UNIT 2

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH AND ITS IMPORTANCE IN DAILY LIFE

Duration: _______________
Date of Submission: _______________
Subject Teacher: Romulo D. Reas
Phone Number: 09955041600
Facebook Account: Chod Reas

I. INTRODUCTION
Around you are different people, things, and places. All these vary from one
another as regards character or qualities. Curious about a person or a thing, you are
inclined to conduct a qualitative research to discover such individual’s thoughts, feelings,
and attitudes about a certain topic, or to find out something beneath the surface of an
inanimate thing or the effects of such object or place to some people. To discover facts
and information about the object of your interest is to work collaboratively with some
people, for the answers to your questions about your topic do not come only from yourself
but from others as well. Here lies the importance of qualitative research. It promotes
people’s interdependence or interpersonal relationships that the world needs for solving
its societal problems.

LEARNING STANDARD: At the end of the quarter, the learner demonstrates

understanding of the value of qualitative research; its kinds, characteristics, uses,
strengths, and weaknesses and the importance of qualitative research across fields of
inquiry and is able to decide on suitable qualitative research in different areas of interest.

II. LEARNING OBJECTIVE/S: At the end of the week, you are expected to:

1. differentiate quantitative from qualitative research (CS_RS11-IIIa-4);

2. describe characteristics, strengths, weaknesses, and kinds of qualitative
research (CS_RS11-IIIb-1); and
3. illustrate the importance or qualitative research across fields (CS_RS11-IIIb-2).

GENERAL INSTRUCTION: Write your answers on a yellow pad. Use only the front page
of it. Don’t forget to write your name, section and strand and the subject.

Lesson Quantitative and Qualitative

4 Research
LESSON PROPER/DISCUSSION:

I. When to use Qualitative vs. Quantitative Research

• Quantitative data can help you see the big picture.

• Qualitative data adds the details and can also give a human voice to your survey
results.
 Concept Map showing the Designs of Research

II. Difference: Qualitative Research versus Quantitative Research

Qualitative Quantitative
It aims to create new theory The purpose is to test a
based on the gathered data. hypothesis or theory.
Objective
A fact-finding research used to Measures problem using rating
gain understanding of individual scale and other research
differences in terms of feelings parameters of group
and experiences. similarities.

-natural setting -measurement setting

-making stories out of a certain -performs measures out of a
Data Description phenomenon. certain phenomenon.
-Uses pictures, words, - Uses numbers, scales,
sentences, paragraphs, hypotheses, calculations,
compositions, narrations and computations and statistics
short stories tools.
 Sample (size) Small judgment (by decision) Large sample representatives
sampling of population
Unstructured or semi structured Standardized /Structured
(flexible processes)

Uses interviews, participant Uses census, survey

observation, group discussions. questionnaire, checklist, paper-
Ex: Case Study, field research pencil test and experimentation.

Uses open ended questions. Uses closed ended questions.

It is a freeform survey questions
allow a participant to answer in
open-text format, responses are
unlimited to a set of options.
Data Gathering
These questions can only be
answered by selecting from a
limited number of options,
usually “multiple-choice”, “yes or
no”, or a rating scale

Example: Example:
Guide questions for Strongly agree to strongly
the interviews disagree

What was your experiences In quantitative research closed

during quarantine period on the ended questions are the basis of
COVID-19 pandemic? How did all statistical analysis
you handle the situation caused techniques applied on
by the pandemic? questionnaires and surveys.
Was the support of the National
and Local Government enough Sample Question:
for your basic needs? Did they Do you agree on online modality
conduct evaluation for those who class in transitioning the new
were affected? normal of education?
Strongly agree
Agree
Disagree
Strongly disagree

Inductive Deductive
The researcher starts with the Starts from a hypothesis or
Activities observations, an open mind already created theory
without biases, gathering all exact emphasizing the previously
details of the topic and researched phenomenon from
generalization or new theory is different views (tested against
given towards the end of the observations).
research process.

Uses both inductive and deductive

They are not mutually exclusive with each other in research.

Data Inductive method or “bottom-up” is used if the researcher starts

discussions and discussions from the lowest and highest means then explains the
Presentation overall mean.

Deductive or “top-down “if discussion is from the overall mean going

to the lowest and highest means, deductive.
 Opinions are based on
experience or observation.
There are no criteria used in
data discussions.
Synthesize data, interpret,
thematic.
Opinions are based on laws,
rules, or other recognized
principles.
Statistical

Subjective Objective
Data Analysis
Data analysis is influenced by The researcher employs
the personal experiences and standard criteria in analyzing
views. data.

Cultivates understanding with Endorse a development.

high validity. Has high output replicability.
Outcome
There are no conclusions Conclusion is formulated towards
formulated. the end of the research process.

III. Similarities: Qualitative Research and Quantitative Research

1. Both have the process of inquiry and investigation.

2. Both improve life and help us in understanding various issues of life and in giving
solutions to our problems
3. Both start with a problem and end with a new problem.
4. Both use textual forms in analyzing and interpretation of data.
5. Both use inductive and deductive methods of presenting data.

ACTIVITY 1. COMPARE AND CONTRAST

DIRECTION: Using a Venn Diagram below, illustrate the differences and similarities
between a quantitative and qualitative method of research by filling in completely the
Venn diagram presented below.
ACTIVITY 2. QUALI OR QUANTI?

DIRECTION: Decide whether the following topics or research questions is qualitative

or quantitative. Explain why and what is your basis.

________ Culinary Arts: Then and Now

________ How do the TVL students feel about their chosen strand?
________ What is the degree of satisfaction of students taking the different SHS
Tracks?
________ The Why and How of Social Networking Use
________ The Level of Social Media Addiction among the Youth

ASSESSMENT:
Direction: Determine whether each word or group of words indicates Qualitative
Research or Quantitative Research.

___________________1. Naturalistic
___________________2. To validate the already constructed theory
___________________3. Hypothesis
___________________4. Multiple Methods
___________________5. No criteria
___________________6. Pure words, phrases, sentences, compositions and stories
are used in data analysis
___________________7. Open-Ended Questions
___________________8. Highly-structured Research
___________________9. Objective
___________________10. Subjective

Lesson The Value of Qualitative Research, Its

5 Characteristics, Strengths, Weaknesses
and Kinds
LESSON PROPER/DISCUSSION:

I. Definition of Qualitative Research

• According to Silverman (2013); Litchman (2013); Walliman (2014); and
Suter (2012), qualitative research is an act of inquiry or investigation of real-
life events. It is concerned with own experiences of a life event, and the aim
is to interpret what has been said in order to explain why it is said. This is
called natural setting.
• Qualitative research is important practically because most things cannot
just be quantified: they need to be described. Appreciating the nature of life
and experience is vital than simply counting things. We need to understand
the quality of some things in order for them to have meaning.
II. Purpose of Qualitative Research
• Qualitative Research promotes a deep, holistic understanding of a
particular phenomenon.

III. Characteristics of Qualitative Research

1. Human understanding and interpretation in data analysis

2. Active, powerful and forceful in data gathering and rephrasing interview questions
3. Multiple research approaches and methods that allows you to plan your study and

being multi-method research

4. Specificity to generalization on specific ideas will lead to generalizations or

conclusions.

5. Contextualization - context or situation of individual’s life

6. Diversified data in real-life situations on collecting data in a natural setting

7. Abounds with words and visuals that presents people’s view in a picture, video,

drawing or graphs.

8. Internal analysis on examining the data yielded by the internal traits of the subject

persons.

IV. Strengths of Qualitative Research

1. It adopts a naturalistic approach to its subject matter.

2. Promotes a full understanding of human behavior/personality traits in their natural

setting.

3. It is instrumental for positive societal changes.

4. It engenders respect for people’s individuality.

5. it’s a way of understanding & interpreting social interactions.

6. Increases researcher’s interests in the study.

7. Offers multiple ways of acquiring and examining knowledge about something.

V. Weaknesses of Qualitative Research

1. It involves a lot of researcher’s subjectivity in data analysis.

2. It is hard to know the validity/reliability of the data.

3. It is open-ended questions yield “data overload” that requires long-time analysis.

4. It is time-consuming.

5. It involves several processes; whose results greatly depend on the researcher’s

views or interpretations.

VI. Kinds of Qualitative Research

1. Case Study - Long-time study of a person, group, organization or situation and
an empirical inquiry that investigates current phenomenon.
Example: “Teenage Pregnancy in the Public High Schools”

2. Ethnography - a study of a particular cultural group.

Example: “Cultural Awareness and Integration of Peace Education in the
Indigenous Peoples (IP) Communities”
3. Phenomenology - “live-experienced” of a phenomenon. Its primary goal is to
make people understand their experiences about the death of loved ones, care for
handicapped persons, etc. and how people find their experiences meaningful.
Example: “Life without Gadget”

4. Content and Discourse Analysis

• Content Analysis - is a research technique that analyzes the modes of
communication such as letters, e-mails etc.

• Discourse Analysis - is the study of social life, understood through

analysis of language it includes face-to-face talk, non-verbal interaction,
images and symbols. Materials for Discourse Analysis include books,
newspapers, periodicals, brochures and advertisements.

Example: “A Discourse Analysis on the Impact of Modern Technologies on

Communication”

5. Historical Analysis - is a qualitative method where there is an examining of past

events to draw conclusions and make predictions about the future.

Example: “The Impact of Ferdinand Marcos’ Speech”

6. Grounded Theory - takes place when there is a discovery of new theory which
underlies your study at the time of data collection and analysis.
Example: “The Story Behind the Migration of Christians from Visayas and Luzon
to Mindanao”

7. Narrative Report - designed to present things or events that have happened in

the past through a logical progression of the relevant information. The main
purpose of a narrative report is to present a factual depiction of what has occurred.

Example: “Vocabulary Building of Students through Proper Solid Waste

Management”

8. Biography - is the study of an individual’s life and struggles and how they reflect
cultural themes of the society. It deals with an interesting story found in documents
and archival materials. It is concerned with the reconstruction of life histories and
the constitution of meaning based on biographical narratives and documents.

Five common types of biography are:

(1) Scholarly Chronicles - focus on the historical portrayal of an individual life.
e.g. “Biography of Gloria M. Arroyo, the First Woman President of the
Philippines”
(2) Intellectual Biography - narrative of a life through the conceptual analysis of
the subject’s motives and beliefs within the world of ideas. e.g. “Life and
Works of Dr. Jose Rizal”
(3) Life History Writing - recording of life memories, experiences, whether one’s
or another’s.
e.g. “The Hardships of Overseas Filipino Workers (OFW’s)”.
(4) Memoir Biography - stylistic presentation of the biographer’s reflections and
insights in relation to the factual account of life.
e.g. “The Experiences of Stranded Students in the COVID-19 Pandemic”
(5) Narrative Biography - a nonfiction account of life experiences of a person.
 9. Action Research - is a classroom-based or school-based research seeks
transformative change through the process of taking action and doing research,
which are linked together by critical reflection. This type of research is commonly
conducted by the teachers to give solutions to the existing problems to improve
students’ academic performance and positive attitudes.

ACTIVITY 1. Q and A
DIRECTIONS: Answer the questions in 3-5 sentences only but not exceeding to 50
words.
1. How will you use qualitative research in real life?
2. How do the strengths and weaknesses help us in writing the research proposal?

ACTIVITY 2. Q and A
DIRECTION: Name the type of qualitative research best suited for the following topics.
a. Grade 11 Research Textbook_____________________________
b. The Life of Filipino COVID-19 Front liners in the Philippines __________
c. Early Involvement in Pre-marital Sex _________________
d. The Ifugao Wedding Practices____________________________
e. Philippines’ Political Party System: Then and Now ____________

ASSESSMENT:
DIRECTION: Write the letter of your answer.

1. “A student really idolizes his English teacher who is very expert in grammar and
literature. The former wants to write a scholarly chronicle about the latter’s
experiences including his family background, how he achieved his success in life, his
likes and dislikes, his achievements and struggles in life.” What type of qualitative
research should a student employ?
a. Historical Research
b. Discourse Analysis
c. Biography
d. Narrative Report
2. It is a qualitative research in which data related to the past events are systematically
collected and evaluated to describe potential causes, effects, or trends related to
those events.
a. Historical Research
b. Discourse Analysis
c. Biography
d. Narrative Report
3. All of the following are strengths of qualitative research EXCEPT
a. Explores sensitive issues
b. Captures diversity of experiences and perceptions
c. Allows participants to freely exchange ideas
d. Proves a certain theory or principle
4. Which of the following is one of the weaknesses of a qualitative research?
a. Results are limited as they provide less elaboration of human perceptions.
b. Data created through qualitative research are always accepted.
c. Data analysis involving numerical data is difficult.
d. There is a limited review of related literature or in-depth information about the
topic.
5. Which of the following is EXCLUDED from the importance of qualitative research in
daily life?
a. Qualitative unveils individual’s perception, feelings and attitudes about a certain
phenomenon.
b. Qualitative research allows the researcher to immerse in the community where
the participants live.
c. Qualitative research stimulates people’s interdependence or interpersonal
relationship.
d. Qualitative research lets the researcher to validate the previously constructed
theory or principle.
6. It is the most familiar and applicable type of qualitative research which refers to the
investigation of a culture through an in-depth study of the members of the cultural
society
a. Ethnography
b. Phenomenology
c. Grounded Theory
d. Case Study
7. It is primarily used to generate theory through relevant information taken from very
reliable sources and its focus is theory development.
a. Ethnography
b. Phenomenology
c. Grounded Theory
d. Case Study
8. Which of the following types of qualitative research is designed to focus on the
commonality of a “lived experience” with a particular group and its aim is to determine
what an experience means for the persons who have had the experience of living in
a certain community which is the subject of the research?
a. Ethnography
b. Phenomenology
c. Grounded Theory
d. Case Study
9. It is an exploration of a “bounded system” over time through detailed, in-depth data
collection involving multiple sources of information rich in interesting stories.
a. Ethnography
b. Phenomenology
c. Grounded Theory
d. Case Study
10.It is a qualitative research which analyzes the language “beyond the sentence”. It is
the study of the ways in which language is used by the people, both written and
spoken contexts.
a. Historical Research
b. Discourse Analysis
c. Biography
d. Narrative Report

Lesson The Importance of Qualitative Research

6 Across Fields of Inquiry
Qualitative research is an emerging area of inquiry that graces through disciplines
and subject matter. However, it's also essential to recognize that qualitative research is
a method generally used in the social sciences searching social interactions, schemes
and processes. It delivers a detailed appreciation of the ways people come to understand
and achieve their daily life in particular situations.

ACTIVITY 1. IS IT TRUE?
Direction: Read the following statements. Answer TRUE if the statement is true, FALSE
if you think it is not.

__________1. Research studies what happens in any field of knowledge.

__________2. Scientific approach expresses and records your findings qualitatively.
__________3. Triangulation or mixed method enhances accuracy and interpretation.
__________4. Naturalistic approach is people oriented.
__________5. A qualitative research is exclusive to both hard and soft sciences.
__________6. Soft science studies human behavior in a scientific manner.
__________7. The scientific approach gives stress to measurable and observable
facts instead of personal views, feelings, or attitudes.
__________8. All research types apply to all data collecting techniques.
__________9. Reasons happens in just one field of knowledge.
__________10. Past events in a person’s life are the focus of triangulation.

LESSON PROPER/DISCUSSION:

Research in Different Areas of Knowledge

Research studies happen in any field of knowledge:
Anthropology, Business, Communication, Education, Engineering, Law and Nursing.

A. Basic Research Approaches in a Specific Area of Discipline

1. Scientific or Positive Approach

• Deals with empirical data instead of personal views, feelings or attitudes.
• Allows control of variables or factors affecting the study (Laursen 2010).
• Express and records findings quantitatively.
• Presents structured interviews, questionnaires and observational
checklists.

2. Naturalistic Approach
• A people-oriented approach focusing on discovering the real concept or
meaning behind people’s lifestyles and social relations.
• Present things qualitatively through verbal language. Using words as unit
of analysis.
• Bases determining universal social values to define ethical and unethical
that society ought to know, not only for the benefit of individual and
community but also for the satisfaction of man’s quest for knowledge.”
(Sarandakos 2013; Ransome 2013)

Example: Talking to ethnic groups or people with other culture in a natural setting.
In this case, the researcher uses unstructured interviews and the participants’
answer/response is not scripted.

3. Triangulation / Mixed Method

• Allows a combination or a mixture of research designs, data collection and
data analysis techniques.
• Enhance the validity and reliability of qualitative research design.
• Enhances accuracy of interpretation.
• Has an opportunity to view every angle of the research from different
perspectives.
 (3) Main Methods of Data Collection

a. Interactive interviewing- people asked to verbally described their experiences of

phenomenon.

b. Written descriptions by participant- people asked to write descriptions of their

experiences of phenomenon.

c. Observation- descriptive observations of verbal and non-verbal behavior.

In the field of Humanities, researchers ought to focus not to man’s social life but
instead studies its meanings, significance and visualizations of man’s experiences
in the field of Fine Arts, Literature, Music, Drama, Dance and other artistically
inclined subjects.

Humanistic Categories
1. Literature and Art Criticism
Focus on language depends on interpretative and reflective thinking.

2. Philosophical Research
The focus of inquiry is on knowledge and principles of being and on the
manner human beings conduct themselves on Earth.

3. Historical Research
Investigation centers on events and ideas that took place in man’s life at a
particular period.

II. Hard Sciences versus Soft Sciences

Quantitative Research Qualitative Research

Hard Sciences Soft Sciences
Studies natural data driven Studies human behavior in a
phenomenon. scientific manner.
Objective Subjective
Tests Theory Develops Theory
Numbers Words
Cause and Effect Relationship Knowing meaning & discovery
Statistical Analysis and Researcher’s interpretation
Generalizations
Examples: Examples:

Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Sociology, Psychology, Political

Astronomy, Earth Science Science, Economics, Anthropology,
History

• Qualitative and Quantitative Research can go together in a research

approach.
• There is a symbiotic relationship between these two research methods, in
which they reinforce or strengthen each other.
• Moreover, any form of knowledge, factual or opinionated and any statistical
or verbal expression of this knowledge are deduced from human
experience that is subjective. (Hollway 2013; Letherby 2013)
ACTIVITY 2. DO YOUR THING!
Given the following Research topics, name the specific subject on each topic and give
the importance on researching such topic in a person’s day to day life. The first one is
done for you.
1. Nutrient Contents of Spices and Herbs
2. Juan dela Cruz: A Filipino Inventor
3. Parents Views About the New Normal Education
4. Body Parts of a Korean Car
5. Bacteria in a Food
6. SHS Learners Study Habits
7. Medicinal Elements of Lemon Leaves
8. History Development of Asian Novels
9. Higa-onon Wedding Rites
10. The Nature of Corona Virus Disease

Topics Subject Importance of the Research

1 Spices and Herbs To know its nutrient content use as medicine

10

ASSESSMENT:
What are your views to the qualitative research across fields of inquiry? Is research
important? Why? Illustrate or present your answers in various viewpoints in terms of:
1. SOCIAL
2. ECONOMICAL
3. POLITICAL

REFERENCES:

Abdullah, S.N. (2018). Practical Research 1: Qualitative Research [PowerPoint slides].

Retrieved from http://www.academia.edu./ppt

Baraceros, E.L. (2016). Practical Research 1. 1st ed. Rex Book Store. Manila
Buenseco, D. B, Dacanay, D.E., Manalo, G.A. (2016). Department of Education Practical
Research 1. Teachers Guide. 1st ed. Lexicon Press, Inc. Pasig City.

Calmorin, L.P. (2016). Research and Thesis Writing with Statistics and Computer
Application. Rev. ed Rex Book Store

Cristobal, A.P., Jr, & Cristobal, M.D. (2016). Practical Research 1 for Senior High
School. 1st ed. C & E Publishing Inc. Quezon City.

Hollway, W. (2013). Doing Qualitative Research Differently. (2nd ed.). SAGE Pub. USA

Letherby, G. (2013). Methodological Innovations. (1st ed) SAGE Journals. USA

Palasan, E.B (2018). Qualitative Research: Importance in Daily Life [PowerPoint]

available online with http://www.slideshare.net.ppt

Rancome, P (2013). Ethics and Values in Social Research.

https://www.macmillanihe.com/page/detail/

Accessed in June 2020

https://quizlet.com/256714214/unit-ii-lesson-4-qualitative-research-in-different-areasof-
knowledge-flash-cards/