UNIT 4

LEARNING FROM OTHERS AND REVIEWING THE LITERATURE

Duration: _______________
Date of Submission: _______________
Subject Teacher: Romulo D. Reas
Phone Number: 09955041600
Facebook Account: Chod Reas

I. INTRODUCTION
Practical Research 1 develops critical thinking and problem-solving skills
through qualitative research. A research paper, basically, has five chapters, in which
Chapter 2 is the review of related literature.
A literature review is a summary of studies related to a particular area of research.
It identifies and summarizes all the relevant research conducted on a particular topic. The
literature review surveys scholarly articles, books, and other sources relevant to a
particular area of research. The review should enumerate, describe, summarize,
objectively evaluate and clarify this previous research. The literature review
acknowledges the work of previous researchers, and in so doing, assures the reader that
your work has been well conceived. It is assumed that by mentioning a previous work in
the field of study, that the author has read, evaluated, and assimilated that work into the
work at hand.

LEARNING STANDARD: At the end of the quarter, the learner demonstrates

understanding of the criteria in selecting, citing, and synthesizing related literature and
ethical standards in writing related literature, and is able to select, cite, and synthesize
properly related literature, use sources according to ethical standards, and present written
review of related literature.

II. LEARNING OBJECTIVE/S: At the end of the week, you are expected to:

1. select relevant literature (CS_RS11-IIIf-j-1);

2. cite related literature using standard style (CS_RS11-IIIf-j-2);
3. write coherent review of literature (CS_RS11-IIIf-j-4);
4. follow ethical standards in writing related literature (CS_RS11-IIIf-j-5); and
5. present written review of literature (CS_RS11-IIIf-j-6).

GENERAL INSTRUCTION: Write your answers on a yellow pad. Use only the front
page of it. Don’t forget to write your name, section and strand and the subject.

Lesson Review of Related

9 Literature
Literature is an oral or written record of man’s significant experiences that are
expressed in an ordinary manner. It is conveyed directly or indirectly. Direct
expressions are in books, journals, periodic papers, and online reading
materials. Indirect expressions are not written or spoken at all but is mirror image
of his environment (Ridley 2012).
The Review of Related Literature is one of the main components of a
research study, specifically in the second chapter. It gives an overview of all the
writings relative to a specific topic (Prieto, Naval & Carey, 2017). Therefore,
selecting the right sources for the literature review is very important in producing
a quality research paper.
ACTIVITY 1. PICTURE ANALYSIS
DIRECTIONS: Examine the image below. What does it tell you?

III. LESSON PROPER/DISCUSSION:

A review of related literature is the process of collecting, selecting, and

reading books, journals, reports, abstracts, and other reference materials. The
following information may be collected:

1. Background knowledge about the problem and associated ideas.

2. Theories that give details of the presence of the problem and certain
variables that is connected to the problem.
3. Data that prove the occurrence and gravity of the problem
4. Detailed and broad results of related studies
5. Gaps and recommendations for additional study specified in related
studies

The significance and rationale of related literature and studies is to find

out the similarities and differences between the past and present studies, to get
ideas into the critical and controversial aspects of the problem. It helps recognize
and define a research problem. It gives the researcher a background analysis
aspect, which have been studied. It guides the researcher on what to do on the
mechanism of the research methods; this also provides the thoughts to advance
with the study until its conclusion. It avoids redundant duplication of a study.
Moreover, reading extensively will enrich your background knowledge on your
research topic that will enable you to establish a good groundwork or course of
your research endeavor.

ACTIVITY 2. YOUR TURN!

Write on a sheet of paper a topic you are most interested to explore. Enumerate
at least three ways on how you will look for the information and data needed about the
chosen topic. Share important information that you would like to probe on the chosen
subject. For example, the topic is gender inequality among TVL (Technical Vocational
Technology) learners. What are you interested most? Is it the difference in quantity of
work? Is it the difference in quality of work? Alternatively, is it the type of PPE (Personal
Protective equipment)?

Follow the example and fill in your answers in the blank provided.

Introduction: What is the topic of my literature review?

Example: Gender Inequality among TVL Learners
Answer: ________________________________________________________
Topic Sentence:
Example: The number of learners, quality of work, quantity of work, and types of
PPE.
Answer: ________________________________________________________

My sources (works to be read, analyzed and cited)

Example: Bagale, S. (2016). Gender Equality and Social Inclusion in Technical
and Vocation Education and Training. Journal of Training and Development,
2(Ii), 25–32. https://doi.org/10.3126/jtd.v2i0.15435
Answer:
1._____________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
2._____________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
3._____________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
Body: What are the main points/arguments of my sources? How are these points
supported?
Example:
Source 1: Bagale found out that more women are included in the traditional
technical vocational programs, whereas there is poor participation in non-
traditional areas.

Source 2: Mustapha pointed out that there is gender imbalance in the technical
vocational field.

Answer:
Source1:
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
Source 2:
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
Source 3:
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
Body: Similarities in (comparing) two or more of the articles:
Example: Bagale and Mustapha agreed that there are still gender inequalities in
the technical vocational field and that women are still concentrated in certain
types of area.

Answer:
______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
Body: Differences in (contrasting) in two or more of the articles:
Example: Bagale and Mustapha disagree on the factors that contributes and are
affected by the gender inequality issues on technical vocational majors.

Answer:
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
Conclusion: Summarizing
Example: This literature review was conducted to analyze opposing perspectives
on gender inequality among technical vocational learners.

Answer:
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

Why is the topic of this literature review important and/or what should be the next step
of this study?
Example: Further research is needed to examine recent statistics on gender
inequality among TVL learners in the senior high schools of this division as
compared to others in this region.

Answer:
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

ASSESSMENT:

Visit webpages, journals, and similar on-line materials that has published theses
and dissertations. Examine the Review of Related Literature section of these
materials and based on what you have learned about RRL, comment on how
these appear in the manuscript. Produce a written copy of your observations
about the RRL section in the manuscript.

Lesson Criteria in Selecting, Citing, and

10 Synthesizing Related Literature

There are a lot of ways to bring in the flow of literature review that will help
learners develop their research. Frequently asked questions on how to proceed in the
conduct of literature review includes: how to look for sources, how many sources should
be cited, how to discuss ideas taken from the studies cited, how to cite authors, and
further. The aim of this lesson is to present a step-by-step guide in undertaking a review
of literature to facilitate your understanding.

ACTIVITY 1. TEXT DEVELOPMENT

DIRECTIONS: Look back into one period of your life when you were so eager to know
something. What did you do to satisfy your desire to know about such thing? In the
space provided, write a brief memoir on your knowledge seeking. Use the sheet
provided on the next page.
A Memoir on My Thirst
for Knowledge
LESSON PROPER/DISCUSSION:

Here are questions to guide you in this endeavor of selecting, citing, and
synthesizing related literature.
▪ What is your prior knowledge about your research topic?
▪ What do you have to critically say about your prior knowledge on
the topic?
▪ What do you want to know more about your topic?
▪ Did anyone do a similar research as yours?
▪ What does your research have that other researches do not?
▪ Who are these authors who have works which has more or less
same ideas as yours?

Exposed to a wide source of facts and conditioned by a limited timeframe

during the conduct of study, it is necessary that you have a guided approach in
reading or reviewing various literature works that are related to your research
topic. Here are some points to consider in an effective literature review:

Step 1: Search for the Literature

There are many sources of information available such as the Internet, books,
peer-reviewed articles in journals, publications, unpublished works like theses
and dissertations (detailed and comprehensive accounts of a research work
submitted for a higher degree at a university), conference proceedings (brief
summaries of research work presented at conferences),books, leaflets, posters,
blogs, and other library materials offline and online. Some websites might give
valuable information such as Wikipedia, Facebook, Twitter, and the likes but they
are not as dependable as other sources of knowledge since it can be edited and
considered not a scholarly article (Baraceros, 2016). Therefore, there is a need
to carefully evaluate online sources as to accuracy and veracity of information.
Furthermore, the following are key points in searching literature:
1. In gathering sources, have focus, a clearly indicated scope and purpose
of the review.
2. Isolate and center your research on key themes or issues related to your
own research interests.
3. Choose articles which are closely related to your research interest.
4. Choose studies conducted by experts and authorities in that same field
of knowledge with your study.
5. Peer-reviewed materials are much preferable than general sources of
ideas.

Step 2: Reading and Citing Source of Material

In reviewing related literature, you come up with ideas borrowed from
someone else; therefore, it is but polite, honesty, and courtesy to learn to
acknowledge other people’s intellectual rights and to avoid plagiarism. The
following are three terms to express recognition of author’s ownership of
borrowed ideas (Sharp, 2012).
1. Acknowledgment. It identifies individuals who have contributed to the
making of the manuscript, written at the start of the paper.
2. References or Bibliography. A whole list of literary materials including all
books, journal, theses, and dissertations along with other sources
mentioned above. References are arranged alphabetically in some
papers or in order of sequence as it comes out in the paper. This holds
the summary of the information of all of your sources. Information needed
in making the referencing list involves the following:
a. Author’s name
b. Date of the publication of the source.
c. Page number where you found the information.
d. Publisher
 e. Place of Publishing
f. Volume
g. Edition
h. Other relevant information –date of access

Example of References

Baptista, P. Benefits to Teaching Hydroponics in the Classroom. August 15,

2014. http://blog.zipgrow.com/teaching-hydroponics-in-the-classroom/

Benton,J. J. 2004. Hydroponics. A practical guide for the soilless grower.2nd

Edition,CRC press pp.35-150.

Brechner, M. Floating Hydroponics: A Guide to Student Experiments Growing

Plants without Soil. Cornell University. http://csip.cornell.edu.

Divina, J. C. 2015. Lettuce Production Guide. Department of Agriculture. Bureau

of Plant Industry-National Crop Research and Development Center.
Retrievedfromhttp://bpi.da.gov.ph/bpi/images/Production_guide/pdf/Lettuce
.pdf. Accessed 12/7/2018

3. Citation, or In-text-citation. Referring author within the main body of the

text. Citations can be done by paraphrasing, summarizing, or through
quotations. It can be written in the beginning of a text, between the text,
or at the last part of the paragraph. Examples are shown:

Sanchez (2015) found out building food systems that are more
sustainable, resilient and responsive …

A study by Chojnacka (2012) revealed that extracts derived from

algae contain such components as polysaccharides

This planting system is a sustainable alternative that reduces

dependence on water and fertilizer and requires less space (Alshrouf,
2017), making it ideal in urban places.

Productivity is declining as the country is facing a burgeoning

population of more than a hundred million, where majority of Filipinos are
suffering from malnutrition (Briones, et al, 2017).

STYLES OF CITATION
1. Integral citation – one way of citing or referring the author whose ideas appear
in your work. You do this by using active verbs like claim, assert, state, etc. to
report the author’s ideas.
Examples:
APA
One study by Manalo (2015) reveals…
The latest work by Lee (2020) asserts…
According to Reas et.al (2020) context is…
MLA
One study by (Manalo 70)
The latest work by (Lee 123)
According to (Reas et.al.:54)
 2. Non-integral citation – downplays any strength of the writer’s personal
characteristics. The stress is given to the piece of information rather than to the
owner of the ideas.
Examples:
a. The Code of Ethics for Intercultural Competence give four ways by which
people from different cultural background can harmoniously relate
themselves with one another. (De la Cruz, 2015)
b. The other components of Intercultural Competence which are also present
in SFG are: context (Harold, 2015), appropriateness (Villar, Marcos,
Atienza, 2016; Santos, and Daez, 2016), and emotions (Flores, 2016).

There are three basic methods of referencing the author referred in your
paper. These are the APA (American Psychological Association), MLA (Modern
Language Association), and the Chicago Manual Style. In this module, we will
be focusing on the two most commonly used styles of referencing. Moreover,
between the two, APA is the most frequently used within the social sciences in
citing various sources. The following table shows examples of MLA and APA
styles of referencing:

Features in writing APA System MLA System

Author’s name Carreon, J.B. Carreon, Janice B.

Title of the Phenom-based learning: Phenom-based Learning: The
reading material the new approach New Approach; or
Phenom-based Learning: The
New Approach
Copyright date Carreon, J.B. 2019. Carreon, Janice B.
Phenom-based learning: Phenom-based Learning: The
the new approach. New Approach. EdTech
EdTech Journal. Journal. WordStar Press.2016.
WordStar Press Inc. Manila, Philippines
Manila, Philippines

What have you noticed in the styles of writing the above entries?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

Step 3: Creating or synthesizing your review of related literature

Developing your review of related literature by gathering ideas from other
researches can be done by some patterns or techniques like paraphrasing,
quoting, and summarizing it. In doing so, you may either change the arrangement
of ideas, structures of language by using synonyms, changing format of words by
comparison contrast, chronological order, passive-active sentences, inductive-
deductive order, or by fusing opinions with the author’s ideas. In quoting, a part of
an author’s words is repeated in writing but the page number of copied texts should
be written, ideas must be essential and quoted judiciously, meaning with full
understanding. Summarizing is a shortened version of the original text expressed
in your own language, picking only the most important details of the text.
Paraphrasing on the other hand permits you to explain the idea in your own words.

PATTERNS OF CITATION
1. Summary – shortened version of the original text that is expressed in your own
language. Making the text short, you have to pick out only the most important
ideas or aspects of the text.
2. Paraphrase – antithesis of the first one because, here, instead of shortening the
form of the text, you explain what the text means to you using your own words.
 In doing so, it is possible that your explanations may decrease or exceed the
number of words of the original text.
3. Short Direct Quotation – only a part of the author’s sentence, the whole
sentence, or several sentences, not exceeding 40 words, is what you can quote
or repeat in writing through this citation pattern.
Example:
Contexts is influenced by these four factors: “language, culture,
institutions, and ideologies,” (Aranda, 2015, p.8)
4. Long Direct Quotation or Block quotation, or Extract – makes you copy the
author’s exact words numbering from 40 up to 100 words. Under APA, the limit
is eight lines. Placed at the center of the page with no indentation, the copied
lines look like they compose a stanza of a poem.
Example:
The latest study by (Hizon, 2015) reveals the social nature of language.
Stressing this nature of language, he says:

Language features result from the way people use language to meet their
social needs. In their interactions, they use language to describe, compare,
agree, explain, disagree, and so on. Each language function requires a certain
set of language features like nouns for naming, adjectives for comparing, verbs
for agreeing, prepositions for directing, and conjunctions for connecting ideas.
(p. 38)
5. Tense of Verbs for Reporting - active verbs are effective words to use in
reporting author’s ideas. Present their ideas in any of these tenses: present,
simple past, or present perfect tense. The APA system, however, prefers the
use of present perfect tense.
Examples:
Present tense – Reas explains…
Past tense – Reas explained…
Present perfect tense – Reas has explained…

ACTIVITY 2. REFERENCING!
Directions: The following entries in each box are essential in writing references. The
headings in each table are examples of correct format of referencing. Fill in the table
with the data provided in the headings as guide. Arrange the entries in proper order,
use appropriate format using APA writing style (i.e. underline or italicize if necessary).

Print Sources
Book (one author) Example: Simban, J.H. (2012). Essentials of Hydroponics
Farming. Cebu City, Philippines: Digital Books.

Author’s First Middle (Publication Book Place of Publisher

Last Initial Initial Date) Title Publication:
Name

Book (two to more than three authors) – print source

Example of two authors: Roble, M. J., & Johnson, L. (2010). India (2nd ed.). New
York, NY: Marshall. Example of three authors: Carreon, A., Marcos, M., &
Genobaten, D. (2009). Work Under Pressure. Chicago, IL: Wilcon Press.

Example of more than six authors: Benson, B., Aller, C., Camelot, D., David, E.,
Ebiola, F., Flores, G., Harison, I. (1994). The World Beneath. Los Angeles, USA:
Paramoud Era Press.
Author1’s First Middle Author2’s First Middle Author3’s First Middle Author4’s First Middle
Last Initial Initial Last Initial Initial Last Initial Initial Last Initial Initial
Name Name Name Name

Author5’s First Middle Author6’s First Middle (Publication Book Place of Publisher
Last Initial Initial Last Initial Initial Date) Title Publication:
Name Name
Initial

Scholarly Journal Article - Internet

Example Scholarly Journal: Godlowska, 2016. Plant growth bio stimulants based
on different methods of seaweed extraction with water. Hindawi Publishing
Corporation BioMed Research International Volume 2016, Article ID 5973760,
11 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5973760

Author First Middle (Publication Article Magazine/Scholarly DOI or

Last Initial Initial date) Title Journal Title Article
Name URL

Encyclopedia Article - Internet

Example: Chulz, H. K. (2015). Phytoremediation. Encyclopedia Britannica.
Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/science/phytoremediation
Author Last First Initial (Publication Article Title Encyclopedia URL
Name date) if given Title

ACTIVITY 3. PARAPHRASING!

A paraphrase restates another’s idea (or your own previously published

idea) in your own words. Paraphrasing allows you to summarize and synthesize
information from one or more sources, focus on significant information, and
compare and contrast relevant details. Published authors paraphrase their
sources most of the time, rather than directly quoting the sources; student
authors should emulate this practice by paraphrasing more than directly quoting.

PARAPHRASING ACTIVITIES

Part 1

Read the original text below. Enclose in parenthesis the words that should not
be changed when paraphrasing. Underline which should be changed.

A bio stimulant is an organic material that, when applied in small

quantities, enhances plant growth and development such that the response
cannot be attributed to the application of traditional plant nutrients (Sharma et.al.,
2011).
(Source: Sharma, S.H. Lyons, G. Mc. Roberts C. 2011. Bio stimulant activity of
brown seaweed species from Strangford Lough: compositional analyses
of polysaccharides and bioassay of extracts using mung bean (Vigno
mungo L.) and pak choi (Brassica rapa chinensis L.). Springer
Science+Business Media B.V. 2011 J Appl Phycol (2012) 24:1081–1091
DOI 10.1007/s10811-0119737-)
Part 2

Between the two paraphrases below, which statement best provides the
most suitable paraphrase of the original text above? Further, justify your answer
using sentence structure and changes in keywords.

Paraphrase 1

An organic material that can promote plant growth and development

which is not caused by spraying of usual plant fertilizers are called bio stimulants
(Sharma et.al., 2011).

Paraphrase 2

A bio stimulant makes a plant grow beautifully and bigger when added
with traditional plant nutrient (Sharma et.al., 2011).

Justification

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

Part 3

Find the synonym of the highlighted italicized words in Paraphrase 2.

Attaining food security and reduction of poverty has been the

continuing vision of our country (Balisacan, 2003). Despite being dubbed as a
country blessed with bountiful resources, the incidence of poverty due to
rapidly increasing population is an issue (Dacuycuy, 2018).

Write your answers here

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

Part 4

Construct a paraphrase. Examine the original text below and build a

paraphrase from the range of phrases provided.

Philippines is an agricultural country. Yet, productivity is declining as the

country is facing a burgeoning population of more than a hundred million, where
majority of Filipinos are suffering from malnutrition (Briones, et al, 2017).
According to Sanchez Jr, F. C. (2015) building food systems that are more
sustainable, resilient and responsive should be the top priority. The production
innovations have been evolving more and more towards organic, sustainable or
environmentally friendly systems.

Write Your Paraphrase Here

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
 Lesson Ethical Standards
11 in Writing
The ethical standards of research establish the values and expectations
of a research so that information generated is written accurately and
appropriately in accordance to the highest moral principles of research. These
ethical standards are governed by core values of integrity, confidentiality,
anonymity, and privacy through informed consent, voluntary participation,
beneficence, justice, and rights to review. It is important to adhere to ethical
principles in order to protect the dignity, rights and welfare of research
participants. These principles are honesty, integrity, trustworthiness, openness,
carefulness, respect for intellectual property, and social and legal responsibility.
This lesson introduces you to the ethical standards of research before,
during, and after the conduct of study, conflicts that might arise while carrying
out the research, and possible solutions to address it.

During the course of the conduct of research, common difficulties may arise
that will greatly affect the result of your research. As a researcher, one must be
adept enough to foresee possible challenges to your research so that it will be
resolved sooner. Below is a summary of difficulties, challenges, and / or issues
you may encounter.
1. Unavailability of respondents
2. Non-cooperation or refusal of respondents to answer questions
3. Failure of respondents to remember data or give honest responses
4. Delayed or failure in returning questionnaires with responses
5. Incomplete documents and records
6. Unscientific data
7. No local data are available
8. Lacking instruments
9. Communication problems
10. Funds are tight

ACTIVITY 1. SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS

DIRECTIONS: Choose three from the above summary of difficulties and try resolving
the conflict by filling-in the boxes below. An example is provided in each box.

Identify the Facts

Issues / Challenges Principle in Conflict Options / Solutions

Ex. Unavailability of Voluntary Write a letter in advance to

respondents participation the head of office of your
sampling area, asking
permission to conduct a
survey. Provide a letter of
consent of the
respondents

1.
 2.

3.

LESSON PROPER/DISCUSSION:

“In every problem, there is a simple and plausible solution’, an adage once says.
Here are some tips to minimize problems in conducting research:
1. Ensure available funds and budget for study to be conducted.
2. Team members should know their assigned tasks well.
3. Identify respondents ahead of time and maintain a list of contact lines and
addresses to easily follow them up.
4. Draft a clear and reliable timeline of activities
5. Reproduce copies of essential documents always.
6. Ask for permits always before conducting any activity.
7. Conduct ocular inspection of research or sampling site ahead of time.
8. Always send emails, communications and appointments beforehand.
9. Have a clear written agreement with all participating persons, agencies, and
areas.
10. Bear in mind the objectives of the study and be flexible in adjusting to present
conditions when necessary.

Scientific misconduct might arise when ethical standards are not followed
such as the following:
1. Plagiarism. This refers to fraudulent acts that entail claiming another
person’s ideas, work or publication violating intellectual property rights by
stealing and dishonesty. This usually happens in scientific publications.
2. Fabrication of data. It involves producing data without an actual
experimentation or altering data in recording with the intent to fit them to
desired results.
3. Falsification of data. Entails faulty gathering of data due to negligence
and carelessness which lead to errors in measurement or instrument use.
Error may also be caused by inappropriate application of treatment to the
subjects and poor data recording.
4. Non-publication of data. In contrast with fabrication and falsification, this
involves choosing not to include data because they do not conform to the
well-established body of knowledge or are unsupportive of the research
hypothesis. Only the results that do not reject the hypothesis are reported
and published.

To avoid such encounters and to ensure ethical standards are followed,

ethics review committees usually require research studies to undergo review
proceedings by submission of pertinent documents that will verify the
truthfulness of data, information, and paper presented. The following are
some of these:
1. Checklist for Adult Sponsors which includes parents’ consent
and advisers consent.
2. Student Checklist which tell learners information, consent and
ensure student safety.
3. Human Participant’s Form which provides information for
description, recruitment, protection of privacy, and informed consent
process.
 4. For scientific researches: Research Institution and Qualified
Scientists Form, Human Participants form, Vertebrate Animals
Form, Potentially Hazardous Biological Agents Form, and
Hazardous Chemical
Activities Form.
5. Research Plan which discusses in summary the rationale,
hypotheses, methods, risk and safety, data analysis, and references
or bibliography.
6. Risk Assessment Form which evaluates the extent of hazards posed
by the conduct of research. It includes assessing safety of
respondents, or sampling locale, or in the events of scientific studies,
the biosafety hazards like methods of disposing chemical and
biological agents, drug dosages, and delicate instrument use.
7. Research Abstract which is not more than 250 words that clearly and
concisely state the purpose, procedures, data collected, and
conclusions of the research.
8. Research Logbook with start and end dates, pictures,
documentations, notes during the course of research that shows
detailed and accurate processes.
ACTIVITY 2. ETHICS REVIEW COMMITTEE APPLICATION
To show a concrete example of how ethics review committees conduct
assessment, here is an example of an Ethics Review Committee Application
Form. The format may vary according to the agency upholding the review.
As we continue to unfold the mysteries of conducting reliable and factual
study, keep in mind your topic or research interest in the previous lesson. Give
only available information on the steps to take in fulfilling your research
endeavor. Based on your understanding about ethics in research, please
complete this form. (Copy the form on a separate yellow paper.)

Date of Application: _______

Name of Researcher:

Research Title:

Research Goals: Write down your research question, rationale,

significance, plan to do with your findings, and questions ask participants.

Place, Date/Time and Duration of Study:

Data Collection Methods and Study Participants:

Data Collection Method:

 Recruitment of participants / Sampling Procedure:

Informed consent: List ways to ensure respondent participation as safe

Confidentiality agreement: List ways to ensure confidentiality, privacy, and

safety of participants and data collected.

Risk Assessment: List means of ensuring safety in materials, instruments,

area, and substances used.

Signature of Team Members:

ACTIVITY 3. WRITE A LETTER

Continuing your research of interest, consider yourself as a researcher
following the ethical standards of research. Construct a letter for your target
participants, stating your agreement and their rights as respondents of your
study. Write your letter of informed consent in a separate paper.

Below is an example.

September 30, 2019

The Respondent
Opol NSTS

Dear Sir/Ma’am:

The undersigned is a Grade 11 student taking Practical Research I. As a

requirement, I am conducting a research entitled “Student Satisfaction on Food
Services Provided by the School Canteens of Opol District”
In connection with this, I am asking for your time, and voluntary effort to
answer the questionnaire that are important for the completion of the study. Rest
assured that all data gathered from you will be kept in the highest level of
confidentiality. Your positive response will be valuable contribution for the
success of the study and will be highly appreciated. Thank you very much for
your cooperation.

Sincerely yours,

Erika P. Bucag
ASSESSMENT:
Choose the best answer from the choices given.

1. Probing again themes or ideas related to your research is

a. Review of Related Literature
b. significance
c. Methodology
d. Meta-analysis
2. The most frequently used citation and referencing styles in social sciences.
a. MLA
b. APA
c. Chicago Manual
d. AMA
3. What is the importance and purpose of related literature?
a. to determine the similarities and differences of the findings between the
past and present studies,
b. to gain insight into the aspects of the problem that are critical and
controversial.
c. to collect background information about a topic
d. all of the above
4. Which choice shows a correct reference entry for the journal article based
on APA format?
a. Ahemad, M. (2015). Enhancing phytoremediation of chromium-stressed
soils through plant-growth-promoting bacteria. Journal of Genetic
Engineering and Biotechnology.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgeb.2015.02.001
b. M. Ahemad. Enhancing phytoremediation of chromium-stressed soils
through plant-growth-promoting bacteria. Journal of Genetic Engineering
and Biotechnology.2015
c. Ahemad, M. Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgeb.2015.02.001. Enhancing phytoremediation
of chromium-stressed soils. 2015
d. M. Ahemad. 2015. Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology.
Enhancing phytoremediation of chromium-stressed soils through plant-
growth-promoting bacteria
5. It involves taking a passage - either spoken or written - and rewording it.
a. In-text citation b. paraphrasing
c. referencing d. synonym
6. Which of the following is the correct paraphrase of:
“Horses like grasses and hay, and they can munch through 90 kilos of food
a day”.
a. A horse can eat up to 90 kilos of grass and hay each day.
b. Grasses is the food of horses
c. Cows eat grass
d. Hay must be 90 pounds for horses to consume it.
7. Which of the following is the correct paraphrase of: “Symptoms of influenza
include fever and nasal congestion?”
a. COVID-19 is influenza
b. COVID-19 has influenza-like symptoms
c. When you have fever and flu, you have COVID-19.
d. A stuffy nose and high body temperature are signs that you have flu.
8. What is plagiarism?
a. to steal and pass off intellectual properties as one's own
b. to use someone else’s work without crediting the source
 c. to present as original and novel an idea or invention copied from
an existing source
d. all of the above
9. Which option reveals what should not be integrated in the references?
a. Author’s name
b. Titles of the article
c. The dates your copies were published
d. Age of the author
10. The following are information that can be seen in a review of related literature
except.
a. Theories explaining the variables interacting in the research
b. Recommendations for additional study
c. Gaps between similar studies
d. Authors maiden name, address, and gender
11. It is a chapter of your research paper wherein it is focused on giving an
overview of all the writings relative to your specific topics.
a. Introduction c. Methodology
b. Review of Related Literatures d. Results and Discussion
12. It is a style of citing sources that can be found anywhere in the research
paper in between texts and/or end of each paragraph.
a. In-text citation c. Bibliography
b. Out-text citation d. Referencing List
13. This is defined as the norms for conduct that distinguish between acceptable
and unacceptable behaviors.
a. Attitude b. Ethics
c. Humor d. Behavior
14. A body of organization that reviews, evaluates, and assesses the credibility
of your research study.
a. Disciplinary Board b. Ethics Review Committee
c. Research Adviser d. School Board
15. The type of form required which evaluates the extent of hazards posed by
the conduct of research in terms of instrument used, area, chemicals, and
biological agents.
a. Human Participant Form b. Research Plan
c. Risk Assessment Form d. Research Abstract

Congratulations! You have just accomplished Unit 4 of your journey to becoming

a researcher. Feel good and continue moving forward for more valuable inputs in
the next modules.
REFERENCES:

Braceros, E.L. 2016. Practical Research 1. Rex Bookstore. Manila, Philippines.

Buensuceso, D. B. et. al. 2016. Practical Research 1. Teacher’s Guide. Senior

High School. Department of Education – Bureau of Learning Resources.
Pasig City, Philippines. Lexicon Press, Inc.

Prieto, N.G., Naval, V.C. & Carey, T.G. (2017). Practical research 1 for senior
high school: Qualitative. Quezon City, Metro Manila: LORIMAR
Publishing, Inc.

Ridley, D. 2012. The Literature Review: A Guide for Students. Los Angeles:
Sage.

Sharp, J. 2012. Success with Your Educational Research. USA: John Wiley and
Sons.

This module was pulled together with help from following websites:

http://library.concordia.ca/help/writing/literature-review.php
http://www.writing.utoronto.ca/advice/specific-types-of-writing/literature-review

http://www.lib.uoguelph.ca/get-assistance/writing/specific-types-
papers/writingliteraturereview

https://alexandercollege.ca/web-2018/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/3.-
LiteratureReview-worksheet.pdf

https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZGVmYXVsdGRvbWFp
bnx2eWVzdGFjZXl8Z3g6NzJiNTg5N2VlNzZmNDEwNg