CHAPTER 3 NUTRITION

carbohydrate
- organic compound contain carbon, hudrogen and oxygen (CHO)
- staple for humans
example :
*starch - food stored in plants
* glycogen - food stored in animals
* cellulose carbohydrate that forms the cell wall of plants
- function - supplies energy
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- sources : bread, rice, potatoe, noodle

protein

- contains CHO and nitrogen

- digested into amino acid

- function :

* required for growth

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mineral
* repair damged cells
- non organic substance
* replace dead cells
- needed in small quantities
- sources : chic, seafood, meat, nuts, eggs and milk
- do not supply energy
fat - function : regulate body prcoesses to maintain health
- contains CHO
- formed from glycerol and fatty acid
- function : supplies 2 times energy from carbo
- protects the organs
- transporter for vitamin A,D, E, K
- excess fat is kept under the skin as heat insulator to regulate body temp.

- sources : butter, coconut oit, palm oil and groundnuts

bre
- subtance cannot be broken down by digestive system

function :
- stimulate peristalsis

- makes food easier to move along the digestive tract

- prevents constipation
sources : vege, high bre bread, grains
water
IMPORTANCE OF BALANCED DIET
- contains elements of hydrogen and oxygen
- function :
diet that contains all seven classes of food in right quntities
* acts as chemical solvent and a transportaion

medium of nutrien an oxygen into cells

* transports waste material such as salt and urea

out of the cells

* regulates body temp
* sources, fruit juice, watermelon
vitamin
- organic compound that does not supply energy
- needed in small quantities
- function : maintain a healthy body
vitamins

water soluble vitamins fat soluble vitamins

 climate - people from cold
Work
Body size climate lose mouth
heat quickly so they need
more food to oeshopagus

Factors that In uence Calori c maiantain body temp

Requirement stomach

state of health
duodenum
Age - children and teenager Gender - men
are more small intest.

need mor carbo and protein

muscular
large intest.

CALORIFIC VALUE OF FOOD rectum

anus
calori c value - amount of food released when 1g of food is burned
unit : calorie (cal) or joule (J)
glands
HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

food digestion =
- process of breaking down food that is complex and large
into molecules that are small, simple and soluble
1. mouth
so that they can be absorbed by body cells
- food is chewed by teeth
- particle of food are soften by saliva
Digestion - salivary amilase in saliva

PHYSICAL CHEMICAL 2. oesophagus

- process of breaking down involve chemically food enters oesophagus called bolus
from bigger pieces with the help of enzymes peristalsis pushes the food into the
into smaller in the mouth stomach
with the help of teeth,
tongue 3. stomach
and saliva - wall of stomach secrete protease and hydrocluoric acid
- hydrocluoric acid = activates protease and kill bacteria in food
- protease = break down protein into polypeptides
- food that is semi liquid called chyme

4. duodenum
- rst part of small intest.
- liver = produse bile that is stored in gall bladder
- bile emulsi es fat into small droplets
- bile neutralizes the acid in chyme
pancreas - produce pancreatic juice : amylase, protease and lipase
pancreatic juice

5. small intest.
secretes enzymes maltase and protease

DIGESTIVE ENZYMES
- made up of protein
6. large intest.
- quicken food
- undigested food enter large intest
digestion
- process of water absorption happens here
- amylase, maltase,
lipase and protease 7. rectum
food that id undigested , known as faeces enter rectum and
stored here

8. anus
faeces are excreted from the body through the anus
ABSORBTION, TRANSPORTAION OF DIGESTED FOOD AND DAFAECATION

process of absorbtion
villus - singular
villi - plural
the surface of small intest. has many folds
- to add surface area
- increase the absorption rate of the product of
digestion

wall of villus is very thin

- increase the rate of avsorption

function of blood vessel is to transport nutrients

to all parts of the body,

DEFECATION

- unabsorbed and undigested food become solid waste - faeces

- faeces are stored temporarily in the rectum b4 being eliminated

trouhh anus
- defaecation is the process of eliminating faeces from the body
reabsorption
what moves into large intestine
- undigested food
- food that is not absorbed by small intest : bre, water secretions of digestive
tract, dead cells and water
while moving through the large intest.
- water and minerals are reabsorbed into the blood stream
PROCESS OF TRANSPORTING THE PRODUCTS OF DIGESTION

Assimilation - process of distributing the end products

of digestion for the use of cell in body

end products of digestion :

* glucose - produce energy
* amino acid - form component of cells
* fatty acid and glycerol - combine to form fat that protects the inner
organs and functions as heat insulator

Body systems involved are :

digestive system : breaks down complex food molecule into simple

molecules for absorption into villus

blood circulation system : transport simple molecules to the body

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cells

assimilation : distribution of the nal product for the formation of

new cells, respiration and regulation of body tempt.