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0HQWHQDQ?D@LILDELOLWDWHDPD@LQLORU – Capitolul 12.

Fiabilitatea arborilor





&$3,72/8/



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135
0HQWHQDQ?D@LILDELOLWDWHDPD@LQLORU – Capitolul 12. Fiabilitatea arborilor

1R?LXQLJHQHUDOH
$UERULLVXQWRUJDQHGHPD@LQLFHVHUYHVFDWkWODWUDQVPLWHUHDPRPHQWHORUGHWRUVLXQHFkWVLOD
PHQ?LQHUHDSR]L?LHLSHD[DGHURWD?LHDHOHPHQWHORUSHFDUHOHFRQ?LQH

)XQF?LRQDUHDDUERULORUHVWHOLPLWDWCGH
9UXSHUHDSULQRERVHDOC
9UXSHUHDSULQUH]RQDQ?CVLGHIRUPD?LL

'HIRUPD?LLOHDUERULORUOLPLWHD]CIXQF?LRQDUHDFRUHFWCDWXWXURUHOHPHQWHORUPRQWDWHSHDUERUH

»Q FD]XO DUERULORU VH SRW FRQVLGHUD YDULDELOH DOHDWRDUH XUPCWRDUHOH PCULPL  PRPHQWXO GH
WRUVLXQH 0  PRPHQWXO GH vQFRYRLHUH 0  FDUH GHSLQGH GH PRPHQWXO GH WRUVLXQH
FDUDFWHULVWLFLOHPHFDQLFHDOHPDWHULDOXOXLFRQFHQWUDWRULLGHWHQVLXQH



)LDELOLWDWHDDUERULORUODUXSHUH
5XSHUHDSULQRERVHDOC
»QXUPDDF?LXQLLVLPXOWDQHDVROLFLWCULORUGHWRUVLXQHVLGHvQFRYRLHUHDvQVHF?LXQLOHDUERUHOXL
DSDUWHQVLXQLQRUPDOHGHvQFRYRLHUHVLWDQJHQ?LDOHGHWRUVLXQH

3HQWUX FDOFXOH VH SRW QHJOLMD VROLFLWCULOH GH FRPSUHVLXQH VDX GH WUDF?LXQH UH]XOWDW GLQ
VROLFLWCULOHIRU?HORUD[LDOHDVXSUDDUERUHOXL

3HQWUXGHWHUPLQDUHDWHQVLXQLLHFKLYDOHQWHVLGHFLDFRHILFLHQ?LORUGHFRQFHQWUDUHDWHQVLXQLORU
VHFRQVLGHUCFD]XODUERUHOXLVROLFLWDWFXWHQVLXQLDOWHUQDQWVLPHWULFH

7HQVLXQHDQRUPDOCGHVROLFLWDUHHFKLYDOHQWCVHFDOFXOHD]CFXUHOD?LD


τ HFK = τ 2L + (α δ W )  
2
      


>QFDUHαHVWHXQFRHILFLHQWFH?LQHVHDPDGHDVSHFWXOVROLFLWCULORU


136
0HQWHQDQ?D@LILDELOLWDWHDPD@LQLORU – Capitolul 12. Fiabilitatea arborilor

3DUDPHWULLSULQFLSDOLVWDWLVWLFLDLWHQVLXQLLGHvQFRYRLHUHHFKLYDOHQWHVHFDOFXOHD]CFXUHOD?LLOH

 PHGLD τ  = U 2 + (α δ  )2 
2 2
 GLVSHUVLD τ HFK ⋅ & Y τH 


&RHILFLHQWXOGHYDULD?LH& τ
VHYDDGDSWDDVWIHO
;GDFCWUDQVPLVLDHVWHGHVWLQDWCXQHLPD@LQLFXIXQF?LRQDUHFRQWLQXCVLFRPSOHWFXQRVFXWC
     & τ
 
;SHQWUXPD@LQLFXIXQF?LRQDUHFLFOLFCVLFXVDUFLQCVWDWLFCSUHFLVGHWHUPLQDWC
     & τ

;SHQWUXVDUFLQCVWDWLFCDSUR[LPDWLYC
     & τ
 

7HQVLXQHDOLPLWCODRERVHDOC τ  VHGHWHUPLQCFXUHOD?LD


  (τ −1 )a = τ − 1 K N γ e      


K τa
XQGH
τ UH]LVWHQ?DFRUHVSXQ]CWRDUHXQXLFLFOXGHVROLFLWDUHDOWHUQDQWC
.τ FRHILFLHQWJOREDOGHVLJXUDQ?CSHQWUXFRQFHQWUDWRULLGHWHQVLXQL
γ
FRHILFLHQWFH?LQHVHDPDGHFDOLWDWHDVXSUDIH?HORUDUERULORU
. FRHILFLHQWFH?LQHVHDPDGHQXPCUXOGHFLFOXUL6HFDOFXOHD]CFXUHOD?LD


4 ⋅ 106
. = 
60 ⋅ Q ⋅ W 


6H GHILQH@WH SDUDPHWUXO VWDWLVWLF GH VLJXUDQ?C OD UXSHUHD SULQ RERVHDOC VL VH FDOFXOHD]C FX
UHOD?LD

  a ob =
(τ ) − τ
−1 a ech
     
D(τ −1 ) + Dτ ech
a


( )
XQGH σ −1 a PHGLDUH]LVWHQ?HLXQXLFLFOXGHVROLFLWDUHDOWHUQDQWC

137
0HQWHQDQ?D@LILDELOLWDWHDPD@LQLORU – Capitolul 12. Fiabilitatea arborilor
 D (τ −1 )a GLVSHUVLDUH]LVWHQ?HLDGPLVLELOH
»Q FD]XOUXSHULLDUERULORUSULQRERVHDOCOHJHDGHUHSDUWL?LHHVWHQRUPDOCDVWIHOFCIXQF?LDGH
ILDELOLWDWHVHSRDWHFDOFXODFX

γ RE
  5 RE = Φ (DRE ) =       
100

6HSRDWHFRQVWDWDFCDWXQFLFkQGVHFXQRD@WH5 VHSRDWHGHWHUPLQDDUJXPHQWXO DRE DOIXQF?LHL

/DSODFH∅LDUDSRLVHSRDWHGHWHUPLQDQXPCUXOFLFOXULORUGHVROLFLWDUHVLGHFLGXUDELOLWDWHDW 


5XSHUHDSULQUH]RQDQ?C
»Q VLWXD?LD vQ FDUH WXUD?LD GH UHJLP D DUERUHOXL FRLQFLGH FX R WXUD?LH FLFOLFC SHQWUX YLEUD?LLOH
WRUVLRQDOH VDX IOH[LRQDOH GHIRUPD?LLOH DUERUHOXL FUHVF SXQkQG vQ SHULFRO DWkW IXQF?LRQDUHD
SURSULHFkWVLDFHORUODOWHRUJDQHGHPD@LQCVXV?LQXWH

$YkQG vQ YHGHUH FC DUERULL VXQW VROLFLWD?L FX SRQGHUL DSURSLDWH DWkW OD vQFRYRLHUH FkW VL OD
WRUVLXQHVLJXUDQ?DvQIXQF?LRQDUHVHGHWHUPLQCSHED]DDGRLSDUDPHWULVWDWLVWLFLGHVLJXUDQ?C


η  − η
  Dη  =      
'η  + ' η

η  − η
  D η =      
'η  + ' η

XQGH
ηWXUD?LDGHIXQF?LRQDUH
η   WXUD?LDFULWLFCODGHIRUPD?LLIOH[LRQDOH
η   WXUD?LDFULWLFCODGHIRUPD?LLWRUVLRQDOH

>WXUD?LD FULWLFC IOH[LRQDOC VH GHWHUPLQC vQ LSRWH]D VLPSOLILFDWRDUH FC
DUERUHOH HVWH VLPSOX UH]HPDW FX JUHXWDWH QHJOLMDELOC vQ UDSRUW FX
YDORDUHDIRU?HORUODFDUHHVWHVXSXVDUERUHOH


138
0HQWHQDQ?D@LILDELOLWDWHDPD@LQLORU – Capitolul 12. Fiabilitatea arborilor

»QDFHDVWCLSRWH]CVHSRDWHFDOFXOD

30 JΣ()LIL )
  ηFUI =      
π Σ)LIL 2
XQGH
JDFFHOHUD?LDJUDYLWD?LRQDOC
)LIRU?DFHDF?LRQHD]CvQSXQFWXO,DODUERUHOXL
ILGHIRUPD?LDVWDWLFCvQGUHSWXOIRU?HL)LFDX]DWCGHWRDWHFHOHODOWH.IRU?HGHSHDUERUH

6CJH?LOHVHSRWGHWHUPLQDSULQVXSUDSXQHUHDGHHIHFWHFXUHOD?LLOHGLQWDEHOXO

7DEHOXO
6FKHPD (FXD?LDOLQLHL 6CJHDWDI »QFOLQDUHDα
vQFCUFCULL HODVWLFH\
 »QVWkQJDIRU?HL)  
 ) D 2E 2 ) D2 E 2 
\1= [2∗ [ 1  D + [ 1  E − I = 
)LJD 6(,O 3(,O )DE (2D + E )
(D )]
α2 = 
−[ 12  2E  6(,O

 »QGUHDSWD )D 
I !#" = ⋅
3(,O
 IRU?HL) )DE (D + 2E )
$
3 2 α1 = 
 E 2 + 2DE  6(,O

\2=
) D 2E 2
6(,O
[ ( )]
2 [ 2  E + [ 2  D − [ 22 E 2 D  ⋅
 3 

)OF
 α1 = 
2 3(,
)FO
)FO 2 

\ =
6(,
(
[  O − [3 O3  ) I 1=
9 3(, 

)F 2 (O + F ) )OF

)LJE  I3 = α2 =
3(, 6(,
 )F (3F + 2O )
α3 = 
6(,

139
0HQWHQDQ?D@LILDELOLWDWHDPD@LQLORU – Capitolul 12. Fiabilitatea arborilor

>WXUD?LDFULWLFCWRUVLRQDOCVHDSUR[LPHD]CFXUHOD?LD

30 *
  ηFUW =       
π , D ⋅ Σ(OL  , L )

XQGH
*PRGXOGHHODVWLFLWDWHWUDQVYHUVDO
,% PRPHQWGHLQHU?LHPDVLFDODUERUHOXL
O& OXQJLPHDWUHSWHL,
,& PRPHQWXOGHLQHU?LHDOVHF?LXQLL,DODUERUHOXL

6HSRDWHFRQVWDWDFC
ÂWXUD?LDFULWLFCIOH[LRQDOCGHSLQGHGHFRQGL?LLOHGHvQFCUFCUHDOHDUERUHOXLSULQLQWHUPHGLXO
IRU?HORU)& VLDOGHIRUPD?LLORUI& 
ÂWXUD?LDFULWLFCWRUVLRQDOCQXGHSLQGHGHFRQGL?LLOHGHOXFUXILLQGRYDULDELOCGHSHQGHQWC
GRDUGHJHRPHWULDVLFDOLWDWHDPDWHULDOXOXLDUERUHOXL

3HED]DOHJLORUGHUHSDUWL?LHDOHPRPHQWXOXLGHWRUVLXQHVLDWXUD?LHLGHIXQF?LRQDUHVHSRDWH
GHWHUPLQDILDELOLWDWHDODUXSHUHSULQUH]RQDQ?C5' FXUHOD?LD

  R rf = Φ (a nf )       

VDX
  5 (*) = Φ D ( +,) )        

*OREDOVHGHWHUPLQC
R n = R rf R rt       




140
0HQWHQDQ?D@LILDELOLWDWHDPD@LQLORU – Capitolul 12. Fiabilitatea arborilor
)LDELOLWDWHDDUERULORUODGHIRUPD?LL
'HRDUHFH SULQFLSDOHOH VROLFLWCUL DOH DUERULORU VXQW WRUVLXQHD VL vQFRYRLHUHD GHIRUPD?LLOH
vQUHJLVWUDWHvQWLPSXOIXQF?LRQCULLVXQWUHSUH]HQWDWHSULQ
  VCJH?LϕFRUHVSXQ]CWRUVROLFLWCULORUGHvQFRYRLHUH
  URWLULθFRUHVSXQ]CWRUVROLFLWCULORUGHWRUVLXQH

9DORULOHHIHFWLYHDOHDFHVWRUGHIRUPD?LLGHSLQGGHPRGXOGHYDULD?LHDIRU?HORU

'DWRULWCPDULLGLYHUVLWC?LGHvQFCUFDUHVLVSULMLQLUHDDUERULORUFHOPDLGHVYDORULOHHIHFWLYHDOH
GHIRUPD?LLORUVHGHWHUPLQCDSOLFkQGSULQFLSLXOVXSUDSXQHULLGHHIHFWH

'HDVHPHQHD vQWUXFkW IRU?HOH GH SH DUERUH VXQW SURSRU?LRQDOH FX PRPHQWXO GH WRUVLXQH 0- 
FDUHHVWHFRQVLGHUDWGUHSWYDULDELOCDOHDWRDUHVHSRWH[SULPDVCJH?LOHVLURWLULOHvQWUXQSXQFW
RDUHFDUHFXUHOD?LLVWDWLVWLFHHPSLULFHGHIRUPD

  f = C f M t22       


  ϕ = C ϕ M t2        


γ
  θ = C θ M t = M t       
GIp


3H ED]D DFHVWRU PCULPL VH SRW GHWHUPLQD SDUDPHWUL VWDWLVWLFL GH VLJXUDQ?C OD GHIRUPD?LL
IOH[LRQDOHVLWRUVLRQDOH


I / −I ϕ0 − ϕ θ1 − θ
D. =  Dϕ =  Dθ =    
' I / + '. 'ϕ 0 + ' ϕ 'θ 1 + ' θ


9DORULOHDGPLVLELOHSHQWUXGHIRUPD?LLOHIOH[LRQDOHWRUVLRQDOHVLDURWLULORUvQUHD]HPHVHGDX
vQOLWHUDWXUDGHVSHFLDOLWDWH

»Q LSRWH]D YDULD?LHL GHIRUPD?LLORU IL ϕ 2  θ3 GXSCOHJHDGHUHSDUWL?LHQRUPDOCDWXQFLVHSRDWH
GHWHUPLQDILDELOLWDWHDODGHIRUPD?LLFXUHOD?LD

141
0HQWHQDQ?D@LILDELOLWDWHDPD@LQLORU – Capitolul 12. Fiabilitatea arborilor

  R d = R f Rϕ Rθ       

XQGH
γI
  5 I = Φ (D I ) =       
100
γX
  5 ϕ = Φ (DX ) =       
100
γθ
  5 θ = Φ (Dθ ) =       
100


)LDELOLWDWHDIXQF?LRQDOCJOREDOC
&D XUPDUH DVFRDWHULLGLQIXQF?LXQHDDUERUHOXLSULQUXSHUHDGHRERVHDOCVLVDXFDXUPDUHD
GHIRUPD?LLORUFHGHSC@HVFYDORULOHDGPLVLELOHILDELOLWDWHDODUXSHUHYDIL

  R r = R ob R n       

'HRDUHFH GHIRUPD?LLOH IOH[LRQDOH XQJKLXODUH VL WRUVLRQDOH QX FRQGXF GLUHFW OD GHWHULRDUUHD
DUERUHOXL GDU DGXFkQG SUHMXGLFLL SHQWUX EXQD IXQF?LRQDUH D DOWRU RUJDQH GH PD@LQL VH
DSUHFLD]CWRWX@LFCDUERUHOHQXDUHRFRPSRUWDUHFRUHVSXQ]CWRDUH

&DXUPDUHIXQF?LDWRWDOCVDXJOREDOCGHILDELOLWDWHDDUERUHOXL54 VHFDOFXOHD]CFXUHOD?LD

  Ra = Rr Rd        

'LQUHOD?LDGHPDLVXVVHREVHUYCFCVHSRDWHFDOFXODGXUDELOLWDWHDDWXQFLFkQGVHFXQRD@WH54 
GXUDELOLWDWHDILLQGOLPLWDWCGHRERVHDODDUERUHOXLFXDWkWPDLPXOWFXFkWGHFHOHPDLPXOWH
RULUHJLPXOGHIXQF?LRQDUHH[FOXGHDSDUL?LDUH]RQDQ?HLVLDGHIRUPD?LLORUFULWLFH

)LDELOLWDWHDDUERULORUXQXLUHGXFWRUVHFRQVLGHUC
ÂPDUHGDFC54 
ÂPHGLHGDFC54  
ÂVFC]XWCGDFC54  

142

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