TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF MOMBASA

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL ENGINEERING

COURSE: BACHELOUR OF SCIENCE MEDICAL ENGINEERING

UNIT: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS

UNIT CODE:

TITLE: LAB REPORT 1, BASIC LOGIC GATES

NAME REGISTRATION
NUMBERS
AUSTIN NGUGI NYOIKE BSMD/159J/2018
MULI JAMES KASYOKI BSMD/153J/2018
OPOLE JOB SAMMY BSMD/149J/2018
GOODING PAUL BSMD/150J/2018
MAPENZI BSMD/144J/2018
NYAKATE PETER OUMA BSMD/124J/2017
JUSTUS KIPNGENO BETT BSMD/171J/2018

ROTICH KIBET ALFRED BSMD/181J/2018

OBJECTIVES

 To illustrate the operation of a NOT gate.

 To illustrate the operation of an OR gate.
 To illustrate the operation of an AND gate.
 To illustrate the operation of a NAND gate.
 To illustrate the operation of a NOR gate.
 To illustrate the operation of an EX-OR gate.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED

1. A breadboard
2. Connecting wires
3. Light Emitting Diodes
4. The following digital ICS (7400 series):
 7400 – NAND gate
 7402 – NOR gate
 7408 – AND gate
 7432 – OR gate
 7486 – EX- OR gate
5. Bench power supply
6. Copy of IC data sheet
BASIC THEORY
A logic gate is a device that acts as a building block for digital circuits. They perform basic
logical functions that are fundamental to digital circuits. In a circuit, logic gates will make
decisions based on a combination of digital signals coming from its inputs. Most logic gates have
two inputs and one output. Logic gates are based on Boolean algebra. At any given moment,
every terminal is in one of the two binary conditions, false or true. False represents 0, and true
represents 1. Depending on the type of logic gate being used and the combination of inputs, the
binary output will differ. There are six basic logic gates: NOT gate, OR gate, AND gate, NAND
gate, NOR gate and EX-OR gate.

The ‘NOT’ gate is sometimes reffered to as the logical inverter.the NOT gate has
only one input and one output, it reverses the logic state, If the input is 1, then the
output is 0. If the input is 0, then the output is 1.  

In an OR gate, the output is "true" if either or both of the

inputs are "true." If both inputs are "false," then the output is "false."

The ‘AND’ gate is called so because it acts in a similar

way as the logical ‘and’ operator, it has at least two inputs
and one output. The following illustration and table show the circuit symbol and logic
combinations for an AND gate. The output is "true" when both inputs are "true." Otherwise, the
output is "false.

The NAND gate operates as an AND gate followed by a NOT gate. It

acts in the manner of the logical operation "and" followed by negation.
The output is "false" if both inputs are "true." Otherwise, the output is
"true."

The NOR gate is a combination OR gate followed by an inverter. Its

output is "true" if both inputs are "false." Otherwise, the output is
"false."

The EX-OR (exclusive-OR) gate is a combination OR gate followed by

an inverter. Its output is "true" if the inputs are the same, and "false" if the
inputs are different.

ACTIVITY 1: THE NOT GATE

PROCEDURE
Strip the connecting wires
Connect the breadboard to the power supply and set the power supply to 5V
Identify the 7404 – NOT gate
Check the set up of the pins of the 7404 – NOT gate on the IC data sheet.
Connect the 7404 NOT gate as shown in the figure below.

AA
OBSERVATION
A A The NOT gate gives an inverse of the value obtained as shown in the truth table
below. A = 0 refers to connection to ground while A = 1 refers to connection to the
voltage source A = 1 represents the ON state of the LED while A = 0 represents
0 1 the OFF state of the LED
1 0

CONCLUSSION
The observations obtained from the NOT gate were as expected
ACTIVITY 2: THE OR GATE
PROCEDURE
Strip the connecting wires
Connect the breadboard to the power supply and set the power supply to 5V
Identify the 7432 – OR gate
Check the set up of the pins of the 7432 – OR gate on the IC data sheet.
Connect the 7432 – OR gate gate as shown in the figure below.

A A+B

OBSERVATION
A B A+B The observations made are as shown in the truth table. A = 0 refers to
0 0 0 when input A is connected to the ground, A= 1 represents when input A is
0 1 1 connected to the voltage source. B = 0 refers to when input B is connected to
1 0 1 the ground, B= 1 represents when input B is connected to the voltage source.
1 1 1 A + B refers to the output that is dependent on the combination of input A
and input B
CONCLUSSION
The observations obtained from the OR gate were as expected
ACTIVITY 3: THE AND GATE
PROCEDURE
Strip the connecting wires
Connect the breadboard to the power supply and set the power supply to 5V
Identify the 7408 – AND gate
Check the set up of the pins of the 7408 – AND gate
gate on the IC data sheet.
Connect the 7408 – AND gate as shown in the figure below.

A A.B

OBSERVATION

A B A .B The observations made are as shown in the truth table. A = 0 refers to

0 0 0 when input A is connected to the ground, A= 1 represents when input A is
0 1 0 connected to the voltage source. B = 0 refers to when input B is connected to
1 0 0 the ground, B= 1 represents when input B is connected to the voltage source.
1 1 1 A.B refers to the output that is dependent on the combination of input A and
input B
CONCLUSSION
The observations obtained from the AND gate were as expected
ACTIVITY 4: THE NAND GATE
PROCEDURE
Strip the connecting wires
Connect the breadboard to the power supply and set the power supply to 5V
Identify the 7400 – NAND gate
Check the set up of the pins of the 7400 – NAND gate on the IC data sheet.
Connect the 7400 - NAND gate as shown in the figure below.

OBSERVATION

A B A.B The observations made are as shown in the truth table. A = 0 refers to when
input A is connected to the ground, A= 1 represents when input A is
0 0 1 connected to the voltage source. B = 0 refers to when input B is connected to
0 1 1 the ground, B=1 represents when input B is connected to the voltage source.
1 0 1 A . B refers to the output that is dependent on the combination of input A and
1 1 0
input B.
CONCLUSSION
The observations obtained from the NAND gate were as expected

ACTIVITY 5: THE NOR GATE

PROCEDURE
Strip the connecting wires
Connect the breadboard to the power supply and set the power supply to 5V
Identify the 7402 – NOR gate
Check the set up of the pins of the 7402 – NOR gate on the IC data sheet.
Connect the 7402 – NOR gate as shown in the figure below.

OBSERVATION

A B A+ B The observations made are as shown in the truth table. A = 0 refers to when
input A is connected to the ground, A= 1 represents when input A is
0 0 1 connected to the voltage source. B = 0 refers to when input B is connected to
0 1 0 the ground, B=1 represents when input B is connected to the voltage source
1 0 0 A+ B refers to the output that is dependent on the combination of input A and
1 1 0
input B.

CONCLUSSION
The observations obtained from the NOR gate were as expected

ACTIVITY 6: THE EX-OR GATE

Strip the connecting wires
Connect the breadboard to the power supply and set the power supply to 5V
Identify the 7486 – EX- OR gate
Check the set up of the pins of the 7486 – EX- OR gate on the IC data sheet.
Connect the 7486 – EX- OR gate as shown in the figure below.

AA

BB

OBSERVATION

A B A ⊕B The observations made are as shown in the truth table. A = 0 refers to when
0 0 0 input A is connected to the ground, A= 1 represents when input A is
0 1 1 connected to the voltage source. B = 0 refers to when input B is connected to
1 0 1 the ground, B=1 represents when input B is connected to the voltage source
1 1 0 A ⊕B refers to the output that is dependent on the combination of input A
and input B.

CONCLUSSION
The observations obtained from the EX-OR gate was as expected
RECOMMENDATIONS
Some of the breadboards (not all) were of a poor quality and some holes on some breadboards
could not be used.