif+yD;/ ausmif;
wausmif; wnfaxmifay;&ef pDpOfcjJh cif; jzpfonf?
ausmif;a&pufcsyGJodk@ +rdK@ay:rS *dk%f;csKyfq&m
awmfu, dk fwkid f ºua&muf+yD; a&pufcsay;cJo h nf? yxr
37
_ynf o l h t m%m
wGif *dk%f;csKyfq&mawmfu olwcgrS ra&mufzl;aom
e,fpGefe,fzsm;vnf; jzpfonfuwa=umif;/ uGefjrLepf
olykefrsm;udk a=umufonfuvnf; wa=umif;a=umifh
a&pufcs tvSLyGJodk@ ºua&muf&ef 0efav;aecJhonf?
u|efawmfwdk@ESifh &if;ESD;aom ausmif;xdkifq&mawmf
rsm;u u|efawmfwk@d ygw. D oabmxm;ESihf u|efawmfwk@d
ygwDau'grsm;onf ±dkif;pdkif;=urf;wrf;olrsm; r[kwf
a=umif;ESihf vHjk cKH a&;twGuf tmrcHa=umif; &Si;f jyav#muf
xm;+yD;/ 0dik ;f 0ef;tm;ay; wdkufwGe;f rSom ºua&mufvm
rnf[k uwday;cJha=umif; od&ygonf?
ausmif;a&pufcsyJG t}udKae@ naewGif u|eaf wmf
wdk@. wyfzGJ@udk ausmif;ESifh twefi,fa0;aom awmxJ
rSm pcef;csap+yD;/ rnfonfh&JabmfrS ausmif;teD;odk@
vufeufukid /f ,leDazgi;f 0wfvsuf roGm;ap&bJ/ ausmif;
tvSLyGJodk@ t&yf0wfjzifhom tvSnfhus oGm;apygonf?
t&yf0wf 0wfxm;aom u|efawmfwdk@ ygwD
au'grsm;u *dk%f;csKyfq&mawmfvdkufygvmrnfh puf
avSudk ausmif;teD;&Sd/ avSqdyfwGif e,fcHausmif;xdkif
q&mawmfrsm;/ &Gmvl}uD;rsm;ESifhtwl apmifh}udKae=u
onf? *dk%f;csKyf q&mawmf}uD;/ avSay:rS ukef;ay:odk@
wufwufcsi;f yif/ qD;}udKaeolrsm;udk vSr;f =unfv h udk f&m/
u|efawmfwdk@&aJ bmfrsm;udk jrifoGm;+yD;/ u|efawmfwdk@reS f;
&dyfrdomG ;[efwlygonf? pd;k &drxf dwfvef@yHkjzifh rsufEmS ysuf
oGm;ygonf? u|efawmfw@dk u csufcsi;f qdkovdk zdeyfc|wf/
udk,u f kd udkif;nGw+f yD;/ vuftyk fcsv
D u
dk fawmhrSom pd;k &drf
xdwfvef@[ef aysmufoGm;ygonf? *dk%f;csKyfq&mawmf
}uD;u oHCmtcsdK@ESifh 'um/ 'umrtcsdK@ vdu k fygvsuf
ausmif;ay:odk@ ºu+yD;/ ausmif;qdkifq&mawmfwyg;u
tcef;wcef;xJodk@ yifhoGm;ygonf?
38
u|ef a wmf w d k @ u q&mawmf } uD ; ºuoG m ;&m
tcef;xJodk@ vdkufr0ifawmhbJ/ tcef;tjyifrSom &Sdcdk;
cJyh gonf? q&mawmf}uD;tm; taESmift h ,Suf ray;vdk
onfu wa=umif;/ u|eaf wmfwdk@ESifh pum;pjrnfajymqdk
a=umif; &efolwyfqD owif;ayguf=um;+yD; q&mawmf
}uD;tm; tr_rywfapvdkaoma=umifh jzpfygonf? nOD;
ydkif;wGif u|efawmfwdk@ &Jabmfrsm;u ausmif;xdkifq&m
awmf tcsdK@EiS hf pum;pjrnfajymqdkcJhygonf? q&mawmf
}uD;u u|efawmfwk@d ESihf pum;rajymaomfvnf; “uGefjrL
epfawG ,Of,Ofaus;aus;awGygyv J m;?”[k csD;rGr;f a=umif;
ausmif;xdkifq&mawmfrsm;u ajymjyygonf? q&mawmf
}uD;ESifhtwl ygvmaom +rdK@ay:rS 'um/ 'umrrsm;u
vnf; u|efawmfw@dk tm; Tod@k yif jrifyk&H a=umif; olwk@d
. rsufESmtrlt,mrsm;rSm awG@&ygonf?
aemufae@ eHu/f tm&k%fqGr;f ruyfrDwGif oHCm
awmfrsm;u y&dwf&Gw+f yD;aemuf/ *dk%cf sKyfq&mawmf}uD;
u w&m;a[mygonf? w&m;udk wdkwdkwkww f kwfa[m
+yD;aemuf a&pufcsqkawmif;ay;ygonf? a&pufcGufudk
&G m vl } uD ; uud k i f + yD ; tr#a0ygonf ? a&puf c G u f u d k
u|efawmfwdk@ ygwDau'gwOD;OD;uudkifv#if/ tu,fI
Towif; &efol@wyfqD owif;ayguf=um;oGm;ygu T
ausmif;udk “uGefjrLepfausmif;” [kqdkum/ ausmif;ESifh
ausmif ;xd kifq &mawmfu dk &ef &Smrnfp dk;aoma=umifh
jzpfygonf?
wu,fhausmif;'umu wcsdefu‘"rREœ&m,f’
[k r[kwfrw&m; pGyfpGJcHcJh&aom u|efawmfwdk@ygwD/
uGefjrLepfygwDom jzpfygonf?
15 - 7 - 2020
 b,fvrf;a¶G;rvJ umcsKyfrif;atmifvid_ f
'DwavmrSm umcsKyrf if;atmifvid_ w f a,muf tawmfav;
yGJqlaewm awGŒ&ygw,f? yGJpwmuawmh 'DESpf ZGefv
wk ef ;u ¶k& Sm ;Ed ki fiH &J Œ 75 ESp fjynf h r[mrsd K;cspfppfy GJ
atmifyGJtcrf;tem;oGm;wufpOfu pcJhwmvdk@ ajymEdkif
ygw,f? tJ'cD &D;pOftwGif; ¶k&Sm;EdkifiHrSm ¶kyfjrifoH=um;
tpDtpOf/ aemuf+yD; owif;XmewcsdKŒeJ@ awGŒqkaH r;jref;
wmawG vkycf hw J ,f?
tJ'DtxJrSm &cdkifwyfawmf (AA) eJ@ywfouf+yD;
awmh 'Dvdkt=urf;zuftzG@J tpnf;wck &yfwnfaeEdkiw f m
[m jynfytiftm;}uD;tzG@J tpnf;w&yfu axmufyhaH y;
xm;vdk@ jzpfw,fvdk@ ajymcJhw,f? 'g[m tdrfeD;csif;
w±kwjf ynfukd &nf!ïe;f wmyJq+dk yD; *,ufxoGm;ygw,f?
aemifrSmawmh w±kwjf ynfudk &nf!$ef;wm r[kwfygbl;
vdk@ jiif;ayr,fh b,folŒudk ajymwmvJqw dk mawmh rajym
ygbl;?
'Daemuf tJ'D¶k&Sm;c&D;pOfrSmyJ jyKvkyfcJhwJh tif
wmAsL;wckudk 'D=o*kwfvqef;usrS ykHESdyfazmfjyvmwm
awGŒ&w,f? tJ'DtxJrmS awmh emrnfwyfrajymayr,fh
a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk &nf!$ef;+yD; umvkHrac:bJ
wa,mufwnf;oabmeJ@ qkH;jzwfvkyfudkifaewm[m
wdki;f jynftwGuftEW&m,f}uD;w,fvk@d ajymxm;ygw,f?
r=umao;cifuawmh}uHŒzGŒH ygwOD ;D aqmifwJh Edik fiH
a&;ygwD 34 ygwDeJ@ umcsKyfawGŒ=uygw,f? vuf&Sda¶G;
aumufyaGJ umfr&Siu f dk t,kt H =unf r&Sd=ua=umif;/ vm
r,fh a¶G;aumufyGJ w&m;r#wr_r&Sd&if umcsKyfu ta&;,l
aqmif¶Gufay;zdk@ cyfajymifajymifyJ wdk;vsSdK;wdkifawm=u
ygw,f? owif;w&yft&awmh 'DyGJrSm ‘wdkif;jynfeJ@
vlrsKd ;aumif;pm;zd@k qk&d if olrvky&f Jwm bmrSr&Sdbl;’ vdk@
umcsKyfu ajymw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? vlrku d fpum; ajym
vdkufwmyg? ppfwyfu xkwfjyefcsufxJrSmawmh ‘EdkifiH
a&;ygwDawGtaeeJ@ udk,fpm;vS,favmif;a¶G;cs,f&mrSm
Edkiif aH &;rSm wyfrawmf&JŒOD;aqmifr_tcef;udk em;vnfwJh
olawGudk a¶G;cs,f=uzd@k ’ rSm=um;w,fvk@d awGŒ&w,f?
tck usif;y+yD;pD;oGm;wJh yifvkHnDvmcHtzGifh
rdef@cGef;uawmh tawmfav; yGJqloGm;ygw,f? 2008
zGJŒpnf;ykrH mS wdkif;&if;om;tcGit hf a&;awG tjynft h 0ay;
xm;+yD; jzpfw,fvdk@ cyfjywfjywfyJ ajymoGm;ygw,f? tJ'D
awmh tckwidk ;f &if;om;tcGifhta&;awG awmif;qdkaewm
[m rvdt k yfb;l vd@k ajymvduk w
f myJ jzpfygw,f? aemuf+yD;
ESpf 70 ausmf=um jynfwiG ;f ppfjzpfaewm[m wyfrawmf
eJ@ rqdkifbl;/ acwftqufqufu tpdk;&awGeJ@ jzpfae
=uwm/ wyfrawmfu tpdk;&tqufqufudk tum
tuG,f ay;aewmom jzpfw,fvdk@ qd kygw,f? 'Dvdk
oabmxm;rsdK;eJ@uawmh +idrf;csrf;a&;c&D;u =umav
a0;avvdk@yJ ajym&rSmyg?
wzufrSmvnf; 'Dwavm }uHŒzGHŒv_yf&Sm;r_awG
[m ppfwyfe@J Zmwfwku d x
f m;ovdkygyJ? olwk@d om tpd;k &
jzpf&if ‘+idrf;csrf;a&;t&,ljyr,f’ vdk@ }uKH;0g;ygw,f?
'DcsKyftpdk;&vufxuf +idrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJawGeJ@ ywf
ouf+yD; wdik ;f &if;om;awGbufu ‘OD;odef;pdefvufxufe@J
rwlbl;? [dkwkef;u tpdk;&eJ@wyfrawmfu wzGJ@wnf;
woabmwnf; jzpfw,f? tcku (3) zG@J aqG;aEG;&ovdk
jzpfaew,f’ vdk@ toHxGufw,f? ppfwyfuvnf;
tJ'Dvdkjzpfatmif vkyfaew,f r[kwfvm;? 'DcsKyfudk,f
39
_ynf o l h t m%m
wdkifuvnf; ol[m +idrf;csr;f a&;aqG;aEG;yGaJ wGrSm =um;'dik f
vl}uD; ae&muygv@kd atmufuvdox H u
G &f ygw,f? [kwf
rSmyg? 'DcsKyftpdk;&u ppfwyfukd trdef@ay;EdkifyHk r&ygb;l ?
ppfwyfuawmh ‘orRwuom zGJŒpnf;ykHOya'eJ@tnD
trde@f ay;&if emcHrSmyg’ vdk@ qdkygw,f? olwdk@oabmxm;
eJ@ukud &f if ‘zGŒJ pnf;ykHeJ@nD+yD;’ rudu k f&ifawmh ‘zGŒJ pnf;ykHeJ@
rnDb;l ’ jzpfrmS yg? ‘&cdkiw f ku
d fyJrG Sm &[wf,mOfawG ok;H +yD;
wdkuyf g’ ‘atatudk t=urf;zuftzGŒJ vdk@ oabmxm;+yD;
acsre_ f;yg’ qdkwmawGuawmh zGJŒpnf;ykeH @J nyD kH &ygw,f?
tckvkd 'DcsKyftpdk;&vufxuf ‘+idr;f csr;f a&;aqG;
aEG;yGJ’ awGrSm ppfwyfu uzsuf,zsuv f kyfae+yD; }uHŒzGHŒ
tpdk;&jzpfvm&ifawmh tJ'v D dk rvkyaf wmhbJ +idrf;csrf;a&;
&vdrrfh ,fvk@d xif&ifawmh trSm;}uD;rSm;ygvrd hrf ,f? r[m
vlrsdK;}uD; 0g'usifhokH;aewJh ppftm%m&SifawG&SdaeorsS
(}uH@z@GH [mvnf; 'Dykwx f Ju 'DyyJ g?) 'Drkud a&pDa&m wdkif;
&if;om;awGvcdk sifaewJh tcGiht f a&;awGyg&=urSm r[kwf
ygbl;?
}uH@zGH@ u 'DwavmvkyfwJh owif;pm&Sif;vif;
yGJawGrSm ajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdol wa,muf ajymoGm;wm
uvnf; +cdrf;ajcmufr_wrsdK;vdk@ qdk&rSmyg? a&G;aumuf
yGJom w&m;rr#w&if (olwdk@rEdki&f if) vlxku ik@H caH erSm
r[kwfbl;qdkyJ? txufu umcsKyf&J@ ‘rvkyf&Jwm
r&Sdbl;’ qdkwmeJ@ qufpyfpOf;pm;zdk@yg? olwdk@ajymwJh
vlxkqdkwmuawmh tm;vk;H od=uwJhtwdik ;f olwk@d vuf
udkiwf kwf (rbo) pwJh tpGef;a&muf trsdK;om;a&;0g'D
awGaygh? olwk@d &J@ tpGrf;tpawGuawmh wu,fhjynfol
awG awG@+yD;od+yD; jzpfygw,f?
'Dtcsuaf wGukd =unf&h if ppfwyfe@J }u@H z@HG [m 'DcsKyf
tpd;k &jzpfwmudk vk;H 0vufrcHEdkif=ubl;qdkwm odomxif
&Sm;vSw,f? ppf (3) ppfudk tumtuG,fay;xm;wJh
40
2008 ajcO [efjyaumif;zdk@twGuf 'DcsKyfu v$wfwmf
xJr S m twd k uf t cH a e&muom tok H ;awmf c Hw mud k
jrifcsi=f uw,f? OD;ode;f pdeftpd;k & vufxufvkad ygh? 'gayrJh
2015 a¶G;aumufyGJrSm 'DcsKyfu awmif+ydKurf;+ydK tEdkif
&oGm;wma=umifh tawmfhudk rcHcsdrcHom jzpfoGm;=u
w,f? tck 2020 a¶G;aumufyrGJ Sm olwdk@tEdki&f atmif
rD;ukef,rf;ukef }udK;pm;=uvdrrfh ,f? tckuydk J bDv;l qdkif;
wD; bDvl;}udrf;}udrf;ae=u+yD r[kwv f m;?
txufrmS ajymxm;ovdk umcsKyrf if;atmifvid_ f
uvnf; ykHysufyef;ysuf ysm&mcwfaewm awGŒ&w,f?
bma=umifhvJ? olu vmr,fhESprf Sm 65 ESpf jynfah wmhrSm
jzpfw,f? yifpif,l&awmhrmS vm;qdw k Jh jy\em&Syd gw,f?
umcsKyfoufwrf;eJ@ywfouf+yD; 2016 owif;pm&Sif;
vif;yGJwckrSm ‘60 ausmfoGm;awmh oufwrf;wdk;xm;
vm;’ vdk@ owif;axmufwa,mufu ar;vmwmudk
olu, dk fwdkif ajzxm;wm &Syd gw,f? 2008 zGJŒpnf;ykt H &
ppfwyfu oD;jcm;vGwv f yfwt Jh zGŒJ tpnf;jzpfw,f? t&yf
buf0efxrf;pnf;rsOf;awGu olwdk@tay: roufa&muf
bl;? ppfwyfe@J qkid fwhJ Oya'wckt& ‘ppfrq _ ufxrf;zdk@
vdktyf&if qufxrf;Edkifw,f’ wJh? 'gayrJh raorcsif;
&mxl;rpGef@wmrsdK; rjzpfatmif uef@owfxm;wm &Sd
w,f? ppfwyfrmS Oay'uJo h @dk tm%mwnfwhJ trdef@awG
xkwfEdkifwJh umuG,fa&;XmeaumifpD (uue) qdkwm
&Sdw,f? tJ'D uue u 1973 ckESprf Sm trde@f w&yf xkwf
xm;w,f? tJ'gu b,ftqifhqdk&if oufwrf;b,f
avmufyJ wm0efxrf;cGi&hf dw S ,fvk@d owfrSwfxm;wmvdk@
qdkygw,f? ol@tokH;tE_ef;t&awmh &moufyef&mxl;
rpGef@wmrsdK; rjzpfatmif oufwrf; ‘uef@owfxm;
wm’ wJh? oufwrf;wdk;wm r[kwb f l;qdyk J? (armifrif;
}uD;om;rsm; aus;Zl;}uD;vSygayw,f?) oufwrf;uef@

owfcsufudkawmh xkwfrajymygbl;? 'guawmh umcsKyf
0SufzJvdk@ qdk&rSmyg? wckawmh&Sdygw,f? Adkvfoef;a&$&J@
umcsKyfoufwrf;jyef=unfh&ifawmh rSe;f qvdk@ &Edkifygr,f?
oufw rf ;jynf ha wmh r,fq dk &if awmh a&S@ c&D;
twGu f ol @taeeJ @ }udK wifp Of ;pm;jyif qifx m;&rSm
jzpfygw,f? olb,fvrf;a=umif; oGm;csiaf eovJ qdw k m
awmh v,fjyifrSm qifoGm;aeovdkygyJvdk@ ajz&rSmyg?
txufrSm ajymxm;wJh tifwmAsL;awGrSmvnf; ar;jref;
olawGu a&vmajrmif;ay; (orRwvkyrf mS vm;) ar;=u
ovdk ajzolumcsKyfuvnf; a&pD;urf;+ydKajzxm;wm
awG@&rSmyg?
umcsKy&f ŒJ ‘Edik if aH wmforRwtdyrf uf’ u wu,f
taumiftxnfay:vmEdkifyghrvm;? avmavmq,f
tcif;tusi;f awGt&awmh jzpfEkid af cs ‘okn’ vdk@yJ qdk&
rSmyg? orRwjzpfzdk@qdk&if 'DcsKyfu a¶G;aumufyGJ¶_H;&r,f?
}uHŒzGHŒ Edki+f yD; tpdk;& jzpf&r,f? }uHŒzGŒH tpd;k &jzpf&ifawmif
olŒudk orRwwifyghrvm;qdkwmuvnf; &Sdao;w,f?
OuUÏ}u;D Adv k o f ef;aX;uvnf; olw@kd tr_aqmif aumfrwD
u wm0efay;&if orRwvkyfr,fvdk@ avoHypfaewm
r[kwv f m;? ajym&&ifawmh 'Dvrf;u umcsKyf t}udKuf
qkH;jzpfayr,fh jzpfEidk af csuawmh tenf;qk;H ygyJ?
aemufwvrf;uawmh oufjynfhyifpif,l+yD;
Edkiif aH &;xJvnf; 0ifrygawmhbJ cyfv#Kd v#dKaezdk@yg? 'gayrJh
etz acwf r[kwaf wmhv@dk Adv k o
f ef;a¶$w@dk vkd yifpifvpm
weifhwydk;awmh &EdkifrSm r[kwfbl;? aemuf+yD; olu
Adkvfoef;a¶$avmuf t&Sdef=oZm}uD;wm r[kwfawmh
aemifa&;pdwfat;&yghrvm; qdkwmvnf; ylyefp&mygyJ?
=oZm}uD;vSwJh Adv k af e0if;awmif Zmwford f;aumif;cJhwm
r[kwyf g? aemuf+yD; avmavmvwfvwf jyÏmef;xm;wJh
Oya't&jypfr_&SdcJhwmudk od&Sd+yD;aemuf 3 ESpftwGif;
_ynf o l h t m%m
ta&;,lEdkifw,fqkw d muvnf; &Sdaew,f r[kwv f m;?
ud, k &hf LS ;ud,
k yf wfr,fu h ed ;f ygy?J 'ga=umifh 'Dvrf;u umcsKyf
rif;atmifvdi_ ftwGuaf wmh ajcmuftdyrf uf jzpfaerSmyg?
2020 a&G;aumufyGJ[m w&m;rrsSwvdk@qdk+yD;
txufrSm azmfjycJhovdk (rbo) pwJh tpGef;a&muf
awGu t=urf;zuf t"du±k%f;awG zefwD;/ ppfwyfu
tajctaeawG 0ifxdef;&ygw,fq+dk yD; ppftm%modrf;wJh
vrf ; a=umif ; vnf ; ol w d k @ (ppf w yf e J @ }uH @ zG H @ ) u
tuGufqifxm;wm awG@&ygw,f? jzpfEdkifacsenf;w,f
qdkayr,fh jzpfrvmbl;vd@k vnf; ,wdjywf rajymEdkiyf gb;l ?
'Dvdkvkyfvm&ifawmh vlxk}uD;w&yfvkH;u jywfjywf
om;om; qef@usifwdkufyGJ0if=u&rSmyJ jzpfygw,f? 'D
twGufvnf; owdjyK jyifqifxm;=uzd@k vdkygr,f?
usefwJhwvrf;uawmh olŒ0Suzf Judk xkwfoH;k wJh
vrf;yg? oufwrf;uef@owfcsuf rjynfhao;bl;qdk+yD;
umcsKyfae&mrSm qufaeoGm;r,fhvrf;yg? 'Dvrf;usjyef
awmhvnf; olŒwyfxJuudk oabmrawGŒolawG &SdEkid yf g
w,f? olu xdyfu ydwfxidk af eawmh 73 ckESpf uue
trdef@t& atmufu AdkvfcsKyfawG &mxl;quf rwuf
Edkibf J uef@owfcsux f d+yD; wyfu em;&rSmawG jzpfvm=u
r,f? 'Dvdk rjzpfcsifwhJ AdkvfcsKyfawGu olumcsKyf qufvyk f
aerSmudk }udKuf=urSm r[kwfygb;l ?
b,fvrf;jzpfrvJ qdkwmuawmh ydwfum;ay:
qufapmifh=unfh=u&ygr,f? 'gayrJh jzpfvmEdkifacsawG
twGuf owd}uD;}uD;eJ@ }udKwifjyifqifxm;=uzdk@ vdkyg
r,f?
zl;csp&f JΠrSmwrf;eJ@yJ tqk;H owfygr,f?
‘jynfoltaygi;f Edk;Ed;k =um;=um;&S=d uavmh’
41
 axmifxu
J ay;pm
EdkifiHwumuAsm (Zlvdkif 4&uftay: uGefjrLepfacgif;aqmifwOD;&J@
oabmxm;)

t,f'w D mhrSwfcsuf - tvkyform;owif;pm (t&ifu a'vD0yfum;/ aemifrSmjynfol@urBm - People’s World

vdk@ emrnfajymif;vdkuw f ,f) &JΠt,f'DwmwOD;jzpfwhJ um;vf0if;wm; (Carl Winter) [m tar&dueftpd;k &udk
jzKwfcsz@kd =uHpnfw,fqk+d yD; 1949ckEpS rf mS uGejf rLepfqef@usiaf &; prpfOya' (Smith Act) eJ@ tzrf;cH&wJh yxrqHk;tpk
xJuwOD; jzpfygw,f? ol@ut dk ar&duef w&m;±Hk;u axmif'%f 5 ESpf csrSwfchyJ gw,f? olvGwf&ufaphwt Jh csed frSm
ol@ujkd yefzrf;+yD; 1963 ckEpS f usrS vGwfygw,f? prpfOya'vdk@ac:wJh EdkifijH cm;om;rsm;rSwfykw H ifOya'[m tar&duef
tpdk;&udk t=urf;zufweJh nf;eJ@jzKwfcsz@dk }uHpnfo/l wifjyolreS for#udk &mZ0wfrv _ @dk owfrSwx f m;ygw,f? aemuf+yD;
tar&duef Edik if o H m;r[kww f hJ t¶G,af &muforl eS o f r# tpk;d &qDrmS rSwyf wkH if&r,fv@kd vnf; jyÏmef;xm;ygw,f? ppfat;
ppfyGJjzpfawmh 'DOya'[m tar&duefuGefjrLepfygwD0ifawGudk ypfrSwfxm;ta&;,lz@dk twGuf vufpGJwck jzpfvmcJh
ygw,f? w&m;pGJoal wG[m uGefjrLepfa=unmpmwrf;xJu t&if;¶Sifpepfudk +zdKcs+yD; qd¶k S,fvpfpepfeJ@ tpm;xd;k &r,f
qdkwhJ pmom;awGudkyJ axmufjy=uygw,f? w&m;cHawGukd tJ'pD m
om;awGukd ,H=k unfoabmwlovm;vdk@ar;+yD; “,Hk=unfoabmwl
w,f” vd@k ajzvdu k ¶f ekH @J tar&dueftpk;d &udk jzKwfcsz@kd ,H=k unfoabm
wlw,fvdk@ t"dy`m,fxGuf oGm;awmhwmygyJ? tJ'DOya'udk 1957
ckESpu f srS wjcm;tvm;wlOya'awGeJ@ twl tajccHOya'eJ@ rudkufnD
bl;qdk+yD; jyefjyifcyJh gw,f?
um;vf0if;wm;&JŒorD; rD¶S,v f ftmhxf (Michele Artt)
u jynfo@l urBmudk 1951 ckEpS w f ek ;f u ol@zcif axmifxu J ae a&;ay;
cJhwhJ pmwapmifay;cJhygw,f? tJ'DpmxJrSm Zlvidk 4f &uf (tar&duef
Edik if v
H w G v f yfa&;ae@) eJ@ vGwv f yfa&;twGuf wdu k yf 0JG ifjcif; t"dym` ,f
wdk@eJ@ ywfoufwJh uAsmwpfyk'f ygygw,f? 'DpmeJ@ywfouf+yD;
rD¶S,fvu f “Zlvidk f 4 &ufae@a&mufwidk f; vl0pPbmh*f tusO;f axmif
xJ r S m prpf O ya'eJ @ tzrf ; cH a e&wk e f ; u|ef r taz u|ef r qD u d k
a&;vdu k w f phJ mav;udk owd&aew,f? 1949 ckEpS w f ek ;f u tjcm;uGejf rLepf
ygwDacgi;f aqmifrsm;eJ@twl u|erf taz[m ‘tpdk;&udk t=urf;zuf
42
 _ynf o l h t m%m

jzKwfcszdk@ oifjyazmfxw k fw,f’

vd@k w&m;pGJ jypf'%fay;cHc&hJ yg
w,f? vDbmwD¶yk w f ek @J 'D¶yk w
f k
udk umuG,o f al wGukd *k%jf yKa&;
om;wJh ol@&JΠrsdK;cspfuAsm[m
1991 ck ESp f ol uG,f vG efw Jh
tcsdeftxd olum uG,foGm;
wJh ol@,=Hk unfcsufawGudk ajym
=um;ovdk jzpfaeygw,f?”
atmufrmS azmfjyxm;
wmu ol@&JŒuAsm tjynhftpHk
yg? 'DvwG fvyfa&;ae@rSm zdEySd fr_awGt=um;uae ppfrSew
f hJ 'Drku
d a&pDtwGuf wdkuyf 0GJ ifoGm;olawGukd qufvufowd
&oGm;=u&atmifyg?

cspf o rD ; av;rpf u D (rD ± S , f v f u d k cspf p Ed k ; ac:wJ h e mrnf y g) -

buf'fvdku|ef;rSm (Bedloe’s Island) avbmwD
±k y fw k } uD; udk pdk u fx lz dk @tkw fj rpfcswm[m rae@uqdk& if 67 ES p f
wd w d j ynh f y g+yD ? e,l ; a,muf [,f & vf x &D ¹ Aef ; owif ; pmxJ r S m
tJ' D± kyfwk&J@ vSy wJhyHkudk awG@vdku f& w,f? tJ' Da wmhrSyJ orD; udk
E_w f q uf w J ht aeeJ @ taz e,l ; a,mufu ae
orD ; &JŒ taruwqif h avbmwD ¶ k y f w k u av; ay;vd k u fw k e f; u
ay;csif w J h owif ; pum;av;ud k jyef & rd w ,f ? 'ga=umif h
'D u Asmav;ud k y J orD ; twG u f a&;ay;vd k u f y gw,f ?
'D u AsmxJ r S m tazajymcsif w mawG t m;vH k ; / 'grS r [k w f
wpd w f w yd k i f ; yg0if y gw,f ? 'gawG u d k tazh a cgif ; xJ r S m
od r f ; xm;cJ h& muae tck a wmh oG e f x k w f v k du f y g+yD ? wcgwav
'gud k pEN & m;ay:rS m oD c sif ; av;wyk ' f z ef w D ; / uuG u f u av;wck
azmf a qmif + yD ; tazh u d k w D ; jy/ ujyaygh ?

43
_ynf o l h t m%m
ol@udkwifxm;wJh pifay:uae
orD;udk t+rJwappdkuf=unhfae+yD;
tav;teufajymaeovdk±Sdw,f -
igb,folqdkwm rif;odrSmyg
bma=umifv h Jqadk wmh igu avbmwDrcd if
udk,fwdkifjzpfvdk@ygyJ?
cspo
f rD;av;owd&zdk@u t&ifu ol@udk
yifv,fjyifjzwfo,fvmwJhoabFm jyifopfuoabFm
tazwdk@udk olwdk@u 'DrD;¶SL;wdkifydk@ay;wm[m
rsufpdawG jyma0apzdk@r[kwf
vlwdkif;vGwfvyfa&;udk vdkcsif=uw,fqdkwmudk
owday;zdk@? aemuf+yD;olrudkifxm;wJh
Zlvidk f 4 &uf &ufpJx G dk;xm;wJh pmtkyf[mvnf;
vlwdkif;udk tJ'Duwday;cJw h ,f?
'gayrJh tJ'DrSma&;xm;wJh t"dy`m,f[m
wkdufcdkufr_ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmudk jzwfoef;awmh
ol@udk,fol jyefumuG,f&zdk@ vdkvmjyefw,f?
ol@udk orD;=unhfavwdkif;
ol@udkorD; em;vnfoabmaygufwJhtwGuf
orD;rSm*k%f,lpdwfawG ay:aygufvdrfhr,f?
orD;taeeJ@ ¶kyfyHkawGeJ@
oyf&yfpGm pmxdk;wm;wJh taqmuftODawGudkom
tm;xm;aewm r[kwfbJ
orD;yg0ifaewJh vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJ0ifaeolawGudkom
tm;udk;tm;xm;jyKwm qd&k ifayghav? ?
um;vf0if;wm;
tusOf;om;trSwf 19439
https://www.peoplesworld.org/article/letter-from-
prison-communist-leader-carl-winter-on-the-4th-
of-july/ udk bmomjyefwmyg?
44
I sent a little statue
That can always look right at you
From a place upon your shelf
And seem to say demurely,
You must know who I am, surely
For I’m Miss Liberty herself.
Now remember, darling daughter,
That the ship that early brought her
Came from France across the sea,
Where they sent her to remind us
By her torch—not to blind us
That all men seek liberty
And the book she holds up high
Dated: Fourth of July
Gave that promise to all men;
But the meaning in the writing–
Grown through many years of fighting–
Needs defending yet again
So, whenever you look upon her
You may feel with pride and honor
That you know her very well,
If you don’t rely on pictures
Or on neatly written structures,
But in freedom’s fighting ranks you dwell.
Carl Winter
Inmate 19439
 Arm_ynfrmS ppfAsL@du
k &uf
"e&Sit
f m%m&Sip
f epfukd wdu
k z
f sufypfEi
kd r
f o
S m
_ynfov
l x
l &
k hJ b0 wd;k wufEi
kd r
f nf
Armjynfonf 1948 ckESpfwGif t*Fvdyfe,fcsJΠvuf
atmufrS vGwfvyfa&;&cJh+yD;aemuf/ zqyv tpdk;&
tm%m&&Sdvm+yD; AsL¶dku&uf"e&Sif tm%m&Sifpepf&J@
tkycf sKyfra_ tmuf usa&mufch&J onf? zqyv tpd;k & tkyf
csKyfr_ 14 ESpfjynfhwJh 1962 ckESpfrSm Adkvfae0if;&J@ ppf
tm%modr;f r_ cHc&hJ +y;D csed rf pS +yD; Armjynfonf ppftm%m
&Sifpepf&JΠtkyfcsKyfr_atmuf pwifusa&mufc&Jh onf?
Adkvaf e0if;&JΠrqv ygwDtjzpf toGiaf jymif;+yD;
ppf tm%m&Sifp epfeJ @ tk yfcsKyfr_ atmuf rSm 26 ESpf
=umcJ+h y;D aemuf 1988 ckEpS rf mS Armjynf jynfov l x l }k u;D
w&yfvk;H yg0if+yD; tHkºuqef@usif wdkucf ku d fwm cHch&J onf?
'D&pS af v;vH;k ta&;awmfyk}H uD;&JΠwdkufyaGJ =umifh rqv ppf
tpdk;& +ydKusysufp;D oGm;cJhayr,fh ppftyk fpku e0w/ etz
ppftpd;k &rsm;eJŒ tpm;xdk;um ppfAsL¶dku&uf "e&Siftm
%m&Sifpepfudk ArmjynfrSm qufvufxdef;odrf;cJhonf?
1990 ckEpS rf mS e0w tpd;k &u ygwpD kaH &G;aumuf
yGJukd usi;f yay;cJ+h yD; 'Da&G;aumufyJrG mS jynfov l lxkw&yf
vHk;&J@ axmufcrH _e@J trsKd ;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyu f tEdik f
&cJhayr,fh ppftyk fpku tEdkif& trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pD tzGJ@
csKyfygwDudk tm%mvGJray;bJ tm%mudk qufvufcsKyf
udkiu f m ArmjynfrSm ppftm%m&Sipf epf xm0pOf tm
%m&&SdaeapEdkif&ef 2008 zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'
udk ppftkyfppk dwf}udKuf a&;qGJjyÏmef;cJhonf?
&Spfav;vHk;ta&;awmfyHk}uD; twGif;rSm Arm
jynf&Sd vuf0/J vuf,m Edik if Ha&;tiftm;pk tm;vH;k bHk
&efoltjzpf ppftm%m&Sifpepfudkjywfjywfom;om;
wdkufcdkufacsr_ef;um ygwDpHkpepfeJ@ ppfrSefwJh 'Drdkua&pD
tpdk;&w&yf ay:aygufvma&;twGuf OD;wnfvHk;yef;
wdkufyGJ0ifcJh=uonf? &Snf=umwJh 'Drdkua&pDawmfvSef
a&;w&yfudk qifEJ=$ u&if;u/ atmifyGJr&ao;rDrmS etz
ppftpdk;&u 2008 zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'eJ@
twkta,mif ygwDpHka&G;aumufyu GJ kd 2010 rSm ac:,ljyK
vkyfum OD;odef;pdef&JΠt&yfom;tpdk;&ay:aygufvm
apcJhonf?
rnfok@d yif t&yfom;tpdk;&[k ajymajym/ tpd;k &
tzGJŒ0ifrsm;u ppfwyft&m&Sda[mif;rsm;jzpfae+yD;/ 2008
zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'rSm tESpfom&t& ppf
tm%m&Sipf epfudkom xm0& tm%m&atmif jyKvkyf
xm;wm ay:vGifaewma=umifh ppfAsL¶dku&uf"e&Sif
tm%m&Sifpepf tkyfpk;d r_omjzpfa=umif; &Si;f ygonf? Adv k f
ae0if; tm%modrf;+yD;csdefrSp+yD; wdkif;jynfpD;yGm;a&;udk
vuf0g;}uD;tkycf sKyfukid cf h+J yD; wEdik if v
H ;Hk &JΠpD;yGm;a&; tcsuf
tcsmrsm;udk jynfolydkif wHqdyfuyfum odrf;,lcJhor#/
ppfc&dkeDy*k ~vduydik jf yK vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr_a=umifh ppfAkv d cf sKyf
a[mif;rsm;/ olwdk@&J@om;orD;eJ@ aqGrsdK;taygif;toif;
rsm; csucf si;f ukr`%v D kyfief;&Sifrsm; jzpfvm=uum wdkif;
45
_ynf o l h t m%m
jynf&ŒJ ajray:ajratmuf a&ay:a&atmufrS o,HZmw
rsm;udk vuf0g;}u;D tkyv f yk u f ikd cf =hJ u+yD; Armjynf&ŒJ acwf
opf olºu,frsm; ay:aygufvmcJhonf? tajccHvlxkrSm
vuf0g;}uD;tkyf pD;yGm;a&;pepfatmufrSm vuf&Sdu
vufrJhjzpfum rGJoxufrGJvmcJ=h u&onf?
2012 rSm OD;odef;pdeftpdk;&u jyKvkyfcJhaom
=um;jzwfa&G;aumufyJrG mS trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pD tzGJŒcsKyf
u yg0ifa&G;aumufc+H y;D tEdik &f um a':atmifqef;pk=unf
tyg 'DcsKyfygwD0ifrsm; v$wfawmfwGif; 0ifa&mufomG ;cJh
=uonf? 'DtcsdefrS pwifum Armjynf&JΠ'Drdkua&pD
awmfvSefa&;twGif;rSm vrf;pOfESpf&yf ay:xGufvmcJh
onf? v$waf wmfy vlxkwku d fyJu G kd t"duxm;wJh 2008
tajccHOya' vHk;0zsufodrf;um ppftkyfpk +ydKysuo f nf
txd wdkufyJ0G ifa&;vrf;a=umif;ESihf 2008 ajcOatmuf
rSm &yfwnf+yD; v$waf wmfwGif;rS wdkuyf GJ0ifum 2008
tajccHOya'udk jyif,la&;/ ppfwyfukd ArmjynfEkid if aH &;rS
wpwpqkwcf mG oGm;a&; vrf;a=umif;wd@k jzpfonf? trsKd ;
om;'Dru dk a&pDtzGJŒcsKyfygwDESihf tcsKd Œ'Drdkua&pD tiftm;
pkrsm;u v$wfawmfwGi;f rS wdkufyGJ0ifa&;vrf;a=umif;udk
vkyfaqmif=u&if;u 2015 a&G;aumufyrGJ mS tEdik &f um
tpdk;&zGJ@Edkif+yD; v$wfawmfwGif trwfOD;a& tompD;ESifh
&yfwnfEkid cf yJh gonf? 'gayrJh 'kH&if;'kH&if;ygyJ? 2008 zG@J pnf;
tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'udk xdxda&mufa&muf jyifqif
Edkifwm rawG@=u&ao;acs? (odoifh=uyg+yD? odolawG
vnf; rsm;oxuf rsm;vmyg+yD? 2008 udk jyif±kHeJ@r&/
v$wfawmfwGif; 0ifjyifenf;eJ@vnf; bmrS t&mrxif/
tpd;k &ESpq f uf q,fpkESpw f ck jzwfoef;+yD;+yDyJ?)
vlrsKd ;pkvufeufukid t f iftm;pkrsm;&JΠtrsKd ;om;
wef;wlr_&&Sda&;/ ud, k yf kid fjyÏmef;cGi&fh &Sad &;twGuf wdu k yf JG
rSmvnf; 'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&;twGif;rSm ay:vmwJh
46
vrf;pOfESpf&yf&J@ ¶dkufcwfr_ &SdcJh+yD; +idrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJ
jyKvkyfae=uaom tiftm;pkrsm;/ ESpfzufem;vnfr_
&,lxm;aom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;eJ@ vufeufudkifwdkufyGJ
qufvufqifE$Jaeaom tzG@J tpnf;rsm;tjzpf wnf&aSd e
=u+yD; ppfrSefwJh+idrf;csrf;a&; &&Sda&;eJ@ awmif;qdkxm;
=uaom EdkifiHa&;tcGifh ta&;rsm;&&Sda&;twGuf quf
vufwdkufyGJ0ifae=uqJyif jzpfygonf?
ArmjynfuGejf rLepfygwDrSm Oya'y (Extra legal)
rSm &yfwnf+yD; 2008 tajccHOya' vH;k 0zsuford f;+yD; ppf
tkypf k +ydKysuo f nftxd wdu k fy0JG ifa&;vrf;a=umif;twdik ;f
av#mufvSrf;aejcif; jzpfygonf? 'Dvrf;pOfrSm ygwD&J@
ordki;f pOfwav#mufrmS csrSwfjyÏmef;cJo h nfh vrf;pOfrsm;
ay:rSm tajccH+yD; vuf&Sdtajctaersm;eJ@ aygif;pyfum
csrwS u f kid fpcGJ hjJ cif;om jzpfygonf? ygwDordkif;rSm csrw S cf hw
J Jh
vrf;pOfrsm;/ ygwDuGef*&uf&JΠEdkifiHa&;tpD&ifcHpmeJ@
ygwDtaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;&JŒwifjycsufrsm;rSm yg&SdwJh
tkypf ;kd olvw l ef;pm;tay: tuJjzwfcsu/f awmfvSeaf &;&JŒ
vuQ%mrsm;eJ@ywfoufwhJ a&;om;csufrsm;udk=unfh&if
'Dtcsuf ay:vGifwmawG@&rSm jzpfygonf?
1985 ckESpfrSm usif;ycJhaom ygwD&J@ wwd,
t}udraf jrmuf uGe*f &ufrSm wifoGi;f cJw h Jh Edik if aH &;tpD
&ifcpH mrSm (Armjynf&@J v@l tzG@J tpnf;vuQ%m[m Arm
jynf&@J awmfveS fa&;vuQ%mudk jyÏmef;ygw,f? Armjynf
[m udkvdkeDwydkif;/ ya'o&mZfwydkif; vl@tzGJ@tpnf;
jzpfwJhtavsmuf ArmjynfawmfvSeaf &;[m e,fcs@J qef@
usiw f Jh/ ya'o&mZfajr&Siq f ef@usiw f Jh/ AsL±dku&uft&if;
&Sif qef@usiw f hJ jynfol@'Drku
d a&pDawmfvSeaf &;yJ jzpfyg
w,f?) xdk@tjyif (zqyv tpdk;&rSp+yD; rsufarSmufppf
tpdk;&txd tkyfpk;d wJhvlwef;pm;&J@ vuQ%m[m e,fcsJ@
pepf/ ya'o&mZfajr&SifpepfeJ@ AsL±dku&uft&if;&Sif

pepfudk udk,fpm;jyKwJh AsL±dku&uft&if;&Sifvlwef;pm;
jzpfw,f? 'Dvw l ef;pm;[m jynfol@'Drdkua&pD awmfveS f
a&;u wdkufzsufypf&r,fh ypfuGi;f jzpfw,f?) xdk@tjyif
(u|eaf wmfwdk@qifEa$J ewJh jynfol@'rD u dk a&pDawmfveS fa&;
c&D;pOfrSm jynfwGif;&efol@tajctae/ r[mrdwftajc
taeawG ajymif;vJr_t&aomfvnf;aumif;/ Edik if Hwumh
tajctae ajymif;vJr_a=umifhaomfvnf;aumif; awmf
vSefa&;[m u¾tcsKd ŒcGJ+yD; qifE$J&wJh tajctaersKd ;awG
&SEd ikd yf gw,f? 'gayrJh 'Dtqifw h av#mufv;Hk rSm&Swd Jh jynfo@l
'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&;&J@ vuQ%muawmh ajymif;vJ
oGm;vdrrhf ,f r[kwyf gb;l ?) vd@k wifjycJw h mawG[m tajccH
tm;jzifh 'Dae@xd rSeu f efaeqJyq J w
kd m awG@&rSm jzpfygonf?
wcsde fwnf;rSm topfjzpf xGef;ay:aygufvmaeonfh
tajymif;tvJ/ tcsuftvufrsm;&JΠta&;ygr_ukv d nf;
apmifh=unfhtuJjzwfae&rSmyg?
1994 ckESpfrSm wifjycJhwJh taxGaxGtwGif;
a&;r_; (,m,D) &J@ Edkiif aH &;tpD&ifcHpmxJrSm wifjycJhwJh
tkyfpdk;olvlwef;pm;eJ@ awmfvSefa&;&J@ vuQ%mrsm;udk
=unfh&if (Armjynf&J@ yuwdtajctaet& Armjynf
awmf v S e f a &;[m jynf o l @ 'D r d k u a&pD a wmf v S e f a &;
tqifhrSmyJ &Sdygao;w,f? jynfo@l 'rD ku d a&pDawmfvSefa&;
tqifrh Sm ajz&Si;f &r,fw h m0ef}uD; (3) &yf jzpfwJh e,fcsJ@
0g'v$rf;rdk;r_atmufrS EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;pojzifh vHk;0
vGwfajrmufa&;/ ya'o&mZfajr&Sifpepf tºuif;tusef
rsm;udk tukeftpif vHk;0zsufodrf;ypfa&;eJ@ AsL±dku&uf
t&if;&Sifpepf (vuf&Sdtm;jzifhajym&&if ppftkyfpkAsL±dk
u&uf t&if;&Sifpepf) wdkufzsufypfa&; wm0efawGudk
xrf;aqmif&ygr,f?) [kvnf;aumif;/ (u|efawmfwdk@
ygw[ D m ArmjynfrSm 'Dru dk a&pDxGef;um;a&;twGuf 'Drdk
_ynf o l h t m%m
ua&pDawmfveS af &;udk tOD;qH;k qifEcGJ hw J yJh gwD jzpfygw,f?
u|efawmfw@dk &J@ 'Drdkua&pD[m vlwef;pm; 4&yf (tvkyf
orm;/ v,form;/ vlvwfwef;pm;eJ@ jynfcspt f &if;&Sif)
twGuf 'Drku d a&pD jzpfygw,f? wenf;tm;jzifh jynfol@
'Dru
kd a&pD jzpfygw,f? 'gub kd ,fwek ;f urS v#Kd @0u
S xf m;wm
r[kwfygbl;) [kvnf;aumif; wifjycJyh gonf?
'gt
h jyif 'Dru dk a&pDtiftm;pkrsm;&J@ wdkuyf GJ0ifr_
rsm;eJ@ ywfoufvk@d (jynfo@l 'rD ku d a&pDr[kwfbJ/ tajc
cH'Drdkua&pD tcGiht f a&;rsm;twGufom wdkufwJhwdkufyGJ
wdkif;udkvnf; b,foluwdkufwdkuf wufwufºuºu
axmufcHrSmjzpfygw,f? bma=umifhvJqdkawmh tajccH
'Drdkua&pD &Sdaewm[m ppftpdk;&&Sdaewmxuf tvkyf
orm;/ v,form;/ tvwfwef;pm;eJ@ jynfcspft&if;&Sif
rsm;twGuf tusdK;&Sv d k@d yg?) vdk@ wifjycJwh m jzpfygonf?
vuf&t Sd ajctaet& Armjynf&JΠtkypf k;d ol[m
t&yfom;'Drdkua&pDtpdk;& qdkaomfvnf; tESpfom&
t& ppf t m%m&S i f p epf o m jzpf a e+yD ; wd k i f ; jynf & J @
pD;yGm;a&;rSmvnf; ppfAsL¶du k &uf"e&Sifrsm;&J@ vuf0g;}uD;
tkyfr_atmuf vHk;0usa&mufaer_a=umifh tajccHvlxk
vlwef;pm;rsm;rSm qif;&Joxuf qif;&Jol wae@wjcm;
wdk;yGm;vmaewmudkom jrifawG@ae=u&onf? 'Dtajc
taeudk emrnfcH b,ft&yfom;tpdk;&wufwuf rajz
&Si;f Edik yf g? ppfAsL¶dku&uf"e&Sif tm%m&Sifpepfudk +zdKcs+yD;
jynfol@'Drdkua&pD tpdk;&w&yfudk xlaxmifEdkifrSom
jynfolvx l b k 0 wd;k wufr&_ &Sdatmif vkyaf qmifEidk rf nf
jzpfygonf?
11 - 9 - 2020
47
 ordik ;f tauGt
h csKd ; _zpfpOfrsm;&J&h v'f
(rmhupf 0f g'avhvma&; &&Scd su)f
rmhupf f0g' tawG;tac:rsm;xJu tEkyÉdavmr¶kyf0g'eJ@
ordkif;¶kyf0g'qdkif&m tajccHrlawGudk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;
jzpfatmif azmfxw k fwJhbufrSm tdef*,f&@J tusdK;jyKr_awG
u rSwfom;avmufygw,f?
t&m&m&J @ ord k i f ;
ordkif;¶kyf0g't& vuf&Sdobm0avmueJ@ vl@
avmuxJu b,ft&mudprP qdk vufawG@¶yk b f 0 ajymif;
vJr_ ordkif;jzpfpOfudk jzwfoef;cJh jzwfoef;qJjzpfa=umif;udk
“vl0rH Svlodk@ ul;ajymif;&mwGif tvkyf. yg0ifr_tcef;”
aqmif;yg;/ “tdrfaxmifr_/ yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_ESifh EdkifiH
awmfw@dk . rlvtp” usr;f / “'l;&if; qef@usiaf &;” usrf;
pwmawGrSm tdef*,fu &Si;f vif;xm;ygw,f?
±k y f y pP n f ; rsm;omru pOf ; pm;awG ; ac:r_ e J @
(cspjf cif; rkef;jcif; pwJh) pdwfcHpm;r_qkid &f m vuf&dS tjcif;
t&mrsm;[mvnf; vlr_vufawG@±yk fordki;f jzpfpOf&J@ &v'f
rsm; jzpfygw,f? vlawGcHpm;wJh cspjf cif; rkef;jcif;[m (acG;/
a=umif pwJh) wd&pm>efawG “&ifxJcpH m;” wJh oufqkid &f m
cHpm;ykHeJ@ qifjcifodyidk f;rSm uGmjcm;ygw,f/ uGmjcm;ykHudk
awmh tm¶kyH idk ;f qdik &f m ody`Hynm&Sirf sm; avhvmqJ jzpfyg
w,f? ckacwf vl@tzG@J tpnf;twGi;f &SdaewJh cspaf rwœm
oHa,mZOfyHpk &H JΠrlv[m vlwef;pm; uGjJ ym;r_e@J twl ay:
vmwJh ordkif;acwfOD; wvifwr,m;pepf jzpfw,f?
48
'ga=umifh oHa,mZOfqdkwJh vlrt _ &mawmifrS ukefxw k f
vkyfr_ acwfpepfrsm;eJ@twl ajymif;vJcJhw,f ajymif;vJ
aew,fvk@d ajymEdkifygw,f? aemuf+yD; pdwfcHpm;r_tay:
vlr_pepf&JŒ *,uf¶dkufr_u }uD;rm;ygw,f? jrifomwJh
udpPwckuawmh rsufarSmufumv }uD;rm;wJh qif;&Jcsrf;
omuGm[r_ tajctaerSm ¶kef;uefv_yf&Sm;ae=u&ol
tvkyform;vlwef;pm;eJ@ vkyfom;jynfolrsm; &ifwGif;
cHpm;ae&wJh pdwfzdpD;r_'%fygyJ?
pm;p&m/ 0wfp&m/ aep&m/ tEkynmcHpm;p&m
pwJh vlr_b0 ¶kyfydkif;eJ@pdwfyidk f;qdkif&m vdktyfcsufjzpfwJh
t&mrsm;udk xkwfvkyjf cif;/ okH;pGpJ m;okH;jcif; ordik ;f jzpfpOf
twGif;rSm vl&J@ZD0zGJŒpnf;r_/ OD;aESmuft&nftaoG;
pwmawGvnf; zGH@+zdK;vmcJyh gw,f? vleJ@v@l tzGJ@tpnf;&J@
zefwD;r_pGrf;tm; (xkwfvkyfa&;pGr;f tm;) wdk;wufwmeJ@
vdkufavsmnDaxGpGm vlrp_ epftrsdK;rsdK; ajymif;vJch&J mrSm
tckt cg t&if ; &S if p epf twG i f ; a&muf &S d a eygw,f ?
tcktxd pkykHrdvmwJh vlom;rsm;&J@ zefw;D r_pGrf;tm;[m
t&if;&SifpepfeJ@ “rxdu k fwef” awmhyg? qdkvkw d muawmh
tusdK;oufa&mufr_rsm;udk +cKH=unfhvdkuf&if t&if;&Sif
pepf[m 'DpGrf;tm;awGudk zsufqD;ypfaewJh tqifhrSm
a&muf&adS eyg+y?D t&if;&Sif acwfO;D umvrSm &Scd whJ hJ vGwvf yf
pGm,SO+f ydKifr_ta=umif;/ tvkyftudkifzefwD;r_ pD;yGm;a&;
ta=umif;/ ¶d;k ¶dk;om;om; }udK;pm;r_jzifh vlvwfwef;pm;
tjzpfo@dk jrifhwufoGm;=uwJh qif;&Jom;tcsdKŒta=umif;/

'Drdkua&pDta=umif;tpm; vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr_ta=umif;/
b¾maps;uGuf tavmif;tpm; pD;yGm;a&;ta=umif;/
xkvu dk fxnfvu
dk f tvkyfvufrJh td;k rJhtrd rf Jh tajctaerJh
b0a&mufoGm;olrsm;ta=umif;/ zufqpfqefvmwJh
usL;ausmfppfv_H@aqmfwJh ay:vpDta=umif;awGtjyif
obm00ef;usif}uD;udkyg t}uD;tus,f zsufqD;aewJh
ta=umif;awG ajym&r,ft h qifh a&muf&adS eyg+yD?
ord k i f ; tuef @ towf
tEkvHyk ÉdvHk ydik ;f jcm;pdwfjzm pOf;pm;w,f/ }uHq
w,f/ OD;aESmufrkefwdki;f qifw,fqdkwJh ^m%tvkyfawG
[m xkwfvkyrf _eJ@ jyefvnfxkwv f kyfr_ (Oyrm tem;,l/
tyef;ajz/ jyefvnftm;arG;r_) b0rSm tenf;eJ@trsm; ryg
&if rjzpfyg? OD;aESmuf[m “tHhrcef;” pGrf;tm;awGudk
vnf; xkwfEidk yf gw,f? 'gayrJh udk,fjrifzl;wJh t&mawG
tay: vk;H 0tajcrcHbJ vk;H 0topfjzpfwJh o¿mefwckudk
pdwful;ykHazmfzdk@ OD;aESmufu rwwfEdkifyg? jrifzl;+yD;om;
awGxJu [dkwp'Dwp qGJ,laygif;pyfykHazmfzdk@yJ wwfEdkif
ygw,f? jrifzl;}uKHzl;r_ tawG@t}uKHeJ@ odjrifr_qdkwm
uvnf; b,folrqdk tuef@towf &Sd=uwmcsnf;ygyJ?
vlwOD;csif; rajymeJ@ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wckvkH;&JΠtawG@
t}uKHeJ@ odjrifr_awmifrS acwfqdkwJh wpkHw&m tuef@
towf abmiftwGif;rSmyJ &Sdaewmyg? ordkif;jzpfpOf
qufvufwdk;yGm;r_eJ@twl tJ'Dtuef@towfabmif
[mvnf; us,af wmh us,fvmaeygw,f? wu,fawmh
“tHrh cef;” tpGr;f xufwhJ vlom;OD;aESmuf[m “qef;us,f
axGjym;” vSwJh obm0avmueJ@ vl@avmuta=umif;
odyfrsm;rsm;pm;pm; odao;wm r[kwfbl;? odoxuf
awmh odov d maew,fv@kd qdEk ikd fygw,f? vufawG@¶kyb f 0
_ynf o l h t m%m
ajymif;vJr_ jzpf¶dk;jzpfpOfw&m;rsm; (ody`Henf;us trSef
w&m;rsm;) udk vlawG ydkrkad zmfxkwfo&d Sd tokH;jyKvmEdik f
wmeJ@tr# vdktifqENrsm;udkvnf; ydkrdkjznfhqnf;vmEdkif
w,f? ydkrdkvGwfvyfpGm v_yf&Sm;vmEdkifw,f? 'gha=umifh
vlom;vGwfvyfr_qkw d mvnf; ordik ;f jzpfpOftqifhtay:
rlwnfygw,f?
pOf;pm;EdkifpGrf; wpwp wdk;wufvmwJh ordki;f
jzpfpOfrSm awm/ awmifapmifeh wf rD;apmifhewfpwJh j'yfrJh
“wHck;d &Sif yk*dK~ vf” rsm;udk pdwfu;l zefwD;EdkifwhJ tqifhwck
&SdcJhr,fvdk@ a,bk,sajymvdk@ &ygw,f? wu,fawmh
'gawGukd oufqikd &f m j'yf&t dS &m0wÎKrsm;&J@ obm0tay:
tajccH+yD; pdwful;zefwD;cJhwmyg? ordkif;OD; vlom;awG
taeeJ@ ckacwfa&csdeft& t¶d;k pif;qkH;vd@k xif&wJh t,l
tqwck &&Sdzdk@awmif vG,fcJhrSm r[kwfyg? tjym;ykH
o¿mef urBm}uD; rqdkxm;eJ@/ “urBm}uD;” qdkwhJ t,l
tq r&&Scd if ‘opfawm’/ ‘awmifwef;’/ ‘vGifjyif’ pwJh
t,ltq &&Sdvmzdk@awmif vufawG@ordkif;jzpfpOf vdktyf
cJhrSmyg?
ocsmF rSm tvGet f ok;H 0ifwhJ ydu
k o
f *d;k &yfot D &kd rf
(axmifhreS f}wd*w H ckrSm axmifrh Seef J@ rsufEmS csif;qdkifaewJh
tem;wckv;Hk ay:&Sd pwk&ef;yk&H @J {&d,m[m uset f em;ESpf
zufay: tvm;wl a&;qGJxm;wJh pwk&ef;ykHEpS fck&J@ {&d,m
pkpkaygif;eJ@ nDr#w,fqdkwJh tqdkjyKcsuf) [m vGefcJhwJh
ESpfaygif; 2600 avmuf a&S;*&dacwfu bmoma&;*dk%f;
wck&@J acgi;f aqmif ydkuo f *dk;&yfu azmfxkwfchw J m jzpfyg
w,f? ol@acwfol@tcgt& }uD;rm;wJh tusKd ;jyKcsufyaJ ygh?
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;&J@ todynm b¾mwdkufqdkwm 'DvdkeJ@
pkrdaqmif;rd jzpfvmygw,f?
trSefw&m; &SmazGazmfxkwfw,f qdkwm[m
vlawG vuf&do S d&dx
S m;wJh tcsufrsm;tjyif aemufxyf
49
_ynf o l h t m%m
pl;prf;avhvmcsufawGtay: tajccH+yD; tEkyÉdavmr
¶ky0f g'usus aumufcsucf swhJ oabmygy?J a,bk,sr#om
jzpfwJh aumufcsufvnf; jzpfcsifjzpfygvdrfhr,f? Oyrm
“p=um0VmxJrSm Black Hole ac: wGi;f rnf;rsm; &SdEdkif
w,f/ &Sw d ,f?” “EdkifiaH wmfqdkwJh vlr_tjcif;t&m wp
wp wdrfaumaysmufuG,fwJh ordkif;jzpfpOf &Sdvmvdrfh
r,f?” “udAk pf 19 a&m*g jyef@ymG ;ykeH J@ywfoufv@dk avhvm
zdk@ rsm;pGmvdkao;w,f?” pwJh aumufcsufrsdK;awG jzpfyg
w,f? ordkif;tuef@towf&SdwJhatmufrSm 'gawG[m
tao;rpdwfayr,fh cdkifrm+yD; ol@tcsdeftcgeJ@ol tm;
udk;tm;xm;jyKEdkifwJh aumufcsufrsdK;awG jzpfygw,f?
aumufcsufcs&mrSm wwfEdkifwmxuf ydktao;pdwfzdk@
}udK;pm;wm ody`Henf;us oabmxm;r[kwyf g? rodao;
rodEkid af o;wJh tydik ;f udk aemifjznfph &m uGuv f yftjzpf
csefxm;=u&wmygyJ?
odyy`H nm&Siaf wGtaeeJ@ aumufcsufrsm; tqdk
jyKcsufrsm;udk jyKvkyf&mrSm twwfEdkifqkH; ody`Henf;us
jzpfatmif }udK;pm;=u&rSmyg? ody`Henf;usr_udk xdcdkuf
apwJh ta=umif;xJrSm awG;ac:&mrSm pdw0f g'&JΠ*,uf
¶dkurf _cH&jcif;/ qENpJu
G sjcif;vnf; yg0ifEdkifygw,f? 'gt h jyif
avhvmcsufrsm;tay: oufqidk &f macwfrSm v$rf;rd;k jc,f
vS,fwJh vlwef;pm;&J@ xdef;csKyfr_a=umifhvnf; jzpfEdkifyg
w,f? rsufarSmufumv vuf0g;}uD;tkyf b¾mt&if;
&Siaf cwfrmS okawoeeJ@ zG@H +zdK;wdk;wufa&; vkyfief;u¾
tygt0if usef;rma&;/ ynma&;u¾rsm;u xkwfjyefwJh
okawoepmwrf;rsm;[m b¾mt&if; tvdkus/ zdEdyS f
oltvdkus/ yx0DEdkiif Ha&;tusdK; tvdkus/ ppftiftm;
+ydKifqdkifr_tvdkusjzpfatmif xdef;csKyfwmcH&vdk@ pmwrf;
rsm;&JΠodyHe` nf;usr_ t&nftaoG;[mvnf; tenf;eJ@
trsm; xdc d k uf c H &Ed k if y gw,f ? rd r du k r `% D t usd K ;/ rdr d
50
trsdK;om;Edkiif t
H usdK; txdcdkuf rcHEdkifwJhtwGuf wcsdKŒ
tqifjh rifh ynmawGukd xdyw f ef;v#dKŒ0Sufxm;wma=umifh
'Dru
dk a&pDusus ynm&yfzvS,fwm vkH;0yGiyhf Giv fh if;vif;
yl;aygif;tajz&Smwm rvkyfEdkif=uyg? ppfvufeuf +ydKif
qdkirf _bufo;kH wJh OD;aESmuftiftm;/ ¶ky0f wÎKtiftm;awG
uawmh vkH;0tjzKef;wD;cHvdkuf&wJh t&mrsm; jzpfygw,f?
2020 ckEpS f urBmhyx0D Edik if aH &;rSm udAk pftrsdK;om;a&;
0g'/ umuG,f aq;trsdK;om;a&;0g' o¿mefawGudk
xifxif&mS ;&Sm; awGŒ&ygw,f? odyHe` @J enf;ynm wdk;wuf
r_udk 'Dvdk tcsKyftaESmifrsm;atmufu wu,fwrf;
vGwfajrmufapzdk@qdk&if urBmht&if;&Sipf epfudk vkH;0zsuf
odrf;+yD; xkwfvkyaf &;qdik &f m OpPm"etm;vk;H udk vl@tzGJŒ
tpnf;ydkif jyKvkyfwJh urBmhtvkyform;EdkifiHrsm;pepf
xlaxmif&rSm jzpfygw,f?
todynm wd;k wufr_ ordik ;f pOfta=umif; ajym
&if ynm&Sirf sm;eJ@ odyb `H mom&yfrsm;ta=umif; omru
vltrsm;&JŒ vufawGŒjy\emajz&Si;f r_ tawG@t}uKHrsm;
ta=umif;ygajymzdk@ vdkygw,f? 'D'kwd, tajctae
rSmawmh wpkw H &m tawG@t}uKH&o dS l omrefvrl sm; vuf
awG@jy\em ajz&Sif;zdk@ nêdE_dif;tajz&Sm qkH;jzwfcsufcs
vkyfudkif&if; enf;emopf/ todynmopf &&SdwmawG
vnf; &Sdw,f? a&S;acwf vlwef;pm;rJh vl@tzGJŒtpnf;rSm
jy\emawGudk 'Denf;eJ@ tajz&Sm ajz&Sif;cJh=uwmyg?
ynmwwfvlwef;pm;&,fvdk@ ay:aygufvmwJh acwfrSm
vnf; ynm&Sirf sm;[m omrefvrl sm;&J@ tawG@t}uKHawG
udk udk;um;tajcjyK tajz&Sm&wmawG &Sdw,f? txl;
ojzifh csujf yKwfa&;ynm/ pdkufysdK;arG;jrLa&;ynm/ ordkif;
okawoe/ blrdaA'/ owœaA'/ ¶kuQaA' pwmawGtjyif
ajymufusm;ppfenf;y&d,m,f/ oydwfwku d fyGJ vlxwk ku
d fyGJ
enf;y&d,m,fpwJh e,fy,fawGe@J ywfoufwhJ todynm
 _ynf o l h t m%m

avhvm&mrSm “uGi;f qif;” wJh udpu P txl;ta&;}uD; vufawG@ordkif;jzpfpOfxJrS trSefw&m;rsm;udk

ygw,f? wpwp &&Sdvmjcif;eJ@twl &&Sv d mwJh E_id ;f ,SOfcsut f rSef
tawGŒt}uKH zvS,f !‡dE_dif; tajzrSe&f Sm&mrSm w&m;rsm;udk vufawG@xJrSm tokH;jyKjcif; (tokH;csjcif;)
tusdK;pD;yGm;csif; xdyfwdkufjzpfr_ tajccHtm;jzifh r&SdwJh [mvnf; r&Sdrjzpf,SOfwJG wnf&aSd eygw,f? tokH;jyKjcif;
b0wlrsm;t=um; !‡dE_di;f tajz&Smwm[m ynma&csdef qdw k m vrf;!ïet f jzpf tok;H jyKjcif;udk qdv k w kd myg? pdwu f ;l
edrwfh mjrifhwm tyxm; E_dif;,SOcf suft& xda&muf rSef txGuf ypPnf;udk ¶kyfavmuxJ twif;r&ru oGwf
uefavh &Syd gw,f? 'grsKd ;qd&k if ynma&csed fjrifhav aumif; oGi;f ‘tokH;cs’ zd@k rjzpfEdkifyg? vlom;OD;aESmufxJ t,l
avaygh? 'ga=umifh wd;k wufwhJ EdkifiHa&; tzG@J tpnf;rsm; tqtjzpf avmavmq,f ykHrazmfEidk af o;wJh obm0
taeeJ @ usdK;a=umif ;qD avsmfwJ h rSef uef wJh qkH ;jzwf tjcif;t&mrsm;eJ@ vlr_tjcif;t&mrsm; ra&rwGufEdkif
csufrsm; csrSwfvkyfaqmifoGm;Edkifzdk@ 'Drdkua&pD A[dkcsKyf atmif &SdaerSmudk rkcswu G fqEdik yf gw,f? a&/ ajr/ av/
udkifr_avxk xlaxmifa&;[m ta&;}uD;ygw,f? tzGJ@ rD; "mwf}uD;av;yg; t,ltquae [du k 'f ¶dk*si/f [Dv, D /H
tpnf;0ifawGt=um; tusdK;pD;yGm;csif; xdyfwdkufjzpfr_ 'ef/ oH/ aiG/ a¶$/ ,la&eD,pH wJh j'yfpif w&mausmf t,l
tajccHtm;jzifh r&SdwJh tajctaeudk wefzdk;xm; azmf tqtxd wd;k wufvmayr,fh uGuv f yfrsm;uawmh t+rJ
aqmif&ygr,f? Oyrm usiv f nf&wJh taetxm; rwl &Sdaeygw,f? 'gayrJh ol@acwftcgeJ@ol od&Sd&oavmuf
vdk@ aexdkifr_ tqifhumG wm jy\em r}uD;yg? txufvl trSew f &m;udk tokH;jyK vkyfudkif=uwmygy?J vufEySd fpuf
pm;pwrf;/ vnf0,fol pm;pwrf; tajctaeodk@ us vnf; vufEySd fpufacwftavsmuf wGifwGifus,u f s,f
a&mufoGm;aprnfh ajcvSrf;rsdK; vSrf;+yD;cgrS b0wlpdwf okH;cJh=uwmygyJ?
arG;=uzdk@ nD!Gwf=uzdk@/ ,kH=unf=uzdk@ ajymqdkwdkufwGef; obm0ody`He,fy,frSm oabmw&m; jiif;ckHr_
&wm tawmfcufoGm;rSmyg? txl;ojzifh "e&Siv f lwef; awG E_dif;,SOfcsuft& enf;yg;ayr,fh vlwef;pm;wdu k fyGJudk
pm;eJ@ tkyfpdk;olvlwef;pm;wdk@&JŒ jzm;a,mif;vmbfxdk;r_ wdku¶f u dk fxif[yfwJh vlr_oyd b `H ufrSmawmh wdkufyJjG yif;yg
atmuf usa&mufrnfh ajcvSrf;rsm; rvSr;f rdapzd@k owd w,f? t"dutm;jzifh t&if;&Sipf epfudk xde;f odrf;rvm;/
xm;=u&ygw,f? yJ&pfbt Hk zG@J u !ïejf ywJh tem*wf tvkyf y,fzsufrvm;qdkwmtay: A[dkjyKwJh wdkufyGJyg? 'g[m
orm;EdkifiHawmfrSmvdk tvkyform;rsm;[m tm%mydkif ‘0g'pG’J wdu k yf JG r[kwyf g? vlwefpm;wdu k yf o
JG m jzpfygw,f?
tvkyfrSefor#udk wufvkyfae=u+yD; b,ftm%mydkifrS vlr_odyH` oabmw&m;wd@k 0g'wdk@qdkwmawGu vufawG@
a,bk,s tvkyform; vpmxuf ydrk &wJh pepfrsdK; wnf (aoG;pkyfzEd Sdyfolrsm;/ aoG;pkyzf dEdyS fcH&olrsm; tjyeftvSef
aqmufEdkifygu vlr_jy\emawGudk rSefuefpGm ajz&Sif; qGJaqmifwGef;uefr_rsm; wnf&Sdr_ jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_) udk
Edkiw f Jh qkH;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwfEdkifygvdrfhr,f? xif[yfwmyg? vufawG@wnf&rSd q _ kw
d musawmh oabm
w&m;awG tqdkjyKcsuaf wGeJ@ vdu k af vsmnDaxGjzpfatmif
vrf ; !ï e f t jzpf t ok H ; jyKjcif ; taumiftxnf jyay;aewm r[kwfyg/ vlawG udk,w f kid f
&J@ vkyaf qmifr_ &v'frsm; yg0ifwJh vlr_avmuawmifrS

51
_ynf o l h t m%m
vl@qENe@J trSDtcdkuif;uif; jzpfay:wdk;yGm;aewmyg? (vkyf
aqmif&mrSm pdwfqEN[m rkcsyJ wGef;aqmfr_ tcef;u
yg0if+rJ jzpfayr,fh vkyfaqmifr_ &v'fuadk wmh ±kyftajc
taeuyJ tqk;H tjzwfjyKwm jzpfv@kd yg?) 'ga=umifh vuf
awG@wnf&Sdr_ jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_xuf oufqdkif&m trSef
w&m; azmfxw k fEkid rf _ (oabmw&m;tjzpf pkpnf;aygif;
csKyfEdkifr_) u rkcst+rJwrf; aemufusygw,f?
urBmhtvkyform;/ Armjynf tvkyform;eJ@
urBm §Armjynf&Sd tvkyo f rm; vlwef;pm; wdkufyJrG sm;
wnf&djS zpfay:wd;k yGm;r_ tajccHtay:rSm Armjynf rmhupf f
0g' tiftm;eJ@ ArmjynfuGejf rLepfygwD ay:xGufcJhygw,f?
tvkyform;vlwef;pm;qdkwm t&if;ppfvdkuf&if tm;
xm;p&mqdkvdk@ udk,faexdkifwJh wdki;f jynftygt0if EdkifiH
wum&Sd b0wlrsm;&JΠaoG;pnf;r_tiftm;yJ &Sdygw,f?
olw@dk [m trsm;olig ajymajymaewJh ‘wdki;f jynf’ qdkwJh
t&mudk ydik q f ikd rf xm;=ua=umif;/ ud, k ef @J wu
kd ¶f u
kd f xdawG@
ae&wJh "e&SifawGeJ@ t&ifpm&if;&Sif;=u&wm/ "e&Sif
vlwef;pm;eJ@ wdkufyGJqifr_udk tpyxrrSm trsdK;om;
abmiftwGi;f pnf;¶kH;vkyaf qmif=u&wmawG[m tESpf
om& oabmraqmifbJ o¿mefoabm t&omjzpf
a=umif; uGefjrLepfa=unmpmwrf;rSm a&;xm;ygw,f?
‘EdkifiHwum’ qdkwm [dkwkef;uawmh Oa&myw0dkuf
Edkiif rH sm;avmufomjzpf+yD; aemufawmh udkvdkeDEkid fiaH wGyg
ygvmw,f/ tckawmh urBmhEdkifiH tm;vkH;udk &nf!ïef;
ygw,f? 'gt h jyif tiftm;qdw k m ta&twGuaf &m t&nf
taoG;yg xnfhwGu&f ygw,f? Armjynf tvkyform;&JŒ
zGm;bufawmfu Armjynf"e&Sif r[kwb f J t*Fvyd u f v
kd ekd D
"e&SifeJ@ udv k edk Dtkyfpk;d olwk@d jzpfygw,f? Armjynf tvkyf
orm;wdu k fyGJ[m Oa&myrSmvdk pufrsm; ¶dkufcsdK;wJh tedrfh
qifhu tpjyKp&m rvdkawmhyg? udkvdkeDpD;yGm;a&;pepf
52
udkomru Edkiif aH &;pepfuydk g wdkuyf q
GJ if&ygw,f? wjcm;
udkvdkeDEdkifiHrsm;u tvkyform; wdkufyGJrsm;vnf; 'D
oabmqefygw,f?
oabmw&m;eJ @ vuf a wG Œ
oabmw&m;odz@dk ta&;}uD;w,f/ pmrsm;rsm;
zwf=u/ urBm}uD;udk vufawG@ajymif;vJz@kd ta&;}uD;w,f/
vkyfvdk@&wm vky=f u pwJhajymenf;awGu oabmw&m;
eJ@ vufawG@qufpyfrt _ ay: em;vnfr_tydik ;f rSm ,EW&m;
qefygw,f?
oabmw&m;/ trSefw&m;rsm;udk em;vnfod
&SdvmapwJh tajccHta=umif;&if;u vlr_b0twGif;
vlawG vufawG@vkyfudkiv f _yf&Sm;r_ &Sdaevdk@ jzpfygw,f?
pmayqdkwJh ud&d,mudk tok;H csEidk zf dk@ tvGefta&;}uD;wm
rSefayr,fh pmopfawGudk pma[mif;awGxJuyJ arG;zGm;
zefwD;,lvdk@ r&Edkifyg/ 'grsKd ;uawmh ajymenf;a[mif;udk
ajymenf;opfe@J tpm;xd;k wmyJ w0Jvnfvnf jzpfaerSm
yg? vufawG@b0xJrSmawmh wu,fhupd PopfawG t+rJ&Sd
aeygw,f? ta[mif;awG xl;rjcm;em; xyfjyefwvJvJ
jyefausmhaeovdk xif&ayr,fh tcsuftvufopfawG
yg0ifaeykHudk 'Dvdk ao;i,f±;dk pif;wJh jzpfpOfawGrSmawmif
awGŒEdik yf gw,f/ ,mOfb;D [m aemufxyfwywf vnfywf
vdu k fwt Jh cg ,mOf[m a&SŒudk bD;wywfpm ydka¶GŒoGm;um
bD;&J@ cHEdkif&nf[mvnf; enf;enf;ydak vsmhoGm;cJ+h yD? 'Dae@
reuf tdyf&mxvdkuw f Jhtcg rdr&d JŒb0tawG@t}uKH[m
w&ufpm ydjk ynfph o Hk mG ;cJ+h yD/ urBmvk;H }uD;[m wywfyv kd nf
oGm;cJhwJhtcg urBmhtjzpftysufopf owif;opfrsm;
vnf; ay:xGufvm+yD pwJjh zpfpOfuav;awG jzpfygw,f?
vlawGtaeeJ@ 'DvdktawG@t}uKH ta[mif;topfawG

xJu trSefw&m;udk csifhcsdefqGJxkwfEdkifygw,f? txl;
ojzifh Edik if Ha&;e,fy,frmS vlxk}uD;taeeJ@ wqifjh rifhwJh
EdkifiHa&;todawGudk vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_twGif;uae &&Sd=u
ygw,f? tvkyform; vlwef;pm;&JΠEdkiif aH &; toda&csed f
udk jr‡ihw
f if&mrSm 'Dtcsu[ f m txl;ta&;}uD;ygw,f?
vufawGŒvkyf+yDqdkrSawmh vkyfvdk@&avmufwm
udkyJ taumiftxnfazmfzdk@ }udK;pm;=uwmygyJ? 'gayrJh
a&wdak &&Snf jy\emudk xnfhwu G f=u&w,f? csucf sif;
aumufvkyfvdk@ &ayr,fh a&&Snfqufvkyfvdk@ r&wm/
a&&SnftusdK;pD;yGm;udk xdcu kd fapEdkiw
f mqd&k if a&Smif=uOf
&ygw,f? aq;raomufcif aq;!ïe;f udk ar;& zwf&ovdk
ygy?J vkyfv@kd &wmvkyf&if; a&S@wuf&r,ft h pm; a&pkeaf rsm
oGm;wm/ 0J*,ufxJ w0Jvnfvnf jzpfaewm/ jyefwuf
_ynf o l h t m%m
vd@k r&awmhwahJ csmufxJ usa&mufomG ;wm rjzpf&atmif
rsufuef;vkyfvdk@ r&yg/ rlukd qkyfudki&f ygw,f/ (acwfrD)
oabmw&m;udk udk;um;&ygw,f/ t}uH^m%frsm; pk
pnf;&ygw,f? a&&SnftwGuf pOf;pm;zdk@u pD;yGm;a&;/
Edkiif aH &; buftoD;oD;rSm vdtk yfygw,f? zG@H +zdK;wd;k wufwhJ
Edik if HawGrSm vufawG@tokH;csodyHy` nm (enf;ynm) buf
rSm a&S@quf& cufraeapzd@k oabmw&m; odyH` (Theorecti
- cal Science) okawoe vkyfief;udkyg tm;pdku& f ovdk
ygyJ?
vufawG@jy\emawGudk ajz&Sif;zdk@twGuf rSef
uefwJhrlrsm;/ ay:vpDrsm;/ vkyfief;vrf;!ïefrsm; wnf
aqmuf&mrSm vlyk*~dKvfwOD;csif; odk@r[kwf tiftm;pk
(tzG@J tpnf;) wckcsi;f r#omr[kwf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;t&yg
tm;pdkufvkH;yef;r_awG jyKvkyf=u&+yD; acwfajymif;vJa&;
jy\em}uD;rsm;twGufqdk&if acGs;aoG;ay;qyfr_awG
}uKH&wwfygw,f?
wck v k H ; eJ @ wck c sif ;
a,bk,se@J xl;jcm;csuf/ wckvH;k eJ@wckcsi;f quf
pyfr_qdkif&mtay: em;vnfcsuf rSefuefzdk@ ta&;}uD;yg
w,f? umva'o xl;jcm;csufw&m;qdkwm rkcsazmf
xkw&f rSm jzpfw,f? 'gr&S&d if bmvufawG@rS vkyfvk@d r&yg?
[dx
k ;l jcm;csuf 'Dx;l jcm;csurf sm;udk aygi;f csKyu
f m a,bk,s
aumufcsuf cs&wJt h wGuv f nf; xl;jcm;csufrsm; od&dzS k@d
ta&;}uD;ygw,f? 'gayrJh xl;jcm;csufw&m;qdkwm a,
bk,sw&m;udk rvGeq f efEidk yf g? a,bk,sw&m;&JΠtpdwf
tydkif;vnf; jzpfygw,f? ¶lyodyH/` "mwkodyH` pwmawG[m
taxGaxGodyH` w&m;rsm;udk rvGefqefEdkifyg? “wdk@umv
wdk@a'ou b,f[meJ@rrS wl xl;udkxl;jcm;w,f” qdw k m
53
_ynf o l h t m%m

rsdK;buf wdrf;oGm;wJh “oD;oef@w&m;”/ “¹cif;csuf0g'”

awGbuf a&mufroGm;atmif owdxm;&ygr,f? opf
awmta=umif; pOf;pm;vdkufawmhrS udk,fjrifae&wJh
opfyifu yd¶k yk fvkH;ºuvmw,f? ud, k ufh rBm}uD;ta=umif;
ydkozd @dk p=um0Vmta=umif; pl;prf;=u&w,f? udk,fh0rf;em
udk,yf o dk dz@dk 0rf;emawG ta=umif;odwhJ q&m0efqD csOf;
uyf&w,f? txl;ojzifh tckacwfrSm urBmhta&;tcif;
rsm;eJ@ ,SOf=unfhawmhrS rdrdwdkif;jynfudpPrsm;udk ydkrdk
oabmaygufvmw,f pwJh tjcif;t&mrsm; &Sdaewm
owdxm;&ygr,f?
vlwa,muf&J@ yk*~vdub0udk ol@acwf vl@tzGJ@
tpnf; b0twGi;f olyg0ifywfoufyHk ol@tcef;u¾ay:
rlwnf+yD; ±kyf0g'usus tuJjzwf&ygr,f? vl@tzGJ@tpnf;
wdk;wufr_udk wGef;aqmfay;ovm; [e@fwm;ovm; b0tydki;f udk wydik ;f owfowfxm; =unfhjrif=u&ygr,f?
qdkwmay:rlwnf tuJjzwf&ygr,f? 'Dvked @J vlwa,muf EdkifiHa&;avmu u vlyk*~dKvfrsm;eJ@ ywfouf&ifvnf;
&J@ b0 (od@k r[kwf ol@b0 wpkw H &m tpdwt f ydki;f ) [m vl@tzGJŒtpnf;tay: aumif;usdK; odk@r[kwf qdk;usdK;
wdk;wufw,f/ azmufjyefw,f/ omrefjzpfw,f odk@ oufa&mufapwJh vkyfaqmifcsuf tydkif;udk tav;xm;
r[kwf yÉdyuQrsm;eJ@ jynhfv#rf;aew,f pwJh tuJjzwf okH;oyftuJjzwf&rSmygyJ?
r_awG jzpfvmygw,f? awmfvfpwGdKif;&J@ pmayrsm;udk vlawG&J@ yk*v~ dub0 toD;oD;rSm tcsdK;tauG@
rmhupf f0g'tjrifeJ@ cGjJ crf;pdwjf zmwm vkyf&rSm jzpfayr,fh awGu rsm;jym;w,f? oljzwfoef;&wJh vlry_ wf0ef;usif
pma&;ol awmfvfpwGdKif;udak wmh tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm; uvnf; tajymif;tvJrsm;jym; &_yfaxG;w,f? 'gtay:
&yfwnfcsufr&Sdol/ wd;k wufwJh urBmt h jrif r&Sod /l azmuf ol@&@J w@Hk jyefr_ yg0ifywfoufru_ vJ yÉdyuQrsm;eJ@ jynhv
f #r;f
jyefol pojzifh wzufowftuJjzwfvdk@ rjzpfyg? 70 ; aewwfygw,f? 'ga=umihf b0wckvkH;udk (rsufarSmuf
30 pHjzifhom tuJjzwfoifhygw,f? ol@&JŒpmayrsm;[m vlyk*~dKvfrsm;twGufqdk&if rsufarSmufumvtxd b0
ol@acwfo@l tcg&JŒ ¶k&Sm;vl@tzG@J tpnf;udk yDyjD yifjyif o¶kyf wckvH;k udk) ±dk;pif;wJh aumufcsufeJ@ tuJjzwfEdkifwmrsKd ;
azmfcJhvdk@ urBmhpmayordkif;rSm wefzdk;xm;&r,fh tarG u &Sm;yg;ygw,f?
tESpaf wGjzpfvdk@ ol@udk cs;D usL;*k%fjyKoifhygw,f? tvm; tJ'Dvdk b0wckv;kH udk rjzpfrae tuJjzwfcsuf
wlpmG yJ odyyH` nm&Sirf sm;eJ@ ywfouf&if olw@kd &ŒJ &SmazGawGŒ xkwfzdk@ }udK;pm;wm/ taumif;tqdk; csdecf iG fv#mwdki;f +yD;
&Sdcsufrsm;udk wefzdk;xm;&rSmjzpf+yD; vl@tzGŒJ tpnf;tay: qkH;jzwfwmxuf b,ftauG@rSm ol@&ŒJ b,fvydk g0ifr_u
*,uf¶u dk fr_ r&Sw
d Jh olwk@d &J@ udk,af &;ud, k fwmoufouf b,fvkd vuQ%m&Sw d ,f/ b,ftauG@awGrmS ol@&@J b,fuhJ

54

odk@aom yk*~vdu p¶dkuo f bm0rsm;[m bma=umihf wdrf
jrKyfae+yD; b,ftauG@awG a&mufawmhrS bma=umihf
b,fvkx d Gufay:vm+yD; vl@tzG@J tpnf;tay: aumif;usKd ;
odk@r[kwf qdk;usdK; oufa&mufapw,f? b,ftqihfrSm
bma=umihf wufºucJh+yD; b,ftqihfa&mufawmh bm
a=umihf xdkiu f soGm;w,f pwmrsdK; ordik ;f ajymif;vJr_ jzpf
pOf tjrife@J cGjJ crf;pdwjf zm tuJjzwfwmuom oifcef;pm
,lp&m jzpfygvdrhfr,f? tzGJŒtpnf;awG/ vlr_pepfawG
udkvnf; ordki;f ajymif;vJr_jzpfpOf tjrifeJ@ 'DvdkyJ cGJjcrf;
pdwfjzm tuJjzwf&rSmygyJ? aomhcsufuawmh vl@tzGJ@
tpnf; wdk;wufr_udk wGef;aqmfay;ovm; [e@fwm;
ovm; qdkwmygyJ?
ta&;udprP sm;/ vlyk*K~d vfrsm;tay: a0zefra_ wGeJ@
ywfoufvk@d ajym&&if “u|efawmf b,fvv dk v
l J qdw
k m
ordkif;u tqkH;tjzwfay;vdrfhr,f?” (vma0zefrae
=ueJ@?) “u|eaf wmf b,fvv dk lvJqkw
d m apmifh=unfh=u?”
(tck ajymrae=ueJ@?) “'Dvx l kv_y&f Sm;r_ aemufu, G frSm
raumif;qd;k 0g; ya,m*awG &Sad ew,f =um;w,f? txl;
tzGJ@eJ@ pkHprf;r,f?” (tck ajymrae=ueJ@ 0ef;&Hrae=ueJ@
tr_rywfcsif&if a0;&m&Sm;=u?) “cifAsm;wdk@ rkef;wJv h ludk
tck ta&;,lawmhr,f§,lvdkuf+yD?” (auseyf=u? 'D
ta=umif; a0zefaqG;aEG;wmawG rvkyf=uawmheJ@?” po
jzifh vlxktwGi;f a0zefaqG;aEG;r_awGudk jiif;y,fydwyf if
ac|;odyfwmawGudk qef@usif&ygr,f?
b,fudpP ta=umif;yJjzpfygap? ordkif;tauG@
tcsdK; jzpfpOftvdkuf tjzpftysufrsm;eJ@ vuf&Sdtcdkif
trm od&oavmuf tjzpftysurf sm;tay: tajccH+yD;
cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm ajymqdkwmqdk&if tcdkiftrm r[kwfwJh
‘aemufuG,u f Zmwfvrf;rsm;’ tay: tajccHajymwm
rvkyfbJ tao;pdwf r[kwfawmif a,bk,sr# rSefrSef
_ynf o l h t m%m
uefuef aumufcsucf s ajymqdw k mqd&k if 'Dajymqdck su[ f m
wefzdk;&Sdygw,f?
aemuf+yD; ‘zufqpfawGtxJrmS vnf; vlaumif;
awG &Sw d myJ 'Dru kd a&pDorm;awG txJrmS vnf; vlq;kd awG
&S d w myJ ’ qd k + yD ; tajccH v l r _ p epf aumif ; raumif ;
jy\emudk vlaumif;raumif; jy\emeJ@ a&maxG;zkH;
uG,f&ifvnf; qef@usif&ygr,f? 'ghtjyif ‘vltjypf
r[kwfbl;/ pepftjypf’ qdkaeayr,fh wu,fwrf;rSm
vkyfenf;udkief nf;pepfudkyJ tjypfzdk@cikd ;f aewmrsdK;udkvnf;
em;a,mifvk@d rjzpfyg? vkyfenf;udik ef nf; pepfta=umif;
ajym&if tajccHvlr_,EW&m;ta=umif; rygvdk@ r&yg?
vleJ@pepf (vleJ@rl) qdkwm cGJr&ygbl;? aoG;pkyfzdESdyfr_udk
xd ef;odrf; umuG ,fzd k@ wnfa qmuf xm;wJh ,EW&m;/
jcpm;aewJh ,EW&m;udk b,fenf;pepfeJ@o;kH okH; ajredr&fh m
vSHpdkufwm/ tjrifhpHrsm;udk ydkjr‡ifhay;wmyJ jzpfvmrSmyg?
'ga=umifh 'D,EW&m;}uD;udk [dkvdkokH;vdkufygvm; 'DvdkokH;
vdkufygvm; t}uHay;p&m ta=umif;r&Sdyg? ajredrfh&m
vSHpdkufcH&ykHrsm;/ vufwqkyfpm tjrifhpHa&ay:qDawG
jrifhoxufjrifhvmykHrsm;eJ@ ta=umif;&if;rsm;udk azmf
xkw=f u&rSm jzpfw,f? vkycf pm;pepft& vSt H pdkucf H&qk;H
jzpfwJh ypPnf;rJhtvkyform; vlwef;pm;udk,fwdkif yg0if
OD;aqmifr_jzifh tzdESdyfcH jynfoludk pnf;¶kH;um vuf&Sd
t&if;&Si, f EW&m;udk zsuo f rd ;f zd@k e@J aoG;pkyrf u
_ if;wJh avmu
udk azmfaqmifr,fh vlr_,EW&m;eJ@ tpm;xdk;zdk@twGuf
r&Sdrjzpf vdktyfaewJh EdkifiHa&; todjr‡ifhwifr_vkyfief;/
pnf;¶kH;a&;tiftm; pkpnf;r_vkyfief;wdk@udk vufawGŒ
vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJ twGif;rSm vkyfaqmif=u&rSm jzpfyg
w,f?
2020/ pufwifbm 1 &uf?
55
 t&if;&Sifpepf tmumoudk e,fcsJh_cif;

emqm (NASA) tmumo,mOfrSL;ESpfOD; vdkufygwJh tmumo,mOfrmS vdu k fygEkid zf dk hxdkifckw

H vH;k udk 85 rDv, D H
‘}uKd ;yrf;csu’ f trnf& tmumo,mOfukd zavmf&'D g a':vm ay;ae&wmvnf; tqHk;owf+yDvdk hqkdEdkifw,f?
jynfe,f uae'D tmumopcef;uae 2020 ckESpf arv Crew Dragon Endeavour ,mOfeJ@ Falcon 9
30 &ufae rh mS v$ww f if vduk yf gw,f? pGe&f J (9) vd@k trnf v$wf'Hk;udk bDvD,HemolaX; tDvGefrufp&f J@ SpaceX u
ay;xm;wJh v$wf'k;H eJ@wGJ+yD; v$ww f ifvu dk fwm jzpfw,f? wyfqifxkwfvkyfw,f? tckqdk&if SpaceX u EdkifiH
udkApf 19 uyfa&m*ga=umifh tar&duefjynfolawG tyg wumtmumopcef; (ISS) udk tmumo,mOfrLS ;awG
t0if wurBmvHk; ylyifaomua&muf/ y&da'0rD;awG ydk@aqmifay;wJh yxrqHk; yk*~vduukr`%D jzpfvmw,f?
awmufaecsdefrSm tar&dueftkyfpdk;ol vlwef;pm;eJ@ emqm&J@ Commercial Crew Program (CCP) t&
taemuftyk pf k rD', D mawGu 'Dw}udrf tmumo,mOf yk*~vduukr`%DawG tmumo,mOf wnfaqmufEdkifzdk@
v$ww f ifyu
JG kd ‘yG}J uD;yGaJ umif;’ vdk ah ºu;a=umf atmifycJG H SpaceX udk 3²1 bDv, D Hcef@/ Boeing udk 4²8 bDvD,Hcef@
=uw,f? arvukefrSm v$wfwifvku d w
f hJ tJ'tD mumo aiGa=u; axmufyHhxm;w,f? yk*v ~ duudk uefx±dkuftcGJ
,mOf[m =o*kwv f 2 &ufae hrSm urBmajray: jyefqif; ay;wJhtvkyfudk emqmu 2010 rSm pvkyfcJhwm jzpf
vmygw,f? wu,fawmh yk*v ~ ud ukr`%D SpaceX u w,f? emqmtaeeJ ht&ifvkd trmxnftwGuf ypPnf;
ol@ukefypPnf;udk 'kwd,t}udrf ±d_;jywJhyGJ (Demo-2 0,fwm/ tmumo,mOfudk ydkifqkid w f m/ pDrcH ef hcw
GJ mawG
Mission) jzpfw,f? rvkyfawmhbl;? pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&SifawGudk tusKd;wl
tar&duef tmumo vGef;ysH,mOf ysHoef;r_ pD;yGm;zuf (ygwem) vkyfvdkufw,f?
(Space shuttle) tpDtpOfukd 2011 ckEpS frSm tqHk;owf CCP rSm a':vm bDvD,He@J csD+yD; &if;ESD;jrKyfE& SH m
cJhwma=umifh 9 ESpftwGi;f rSm yxrqHk;t}udrf tar&duef rSm tmumotdufpf (SpaceX) eJ o h @l +ydKifbuf bd;k tif;
tmumo,mOfrSL;awG vdkufygarmif;ESifwJh tar&duef (Boeing) udk &if;ESD;jrKyfESHaiG&J@ w0ufpDavmuf cGJay;xm;
vkyf tmumo,mOfudk v$wfwifr_jzpfw,f? ydkxl;jcm; w,f? SpaceX u emqmeJ@ ukefpnfydk@aqmifa&; pmcsKyf
wmu yxrqHk; tpd;k &/ yk*~vduzufpyf tpDtpOfuae vnf; csKyfqdkxm;+yD; 2012 uwnf;u EkdifiHwum
zefwD;xkwfvkyfwJh,mOf jzpfw,f? 2011 aemufyidk f;rSm tmumopcef;udk ukefypPnf; yd@k ay;aewmyg? r=umao;
EdkifiHwum tmumopcef;udk tar&duef tmumo cifu ESpfawGrmS tDveG frufpf/ *sufzaf b;Zd;k pfeJ@ &pfcswf
,mOfrSL;awG apv$wfwkdif; ±k&Sm; tmumo at*sifpD b&efqefwdk@vdk ukaÉ=uG,folaX;awGa=umifh tar&duef
a&mhpfaumhpfarmhpf (ROSCOSMOS) &J@ qdk;,kZf (Soyuz) tmumovkyfief; jyefacgif;axmifvmw,f? tarZkef
56
 _ynf o l h t m%m

ukr`%Dydkif&iS f *sufzfab;Zdk;pf&J h Blue Origin eJ@ t*Fvyd f rsm;pGm wefzk;d &SdwJh vkyfief;wck jzpfvmr,fvkd hqkw d ,f?
vkyfief;&SifolaX; &pfcswfb&efqef&JŒ Virgin Galactic x&rft h pdk;&&JŒ &nfrSef;csuw f cku ‘v’ udk tmumo
ukr% ` aD wGu tmumo c&D;oGm;vkyif ef;twGuf tm;}uKd ; ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&; vkyfief;awGtwGuf c&D;waxmuf
rmefwuf vkyfudkifae=uw,f? 'Dukr`%DawGeJ@emqm rSm avmifpmjznfah y;wJah e&m (gas station) tjzpf ajymif;
pD;yGm;zufawGtjzpf vkyfudkifaewJh wjcm;tpDtpOfawG vJEikd af &;yJvdk@ qdkw,f?
vnf; &Sdygao;w,f? tar&duef tmumo ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;
orRwtdb k m;rm; vufxufuwnf;u trsKd; qdki&f m vGwfvyfaom vkyfief; tufOya' (American
om; tmumoay:vpD (2010) eJ@twl tmumorSm Space Commerce Free Enterprise Act ) u
pD;yGm;a&; tjrwfxkwfzdk ht&Sdef&aeyg+yD? orRwx&rfh tmumoudk wurBmvHk;u bHyk idk w f m r[kwfb;l vd@k a=u
vufxufrSm tar&duef tmumo wyfzJ@G udk xlaxmif nmxm;w,f? 'Dvakd =unmvdu k wf m[m Edik if w
H umobm
+yD; tmumo ysHoef;a&;udk OD;pm;ay; ay:vpDw&yftjzpf wlpmcsKyfawGukd azmufzsuw f m jzpfw,f? tmumoxJ
csrSwfxm;w,f? (tar&duefavwyf&J@ tmumoppf u tzdk;wef o,HZmwawGukd tjrwfxw k fzdk@ yk*~vdu
wdki;f udk 1982 ckEpS fuwnf;u wnfaxmif+yD; jzpfw,f?) ydkivf yk fzkd@ &nf&, G vf u
dk fwmvnf; jzpfw,fvdk@ oHk;oyfol
tmumowyfz@JG &@J wm0efawGu tmumoxJu tar wcsKŒd u qd=k uygw,f? trsK;d om; tmumoaumifpD&JŒ
&duef&@J tusK;d pD;yGm;udk umuG,zf @kd / tmumo usL;ausmrf _ tr_aqmif !ïe=f um;a&;rSL; paumhayhpfu tmumo
awGukd [ef@wm;zdk@eJ@ tmumo ppfqifa&;awGvyk zf @dk vk@d [m vlom;rsKd;EG,f&J@ bHktarGtESpfr[kwf/ jynfolydkif
qdw k ,f? tar&duef&@J yxrqH;k pD;yGm;jzpf tmumo,mOf ypPn;f r[kwfb;l vdk@ qdkvmw,f?
udk rv$wfwifcif av;ig;vtvdk 'DZifbmv 2019 tar&duef/ qdkAD,uf,leD,HeJ hwjcm;EdkifiHawG
ckESpfrmS 'DwyfzGJ@udk zGJ@pnf;w,f? tmumo,mOf ajrjyif (jrefrmEdkifiH tygt0if) ukvor*~uwqihf oabmwl
udk jyefqif;+yD;aemuf &ufykid ;f twGi;f rSmyJ pmrsufESm 41 vufrw S af &; xd;k xm;wJh 1967 ckEpS f ‘urBmah vxk. jyify
rsuEf Sm&Sw d ‘
hJ tmumo pGr;f tm;’ qdkwJh ppfa&;rl0g' tmumoqd k i f & m oabmwl p mcsKyf ( Outer Space
udk xkwjf yefw,f (10 &uf/ =o*kwv f )? oD;jcm; ppftif Treaty)’rSm tmumo[m vlom;tm;vH;k / Edi k if t
H m;
tm;w&yfudk owfrw S fvudk fw,fv@dk qdk=uw,f? vH;k &JΠbHyk ikd f (res communis) vd@k qdxk m;wmyg? tmumo
x&rfth pdk;&u ppfat;acwfu &Scd hw J hJ trsK;d om; xJu b,ft&mudkrqdk ydkifqdkifa=umif; b,fEdkifiHurS
tmumoaumifpDudk 2017 rSm jyefwnfaxmifw,f? ra=unm&/ tmumoudk +cdrf;ajcmuf+yD;jzpfap/ odrf;ydu k f
EdkifiHwum tmumopcef;udk o,f,lydk haqmifay;wJh +yD ; jzpf a p/ wjcm;wenf ; enf ; eJ @ jzpf a p tcsKyf t jcm
axmufy@kd vyk if ef;udk yk*v ~ u d ydik v
f yk zf k@d tqdjk yKw,f? ul; tm%m xlaxmifvdk@ r&bl;vdk@ a=unmxm;wm jzpf
oef;a&mif;0,fa&;0ef}uD; 0Dvfbma&mhpfu tmumo w,f? 'gayrJh tar&duefe,fcsJ@orm;u 'DoabmwlnD
vkyfief;[m 330 bDv, D Ha':vm wefzdk;&Sw d hJ vkyif ef;jzpf csuf udk azmufz suf zd k@ }udK;pm;vmw,f? vd ktyf& if
ae+yD? r=umcif q,fpkEpS fawGrSm a':vm x&Dv, D Haygif;

57
_ynf o l h t m%m
tmumoppfyJG qifE$Jzdk hppfa&;jyifqifr_awGyg tcsdeu
vkyfvmwmyg?
+*Kd [w
f k v$ww
f ifwhJ vkyif ef;/ tmumo c&D;oGm;
vkyfief;/ OuUmcJ wl;azmfa&;vkyfief;eJ@ wjcm;vkyfief;awG
uae tjrwftpGef;awG xkwf,El idk af tmif tmumoudk
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief; e,fy,ftjzpf ajymif;vJypfwJhacwf
wckudk csOf;eif;0ifa&mufvm+yD jzpfygw,f? tmumo
pl;prf;avhvma&; enf;ynmaumfyadk &;&Si;f (SpaceX) eJ@
Blue Origin vdk yk*~vu d aumfykad &;&Si;f awG pdk;rd;k csKyfuidk f
vmaewJh tmumovkyif ef;udk tmumoopfv@kd avhvm
oH;k oyfoal wGu trnfay;xm;=uw,f? 'kw, d tmum
oacwfv@dk vnf; qd=k uw,f? qdkAD,uf,el , D Hu 1957
ckESpfrSm pyGwfepf +*dK[fwk (1) udk tmumoxJ v$wfwif
+yD; (yxr) tmumoacwfudk pwifcw Jh m jzpfw,f?
tmumoa[mif;[m tpdk;&awGu tmumo
qdik f&m vkyfief;awGudk csKyfukid x
f m;wJ/h wdk;wufr_ aES;auG;
av;vHw,fvdk@qdkwJh ppfat;acwf tmumo qufqH
58
f udk f a&;pepf jzpfw,fv@kd qd=k uw,f? tmumoacwfa[mif;
rSm tar&dueftpdk;&u bdk;tif;eJ@ avmh[drmwifvdk
vufwqkyfpm aumfydka&;&Sif;}uD;awGukyd J uefx±du
k fay;
xm;w,f ? tmumoacwf o pf rS m awmh tmumo
qdkif&m pD;yGm;a&;ukr`%aD wG w'gZifavmuf &Sdygw,f?
tmumoudk aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&; e,fy,ftjzpf vkyfcJh
wmu 1960 ckEpS rf sm;uwnf;u jzpfygw,f? orRwa&*if
vufxufrmS pD;yGm;a&;ESihf ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;qdki&f m
tmumood@k v$ww f ifr_ tufOya' (1984) udk vuf
rSwfa&;xdk; twnfjyKw,f? 'gayrJh yk*~vdu pD;yGm;a&;
vkyfief;awG[m tuef@towfeJ@om yg0ifEdkifw,f?
tmumoopfuawmh tar&duefe@J qdAk D,uf
,leD,H&@J ppfat;acwf tmumo+ydKifyJeG @J rwlawmhb;l ?
tmumoudk twdik ;f twm }uD;}uD;rm;rm;eJ@ ukefo, G f
a&;/ pD;yGm;a&; e,fy,ftjzpf ajymif;vJypfwJhacwfudk
a&mufvm+yD? tmumoopfu tmumorSm t&if;&Sif
pepf ay:xGef;r_udk tcsufjyvdkufwmyJvdk@ oHk;oyf=u
 _ynf o l h t m%m

w,f? t*Fg+*dK[fukd udkvedk Dtjzpf odr;f ydkurf ,fh Starship vkyvf mygw,f? o,f,yl @kd aqmifa&;'H;k awG xkwv f yk fwm/
tmumo,mOf[m ukr`%D&J@ xdyfwef;OD;pm;ay; jzpf urBmyh wfvrf;rSm +*Kd [fwak wG ae&mcsxm;wm/ tmumo
w,fv@kd SpaceX ukr% ` yD ikd &f iS f tDveG rf ufpu
f ol@0efxrf; udk pl;prf;avhvma&;/ tjrwfxkwfa&;eJ@ udkvdkeDtjzpf
awGqD ydk@wJh tD;ar;wapmifrmS azmfjyygw,f? 'D,mOfu odrf;ydkufa&;awGudk vlom;rsKd;EG,ftwGuf vkyfaewm
t*Fg+*dK[fudk wacgufrSm vlw&mtxd ydk@ay;Edkifr,fvdk@ r[kwyf gb;l ? vlom;rsK;d EG,u f kd ud,
k pf m;jyKoa,mifa,mif
qdkw,f? t*Fg+*dK[fukd b,fvkv d al wG oGm;Edik rf vJ pOf;pm; vdrfnmAef;jyaewJh t&if;&Sif pD;yGm;a&;orm;awGu ol
=unfyh g? ajcvsiaf v#mufae&ol/ pufb;D pD;ol/ um;armif; wdk@vlwef;pm;tusKd;twGuf vkyfaewmyg? r=umcif
ol/ av,mOfpD;Edik o f l pojzifh vufawG@b0xJu tajc tcsed w
f tdk wGi;f rSm tmumovkyif ef;[m urBmyh xrqHk;
taeudkyJ Ed_if;,SOpf Of;pm;=unfhyg? udkApf 19 uyfqku d rf _ x&DvD,Hwefvkyfief; jzpfvmr,f/ urBmhyxrqHk; x&D
jyif;xefvmawmh rDv, D eH m olaX;awG[m a&m*guif;pif vD,Hem olaX;awGvnf; ay:xGuv f mr,fvdk@ oHk;oyfae
w,fvk@d ,lq&wJh ae&mawGukd oGm;+yD; tyef;ajzae=u =uw,f?
w,fvk@d qdkw,f? t&if;&Sifpepfu t&if;pkyHkwdk;yGm;r_udk jzpfap
tmumo ta[mif;wkef;u vlom;rsKd;EG,f w,f? t&if;ydv k #rH u
_ kd jzpfapw,f? tJ't D cg ydv
k #w
H hJ t&if;
twGuf tusKd;jzpfxGef;zdk@ OD;pm;ay;+yD; vkyf=uw,f? Edkiif H udk wjcm;e,fajropfawGudk wifyk@d zdk@ vkyf=uygw,f? 'g
wum oabmwlpmcsKyfawG&JΠuef@owfcsufawGvnf; a=umifh t&if;&Sipf epf&J htjrifhqHk;pepf[m e,fcsJ@pepfyv J k@d
&Sdw,f? tmumo topfrSmawmh tar&duefu Edkiif H vDeifu qdkcJhw,f? t&if;&Sifpepf cdkif+rJoufqdk;&Snf
wumpmcsKyfawGudk azmufzsufwhJ pum;awG ajAmifajym atmif ae&mopf &Smw,f/ e,fajrcs@J xiG w f ,f/ e,fajr
vmovdk yk*~vdu ukr`%DawGe@J vnf; ajAmifvufwGJ+yD; opfawGudk odrf;ydkufygw,f? 21 &mpkrSm e,fcsŒJ vufopf
"e&Sifvlwef;pm;&J@ tusKd;twGuf tifwdkuftm;wdkuf awG/ "e&Sifvlwef;pm; vufopfawGu urBmay:rSm

59
_ynf o l h t m%m

e,fcsJ@p&mae&m rusefawmhvdk@ tmumoudk e,fcsJ@zdk@ }udK;yrf;vm=u+yD? b,facwfrSmyJjzpfjzpf e,fcsJŒorm;[m

yHkpw
H lygw,f? tmumoopf t&if;&Sief ,fcsJ@awG[m 19 &mpku +Adwdo# ta&SŒtdEdN,ukr`%DeJ hodyrf uGmygb;l vdk@
ynm&Siw f csKŒd u qd=k uw,f? ta&SŒtdE,Nd ukr%
` u D tpd;k &eJ@ "e&Siv f lwef;pm; aygi;f zufxm;wmyg?
wcsdefu oabFmawGeJ hork'&N mjzwf urBmywf+yD; e,fcsJŒcJholawG[m tck tmumo[if;vif;jyifxJrSm
e,fcs@J z@kd tm;xkwaf e=u+yD? 21 &mpk udv k b
H wfpaf wG ay:vm+y?D 21 &mpk tmumo ukr% ` aD wG ay:vm+y?D p=um
0aw;rif;jzpfz@dk olw@dk tcsi;f csif;vnf; ppfcif;=uygvrd rfh ,f? odyp`H dwuf l;,Of Zmwfvrf;awGxu J vdk wu,fjzpfvm
awmhr,fv@dk qdk=uw,f? b,facwfrSmjzpfjzpf e,fcsJ@t&if;&SifawG[m olw@dk vlwef;pm;tusKd;twGuf e,fcsŒJ =uwm
yg? tmumoacwfopf e,fcsJ@t&if;&SifawG[mvnf; vlom;rsKd;EG,fudk tusKd;rjyKbJ csrf;omwJh vkyfief;&Siw f pk
udkom tusK;d jyKwJh/ "e&Sifvw l ef;pm; tusKd;udo
k m OD;wnfwhJ e,fcsJ@t&if;&SifawG jzpfygw,f? vay:udk yxrqHk;
ajccscw Jh hJ ae;vftrf;pfxa&mif;u vay:udk vlom;awG ajccsEdkifwhJ tjzpf[m ‘vlom;rsK;d EG,t f wGuf ckefysHausmfvm$ ;
r_}uD;wck’ vdk@qdkcJhw,f? rsuaf rSmuf tmumot&if;&Sifpepf&JŒ atmifjrifra_ wGuawmh ‘t&if;&Sirf sK;d EG,t f wGuf
ckefysHausmfvm$ ;r_}uD;wck’ jzpf w,fvdk hynm&Siw f csK@d u qdk=uygw,f?

&nf!ïef;
One giant leap for capitalistkind: private enterprise in outer space
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-019-0218-9
‘The big show’: US poised to return to human spaceflight with historic launch
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/may/26/spacex-nasa-human-space-launch
How NASA and SpaceX plan to launch astronauts in May despite a pandemic
https://www.cnbc.com/2020/04/03/nasa-spacex-to-launch-astronauts-in-may-despite-coronavirus-
pandemic.html
‘Spacepower’: US Space Force releases foundational doctrine
https://www.space.com/space-force-spacepower-doctrine-capstone.html
Elon Musk’s Top Priority Now Is Going to Mars and the Moon
https://observer.com/2020/06/elon-musk-spacex-top-priority-startship-spacecraft-mars-moon/

+*dK[fwvk w$ fwifwJh vkyif ef;/ tmumo c&D;oGm;vkyfief;/

OuUmcJwl;azmfa &;vkyfief;eJ@ wjcm;vkyfief; awGu ae
tjrwftpGef;awG xkwf,lEdkifatmif tmumoudk
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief; e,fy,ftjzpf ajymif;vJypfwJh
acwfwckudk csOf;eif;0ifa&mufvm+yD jzpfygw,f

60
 tJ't D csufudk tar&duefu
owif;eJhrSwfcsuf vufcHcJhwm jzpfw,f?
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;tdkufqif[m0gu
aemifrSm a&;om;xkwaf 0wJh ol@&J@
trSwf&csufpmtkyfxJrSm
75 ESp fj ynfh acgi;f rmrmeJ@jiif;qefaewma=umifv h @kd tJ'Dtcsdefu ppfbuf0ef}uD;
[D ± d k & S D ; rm;eJ @ em*gpuD qdkygw,f? tEkjrLAHk;om roHk;&if [ife&Dvl;0pfpwifqefu ol@udk
*syefu vufeufcsrSm r[kwfvdk@ tEkjrLAHk;}uJr,fhta=umif;
[D±dk&SD;rm;eJ@em*gpuDòr@awG *syefEidk if u
H dk tar&duefwyfawG today;wJhtcgrSm
tEkjrLAHk;t}uJc&H wm 'DESprf Sm 75 wufodrf;&rSm jzpfw,f? olb,fvdkjyefajymcJw h ,f qdkwmudk
ESpfjynfh+yD jzpfygw,f? 1945 ckEpS f tJ'Dvdkwdkuf&&if a&;om;azmfjyxm;ygw,f?
=o*kwfv 6 &ufae@rSm tar&duefwyfzGJ@awG trsm;tjym; ‘yxrtcsuftaeeJ@
[D±dk&SD;rm;òr@ay:udk aoqHk;'%f&m&=urSm jzpfw,fvk@d u|efawmfh&J@tajccH,Hk=unfcsuft&
yxrqHk;tEkjrLAHk;}uJcscH&ygw,f? ta=umif;jyygw,f? *syef[m ppf±H_;ae+yDjzpfwmrdk@
aemuf 3 &uft=umrSm wu,fuawmh 1945 'DvdkA;Hk }uJzdk@ vHk;0rvdktyfbl;?
em*gpuDòr@udk aEGOD;avmufuwnf;u 'kw, d tm;jzifh tar&duefawG&J@
'kwd,AH;k }uJc&H ygw,f? 'DAHk; 2 *syefEdkifiH[m vufeufcszdk@twGuf toufawG rqHk;±H_;apzdk@qdk+yD;
vHk;a=umifh csufcsif;aoqHk;ol/ olwdk@vufcHEdkifr,fh 'DAHk;udk rjzpfraeoHk;zdk@
aemif&ufwcsdK@=umrS &&SdwJh oabmwlnDcsuf&&SdEdkifzdk@ rvdktyfawmhwma=umifh
rD;avmif'%f&mawGeJ@ jyifae=u+yDqdkwm 'DAHk;a=umifh urBm}uD;
tEkjrLa&mifjcnfoifhwmawGa=umifh =um;jzwfzrf;,l&&SdwJh txdwfwvef@jzpfoGm;rSmudk
aoqHk;&ol pkpkaygi;f [m 250˜ a=u;eef;awGt& 0g&Sifwefu u|efawmfwdk@EdkifiHtaeeJ@
000 eJ@ 300˜ 000 odae+yDjzpfygw,f? *syefEdkifiu H a&Smif&Sm;oifhw,f’
=um;rSm&Sdw,fvdk@ cef@rSef;&ygw,f? vdkcsifwJhtcsufu tJ'Dtcsdefu
trsm;pku t&yfom; (a,musfm;/ olwdk@&J@{u&mZf[D±[ dk Dwdkudk ppfOD;pD;csKyfjzpfol
rdef;reJ@ uav;i,fawG) eef;rcs&bl;/ ppfcHk±Hk; a&wyfAv dk fcsKyf}uD;0DvsHvJ[u
D vnf;
jzpf=uygw,f? rwif&bl;qdkwmyJ jzpfygw,f? ‘'Dt±dkif;tpdkif;vufeufawGudk
tJ'Dtcsdefu 'gayrJh tar&duefu [D±dk&SD;rm;eJ@em*gpuDwdk@rSm
tar&dueforRwjzpfol x±l;rif;u tºuif;rJhvufeufcsa&;udkyJ oHk;cJhwm[m u|efawmfwdk@&J@
oltckvdk tEkjrLAHk;}uJzdk@ awmif;qdck w Jh ,f? aemufqHk; *syefppfyGJtwGuf
trdef@ay;&wm[m *syefu *syefvufeufcswJhtcsdefrSmawmh bm±kyfydkif;taxmuftyHhrS
vufeufcszdk@ rjzpfapygbl;? 'D[mudk
61
 tpD&ifcHpmwapmif
owif;eJhrSwfcsuf xkwfjyefcJhw,f?
tJ'DtpD&ifcHpmt&
bDvD,Hemolºu,f}uD;awG&J@
yxrqHk;toHk;ðyvdkufwma=umifh toufqHk;±H_;&/ pD;yGm;ysuf=uovdk ydkifqdkifr_pkpkaygif;[m tJ'Dumv
tarSmifacwfu t±dkif;tpdkif;awG&J@ taetxdkifawGusOf;usyf=u&w,f? twGif;rSm 15µ wdk;yGm;cJhw,f?
usifh0wfpHE_ef;awGeJ@ u|efawmfwdk@ tvkyfvufrJhawG aygrsm;vmw,f? tar&duefa':vm 2²948 x&DvsrH S
usifh0wfawG[m pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;awG 3²382 x&DvsH jzpfvmcJhw,f?
wwef;wpm;wnf; tawmfrsm;rsm; txdem=uw,f? tJ'DtxJrSm xdyfqHk;u bDv, D eH m
jzpfoGm;cJhwmygyJ?’ vdk@ 1950 'gayrJh 'DumvtwGif;rSm }uD; 5 OD; jzpfwJh *sufzaf b;Zdk;pf/
ckESpfrSm a&;cJhw,f? pD;yGm;OpPm wdk;yGm;olawGvnf; bDvf*w d f/ Zlumbmh/ 0g&ifbmaz;eJ@
'gqdk tar&duefu &SdowJhq&dk if tHh=oukef=urvm;yJ? vm&DtJvDqefwdk@u a0pktrsm;qH;k
[D±dk&SD;rm;eJ@ em*gpuDwdk@rSm rvdkbJ udkApfwefck;d eJ@ "ewdk;olawG &=uw,f? olw@dk 5 OD;aygif;&J@
bma=umifh tEkjrLAHk;oHk;cJhwmygvJ? &Sdygw,f? "eOpPmawG tar&duefa':vm 76
wcsufu oltopf 'DESpf rwfvtv,frS bDvD,H wdk;vmygw,f?
wDxGifxm;wJhvufeuf&J@ arvtv,ftwGif; "rRwmyJ qHk;±_H;=uwJh
tzsufpGrf;tm;udk odcsifvdk@yg? (tar&duefrSm avmhcfa'gif;cs olºu,fawGvnf; &Sd=uygw,f?
tckvnf; vufeuftopfawGudk xm;csdef) rSm tar&duefEdkifiHrS c&D;oGm;vkyfief;/ wnf;cdkcef;pwJh
urBmhae&mtESH@u bDvsHemolºu,f}uD;awG&J@ vkyfief;&SifawGyg?
a'oEW&ppfyGJawGrSm "eOpPm[m tar&duefa':vm zuf&Sif'DZdkif;bDvD,Hem
prf;oyfoHk;ae=uwmyg? 434 bDvD,H ydw k dk;vmw,f? &ufavm&if[m 'DumvtwGif;
aemufwcsufuawmh ppf}uD;t+yD; rwfv 18 &ufrS arv 19 tar&duefa':vm oef; 100
ay:xGufvmr,fh &uftwGif; tar&duefEdkifiHrS a&mhoGm;vdk@ ol@yidk q f idk rf _u 5²6
urBmhpepfopfxJrSm bDvseH molºu,f 600 ausmfwk@d eJ@ bDvD,H jzpfoGm;w,f?
'Dvufeuftm;udk;eJ@ ywfouf+yD; [dkw,fvkyfief;&Sif
urBmhAdkvf}uD;vkyfz@dk jzpfygw,f? emrnfausmfazmhbfr*~Zif;u *|efy&pfumuawmh a':vm 34
ðypkxm;wJh tcsuftvufawGudk oef; qHk;±_H;vd@k ydik q
f dkifru _ a':vm
ud k A pf w ef c d k ; eJ @ tajcðy+yD; tar&duef 2²56 bDvsH jzpfoGm;w,f?
tcGeftaumufr#wa&;eJ@ 'DumvtwGif;
udkApf - 19 uyfab;a=umifh rnDr#r_awGtwGuf tar&duefrSm tvkyfvufrJh
wurBmvHk; 'kuQrsdK;pHk ay:vpDavhvma&; tifpwDusKu cHpm;cGifh av#mufxm;olaygif;
a&muf=u&w,f? a&m*gu;l pufc&H / uawmh 51 oef;&Syd gowJh?
62
,rf ; td k ; ay:u vuf b EG e f
=o*kwfv (4) &ufae@u
owif;eJhrSwfcsuf
vufbEGeEf dkifiHòr@awmf bD&GwfrSm
ayguu f rGJ _}uD; jzpfcw
Jh ,f? vl 200
ausmaf oqHk;+yD; 6˜ 000
ausm'f %f&m&w,f? vl 3 wefzdk;[m 80µ uef@uGufqENjycJh=uw,f? 'ga=umifh
odef;ausmf tdk;rJhtdrfrJh usqif;oGm;wma=umifh Zefe0g&DvrSm 0ef}uD;csKyf
jzpfoGm;&w,f? jynfolawG&J@ &SdpkrJhpkaiGav;awGyg [m&D&Dtpdk;& ðywfusoGm;w,f?
cef@rSef;csufwckt& ajymifwvif;cgovdk 0ef}uD;csKyf[mqef'D&uftpdk;&
'DaygufuGJr_a=umifh wdkif;jynf jzpfcJh=u&w,f? wufvmw,f? 'gayrJh
*sD'yD D&J@ 25µ avmuf qHk;±H;_ w,fvk@d vufbEGev f lOD;a&&J@ 45µ [m tajctaeawGu qdk;+rJqk;d aew,f?
qdkw,f? 2013 qif;&JrJGawr_atmufrSm 'ga=umifh tckaygufuGJr_}uD;
ckESpfavmufuwnf;u a&mufaew,fvdk@ urBmhb%fu jzpfvmawmh vlxk}uD;&J@
qdyfurf;*dka'gifrSm odkavSmifxm;wJh qdkygw,f? tvkyfvufru Jh 35µ a'gotdk;u xyfaygufuGJjyefw,f?
trd;k eD;,rf;Edkufx&dwf 2˜ 752 &Sw
d ,f? Edik if &H J@aºu;+rDu 'Dvedk J@ tpdk;&tzGJ@
wefu ayguu f wGJ mvdk@ qdkygw,f? tar&duefa':vm 92 bDvD,H&d+S yD; EkwfxGufoGm;jyefw,f?
odkavSmifxm;wJh 7 ESpftwGif; wdkif;jynf *sD'DyD&J@ 170µ tdrfapmifhtpdk;&wufvm+yD;
'D"mwkypPnf;awG[m eD;yg;&Sdw,f? 'g[m urBmay:rSm r=umrD a&G;aumufyGJvkyfay;r,f
tEW&m,f&Sdwmrdk@ ajz&Sif;zdk@ aºu;+rDtcsdK;tjrifhqHk;wck jzpfw,f? qdkw,f?
qdyfurf;tm%mydkifawGu qD;&D;,m;jynfwGif;ppf aygufuGJr_jzpf+yD;aemufrSm
w&m;a&;Xmeudk wifjycJhayr,fh jzpfwJhtcgrSm vufbEGefxJudk tpdk;&tzGJ@ wm0ef&do S l b,forl S
bmtajzrS r&cJhbl;vdk@ qdkygw,f? ppfajy;'kuQonf 1²5 tcif;jzpfae&mudk
vufbEGefrSm oef;a&mufvmjyefygw,f? vmr=unfh=uygbl;? vlx&k J@
tcuftcJtusyftwnf;awG vufbEGev f lO;D a&u 4²5 olwdk@tay: aygufuGJaewJh
jzpfaewm =umyg+yD? oef;cef@om &Sdwm jzpfygw,f? a'gotd;k udk a=umuf=uyHk &ygw,f?
tpdk;&tqufquf&J@ wm0efcrH _ udkApfa&m*guyfab; tcif;jzpf+yD; 2 &uft=umrSm
wm0ef,lr_ r&Sdwm/ usvmwma=umifh a&mufvmwmu
tusifhysufjcpm;wm pwJhpwJh vJ&molcdk;axmif;jzpf&jyefw,f? jyifopforRwrufc&Gef jzpfygw,f?
jy\emawGa=umifh jynfolawG[m +yD;cJhwJhESpf jyifopfu vufbEGe&f J@
tcuftcJaygif;pHkudk atmufwdkbmavmufuwnf;u udkvdkeDt&Sifocifa[mif;yg?
&ifqkid fae=u&wm jzpfygw,f? òr@aygif; 70 ausmrf Sm vlxak wG[m rufc&Gefu Edkiif Ha&;yg;0ygw,f?
'DESpftwGif;rSm vufbEGefaiGa=u; vrf;ay:xGuf+yD; tpdk;&udk oleJ@ygvmwJh oufawmfapmifhu
63

owif;eJhrSwfcsuf
wm;wmudk vufrcHbJ
vlxk=um;xJu idkaºu;aewJh
trsdK;orD;wa,mufudk
ayG@zufESpfodrw fh m vkyfygw,f?
vufbEGefEdkifiHtwGuf
ulnDa&;tpDtpOfawG
oluruxvkyf
aqmif&Gufay;r,f/
vufbEGeftpdk;&uwqifh
r[kwfbJ tultnDvkad ewJh
vlxkqD wdkuf±dkufa&mufatmif
pDpOfr,f pojzifh rufc&Gefu
tmrcHuwday;cJhw,f?
rufc&Gef&J@vkyf&yfawGu
b,favmufxda&mufovJqdkawmh
oljyifopfjyefa&mufawmh
tGefvdkif;ay:rSm vufbEGefvlxk
50˜ 000 ausmfvufrSwfxdk;xm;wJh
yef=um;pmwapmif xGufae+yD
jzpfygw,f? jyifopfEdkiif Hu
vufbEGeu f dk aemuf 10 ESpf=um
tkyfxdef;xm;zdk@ yef=um;pmyg?
vufbEGefEdkifiHu
*dk%;f tkyfpkav;awG uGJaewJh
EdkifiHyg? c&pf,mef/
qGefeDrGwfpvifeJ@
&StmrGwfqvifqk+d yD; tkyfpak wG
64
&Sd=uw,f? yxrurBmppft+yD;rSm
jyifopfu 'DtkyfpkawGt=um;
tm%mcGJa0a&;
EdkifiHa&;pepfw&yfudk
azmfxkwcf w Jh ,f? c&pf,mefawGudk
tumtuG,fay;zdk@ &nf&G,fcsufeJ@
jzpfygw,f? 1943 ckESpf
vGwfvyfa&;&wJhtxd
tJ'D±_yfaxG;wJh
tm%mcGJa0a&;tpDtpOfudk
wdkif;jynf&J@ txufwef;pm;
(tDvpf) awGu
qufcHxdef;odrf;cJh=uw,f?
orRwu c&pf,mef/ 0ef}uD;csKyfu
qGefeDe@J v$waf wmfOuUXu &Stm
pojzifh cGJxm;wJhpepfyg?
v$wfawmfwGif;rSm
c&pf,mefeJ@rGwfpvif
udk,fpm;vS,ftcsdK;udkawmh 6;1
qdk+yD;cGJxm;w,f?
aemufydkif;rSmawmh
w&m;0iftodtrSwfðyxm;wJh
tkyfpk 18 ck twGif;rSm
tcsdK;uscGJygw,f?
tJ'Dvdk
tm%mcGJa0xm;ayr,fh 1975
ckEpS frS 1990 txd
jynfwGif;ppfjzpfygw,f?
jynfwGif;ppftwGi;f vl 120˜ 000
aoqHk;+yD; ppfajy;'kuQonfwoef;
&Sdchw
J ,f? vufbEGefe,fajr
tpdwftydkif;wcsdK@udk tpPa&;vfeJ@
qD;&D;,m;wdk@u 0ifodrf;wmvnf;
cH&w,f? 2005 ckESpfusrS
'DwyfawG jyefqkwfoGm;=uw,f?
jynfwGif;ppf+yD;wJhaemufrSm
v$wfawmfudk wdk;csJ@vdkufw,f?
udk,fpm;vS,ftcsdK;udkawmh
c&pf,mefeJ@ rGwfpvift=um;rSm
w0ufpDcGJygw,f?
jynfo@l ppfacgi;f aqmifawGu
tpdk;&tzGJ@0ef}uD;XmeawGudk
cGJa0csKyfudkif=uw,f? tpdk;&tzGJ@
,EW&m;awGxJrSm
olwdk@=oZmtm%mawG
tòyifwdk;csJ@=uygw,f?
tpdk;&tvkyfawG/ uefx±dkufawGeJ@
wjcm;t&if;tjrpfawGudk
tkyfpt k vdkuf cGJ,=l uw,f?
EdkifiHa&;pepfu
tm;vHk;oabmwlrS&wmrdk@
tm;vHk;oabmrwl&if
qHk;jzwfcsuf rusawmhygbl;?
&v'fuawmh t&m&m[m
wpfqdk@aewmyJ jzpfygw,f?
EdkifiHa&;uGif;rSm
oabmwlnDcsufr&wJhtcg
vrf;ay:wdkuyf GJawG jzpf=uygw,f?
udk,fpDu udk,fydkifjynfol@ppfawG
&Sd=uw,f r[kwv f m;?
wzGJ@eJ@wzGJ@ tompD;&zdk@twGuf owif;eJhrSwfcsuf
toD;oD;[m
jynfytm;udk;&Sm=uygw,f? 'gudk
csuf,lae=uwJh EdkifiHawGuawmh
Edkifvdkrif;xufðyrlwm/ xGufvmcJw h ,f? tufzfbDtidk f
qD;&D;,m;/ tD&ef/ aqmf't D ma&As/
ta=umif;rJhowfjzwfwm txl;t&m&Sda[mif;wOD;jzpfol
tar&duefeJ@ jyifopfEdkifiw H dk@yJ
pwmawG[m rdkufu,f*smrefu
jzpfygw,f?
ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm=umjrifhcJh+yD jyKpkxkwfjyefvku d fwm jzpfygw,f?
avmavmq,f
jzpfygw,f? tJ'gawGudk rcHEkid fvdk@ 2000 ckESpu f pvdk@ jynfe,f 12
ajcoGufaewmuawmh
uef@uGufqENjyyGJawGvnf; ckausmf&Sd Oya'xdef;odrf;a&;
jyifopforRwrufc&Gef jzpfygw,f?
r=umr=um ay:aygufcJhw,f? t&m&SdawG[m tom;ta&mif
vufbEGeftwGuf &efyHkaiGudk
tckESpfrSmvnf; vlrnf;trsdK;om; cGJjcm;wJh ppfaoG;ºuv_yf&Sm;r_awGeJ@
oludk,fwdkif uruxvkyf+yD;
a*smzh vGdKufvnfyif;udk &Ju 9 qufpyfr_&Sdae=uw,fvdk@
pkaqmif;wm vkyfw,f? aemuf+yD;
rdepfeD;yg; 'l;eJ@zdxm;vdk@ tpD&ifcHpmu qdkygw,f?
vufbEGefrSm
toufqHk;±H_;cJh&w,f? &maygif;rsm;pGmaom
Edik if aH &;oabmwlncD sut f opfw&yf
&JwyfzGJ@&J@t=urf;zufvkyf&yfudk &Jt&m&SdawG[m
xlaxmifzdk@vnf; wdkufwGef;w,f?
qef@usifuef@uGufwJh vlr_uGef,ufawGrSm vlrsdK;cGJjcm;wJh
tck pufwifbmvqef;xJrSm
vlxkqENjyyGJawGvnf; ta=umif;awG wifcJh=uwmudk
vufbEGefudk oGm;OD;rSm jzpfw,f?
tar&duefw0ef;rSmomru awG@&&Sd w,f? jynfe,f
ajym&&ifawmh
urBmhEdkifiHtawmfrsm;rsm;qDtxd tawmfrsm;rsm;u
vufbEGef[m
jyef@ESH@oGm;w,f? tJ'Dvdk (tvmbm;rm;/ umvDzdk;eD;,m;/
trd;k eD;,rf;Edkufx&dwf 2˜ 752
uef@uGufqENjyaewJh=um;uyJ aumfeufwDuwf/ zavmf&D'g
wefxuf ydk}uD;wJh,rf;tdk;ay:
aemufxyfvlrnf;awG tDvDEGdKuf/ vl0DpD,mem; pojzifh)
&Sdaewm jzpfygw,f?
&JwyfzGJ@vufcsufeJ@ aoqHk;wmawG &JawG[m ppfaoG;ºueJ@
&SdcyJh gw,f? vljzL}uD;pdk;a&;0g'D tzGJ@awGeJ@
tar&d u ef & J w yfz G J @ xJ tck&ufydkif;twGif;rSmyJ qufoG,fr_&Sdaewmudkvnf;
vl j zL}uD ; pd k ; a&;0g'D a wG tar&duef&JwyfzGJ@xJudk azmfxw k fawG@&&Sd w,f?
pd r f h 0 if a e vljzL}uD;pdk;a&;0g'DawGeJ@ 'DaEGrSmyJ
vuf,mtpGef;a&mufawG atm&def@c±dkif'k&Jrª;eJ@
tar&duefrSm vlrnf;awGtay: pdrfh0ifaewJhta=umif; csDum*dk&Jom;wOD;wdk@[m
&JwyfzGJ@0ifawGu vlrsdK;cGJjcm;+yD; tpD&ifcHpmwapmif vuf,mpGef;vdk*dkwHqdyfyg
65

owif;eJhrSwfcsuf
t0wftpm;awG 0wfqifwm
awG@&&Sd w,f? tdv k yH D,mu
&Jt&m&SdwOD;[m
ppfaoG;ºutkyfpkwpkeJ@twlwGJ+yD;
"mwfyHk±dkufw,f?
uef@uGufqENjyolawGeJ@
owif;orm;awGudk vufeufudkif
vltkyfpkwpku wdkufcdkufaewmudk
zDvm'JvfzD;,m;&Jt&m&SdawGu
vufydkuf=unfhaecJh=uw,f?
Oya'bufawmfom;awGeJ@
tJ'DppfaoG;ºutkyfpkawG
b,favmuftwdkif;twmtxd
qufpyfywfoufaeovJ qdkwmudk
twdtusrodEdkifbl;vdk@ *smrefu
ajymygw,f? ‘'geJ@ywfoufwJh
tcsuftvufawGudk b,folrS
rpkaqmif;=ubl;? tJ'v D dk
(vljzL}uD;pdk;a&;0g'D)
Oya'bufawmfom;awGudkvnf;
b,forl S wufwufºuºu
&SmazGazmfxw k faewm r[kwfbl;’
vdk@ olu ajymygw,f?
a*smhzvGdKuf
towfcH&+yD;aemuf
uef@uGufyGJawG t&Sdefjrifhvmovdk
tJ'Dvuf,mpGef;tkyfpkawGeJ@
66
Oya'bufawmfom;awGt=um;
qufpyfr_awGtay:
pdk;&drfr_awGvnf;
jrifhwufvmcJhw,f?
umvDzdk;eD;,m;/ atmf&D*Gef/
tDvDEGdKufeJ@
0g&Siw f efjynfe,fawGu &JawGudk
'Dvq dk ufpyfra_ wG &Sdr&Sd
pHk;prf;ppfaq;aew,fvdk@
tpD&ifcHpmu qdkygw,f?
'DoDwif;ywfxJrSmyJ
0pPaumefpifjynfe,f uEdk&Sm;rSm
vlrnf;trsdK;om;
a*saumhbvdwfukd ol@uav; 3
a,mufta&S@rSmyJ &Ju aoewfeJ@
7 csufypfcJhvdk@
udk,fwydkif;aooGm;w,f?
(aq;±Hka&mufawmh
ol@udkckwifeJ@wGJ+yD;
ajcxdwfcwfxm;ygw,f?
tcef;0rSmvnf;
&Jtapmifhxm;ygw,f? olu
atmufydkif;rv_yfEdkifawmhovdk
aq;t&Sed fawGeJ@ owdvnf;
aumif;aumif;r&yg?
tckaemufydkif;rS ajcxdwfðzwf/
tapmifh±kyfvdkufygw,f?)
uef@uGufqENjyyGJawGvnf;
ay:aygufvmw,f? qENjyyGJwckrmS
&JawG&J@taemufzufrSm
vuf,mpGef; vufeufudkif
vljzLtkyfpkwpk pkpnf;=uw,f?
tJ'Dvjl zLtkyfpkudk &JawGu
a&oef@bl;awG ypfay;cJw h ,f?
&Jt&m&SdwOD;u ‘cifAsm;wdk@
'DrSma&mufvmwmudk
usKyfwdk@trsm;}uD; wefzdk;xm;
aus;Zl;wifw,f’ vdk@
toHcsJ@pufeJ@ ajymw,f?
tJ'v D uf,mpGef;tkyfpkxJu 17 ESpf
t&G,fvli,ftjzLwOD;u
qENjyaeolawGudk aoewfeJ@ ypfvk@d
2 OD;ao+yD; wOD;'%f&m&w,f?
tJ'Dvli,f[m aoewfeJ@
ypf+yD;aemuf &JawG=um;uyJ
jzwf+yD;xGufoGm;w,f?
tufzfbDtdkifeJ@
trdajrvHkðcHa&;Xmewdk@uvnf;
vljzL}uD;pdk;a&;0g'DawG[m
wdkif;jynftwGuf tEW&m,f
t}uD;qH;k jynfwGif;t=urf;zuf
+cdrf;ajcmufr_jzpfw,fvdk@
owfrSwfxm;ygw,f?
tufzfbDtdkifu ppfaq;ar;jref;cJhwJh
ppfaoG;ºutkyfpkawG[m
rsm;aomtm;jzifh
Oya'bufawmfom;awGeJ@
‘qufoG,af &;csdwq f uf’ awG
&Sdae=uw,fvdk@
twGif;ydkif;pmwrf;awGrSm
owday;xm;w,fvdk@vnf;
*smref&J@ tpD&ifcpH mu
qdkygw,f?
vuf,mpGef;rsm;ta=umif;
pl;prf;a&;A[dku ðypkxm;wJh
tcsuftvufawGt& a*smhzvdGKuf
towfcH&+yD;aemuf
ay:aygufvmwJh
‘vlrnf;awGtouf[mvnf;
wefzdk;&Sdw,f’
uef@uGufqENjyyGJawGudk
wHk@jyefzdk@twGuf pkpnf;r_vkyfcw
t}udrfaygi;f 500 eD;yg;&Sdchw J ,f?
uef@uGufqENjyolawGudk
omrefwku d cf u
kd fr_ 64 }udrf &Sdw,f?
um;awGeJ@0ifwdkufwmu 38 }udrf
&Sdw,f? aoewfe@J ypfcwfwmu 9
}udrf &Sd+yD; aoqH;k ol 3 OD; &Sdchw J ,f?
‘tJ'Dvuf,mpGef;
ppfaoG;ºutkyfpkawGxJu
t=urf;zufzdk@txufoefqHk;
tpdwftydkif;awGu
olwk@d vkyfaewmawGudk tpdk;&u
todtrSwfðyw,f/ tJ'v D dkvkyfzdk@
cGifhðyxm;w,fvdk@
,Hk=unfae=uw,f? 'ga=umifhvnf;
uef@uGufqENjyolawGudk
t=urf;zufwdkufcdkufzdk@ olwdk@[m
owif;eJhrSwfcsuf
ydk+yD;wufwufºuºueJ@
xGufvmae=uwm jzpfw,f’ vdk@
tpD&ifcHpma&;ol *smrefu
qdkygw,f?
ud k A pf e J @ urB m h p D ; yG m ;a&;
udkApfuyfa&m*gjzpfwJh
Jh Jh tapmydkif;vawGwkef;u
ay:vpDcsrSwfolawGu
pD;yGm;a&;[m ‘AGD’ pmvH;k yHk
jyefemvefxlvmr,fvdk@
ar#mfvifhcJh=uygw,f?
udkApfuyfa&m*gudk ESdrfeif;Edkif+yD;
pD;yGm;a&;vnf;
tjrefjyefEdk;xvmr,fvdk@
ar#mfrSef;cJh=uw,f?
tckawmh
urBmhEdkifiHtawmfrsm;rsm;rSm
udkApful;pufr_E_ef;awG
jyefjrifhwufvmvdk@ a'otvdkuf
avmhcfa'gif;cswmawG
jyefvkyfvm&Edkifwma=umifh
pD;yGm;a&;awG jyefaumif;vmrSm
r[kwfbJ ydkqdk;oGm;awmhrSm
jzpfw,fvdk@
pD;yGm;a&;ynm&SifawGu
rSef;q=uygw,f?
udkApfumuG,faq;&zdk@qdkwmvnf;
ESpfawGr=umawmifrS
vwcsdK@apmifh&rSm jzpfw,f?
'ga=umifh pD;yGm;a&;udk udAk pfu
aemufuw&GwfqGJaeOD;rSm
jzpfygw,f? vkyfief;awG rzGihEf idk /f
tvkyform;awG tvkyfðywf=u+yD;
b%fawGrSvnf;
jyefrqyfEdkifwJhacs;aiGawG
rsm;vmrSm jzpfw,f?
wurBmvHk;
ukefxw k fvyk fr[_ m 'DESpfyxr 6
vrSm 15²6µ usqif;r,fvdk@
tar&duef&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_b%fjzpfwJh
a*syDarmf*efacs@pfu cef@rSef;ygw,f?
'g[m 2008 pD;yGm;uyfxuf 4 q
rsm;wm jzpfw,f?
EdkifiHwumaiGa=u;&efyHkaiGtzGJ@u
urBmhpD;yGm;a&;[m 2020
ckESpftwGi;f 4²9µ usHK@oGm;r,fvdk@
cef@rSef;xm;w,f?
,l±dkZek feJ@+Adwdefwdk@&J@ *sD'DyD[m
10²2µ usr,f?
67
 &moufyefvkyfay;aeEdkifrSm
owif;eJhrSwfcsuf r[kwfyg?
pm;oHk;r_jyefjrifhwufap+yD;
pD;yGm;}uD;xGm;vmatmifvkyfzdk@
tar&duefpD;yGm;a&;uawmh 8µ ,l±dkZkefrSm tjcm;enf;vrf;awGuawmh
ao;oGm;r,f? udkApfa&m*gtjyif;xefqHk;jzpfwJh }uD;rm;wJh tajccHtaqmufttHk
urBmhxkwfvkyfr_[m ZGefvtxd 3 vtwGi;f rSm 4²5 pDrHudef;awG csrSwfvkyfaqmifwm
udkApfuyfab;rwdkirf Dtqifhudk oef; tvkyfvufrJhjzpfoGm;w,f? jzpfygw,f?
2021 rukefcifwdkifatmif *sLvdkifvu zdvpfydkif 'DvdkpDrHudef;trsm;tjym;udk
jyefa&mufrSmr[kwfbl;vdk@ tvkyfvufrJhE_ef;[m 45²5µ tar&duef/ +AdwdefeJ@Oa&mywdk@u
u|rf;usifoltrsm;pk jzpfoGm;w,f? 'DESpftukefrSm
(t*Fvefb%feJ@ xkwfjyefvmvdrfhr,fvdk@
Oa&myA[dkb%fwdk@rS tygt0if) tar&dueftvkyfvufrJhE_ef;[m ar#mfvifh&ygw,f? 'gayrJh
wdk@u rSef;xm;w,f? 'gawmif {+yDvrSm 14²7µ pD;yGm;a&;wckvHk;tay:
vmr,fhaqmif;rSm txdxdk;wufoGm;+yD; tusdK;oufa&mufapzdk@
'kwd,udkApfvd_if;vHk;}uD; *sLvdkifvrSmawmh 10²2µ 'DvdkpDrHudef;rsdK;awGu
ra&mufvmrSom jzpfr,f? jzpfvmw,f? +AdwdefrSm ESpftawmfrsm;rsm; tcsdef,l&rSm
vmr,fh udkApfuyfab;pwJhtcsdefup+yD; jzpfygw,f?
vtenf;i,ftwGif;rSm tpdk;&u tvkyftudkif 120˜ 000 udkApfab;a=umifh
axmufyHhay;wJhtpDtpOfawG jzwfcscJh&w,fv@kd ukr`%D}uD;awGu vufiif;vwfwavmqH;k ±H;_ r_awGtjyif
&yfoGm;wm 'grSr[kwf a=unmygw,f? ydkqdk;wJhtusdK;qufawGudk
avsmhenf;oGm;awmhrSmjzpfvdk@ txdtemqHk;awGu aemifvmr,fh ESpfawGtwGif;rSm
vkyfief;i,fawG vufvDaps;uGufeJ@ cHpm;=u&OD;rSm jzpfygw,f?
t}uD;tus,fxdcdkufrSm jzpfw,f? ava=umif;vdkif;awG jzpfw,f? r[mpD;yGm;ysufuyf}uD;[m 1929
2020 ckESpfrSm vkyfief;ti,feJ@ udkApfuyfab;twGuf ckESpf atmufwkb d m
tvwfpm;awG u,fq,fa&;tultnDtjzpf aps;uGufysufðyef;r_eJ@
a'0gvDc&H wJhE_ef;[m 3 tar&duefa':vm 11 x&Dv, D H tpðycJhwmyg? 1933 ckESpf
qrsm;vm+yD; 12µ jzpfvmr,fvdk@ toHk;ðyr,fvdk@ urBmEdkifiHtrsm;u tar&duefb%fpepfòyvJwt hJ csed u
f srS
Edkiif HwumaiGa=u; &efyHkaiGtzGJ@u a=unmxm;ygw,f? 'gayrJh pD;yGm;a&;u
cef@rSef;xm;w,f? udkApfrwdkifcifu ulnDa&;tpDtpOfawGudk atmufqHk;udka&mufawmhwm
4µ yJ&w Sd m jzpfw,f?
68
jzpfygw,f? atmufq;Hk a&muf+yD;rS
jyefwufvmrSm r[kwfvm;?
tcku udkApfuyfab;u
txGyftxdyfudk a&muf+yDvm;/
umuG,faq;u
b,ftcsdefxGufrSmvJ/
xda&mufra_ um &S&d J@vm;
qdkwmawGuvnf; ar;p&mawGyg?
'Da&m*gudk rwdkufzsufEdkifao;bJeJ@
ol@a=umifhxdcdkufoGm;wJh
pD;yGm;a&;udkvnf; xlrEdkirf Sm
r[kwfao;a=umif;yg?
tm&S a ewd k ; tzGJ @ wJ h
tar&duef - tdEd, N =opa=w;vswdk@[m
AsL[majrmufygwem&Spfzdk&rfu
pDpOfay;wJh =o*kwfv 31 &ufae@
tGefvdkif;aqG;aEG;yGJrSm tar&duef
vufaxmufEdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;
pwDzifbD*ifu tif'dkypdzdwf
a'orSm aewdk;ppfr[mrdwftzGJ@
xlaxmifr,fh tvm;tvmawGudk
xkwfajymcJhw,f? tif'ydk pdzdwf
a'orSm aewd;k vdk/
Oa&myor*~vdkrsdK;
awmifhwif;}uH@cdkifwJh
EdkifiHaygif;pHkygwhJ tzGJ@rsdK; r&Sdbl;?
tif'ydk pdzdwfa'orS tdENd,/ *syefeJ@
=oa=w;vsEdkifiHawGeJ@
owif;eJhrSwfcsuf
awmifudk;&D;,m;eJ@
tar&duefwdk@t=um; &Sad ewJh
e,l;ZDvefEdkifiHu t&m&SdawGeJ@
&if;ESD;wJh
yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;
umuG,fa&;tquftpyfawGudk
tpnf;ta0;awG vkyfcJh+yD;
tajcðy+yD; aewdk;vdk tzG@J rsKd ;
tm;&p&maumif;w,fvdk@vnf;
xlaxmifzdk@ tar&duefEdkifiHu
ajymygw,f?
}uHqaew,f pojzifh
*sLvdkifvwkef;u
ajymqdkoGm;ygw,f? 'DvdkzGJ@wmu
tdENd,ork'N&mrSm
w±kwfjynfudk wefjyefEdkifz@dk
tar&duefeJ@tdENd,a&wyf
jzpfw,fvdk@vnf; ajymygw,f?
yl;wGJppfa&;avhusifhcJhovdk
'D 4 Edkiif u
H dk tajcðypzG@J +yD;
tar&duef/ *syefeJ@
aemifrSm tzGJ@0ifEdkifiHawG
wdk;csJ@oGm;rSmvdk@vnf;
zdvpfydkifyifv,frSm
qufajymygw,f?
yl;wGaJ &wyfppfa&;avhusichf =hJ uygw,f?
aewdk;tzGJ@[mvnf;
tdENd,Edkiif Hu olðyvkyfaeus
EdkifiHtenf;i,feJ@ pzGJ@cJh+yD;
rmvDbma&wyfavhusifha&;rSm
aemifrSwdk;csJ@cJhwmjzpfa=umif;
yl;wGJyg0ifzdk@ =opa=w;vsEdkifiHudk
ajymw,f? ‘av;yGifhqdkif’ (Quad
zdwf=um;xm;w,f?
2007 ckESpfrmS tar&duef/ *syef/
1954 ckESpfwkef;uvnf;
tdENd,eJ@ =opa=w;vsEdkifiHwdk@
uGefjrLepftEW&m,fudk
yg0ifzGJ@pnf;xm;/ w±kwfjynfudk
ta=umif;jy+yD; ta&S@awmif
wefjyefzdk@eJ@ tif'dkypdzdwf
tm&SrSm tar&duef OD;aqmifwJh
a&a=umif;vrf;
qDwdk;ppfpmcsKyftzGJ@ ay:cJhzl;ygw,f?
vGwfvyfpGmoGm;vmEdkifa&;
1977 ckESpfrSm ysufoGm;w,f?
&nf&G,fcsufxm;&Sd) taeeJ@
tcku tar&duefeJ@
vwfwavm
w±kwfEdkifiHt=um; wif;rmr_
udkApfuyfab;umvrSm AD,uferf/
t&Sdefjrifhaecsdef jzpfygw,f?
69
ukefoG,fa&;ppfu
t&Sdefaumif;aeqJ jzpfw,f?
awmifw±kwfyifv,frSm 2
EdkifiHt=um;
yGwfwdkufr_awGuvnf;
wd;k rsm;vmaew,f? olw@dk 2
EdkifiH&J@ pum;vHk;ppfyGJawmif
ArmjynfxJrSm jzpfcJh=uw,f?
tdENd,eJ@±kwfe,fpyfrSmvnf; 2
zufe,fjcm;apmifhwyfzGJ@awGt=um;
wdkufcdkufr_awGjzpfyGm;+yD;
vlaoqHk;r_awG &Sdchw J ,f?
'DvdktcsdefrsdK;rSm tckvdk
ppfr[mrdwftzGJ@ xlaxmifr,f
qdkwmuawmh tvGeftEW&m,f
qdkufy&yfpfu|ef;ajrmufydkif;udk
rsm;vSa=umif;yg? qdkufy&yfpfu|ef;&J@taetxm;eJ@
0ifodrf;vdkufygw,f? 1983
ckESpfrSm ywfouf+yD; ajyvnfatmif
wl&uDqdkufy&yfpftEG,fawGu rajz&Sif;Edkifwm[m
*&d - wl&uD yÉdyuQ (odk@)
ajrmufydkif;qdkufy&yfpf ajrxJyifv,fa'o tjiif;yGm;r_&J@
ajrxJ y if v ,f r S m
wl&uDorRwEdkiif aH wmf (TRNC) t"duta=umif;tcsuf jzpfw,f?
ppf r D ; awmuf v mrvm;
qdkwmudk xlaxmifw,f? tJ'gudk (TRNC) rygbJ pGrf;tif&SmazGa&;
urBmrSm wl&uDwEdkifiHwnf;uom oabmwlnDcsufawGudk
*&deJ@wl&uDt=um; &efrD;[m
todtrSwfðyxm;w,f? qdkufy&yfpfu csKyfqdk&if
a&S;ya0o%Du &SdcJhwm jzpfw,f?
qdkufy&yfpforRwEdkifiHuawmh w&m;r0ifbl;vdk@ wl&uDu
teD;uyfordkif;udk
2004 ckESpfrSm rSwf,w l ,f?
pajymr,fqk&d ifawmh qdkufy&yfpfu
Oa&myor*~tzGJ@0ifEdkifiH qdkufy&yfpfu|ef;teD;rSm wl&uDu
tpðy&ygr,f? qdu k fy&yfpfu|ef;rSm
jzpfoGm;w,f? "mwfaiG@&SmazGa&;vkyaf ewmawG[m
*&dtEG,faum wl&uDtEG,fawGyg
1996 ckESpfwkef;u w&m;r0ifbl;vdk@ *&duvnf;
&Sd=uw,f?
wl&uD&J@ taemufurf;ajcteD;&Sd rSwf,lygw,f?
1974 ckESpf qdkufy&yfpfrSm at*sifyifv,fxJu vlraewJ@
aemufjy\emwcku
*&dEdkifiH&J@tm;ay;axmufcHr_eJ@ u|ef; 2 u|ef;udpPe@J ywfouf+yD; 2 ppfajy;'kuQonfta&; jzpfygw,f?
ppftm%modrf;yGJ jzpfw,f? EdkifiH ppfjzpfvkeD; jzpfcJhao;w,f? 2016 ckESpfrSm Oa&myor*~eJ@
tJ'Dawmh wl&uDu
70
oabmwlnDcsuft& wl&uDu
'kuo Q nf 4 oef;udk
vufcHxm;w,f? 'gayrJh
wl&uDorRwtm'dk0rfu
e,fpyfudk zGiv fh dkufr,fqdk+yD;
r=umr=um+cdrf;ajcmufwwfw,f?
+yD;cJhwJhazazmf0g&Dvwkef;u
umvwck e,fpyfudk
wu,fzGihaf y;vdkufw,f? 'kuQonf
aomif;eJ@csD+yD; *&dEdkifiHxJ
jzwf0ifoGm;=uw,f?
+yD;cJhwJh Edk0ifbmvrSm
wl&uD[m
ukvor*~axmufcHr_&xm;wJh
vpfAsm;tpdk;&eJ@ urf;eD;yifv,f
oabmwlnDcsufwckudk
vufrSwfa&;xdk;cJhw,f?
'DoabmwlnDcsuft&
tJ'Durf;eD;yifv,frSm wl&uD[m
a&eHwl;azmfa&;vkyfief;awG
wdk;csJ@EdkifoGm;w,f? 'DpmcsKyfudk
tar&duefeJ@ Oa&myor*~wdk@u
todtrSwf rðy=ubl;? wl&uDu
a&eH&SmazGciG &hf oGm;wJh ae&m[m
ol@&J@ pD;yGm;a&;ZHjk zpfw,fv@dk *&du
qdkw,f?
vpfAsm;rSmu tpdk;& 2
zGJ@&Sdaewm jzpfw,f? wzG@J u
ukvor*~u
todtrSwfðyxm;w,f?
aemufwzGJ@u
owif;eJhrSwfcsuf
ppfbk&ifcgvDzm[ufzwmtzGJ@
jzpfw,f? 'DtzGJ@udk ±k&Sm;/ jyifopf/
tm&yfapmfbGm;rsm;EdkifiH
(,lattD;) eJ@ tD*spfwk@d u
axmufct H m;ay;w,f? 'D 2 zGJ@
wdkufyGJawGjzpfaewmrSm wl&uDu
ukvor*~tzGJ@todtrSwfðy
tpdk;&udk ulnzD @dk ppfwyfawG
apv$wfygw,f?
tJ'Dvdk
urf;eD;yifv,fjyifrSm
wl&uDeJ@*&dwdk@[m olydkifudk,fyidk f
tjiif;yGm;ae=u+yD;
ppftiftm;awGvnf; tjyeftvSef
jyae=uw,f? +yD;cJhwJh ZlvdkifvrSm
wl&uDeJ@*&d 2
EdkifiHa&wyftkyfpkawG[m
vrf;a=umif;wckwnf;
xdyfwdkufarmif;ESifvm=uw,f?
xdyfwdkufwdk;rdcgeD;usrS
*smreDEdkifiu
H =um;0if+yD; wl&uDudk
vrf;a=umif;ajymif;ay;zdk@
ajymqdkcJhvdk@
wnfhwnfhrwdk;rdawmhwm
jzpfw,f? =o*kwfvrSm
*&dudkaxmufcHtm;ay;wJhtaeeJ@
jyifopfu ppfoabFm 2 pif;eJ@
*sufwdkufav,mOfawG
apv$wfcJhvdk@ wif;rmr_awG
ydkjrifhwufvmw,f?
'DudpPeJ@ywfouf+yD;
Oa&myor*~tzGJ@0if
EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;awG
tpnf;ta0;xdkif=uw,f?
*&dbufu axmufcH+yD;
wl&uDudkvnf;
wEdkifiHwnf;oabmeJ@
vkyfaewmawGudk &yfwef;u&yfz@dk
owday;cJhw,f? r=umrDrSm
ta&;,lr_awG ðyvkyfr,fv@dk vnf;
qdkygw,f? wl&uDu
aewdk;ppfpmcsKyftzGJ@0if jzpfayr,fh
Oa&myor*~tzGJ@0if r[kwfyg?
*&duawmh 2 zGJ@vHk;rSm ygw,f?
jyifopforRw
rufc&Gefuawmh
ydk+yD;wif;wif;rmrm
ajymwmawG@&w,f? qD;&D;,m;rSm
usifhoHk;cJhwJh pnf;rsOf;eDay:vpDudk
usifhoHk;rSmjzpfw,fvdk@
+cdrf;ajcmufygw,f? 'Day:vpDudk
qD;&D;,m;rSm
usifhoHk;cJh+yD;jzpfw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f?
2018 wkef;u qD;&D;,m;u
71
"mwkvufeufawGoHk;w,fqdk+yD;
jyifopf/ +Adwed fe@J tar&duefwk@d u owif;eJhrSwfcsuf
AHk;}uJwdkufcdkufcJhwmudk
&nf!ïef;wm jzpfygw,f?
Oa&myor*~
axmufcHtm;ay;aewJh *&dEdkiif H&J@
‘'g[m
ay:vpDawG[m ppfyGJudk
ppfjzpfatmifv_H@aqmfwJh
ay:aygufaprSmjzpfw,fvdk@
ta=umif;tcsufyJ’ vdk@
wl&uDu
wl&uDEdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;uajym+yD;
wHk@jyefajymqdkvdkufygw,f? *&d&J@
'korRwuawmh ‘ppfjzpfapzdk@
yifv,fjyiftxl;pD;yGm;a&;Zkefudk 6
ta=umif;tcsufawGr[kwfvdk@
rdkifxm;&Sd&mu 12 rdkiftxd
bmrsm;jzpfp&m&SdrvJ’ vdk@
wdk;csJ@r,fvdk@ *&d0ef}uD;csKyfu
ajymygw,f?
ajymqdkaewmudk axmufjyygw,f?
aewdk;pmcsKyft&
wl&uDurf;±dk;wef;teD;rSm&SdwJh
tzGJ@0ifwEdkifiHudk EdkifiHwckcku
*&dydkifu|ef;wGyg tusHK;0ifwmrdk@
ppfrufðy&if useftzGJ@0ifawGudkyg
wl&uDu vufrcHEdkifbl;vdk@
ppfðywmyJvdk@
qdw k ,f? aemuftJ'Du|ef;awGrSm
rSwf,l&r,fqdkxm;ygw,f?
*&du ajcvsifwyfawG
tJ'Dawmh aewd;k tzG@J 0if 2 Edkiif H
wdk;csaewmudkvnf; wl&uDu
ppfjzpf=u&if
axmufjyygw,f?
b,fvdkoabmxm;=urvJqdkwm
‘*&dawG&J@
pdwf0ifpm;p&myg?
&nf&G,fcsufu wdk@Edkifiu H dk
avmavmq,fawmh
tusOf;cszdk@yJ jzpfw,f?
Oa&myor*~taeeJ@yJ *&dbufu
ajrxJyifv,frSm
&yfwnf+yD; wl&uDudk zdaewm
t&SnfqHk;urf;±dk;wef;&SdwJhEdkifiHudk
awG@&ygw,f?
ig;r#m;wHeJ@yJ ig;zrf;Edkifawmhr,fh
aewdk;tzGJ@0ift"duEdkifiH}uD;
urf;±dk;usOf;EdkifiHav;jzpfatmif
tar&duefuaum
vkyfaewmjzpfw,f’ vdk@
b,fvk&d yfwnfrvJ? olu
wl&uDorRw tm'dk0rfu
tqH;k tjzwftcef;rSm &Sdr,fvdk@
ajymygw,f?
,lq&ygw,f?
72
 rmwdum

· pmwnf ; tzG J@ trS m ææ ææ 1

· A[dk p nf ; ±Hk; a&;aumf r wD . xkw fj yef c suf ææ ææ 7
· jynf o l @ tm%mtrSw f (1) rS OuUX ocif A od e f ; wif . trSm pm ææ ææ 9
· ygwD0 if w d ki f; }uH@ }uH@ cd ki f& yf w nf& rnfh tajccHr l} uD ; oHk ; &yf ææ ææ 10
· Auy . vky fi ef ; pOf ææ ææ 15
· uG e f j rLepf a wmf v S e f a &;orm;/ avxD ; wyf o m;/ ajymuf u sm;uG e f r ef ' d k ææ ææ 23
· Armjynf p pf t k y f p k & J @ =um;aea&;0g' ææ ææ 28
· a&G; aumufy GJ E d ki fi H a &;wck w nf; om &Sd o nf r [kw fy g ææ ææ 30
· ausmif ; 'um ææ ææ 34
· b,f v rf; a&G ; rvJ umcsKyfr if ; atmif v d_ i f ææ ææ 39
· axmif x J u ay;pm (Ed k i f i H w umuAsm) ææ ææ 42
· Armjynf r Sm ppf A sL±d ku &ufp pft m%m&S i f p epf u d k ææ ææ 45
· ord k i f ; tauG @ tcsd K ;/ jzpf p Of r sm;&J @ &v'f ææ ææ 48
· t&if ; &S i f p epf tmumoud k e ,f c sJ @ jcif ; ææ ææ 56
· owif ; eJ @ rSw f c suf ææ ææ 61

Armjynf u G e f j rLepf y gwD

A[d k 0 g'jzef @ csd a &;Xmeu xk w f a 0onf