Assignment#2

ME 346 (S1)
Heat Transfer Date: 31/08/2021
Marks: 100

Instructions:
1. Due date for submission: 05/09/2021 (before 21:00 hrs).
2. Only pdf files are to be submitted and the files are to be named as “RollNo.pdf”.
3. You can take necessary but feasible assumptions whenever required.
4. Copying solutions from others will attract penalty of marks.
5. Each question carries 10 marks.

1. A shaft of radius Rs rotates inside a sleeve of inner radius Rs and outer radius Ro.
Frictional heat is generated at the interface providing flux of q". The outside surface of
the sleeve is cooled by convection with an ambient fluid at T∞. The associated heat
transfer coefficient is h. Considering one-dimensional steady state conduction in the
radial direction, determine the temperature distribution in the shaft and sleeve.

2. Steam in a heating system flows through tubes whose outer diameter is 5 cm and whose
walls are maintained at a temperature of 180°C. Circular aluminium alloy 2024-T6 fins
(k =186 W/m°C) of outer diameter 6 cm and constant thickness 1 mm are attached to
the tube. The space between the fins is 3 mm, and thus there are 250 fins per meter
length of the tube. Efficiency of the individual fin is determined to be 97%. Heat is

transferred to the surrounding air at T=25°C, with a heat transfer coefficient of 40

W/m2°C. Determine the increase in heat transfer from the tube per meter of its length
as a result of adding fins.
3. A copper sheet of thickness 2L = 2 mm has an initial temperature of Ti = 118 ᵒC. It is
suddenly quenched in liquid water, resulting in boiling at its two surfaces. For boiling,
Newton’s law of cooling is expressed as 𝑞 " = ℎ(𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 ), where 𝑇𝑠 is the solid surface
temperature and 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 is the saturation temperature of the fluid (in this case 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 100
ᵒC). The convection heat transfer coefficient may be expressed as h = 1010 (T - 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 )2.
Determine the time needed for the sheet to reach a temperature of Tin = 102 ᵒC. (ρcopper
= 8960 kg/m3, Cp=377 J/kg ᵒC)

4. A 5 cm diameter steel pipe is covered with a 1 cm layer of insulating material having

thermal conductivity of 0.22 W/m-K followed by another insulation of thickness 3 cm
with a material having thermal conductivity of 0.06W/mK. The entire assembly is
exposed to an environment at 15°C providing convective heat transfer coefficient 60
W/m2K. The outside surface temperature of the steel pipe is 400°C. Calculate the heat
loss by the pipe insulation assembly for a pipe length of 20 m.

5. Obtain a relation for the fin efficiency for a fin of constant cross-sectional area Ac,
perimeter p, length L, and thermal conductivity k exposed to convection to a medium
at T∞ with a heat transfer coefficient h. Assume the fins are sufficiently long so that the
temperature of the fin at the tip is nearly T∞. Take the temperature of the fin at the base
to be Tb and neglect heat transfer from the fin tips. Simplify the relation for
(a) a circular fin of diameter D.
(b) a rectangular fin of thickness t and width w.

6. Radioactive wastes are packed in a thin walled spherical container and generate thermal
energy uniformly according to the relation 𝑞̇ = 𝑞̇𝑜 [1 − (𝑟/𝑟𝑜)2], where 𝑞̇ is the local rate
of energy generation per unit volume, 𝑞̇𝑜 is a constant, 𝑟𝑜 is the radius of the container.
Steady state conditions are maintained by submerging the container in a liquid which
is at 𝑇∞ and providing a heat transfer coefficient, h. Obtain an expression for the total
rate at which thermal energy is generated in the container. Use the result to obtain an
expression for the temperature, 𝑇𝑠 of the container wall.

7. A long cylindrical rod of radius 10 cm consists of a nuclear reacting material of thermal

conductivity 0.5 W/mK generating 24000 W/m3 uniformly throughout the volume. This
 rod is encapsulated inside another cylinder having outer radius 20 cm and thermal
conductivity 4 W/mK. The outer surface is surrounded by a fluid at 100°C providing a
convective heat transfer coefficient of ℎ = 20 W/m2K. Find the temperature at the
interface between the two cylinders and at the outer surface.

8. A copper sphere (k = 386 W/mK) having a diameter of 5 cm is exposed to a convection

environment at 25°C and h = 15 W/m2K. Heat is generated uniformly at the rate of 1
MW/m3. Evaluate the steady state temperature at the centre of the sphere.

9. A constant rate of energy per unit volume qg in the form of heat is uniformly generated
in a long solid cylinder. The temperature at the outer surface of the cylinder (𝑟 = 𝑎) is
maintained at 𝑇𝑎 . Calculate the temperature profile and the heat flux at the outer wall
under steady-state conditions.

10. A very long rod 5 mm in diameter has one end maintained at 100°C. The surface of the
rod is exposed to ambient air at 25°C with a convection heat transfer coefficient of
100 𝑊/𝑚2 𝐾. (a) Determine the temperature distributions along rods constructed from
pure copper, 2024 aluminium alloy, and type AISI 316 stainless steel. What are the
corresponding heat losses from the rods?
(b) Estimate how long the rods must be for the assumption of infinite length to yield an
accurate estimate of the heat loss.

𝑇𝑏 + 𝑇∞
Properties: copper [𝑇 = =
2

62.5°𝐶 = 335 𝐾]: 𝑘 = 398 𝑊/

𝑚𝐾.
2024 aluminium (335 𝐾): 𝑘 =
180 𝑊/𝑚𝐾. stainless steel, AISI
316 (335 𝐾): 𝑘 = 14 𝑊/𝑚𝐾.