Practicum (OJT) : University of Nueva Caceres College of Engineering & Architecture Naga, Camarines Sur

University of Nueva Caceres
College of Engineering & Architecture

Naga, Camarines Sur
PRACTICUM
(OJT)
Prepared by:
Carlo Michael Villafuerte
Engr. Dino Jose Relativo

Instructor
Contents
 Initiation Phase + Rationale of OJT

1. Company Profile
2. Contract Agreement
3. Detailed Breakdown of the Contract
4. Notice of Award
5. Notice of Post-Qualification
6. Notice to Proceed
 Planning Phase
7. Location Map
8. Schematic Diagram & Typical Roadway Section
9. Typical RCPC Roadway Section
10. Individual Program of Work - Concrete Works
11. Individual Program of Work - Installation of Integrated Solar Streetlights
12. Detailed Estimate - Concrete Works
13. Detailed Estimate - Installation of Streetlights
14. Manpower & Equipment Utilization Schedule
15. List of Equipment/Apparatus/Materials Used
 Execution Phase (weekly activity log)

 Monitoring & Controlling Phase
 Closure
16. Letter for Extension
17. Recommendations (Summarized)
18. Learnings & Experiences (Summarized)
19. Good Practices Observed from the Company
20. Construction Methods and Techniques
21. Personal Opinions
Initiation Phase
The initiation phase is the beginning of the project. In this phase, the idea
for the project is explored and elaborated. The goal of this phase is to examine
the feasibility of the project. In addition, decisions are made concerning who is to
carry out the project, which party (or parties) will be involved and whether the
project has an adequate base of support among those who are involved.
In this phase, the current or prospective project leader writes a proposal,

which contains a description of the above-mentioned matters. Examples of this
type of project proposal include business plans and grant applications. The
prospective sponsors of the project evaluate the proposal and, upon approval,
provide the necessary financing. The project officially begins at the time of
approval.
Questions to be answered in the initiation phase include the following:
 Why this project?

- As I what I understood over the course of the project, although it is not
finished yet, this is a road construction project proposed to provide
convenience to people living in the area. Road transport can be
classified as transporting either goods and materials or transporting
people. The major advantage of road transport is that it can enable
door-to-door delivery of goods and materials and can provide a very
cost-effective means of cartage, loading and unloading.
 Is it feasible?
- With proper project management, yes, it is feasible.
 Who are possible partners in this project?
- Honestly, I don’t know. At first, I thought it was privately owned. Or
maybe it is a project by LGU of Basud.
 What should the results be?
- A composite pavement (access road, rigid and flexible in some small
sections), 4.0 m x 120 ln. m x 0.15 m with a shoulder on both sides.
 What are the boundaries of this project (what is outside the scope of the
project)?
- Stated in the contract agreement.
Rationale of OJT
On-the-job training is instruction for employees that takes place at work.

OJT typically involves a combination of observing others and hands-on experience
completing tasks under the supervision of a training manager, coworker or
outsourced professional trainer.
The purpose of OJT is to acquaint us (the students) formally to a real-life

workplace environment. This will help to explore the relationship between the
knowledge & skills acquired in college with those required in the working
situations. This enables students to understand and respond better to market
demand. In these trying times, we think that this pandemic will interrupt our OJT,
but we found out that it is virtually possible.
Project Profile
Construction Project: Concreting of Access Road

Project Description: Concreting of 4.0 m x 120 ln. m x 0.15 m road section with a
shoulder on both sides
Project Location: Barangay Tuaca, Basud, Camarines Norte
Student Profile
Name: Carlo Michael Villafuerte

Student No: 18-21852
Permanent Address: Suzara Subd., Brgy. Dalas, Labo, Camarines Norte
Current Address: 1418, Orange Dormitel, Blumentritt St., Brgy. Tinago, Naga,
Camarines Sur
Gov. Panotes Avenue Daet, Camarines Norte
Telephone No. (054) 440-1661 Cellphone No. 09998891925
COMPANY PROFILE
Philians Engineering & Construction SupplY (PECS) is a private sole

ownership company established in DECEMBER 1999 in Daet, Camarines
Norte. PECS is authorized to engage in the construction contracting
business in the Philippines with a Principal Classification of Electrical
Work Category A, General Engineering and General Building.
PECS also is an ACCREDITED CONTRACTOR of almost all of the

Electric Cooperatives & Communication ( Telephone & etc.) Service
Providers within Region V .
PECS maintains an office in Governor Panotes Ave., Daet, Camarines

Norte and its Warehouse @ Metropark Village, Bgy. Magang, Daet,
Camarines Norte.
PECS was established with the objective of providing construction (

Civil & electrical) services and supplies to all possible costumers in
order to be rewarded avail the supply of power from a local electric
utility & Maintenance for power and telecommunication distribution
lines.
PECS facilitate the safety execution and implementation of any
Infrastucture projects, civil and or electrical projects and assure
that the same complies within the standard of the Philippine Electrical
Code ( PEC) , Building Code, local electric utilities & LGU’s.
Clients trust PECS to deliver services to optimize their assets,

improve their competitive position and increase their long term
business success, with a primary objective of to develop, execute and
maintain projects with operational excellence
Its target market are those government and non government area that
may be on need of the following services;
1. Electrical Consultancy
2. Line maintenance of power & communication lines
3. Drafting of Electrical Plan
4. Building Installation of Electrical equiptments and

materials
5. Building rewiring
6. Load evaluation and assessment
7. Construction of 69 KV Transmission and 13.2 KV

distribution line (installation of pole, Transformer and
etc.)
8. Installation of distribution line equipments

9. Distribution line Clearing
10.Project estimate ( Distribution line material and

Building materials)
11. Other special electrical studies/jobs (load evaluation,

system study and etc.)
12. Road construction, (Highway and Pavements)
13 Railways Construction
14. Airport Horizontal Structures
15 Bridges Construction
16 Irrigations and Flood Controls
17. Water Supply
18. Buildings and Industrial Plants Construction
PECS Supplies and Trades:
Electrical materials, Roadlights, lighting fixtures, machinery and

equipment , wires, cables, insulators, Power and Distribution
transformers, switchgear, electrical testing equipment , KWHMeters,
steel poles, wood and concrete poles, generator and other related
items.
Construction Materials, Cement, Nails, Woods, Screws, Tiles, Roofing
Materials, Agregates ( sand and etc.) and other Infrastructure
project Construction materials.
PECS Registration and ownership:
As a single proprietor business/company, PECS permit to operate was

registered with the Local Government Unit, Department of Trade and
Industry, Bureau of Internal Revenue and the Social Security System
all in Daet, Camarines Norte
PECS is owned and managed by ARMIN JESUS R. NAGERA a

Registered Electrical Engineer (REE) with a Professional License
no.5744 he has worked with the Atlantic Gulf & Pacific (AG&P) FOR
Three (3) years, National Electrification Administration ( NEA) for
Five (5) years, in Manila and Camarines Norte Electric Cooperative
(CANORECO) for Seven years. He has over twenty years of Practice
in various electrical fields in the Philippines
COMPLETED PROJECTS ( see attatcment):
1. CANORECO
2. Sitio Electriification Project of Canoreco
3. Farm to Market Road Projects of LGU’s
4. DEP ED, Camarines Norte
5. DEP ED, Camarines Sur

Contract Agreement
Detailed Breakdown of the Contract
Notice of Award
Notice of Post-Qualification
Notice to Proceed
Planning Phase
Once the project is approved to move forward based on your business case,
statement of work, or project initiation document, you move into the planning
phase.
During this phase of the project management life cycle, you break down the
larger project into smaller tasks, build your team, and prepare a schedule for the
completion of assignments. Create smaller goals within the larger project, making
sure each is achievable within the time frame. Smaller goals should have a high
potential for success.
Steps for the project planning phase may include the following:
 Creating a project plan: Identify the project timeline, including the phases
of the project, the tasks to be performed, and possible constraints.
 Creating workflow diagrams: Visualize your processes using swim lanes to
make sure team members clearly understand their role in a project.
 Estimating budget and creating a financial plan: Use cost estimates to
determine how much to spend on the project to get the maximum return
on investment.
 Gathering resources: Build your functional team from internal and external
talent pools while making sure everyone has the necessary tools (software,
hardware, etc.) to complete their tasks
 Anticipating risks and potential quality roadblocks: Identify issues that may
cause your project to stall while planning to mitigate those risks and
maintain the project’s quality and timeline
 Holding a project kickoff meeting: Bring your team on board and outline the
project so they can quickly get to work.
C:\Users\user\Jebin\jessie@work\FOR BIDDING\Roads folder\FMR & ROAD Projects\2020 FMR\2020-Tuaca 120LMx4x.15 Access Road\Manrisikrisik Road.jpg
LOCATION MAP
SCALE: AS SHOWN IN METERS
PROJECT TITLE: AUTOCAD & DESIGNED BY: PREPARED BY: CHECKED BY: APPROVED BY: SHEET CONTENT: SHEET NO:
CONSTRUCTION OF ACCESS ROAD AS 1 A

Barangay Mandazo, Basud, Camarines Norte
JESSIE BIRON INTIA OSCAR Z. DE VERA ENGR. APRIL MARIE A DE VERA HON. ADRIAN S. DAVOCO
SHOWN 3 11
ADMIN. AIDE-II ADMIN. AIDE-VI ACTING MUNICIPAL ENGINEER MUNICIPAL MAYOR
120.00 LM START OF PROJECT
END OF PROJECT ITEM 311 PORTLAND CEMENT
1.50 M WIDE SHOULDER
CONCRETE PAVEMENT
0.50 M
4.00 M
0.50 M
6 PCS 600 MM Ø RCPC
0.50 M WIDE SHOULDER

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
5.00 M
0.50 M 4.00 M 0.50 M
ITEM 311 PORTLAND CEMENT

CONCRETE PAVEMENT
12 MM Ø RSB DOWEL BAR
NATURAL GRADE LINE
2 % SLOPE 2 % SLOPE ITEM 201 AGGREGATE SUB-BASE
COARSE15 MM THICK
0.15 M
0.15 M
0.15 M
TYPICAL ROADWAY SECTION ITEM 200 AGGREGATE BASE

SCALE: AS SHOWN IN METERS COARSE15 MM THICK
PROJECT TITLE: AUTOCAD BY: PREPARED BY: CHECKED BY: APPROVED BY: SHEET CONTENT: SHEET NO:
CONSTRUCTION OF ACCESS ROAD AS 2 S

Barangay Tuaca, Basud, Camarines Norte
SHOWN 3 1 2
5.00 M
0.50 M 4.00 M 0.50 M
ITEM 311 PORTLAND CEMENT 16 MM Ø RSB DOWEL BAR

CONCRETE PAVEMENT
0.15 M RIPRAP
0.15 M
0.15 M
6-PCS 24" Ø RCPC
TYPICAL RCPC ROADWAY SECTION

PROJECT TITLE: AUTOCAD BY: PREPARED BY: CHECKED BY: APPROVED BY: SHEET CONTENT: SHEET NO:
CONSTRUCTION OF ACCESS ROAD AS 2 S

Barangay Tuaca, Basud, Camarines Norte
SHOWN 3 22
Republic of the Philippines
Province of Camarines Norte
Municipality of Basud
OFFICE OF THE MUNICIPAL ENGINEER
INDIVIDUAL PROGRAM OF WORK

Name of Equipment Requirement
: CONSTRUCTION OF ACCESS ROAD
Project Kind Number
Location : Brgy. Tuaca, Basud, Camarines Norte Road Grader 1
Description : Concreting of 4.0 m x 120 ln.m. x 0.15 m road section with shoulder Road Roller 1
both sides
Appropriation : ₱1,000,000.00 Concrete Mixer 1
Source : 20% MDF Hand Tools Enough
Imp. Schedule : By Contract
No. of Days : 90 Calendar Days
Unit
Item No. Description of Work % of Total Unit Quantity Amount
Price
105 SUB-GRADE PREPARATION 2.60 sq.m. 720 36.09 25,987.00
200 AGGREGATE SUB-BASE COARSE 14.46 cu.m. 90 1,607.09 144,638.00
201 AGGREGATE BASE COARSE 15.84 cu.m. 90 1,760.21 158,419.00
311 PCCP (INCLUDING SHOULDERING) 62.22 sq.m. 480 1,296.28 622,216.00
500 RCPC 4.36 pcs. 7 6,232.57 43,628.00
SPL I PROJECT BILLBOARD WITH WOODEN FRAME 0.51 unit 1 5,112.00 5,112.00
TOTAL 100% ₱1,000,000.00
BREAKDOWN OF ESTIMATED EXPENDITURES
I - ESTIMATED CONTRACT COST II - ESTIMATED GOVERNMENT EXPENSES
A. Direct Cost
1. Materials 507,182.00 1. Pre-construction Engineering
2. Mobilization/Demobilization 2. Supervision
3. Labor 148,840.00 3. Project Management
4. Equipment Expenses 107,100.00 4. Project Monitoring/Evaluation
5. Hauling and Mining Fee TOTAL OF ITEM II P
Sub-total ₱763,122.00
B. Indirect Cost TOTAL PROJECT COST ₱1,000,000.00
Profit 75,801.00
OCM 113,701.00
Tax/VAT 47,376.00
Sub-total ₱236,878.00
TOTAL OF ITEM I ₱1,000,000.00
Prepared and submitted by: Checked and reviewed by:
OSCAR Z. DE VERA ENGR. APRIL MARIE A. DE VERA

Administrative Aide VI Acting Municipal Engineer
Approved:
ADRIAN S. DAVOCO
POW/05-11-2020 Municipal Mayor
Republic of the Philippines
Province of Camarines Norte
Municipality of Basud
OFFICE OF THE MUNICIPAL ENGINEER
INDIVIDUAL PROGRAM OF WORK

CONSTRUCTION/INSTALLATION OF STREETLIGHTS ALONG MAHARLIKA Equipment Requirement
Name of Project :
HIGHWAY
Kind Number
Location : Maharlika Highway, Basud, Camarines Norte Electrical Tools Enough
Description : Installation of Integrated Solar Streetlights 100 Watts
Apprpriation : ₱1,000,000.00
Source : 20% MDF
Imp. Schedule : By Contract
No. of Days : 120 Calendar Days
Item No. Description of Work % of Total Unit Quantity Unit Amount

Price
I EXCAVATION FOR FOUNDATION 1.99 cu.m. 15.30 1,286.27 19,680.00
II CONCRETE WORKS 4.49 cu.m. 2.25 19,706.67 44,340.00
III STEEL WORKS 55.60 sets 15 36,577.00 548,655.00
IV ELECTRICAL WORKS 37.91 sets 15 24,938.00 374,070.00
100% ₱986,745.00
BREAKDOWN OF ESTIMATED EXPENDITURES
I - ESTIMATED DIRECT COST II - ESTIMATED GOVERNMENT EXPENSES

A. Direct Cost
1.Materials 546,630.00 1. Pre-construction Engineering
2. Mobilization/Demobilization 2. Supervision
3. Labor 193,185.00 3. Project Management 10,000.00
4. Equipment Expenses 12,000.00 4. Project Monitoring/Evaluation 3,255.00
5. Hauling and Mining Fee
Sub-total ₱751,815.00 TOTAL OF ITEM II ₱13,255.00
B. Indirect Cost
Profit 75,180.00
OCM 112,770.00 TOTAL PROJECT COST ₱1,000,000.00
Tax/VAT 46,980.00
Sub-total ₱234,930.00
TOTAL OF ITEM I ₱986,745.00

Administrative Aide VI Acting Municipal Engineer
Approved:
ADRIAN S. DAVOCO
POW/05-22-2020 Municipal Mayor
PROJECT NAME: CONCRETING OF ACCESS ROAD
LOCATION: Brgy. Tuaca, Basud, Camarines Norte
DETAILED ESTIMATE
Item 105 : SUB-GRADE PREPARATION Estimated Quantity = 720 m2

A. Materials (none)
B. Equipment Expenses
1 unit Road Grader 1 day 12,000.00 per day 12,000.00
Oil, Fuel & Lubricant 4,200.00
Sub-Total ₱16,200.00
C. Labor Lumpsum ₱3,600.00
Estimated Direct Cost ₱19,800.00

Profit 1,980.00
OCM 2,970.00
Tax/VAT 1,237.00
Item Cost ₱25,987.00
2
Unit cost per m ₱36.09
Item 200 : AGGREGATE SUB-BASE COARSE Estimated Quantity = 90 m3

A. Materials
90 m3 Aggregate sub-base course 800.00 per m
3
72,000.00
1 unit Road Roller 1 day 10,000.00 per day 10,000.00

Profit 11,020.00
OCM 16,530.00
Tax/VAT 6,888.00
Item Cost ₱144,638.00
3
Unit Cost per m ₱1,607.09
3
Item 201 : AGGREGATE BASE COARSE Estimated Quantity = 90 m
A. Materials
3 3
90 m Aggregate Base Course 900.00 per m 81,000.00
1 unit Road Roller 1 day 10,000.00 per day 10,000.00

Profit 12,070.00
OCM 18,105.00
Tax/VAT 7,544.00
Item Cost ₱158,419.00
3
Item 311 : PCCP (INCLUDING SHOULDERING) Estimated Quantity = 480 m2

A. Materials
648 bags Portland cement 258.00 per bag 167,184.00
3 3
42 m Sand (washed) - loose volume 700.00 per m 29,400.00
3 3
76 m Gravel, G1 (loose volume) 950.00 per m 72,200.00
3 3
35 m Aggregate Base Course (for shouldering) 900.00 per m 31,500.00
25 pcs. DSB, 12mmø x 6.0 m 240.00 per piece 6,000.00
600 bd. ft. Coco lumber, 2" x 6" x 12' - 50 pcs. 25.00 per bd. ft. 15,000.00
5 kls. C.W. nails (assorted sizes) 60.00 per kilo 300.00
45 liters Asphalt Sealant 110.00 per liter 4,950.00
Sub-Total ₱326,534.00
1 unit Concrete Mixer 15 days 2,100.00 per day ₱31,500.00

Profit 47,277.40
OCM 70,915.60
Tax/VAT 29,548.00
Item Cost ₱620,515.00
2
Unit cost per m ₱1,292.74
Item 500 : RCPC Estimated Quantity = 7 pcs.

A. Materials
6 pcs. RCPC, 24"ø 2,500.00 per piece 15,000.00
9 bags Portland cement 260.00 per bag 2,340.00
3 3
1 m Sand (washed) - loose volume 700.00 per m 700.00
3
4 m Boulder 800.00 per m
3
3,200.00
B. Labor
Excavation (1.2m)(1.2m)(7m) = Lumpsum 5,000.00
Installation of RCPC = Lumpsum 5,000.00
Riprapping (2 sides) = Lumpsum 2,000.00

Profit 3,324.00
OCM 4,986.00
Tax/VAT 2,078.00
2
Unit cost per m ₱6,232.57
SPL I PROJECT BILLBOARD WITH WOODEN FRAME 1 unit ₱5,112.00
SUMMARY:
Item 105 SUB-GRADE PREPARATION 25,987.00

Item 200 AGGREGATE SUB-BASE COARSE 144,638.00
Item 201 AGGREGATE BASE COARSE 158,419.00
Item 311 PCCP (INCLUDING SHOULDERING) 620,515.00
Item 500 RCPC 43,628.00
SPL I PROJECT BILLBOARD WITH WOODEN FRAME 5,112.00
TOTAL PROJECT COST ₱998,299.00
Prepared and submitted by:
ENGR. ARMIN JESUS R. NAGERA

PHILIANS ENGINEERING & CONSTRUCTION SUPLLY
CONTRACTOR
CONSTRUCTION/INSTALLATION OF STREETLIGHTS ALONG MAHARLIKA HIGHWAY
Maharlika Highway, Basud, Camarines Norte
detailed estimate
3
Item I : EXCAVATION FOR FOUNDATION Estimated Quantity = 1.02 m
A. Materials (none)
B. Labor Lumpsum ₱1,000.00

Profit 100.00
OCM 150.00
Tax/VAT 62.00
3
3
Item II : CONCRETE WORKS Estimated Quantity = 0.15 m
A. Materials
2 bags Cement 250.00 per bag 500.00
3 3
0.20 m Sand 700.00 per m 140.00
3 3
0.20 m Gravel 1,100.00 per m 220.00
3 3
0.30 m Boulder 900.00 per m 270.00
0.50 pcs. DSB, 10mmø x 6.0 m 140.00 per piece 70.00
0.50 pc. 1/4" thk Plywood 360.00 per piece 180.00
8 bd.ft. Coco Lumber, 2"x2"x12' - 2 pcs. 24.00 per bd.ft. 192.00
0.50 kls. C.W. Nail (assorted sizes) 60.00 per kilo 30.00
B. Labor Lumpsum ₱650.00

Profit 225.00
OCM 338.00
Tax/VAT 141.00
3
Item III : STEEL WORKS Estimated Quantity = 1 set

A. Materials (Including Hauling)
1 pc. Hot Dip Galvanized Steel Pole, 25' 16,000.00 per piece 16,000.00
1 pc. G.I. Arm Pole with clamp, 2"ø 2,800.00 per piece 2,800.00
1 kilo Welding Rod 120.00 per kilo 120.00
1 gallon Primer Gray 700.00 per gallon 700.00
2 bottles Thinner 40.00 per bottle 80.00
2 pcs. 4" Paint Brush 70.00 per bottle 140.00
C. Equipment Expenses
1 unit Welding Machine (1 day) 800.00 per day ₱800.00

Profit 2,787.00
OCM 4,180.00
Tax/VAT 1,741.00
Item IV : ELECTRICAL WORKS Estimated Quantity = 1 set

A. Materials
1 set Integrated Solar Streetlight, 100 Watts 15,000.00 per set 15,000.00

Profit 1,900.00
OCM 2,850.00
Tax/VAT 1,188.00
TOTALAMOUNT FOR 1 SET ₱65,783.00
TOTAL AMOUNT FOR 15 SETS ₱986,745.00

Admin. Aide VI Acting Municipal Engineer
Approved:
ADRIAN S. DAVOCO
Municipal Mayor
P5,Brgy. Matnog, Basud, Camarines
Norte
Telephone No. (054)440-1661 Cellphone No. 09998891925
MANPOWER & EQUIPMENT UTILIZATION SCHEDULE
Project Name: CONSTRUCTION OF ACCESS ROAD

Project Location: Brgy. Tuaca, Basud, Camarine Norte
CATEGORY SCHEDULE
1st QUARTER 2ND QUARTER 3RD QUARTER 4TH QUARTER
MANPOWER
Project Engineer 1 1 1 1
Materials Engineer 1 1 1 1
Foreman 1 1 1 1
Skilled Laborer 3 3 3 3
Common Laborer 5 5 5 5
EQUIPMENT
Road Grader 1
Road Roller 1
Concrete Mixer 1 1 1 1
Submitted by:
Engr. ARMIN JESUS R. NAGERA

Owner / Manager
PHILIANS ENGINEERING AND CONSTRUCTION SUPPLY
P5,Brgy. Matnog, Basud, Camarines Norte
List of Equipment
Name of Bidder: PHILIANS ENGINEERING & CONSTRUCTION SUPPLY
Address: Brgy. Matnog Basud, Camarines Norte
Capacity/
Units Description Model/Year Plate no. / Body no. Condition Remarks
Performance/ Size
2 Units Cut off 4” Good Owned
2 Units Bar Cutter 28mm. Good Owned
1 Unit One Bagger mixer ½ cubic meter Good Owned
1 Unit Tamaraw FX 2007 XFJ 787 Good Owned/OR CR
1 Unit Utility Vehicle 1992 RMK344 Good Owned/OR CR
2 Units Multicab 4x4 1992 KFE 685 / JDK 462 Good Owned/OR CR
1 Unit Utility Van 2020 G1U667 Good Owned/OR CR
1 Unit Road Roller Good Rent
1 Unit Road Grader Good Rent
Submitted by:

(Printed Name & Signature)
Designation: OWNER
Execution Phase (Weekly Activity Log)
The Project Execution Phase is usually the longest phase in the project
management life cycle and consumes the most energy and resources. It is pretty
evident by now as to how crucial it is to ensure your plans are realized with
clinical precision and none to minimal deviation.
The primary objective of Execution and Control is to construct deliverables
as per the master project plan and consistently evaluate the processes and plans
involved to deliver the output as per the agreed specifications.
Week 1
Date: Thursday, September 24, 2020 – Day 1
Scope of the day/week: Clearing and Grubbing of the Road Construction Area
(Preparing the road right-of-way or construction area is referred to as clearing
and grubbing. During the clearing phase, trees are felled. Grubbing refers to the
clearing and removal of stumps and organic debris.)
Equipment used:
Grader - A grader, also commonly referred to as a road grader or a motor grader,
is a construction machine with a long blade used to create a flat surface during
the grading process. In civil engineering, the grader's purpose is to "finish grade"
(to refine or set precisely). The angle, tilt (or pitch), and height of the grader's
blade can be adjusted to achieve precision grading of a surface.
Challenges Encountered:
New normal setting - since we're in the middle of the COVID-19 pandemic right
now, challenges arise. One challenge is social distancing between workers,
employers, and the client. Even though Camarines Norte has only a few confirmed
cases, people involved in the project must follow health protocols to ensure the
safety of themselves and their families. In order to stop the spread of the virus,
we must think that we have it, hypothetically. In consideration of that thought,
we will become more sensitive about ourselves and others.
Just when the project has just started, a "right-of-way" problem has arisen. A
certain section of the pathway where the road is supposed to be built was fenced
by its owner, claiming it to be a private property of his/her. So, road construction
has stopped temporarily. The issue is now being solved by the Local Government
Unit. We, OJT partners, think that in order to solve this problem, a peaceful
concession must happen between parties involved in the project and the land.
New methods (in communication) - we are new to this kind of system where
everything is done virtually online. And since actual site contact is not possible,
we have to find other means of communication. This challenge can be easily
solved since there are many ways of long-distance communication like using
Facebook messenger.
If I were to face these challenges, what should be my course of action?
Regarding the COVID-19 situation, I know this pandemic is something I can’t
control so as possible, I’d follow the general health protocols. If I were the project
manager, I’d strictly observe social distancing and wearing of mask, from my
colleagues to laborers, with no exception.
Regarding the right-of-way situation, I’ll leave the case to the local government.
Best practices/methods/principles/theories applied in this week’s activity
(clearing and grubbing):
The pushover method of land clearing often involves the use of major
construction equipment. The trees are pushed over and hauled off the land with
the roots intact. Once the trees are moved to a central location, they are often
processed for sale or ground for use as a mulching material. Over the course of
the project, clearing was done in many sections and I observed that this method
was applied multiple times using an excavator.
The second method is cut and grind. This method begins with cutting down
the trees on the piece of land. These trees are often moved to a processing
location, but the stumps are left in the ground. These stumps can be ground into
mulching material or pulled out of the ground using a large piece of construction
machinery. This method is done in small-scale projects due to lack of heavy
equipment. It is also best used at narrow sections where heavy equipment cannot
pass through.
A third method involves using a controlled burn for land clearing, it can be
one of the most dangerous methods. Burning involves starting a controlled fire
and maintaining that fire until all trees and brush are burned to the ground. After
the fires are extinguished, the land can be cleared using a bull dozer or other
piece of construction equipment. This method was not used due to strict
environmental regulations like Clean Air Act of the Philippines. And since there is
a residential area adjacent to the working site, it would be too dangerous to do
this as it may cause uncontrolled fire damage and smoke inhalation. In case of
innovations in clearing and grubbing, I haven’t seen any new method in this
activity as it is considered as the simplest work in road construction and it doesn’t
require much complication. Hence, I can’t recommend any new method that
would improve this activity.
Images:
d The pathway with visible vegetation.

The motor grader used to clear the vegetation and other debris.
The base soil can now be seen after the motor grader cleared the obstructions.
Week 5
Date: October 19-25, 2020
The land ownership issue is still unsettled. The road construction is

expected to resume next week (Thursday or Friday). If the issue is still unresolved
by next week prior to resumption, then the project will be relocated within the
same barangay. The company has already found a new route for the project. For a
while, I attached some documents about the project.
It is sad that this issue consumed so much of the project’s time and may
cause confusion to the client. In the case of a business, this may seriously impede
the company’s ability to continue servicing its customers and could necessitate
the company into moving to other premises. The impact on your business could
be significant. Honestly, I don’t know what’s the proper action in this issue since I
don’t know anything about ‘right-of-way’ disputes. So as much as possible, I’ll
stick to the legal way of solving this.
Week 8
Date: November 9-15, 2020
Due to the previous series of typhoons that hit our country, the project was
delayed several times. Our company had different commitment. We helped in
restoring the electricity in our province since our company is more inclined in
electric works. But we’re still committed in finishing the road concreting project.
Construction delays due to weather are obviously outside the control of
contractors and other project teams, and they can have a serious impact on
project management and delivery. The best that a construction firm can do to
reduce the impacts of delays caused by extreme weather conditions is to plan
ahead and schedule well. There should be Plan Bs and Plan Cs if possible. Weather
is unpredictable but proper and accurate planning can help contractors optimize
their plans and resources around the expected delays.
Typhoons are known to be destructive to properties and human lives as
well so the company should also prioritize the safety of its employees. During the
rain, it can still be possible to work on the site provided that it is complete with
safety features intended for this kind of weather disturbance. But there are times
when it’s also impossible to work like during heavy downpours and typhoons. So,
don’t push for operations to continue otherwise, you’d see some accidents
happening. Not only that. It can also require rework like when you are trying to
rash cement pouring or installation of steel bar frames. Remember, accidents can
cause delays, most especially when it involves a lot of your crew members so
always prioritize safety at the site by making it ready for any kind of season.
Not only safety is concerned but also the conditions stated in the contract.
As we said, the weather is something that you cannot control and your client
definitely knows this too. But you have to make sure that you declare in your
contract about possible delays caused by weather, most especially when you
know that the location and the timing of the project will see some heavy rains or
typhoons. This won’t entitle firms to payment during work stoppages due to
weather, but it can protect firms from having to pay penalties or submit to wage
cuts as a result.
The Philippines suffered a lot due to severe typhoons in the past few years.
I think it’s time to adjust codes and regulations that supervise civil engineering
projects in the country. Maybe, we need to study the impacts of climate change in
project management so we can formulate solutions to the problems that arise
whenever a typhoon hits the country. Having new construction technology that
adjusts to severe weather will be a plus too.
Week 9
Date: November 16-22, 2020
This is the continuation of the road construction project prior to the

unresolved problem from the past. The construction was moved to a different
location/path, but it still resides within the same barangay.
Scope of the day/week: Clearing and Grubbing of the Road Construction Area
(Preparing the road right-of-way or construction area is referred to as clearing
and grubbing. During the clearing phase, trees are felled. Grubbing refers to the
clearing and removal of stumps and organic debris.)
All surface objects and all trees, stumps, roots and other protruding obstructions,
not designated to remain, shall be cleared and/or grubbed, including mowing as
required.
Equipment used:
Shovel - A shovel is a tool for digging, lifting, and moving bulk materials, such as
soil, coal, gravel, snow, sand, or ore. Most shovels are hand tools consisting of a
broad blade fixed to a medium-length handle. Shovel blades are usually made of
sheet steel or hard plastics and are very strong.
Heavy Hoe - is an ancient and versatile agricultural and horticultural hand tool
used to shape soil, remove weeds, clear soil, and harvest root crops. In this case,
we used the tool solely for clearing roots and weeds.
New normal setting - since we are in the new normal state of life due to COVID-19
pandemic, several safety procedures were still followed. Though as we can see
from the photos, our workers were not wearing masks nor social distancing. The
reason behind this must be the fact that there were no active cases in the
province in a very long time so some were unwilling to follow the safety
protocols.
Project relocation - one more challenge we encountered was due to the fact that
the project was relocated in a much narrower area. By that, we couldn’t use
heavy equipment like grader to clear and grub some areas. Regardless of the
situation, the workers were still diligent to do the task.
Delay caused by consecutive typhoons - the country was hit by strong typhoons
for several weeks. This caused a long delay since the company had to help and
restore the electricity in the province.
Regarding the COVID-19 situation, I already stated what would be my
actions in this situation in Week 1’s output. But since until now, wearing mask is
still not observed, there could be few possible reasons why the laborers are not
following safety protocols. One reason is that, they are confident that nobody has
the virus in the working vicinity resulting to stubbornness from wearing masks
and social distancing. Another reason is, masks can be expensive since they are
single-use, if this is the case then I’d be glad to donate masks to my laborers and
discipline and educate them about the worst-case scenarios if this virus don’t get
eliminated as soon as possible. In this new normal setting, safety is our number
one priority.
Regarding the project relocation, this event can be costly and time-
consuming because initial project activities will be repeated due to relocation. I
would not consider this as a major challenge because it is considered as a solution
to the right-of-way problem, and the cost of it was bound to appear in future
time. Now with narrow area problem, I guess this is where direct leadership skills
will shine since clearing will solely rely to the manual laborers and not on some
heavy equipment. Supporting your employees, mentality and spiritually can
improve their quality of work.
(clearing and grubbing):
I already stated the methods in Week 1’s output.
Images: (11/18/20)
The new designated proposed road path. It was filled with vegetation and other debris.
Workers started the clearing and grubbing operation under the heat of afternoon sun.
Additional Images:
Week 11
Date: November 30, 2020 - December 6, 2020
The road construction was halted for a week and continued on December
3, 2020 and it was caused by heavy rains in the region due to the effect of
seasonal monsoon.
Scope of the day/week:
12/03/20 - Clearing and Grubbing of the Road Construction Area were still done in
most area but this time, they were able to use an excavator to make the work
faster.
All the excavated materials, i.e., soil, etc. will be utilized on future
embankments and subgrade preparation.
Grading was also done to reduce the elevation of the proposed road.
Grading in civil engineering and landscape architectural construction is the work
of ensuring a level base, or one with a specified slope, for a construction work
such as a foundation, the base course for a road or a railway, or landscape and
garden improvements, or surface drainage.
In the case of gravel roads and earthworks for certain purposes, grading
forms not just the base but the cover and surface of the finished construction,
and is often called finished grade.
12/04/20 - Subgrade preparation has started. Subgrade is also referred to as
basement soil, the subgrade is that portion of the roadbed consisting of native or
treated soil on which surface course, base, subbase or a layer of any other
material is placed. Subgrade may be composed of either in-place material that is
exposed from exaction, or embankment material that is placed to elevate the
roadway above the surrounding ground.
Subgrade preparation includes the use of horizontal leveling techniques to
ensure a proper a smooth alignment.
Although subgrade preparation has started, clearing and grubbing is still
observed in little areas.
Equipment/materials used:
Excavator - are heavy construction equipment consisting of a boom, dipper (or
stick), bucket and cab on a rotating platform known as the "house".
Tape Measure - measuring tapes designed for carpentry or construction often use
a stiff, curved metallic ribbon that can remain stiff and straight when extended,
but retracts into a coil for convenient storage. This type of tape measure will have
a floating tang or hook on the end to aid measuring.
Excavated Soil - is a mixture of sand, gravel, silts, clay, water, and air. The
amounts of these ingredients which determine its "cohesiveness", or how well a
soil will hold together. Cohesive soil does not crumble. It can be molded easily
when wet, and is hard to break up when dry. Clay is a very fine-grained soil, and is
very cohesive. Sand and gravel are coarse grained soils, having little cohesiveness
and often called granular. Generally speaking, the more clay that is in the soil
being excavated, the better the trench walls will hold up.
As we can see from the photos, the worksite is kind of flooded with water.
The northeast monsoon (amihan) caused a lot of raining to the province that
caused landslides so the workers were extra careful in doing the task to ensure
safety.
One more challenge encountered was complying to the expected quality of
work. Since it’s hard to work in such environment and there are other factors
affecting work standards, some important things in road construction were
deprived of quality work. As what I have seen from the photos sent to me, I
couldn’t see any kind of advanced leveling device like automatic level, which is a
very important tool in assuring safe and accurate elevations.
Like what I stated in Week 8’s output, weather conditions are out of our
control so we just have to face the consequences they bring with carefulness and
discipline.
Regarding the quality of work challenge, if I were the project manager, I
wouldn’t deprive the project with its needs like the necessary tools and
equipment, and also the needed professionals who will conduct the activity. With
this, we can avoid construction malpractices, from principles to actual
construction.
Best practices/methods/principles/theories applied in this week’s activity (site
grading):
Site grading is a technique used by excavation professionals to adjust the
slope of an area prior to building construction. Before a new structure is erected,
evening out the surface through grading can provide a stronger, more even
foundation.
For both commercial and residential applications, professional engineers
may need to weigh in on the site to determine whether it will require grading to
achieve a level base. Factors like soil composition and moisture levels will be
considered to assess the scope of the project. If site grading is indeed required, an
excavation services team will need to be hired to perform the work. They’ll use
heavy machinery like bulldozers and excavators to prepare the surface for
leveling, then go in with a grader to achieve an even finish.
In addition to leveling out the ground to provide a sturdy foundation for
construction sites, grading is also used to direct the flow of runoff water. When
sites aren’t properly engineered, it can cause problems to a home or commercial
building and its surrounding property. Issues like erosion, foundation damage,
and basement flooding can all occur when properties aren’t graded to facilitate
proper drainage.
(subgrade preparation):
The foundation of the pavement structure is known as subgrade.
Preparation of subgrade consists of all operations before the pavement structure
could be placed over it and compacted. The subgrade may be situated on
embankment or excavation or at the existing ground surface. In all the above
cases, Site Clearance - Clearing Grubbing Operation should be done before
starting the pavement structure construction. After that, the grading operation is
started as per the design and drawing of the highway plan and profile.
Excavation is necessary for the construction of roadway complete as per
technical specifications; these specifications can be easily found on DPWH-Blue
Book. Loosening and compaction of the original ground/subgrade up to the
required depths as directed by the Engineer. Construction of subgrade layer with
the help of approved borrow area material, including all leads and lifts,
completed. Construction of road subgrade with suitable approved material
available from the roadway excavation or any other excavation, completed.
In doing this activity I would recommend to use motor grader, pneumatic
roller, and vibratory compactor to ensure that compacted grade complies to the
standard density and alignment.
Images: 12/03/20
Cleared and excavated road section.
Excavator in action.
Lively vegetation as seen before the excavation.

Images: 12/04/20
Large-sized rock as seen from excavated soils. Alignment has been also
implemented to ensure conformity with the proposed design.
Excavation is still done is some areas.

Week 12
Date: December 7-13, 2020

12/12/20 - Subbase preparation has started in some proposed road sections.
Subbase is an unbound or treated aggregate/granular material that is placed on
the subgrade as a foundation or working platform for the base. It functions
primarily as structural support but it can also minimize the intrusion of the finer
form of the finer material from the subgrade into the pavement structure,
improve drainage, and minimize frost action damage. The subbase generally
consists of lower quality materials than the base but better than the subgrade
soils.
Excavation is still done in some sections to widen the road.
Equipment/Materials used:
Tape Measure - measuring tapes designed for carpentry or construction often use
a stiff, curved metallic ribbon that can remain stiff and straight when extended,
but retracts into a coil for convenient storage. This type of tape measure will have
a floating tang or hook on the end to aid measuring.
Steel Columns - used only for horizontal alignment and is replaceable.
Coarse Aggregates - aggregate for subbase shall consist of hard, durable particles
or fragments of crushed stone, crushed slag, or crushed or natural gravel and filler
of natural or crushed sand or other finely divided mineral matter. The composite
material shall be free from vegetable matter and lumps or balls of clay, and shall
be of such nature that it can be compacted readily to form a firm, stable subbase.
As seen from the photos, wearing of mask and social distancing are still not
observed. I stated the possible reasons why this still continue to happen in
Week’s 9 output.
Only in this week’s activity that I realized that the workers are not wearing
Personal Protection Equipment (PPE). Required personnel protection equipment
(PPE) must be worn at all times when on construction or renovation sites.

In regards with COVID-19 safety protocols not being observed, I already
stated my course of action in Week 1 & 9 outputs.
With regards to proper equipment worn by the workers, based on official
data, the leading cause of roadside worker injuries and fatalities is contact with
construction vehicles and equipment. Workers operating construction equipment
are most likely to be injured by collisions or overturning equipment. They might
also be caught in equipment while it is left running. Given the dangers of roadside
construction work, it’s vital to know how to stay safe while working on a highway.
I would consider the following safety tips to protect the employees from work
zone injuries:
High Visibility Clothing – wear high visibility clothes, arm bands, hats and vests,
preferably fluorescent or reflective.
Be Observant – Be sure to look before you shift your position. Pay attention to all
potential hazards, particularly blind spots, for moving construction equipment.
Beware of Work Site Vehicles - Understand channel lanes where walking is
prohibited and where vehicles enter and exit the work site. Remain aware of any
traffic in and out of the work site. Flaggers should be particularly vigilant when it
comes to understanding traffic flow and work zone set up, and ensure that traffic
channeling devices are properly placed.
Use Spotters – Use spotters to look out for danger, when loading and unloading
equipment from vehicles. If you’re a spotter, know where best to stand and
confirm what hand gestures mean.
Understand Communication Signals – Understand all communication signals used
between equipment operators and workers on foot.
Don’t Stand Under Suspended Equipment – Never stand under suspended
equipment like buckets, booms or arms. Be especially vigilant in areas that use
buckets.
Apply Parking Brakes – Be sure to apply all parking brakes on equipment. Vehicles
parked on inclines should use appropriately-sized blocks placed behind or in front
of the tires.
Use a Seat Belt – Don’t operate any vehicles (e.g., rollers) without wearing a seat
belt.
Be Cautious When Approaching Vehicles – Be careful about approaching
machinery without first signaling the vehicle operator to shut down the
equipment, and also getting an acknowledgement from the driver.
Make Eye Contact Before Moving Operating Equipment – Equipment operators
shouldn’t move equipment without making eye contact with workers in the
vicinity.
Don’t Ride on Moving Equipment – Never ride on moving equipment such as
rollers.
Administrative Controls:
If you’re supervising or managing a highway construction project, consider the
following tips on how to keep workers safe with administrative controls:
Complete a Risk Assessment
Train Workers on a Safe Work Zone
Require Equipment Training
Encourage Responsibility
Wear Appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
A risk assessment will determine what personal protective measures work
best at a given construction site. Such an assessment will require some, if not all,
of the following.
Head Protection – Hard hats protect against impacts from fixed and falling
objects. Some hard hats may come equipped with face shields or ear muffs.
Helmets should fit properly and never be altered. They should also be replaced
after any heavy blow. Be sure to inspect them periodically for cracks or
deterioration.
Eye and Face Protection – Hard hats don’t protect the face, which makes safety
goggles or face shields very important. When it comes to cutting, grinding,
welding, or nailing, eye protection is essential. They should also be worn when
working with concrete or harmful chemicals, or when exposed to electrical
hazards. Goggles might be tinted and some offer side shields.
Foot Protection – Steel-toed boots will prevent toes from being crushed due to
falling objects. Construction workers should also wear slip-resistant, puncture-
resistant soles.
Respiratory Protection– When employees work with paint or are exposed to toxic
airborne substances, respiratory protection is vital. Respiratory protection can
protect against pesticides, paint spray, fumes and even dust. Respirators must
also be cleaned to remain effective.
Hearing Protection–Be sure to use earplugs or earmuffs in work areas with high
noise levels.
Hand Protection–Workers will need heavy-duty rubber gloves for concrete work
and welding gloves for welding. Electrical hazards require insulated gloves and
sleeves. Be sure to keep gloves snug.
High-Visibility Clothing–When visibility may be impaired, reflective clothing will
be necessary.
(subbase preparation):
The aggregate subbase material shall be placed at a uniform mixture on a
prepared subgrade in a quantity which will provide the required compacted
thickness. When more than one layer is required, each layer shall be shaped and
compacted before the succeeding layer is placed. The placing of material shall
begin at the point designated by the Engineer. Placing shall be from vehicles
especially equipped to distribute the material in a continuous uniform layer or
windrow. The layer or windrow shall be of such size that when spread and
compacted the finished layer be in reasonably close conformity to the nominal
thickness shown on the Plans.
When uniformly mixed, the mixture shall be spread to the plan thickness,
for compaction. Where the required thickness is 150 mm or less, the material may
be spread and compacted in one layer. Where the required thickness is more than
150 mm, the aggregate subbase shall be spread and compacted in two or more
layers of approximately equal thickness, and the maximum compacted thickness
of any layer shall not exceed 150 mm. All subsequent layers shall be spread and
compacted in a similar manner. The moisture content of subbase material shall, if
necessary, be adjusted prior to compaction by watering with approved sprinklers
mounted on trucks or by drying out, as required in order to obtain the required
compaction.

(excavation):
Roadway excavation will include excavation and grading for roadways,
parking areas, intersections, approaches, slope rounding, benching, waterways
and ditches; removal of unsuitable material from the roadbed and beneath
embankment areas; and excavating selected material found in the roadway as
ordered by the Engineer for specific use in the improvement. All suitable material
removed from the excavation shall be used in the formation of the embankment,
subgrade, shoulders, slopes, bedding, and backfill for structures, and for other
purposes.
Images: 12/12/20
Excavation works carry along in some sections.
Workers measuring for the appropriate surface course width.

Week 15
Date: December 28, 2020 – January 3, 2020

12/28/20 - Clearing and grubbing were done for the last sections of the proposed
road. In this activity, a lot of trees and other obstructions were cut down. It seems
that this part of the road section is nearly adjacent to residential houses. It was a
gloomy day with a little rain, workers are keeping up with the work needed to be
done in that since the project stopped for two weeks due to holidays and bad
weather conditions.
Excavation also took place as we see an excavator roaming the area.
01/02/21 – Base preparation was done on the initial road section (the earliest
prepared road section). It was a bit rainy day. A base is a select, processed, and/or
treated aggregate material that is placed immediately below the surface course. It
provides additional load distribution and contributes to drainage and frost
resistance. Base may be one or more multiple layers treated with cement, asphalt
or other binder material, or may consist of untreated aggregate. Compaction was
also done provides the necessary flat base which provides the crucial support for
roads. The process of compaction gives the soil underneath these supports higher
resistance and greater stability.
Equipment used:
Excavator - are heavy construction equipment consisting of a boom, dipper (or
stick), bucket and cab on a rotating platform known as the "house".
Chainsaw - is a portable gasoline-, electric-, or battery-powered saw that cuts
with a set of teeth attached to a rotating chain driven along a guide bar. It is used
in activities such as tree felling, limbing, bucking, pruning, cutting firebreaks in
wildland fire suppression, and harvesting of firewood.
Vibratory Compactor - is a heavy-duty machine that uses either a plate or roller
mechanism to compact soil, asphalt, or concrete.
Coarse Aggregates - aggregate for base course shall consist of hard, durable
particles or fragments of crushed stone, crushed slag or crushed or natural gravel
and filler of natural or crushed sand or other finely divided mineral matter. The
composite material shall be free from vegetable matter and lumps or balls of clay,
and shall be of such nature that it can be compacted readily to form a firm, stable
base. In some areas where the conventional base course materials are scarce or
non-available, the use of 40% weathered limestone blended with 60% crushed
stones or gravel shall be allowed.
Bad weather conditions are not new, but they can still delay the work
significantly. With this, continuous work must be done even on unscheduled date
so the work can be finished.
Workers not wearing PPEs were still seen in the working site. Still, COVID19
precautionary measures were not observed. One non-working person (maybe)
was seen riding a moving excavator.
From the previous outputs, I stated what actions can be done related to
bad weather conditions.
I also highlighted the wearing of PPEs during construction and proper ethics
like never ride on moving equipment like rollers/excavators.
Best practices/methods/principles/theories applied in this week’s activity (base
course preparation):
Aggregate Base Course often referred simply as ABC, has certain desirable
properties. Base Course in pavements refers to the sub-layer material of an
asphalt roadway and is placed directly on top of the undisturbed soil (Sub-Grade)
so as to provide a foundation to support the top layers of the pavement. It is
typically made of a recipe of different sizes of aggregate rock inclusive of 1″ to
fine dust. Aggregate is made from quarried rock, recycled asphalt, or concrete.
Aggregate Base is used as the base course under asphalt pavement

roadways, under concrete slabs and structural foundations, and as backfill
material for underground pipelines and other underground utilities within a
roadway. It is placed by means of attentive spreading and compacting to a
minimum of 95% relative compaction, providing the stable foundation needed to
support a pathway, foundation, driveway or roadway.
The Sub-Base is a layer of small chipped aggregate and dust, typically

Crushed Fines, which is laid above the ABC on driveways or heavy traffic areas.
The thickness of sub-base can range from 1″ to 2″ inches on light weight traffic
areas like pathways and paver patios above the sub-grade when an ABC is not
required.
Images – 12/28/20
Trunk debris were cut into smaller parts for easy clearing.
Excavator in action.
Old concrete pavements will be replaced.
Delivery of the excavator to the project site that will be used for clearing, grubbing,
and excavating.
Images – 01/02/21
A diligent using the compactor.
His co-workers delivering aggregates.

A diligent using the compactor.
Nearest section from the entrance of the main road.

Monitoring & Controlling Phase
Monitoring and Control Process Group consists of those processes

performed to observe project execution so that potential problems can be
identified in a timely manner and corrective action can be taken, when necessary,
to control the execution of the project.
Project Monitoring and Control activities take place in parallel with Project
Execution Process Group activities so that, while the project work is being
executed, the project is being monitored and controlled by implementing the
appropriate level of oversight and corrective action.
The project is observed and measured regularly against the project plan to
ensure that the project is within acceptable variances of cost, schedule and scope,
and that risks and issues are continually monitored and corrected as needed.
The main purpose of monitoring and controlling activities is to be proactive
in finding issues ahead of time and taking corrective action. Corrective action can
require revisiting Planning Process Group and updating the Project Management
Plan as needed with the ultimate goal of bringing the project back in line with
project objectives and constraints and improving future execution to avoid
repeating the same issues.
Monitoring and Control processes include:
1. Monitoring and Controlling Project Work - the Monitoring and Controlling
Project Work process collects, measures and disseminates performance
information, and assesses measures and trends to forecast potential items
requiring corrective action. This includes monitoring project risks and
ensuring that they are being managed according to the project’s risk plans.
2. Integrated Change Control - the Integrated Change Control process ensures
that changes as a result of project corrective actions and other controlling
factors are managed across the project knowledge areas. Integrated
change control takes place throughout the project, from project initiation
through project closure.
3. Scope Verification - the scope verification process ensures that project
deliverables are formally accepted.
4. Scope Control - the Scope Control process ensures that changes to project
scope are controlled.
5. Schedule Control - the Schedule Control process monitors and controls
changes to the project schedule.
6. Cost Control - the Cost Control process monitors and controls costs and
changes to the project budget.
7. Performing Quality Control - the quality control performance process
measures specific project results to determine whether the project is
meeting quality standards.
8. Managing the Project Team - this process tracks team member
performance, provides feedback, resolves issues and coordinates changes
to maintain and improve project performance.
9. Performance Reporting - the Performance Reporting process collects and
distributes performance information - including status reports, progress
reports and forecasts.
10. Managing Stakeholders - this process manages stakeholder
communications and works with stakeholders to ensure that requirements
are satisfied and issues are proactively resolved.
This phase happens simultaneously with execution phase and is a very

important phase because it focuses on judging weather the project is
complying to the plans and specifications that adhere to quality work.
Closure
Once your team has completed work on a project, you enter the closure
phase. In the closure phase, you provide final deliverables, release project
resources, and determine the success of the project. Just because the major project
work is over, that doesn’t mean the project manager’s job is done—there are still
important things to do, including evaluating what did and did not work with the
project.
Steps for the project closure phase may include the following:
 Analyzing project performance: Determine whether the project's goals were

met (tasks completed, on time and on budget) and the initial problem solved
using a prepared checklist.
 Analyzing team performance: Evaluate how team members performed,
including whether they met their goals along with timeliness and quality of
work.
 Documenting project closure: Make sure that all aspects of the project are
completed with no loose ends remaining and providing reports to key
stakeholders.
 Conducting post-implementation reviews: Conduct a final analysis of the
project, taking into account lessons learned for similar projects in the future.
 Accounting for used and unused budget: Allocate remaining resources for
future projects.
Although the project is only at 60%-70% completion as of now, I decided to add

the closure phase since the final product is pretty much predictable now
because of data presented by the previous project management processes.
P5,Brgy. Matnog, Basud, Camarines Norte
January 6, 2020
Hon. ADRIAN S. DAVOCO

Municipal Mayor
Local Government Unit of Basud
Basud, Camarines Norte
Dear Sir,
This is to request for a Sixty (60) days extension of the project CONSTRUCTION OF ACCESS ROAD at
Barangay Tuaca, Basud, Camarines Norte for the reason of weather situation in Camarines Norte.
Attached herewith is the Certification from Pag Asa, Camarines Norte regarding the daily rainfall for the
period of October 1, 2020 up to December 9, 2020 for your information and reference.
Hoping for your kind consideration regarding this matter.
Thank you.
Very truly yours,
_____________________________
Owner/General Manager
Recommendations
Since I don’t have much idea of what I can recommend for future projects
like this, I looked up the internet to acquire some ideas and luckily stumbled upon
a very interesting study by Pardeep Kumar Oad, studying Bachelor of Engineering
(Civil) at Queensland University of Technology. He presented innovative ideas in
road construction sector and its benefits to the industry.
First, how do we define ‘innovation’?
Despite the fact that there is no specific definition of innovation present in
literature, there are many variable definitions that can be found in literature; out
of those some are not precise to construction innovation, such as:
“Innovation means the application of new knowledge to industry and
includes new products, new processes, and social and organizational change”
(Firth and Mellor 1999).
“A technological product innovation is the implementation or
commercialization of a product with improved performance characteristics such
as to deliver objectively new or improved services to the customer. A
technological process innovation is the implementation/adoption of new or
significantly improved production or delivery methods. It may involve changes in
equipment, human resources, working methods or a combination of these”
(OECD, 1997).
On the other hand, a few define construction innovation such as:
“Application of technology that is new to an organization and that
significantly improves the design and construction of a living space by decreasing
installed cost, increasing installed performance, and/or improving the business
process” (Toole, 1998);
“Anything new that is actually used” (Slaughter, 1993);
“The act of introducing and using new ideas, technologies, products and/or
processes aimed at solve problems, viewing things differently, improving
efficiency and effectiveness, or enhancing the standard of living” (CERF, 2000).
Therefore, innovation in the construction field is effective progress and
execution of new ideas, products, and procedure, so that organisations can
increase performance and efficiency.
Innovation in Construction Sector

Any contraction that encompasses new methods of material in construction
is defined as innovative construction. The basic means of innovative construction
is to minimize the cost, maintenance, increasing life, quality and satisfy clients; it
is market driven innovation.
Highway construction is a fast-growing field and that is why it needs new
idea and special material and development of new techniques, as discussed
before. This industry always needs new material and methods that can reduce
capital cost and save time, achieve a diminished stream of traffic and affect and
raise safety levels.
1. Innovative in Planning and Design - this includes prior allocation facilities
before the start of works, creating access strips for utilities, making traffic
planes with the association of the transport department to control traffic.
2. Innovative in Construction Management - management innovative includes
designation of a single manager to do early planning to the finishing point,
presenting new processes for expediting schedules, web-based crew
association and practice windowed millstone.
3. Innovative in Construction Materials and Technology - Material innovation
constitutes using new ingredients like fast curing concrete for pavements,
precast components and geosynthetic-reinforced earth platforms for
embankments. These piles supported platforms are the most-used
innovative material in construction.
4. Innovative in Contracting - In this innovation, organisations creates a team
concept, where a design team synchronizes direct needs and issues
suggested at an early stage. There are increases frequency of coordination
and communication between parties.
In this section we will solely focus on innovations in construction materials and
technology. Here are some of the case studies:
1. USE OF RECYCLED MATERIALS
a. Use of recycled asphalt for the production of roads in Hamburg Germany -

this innovation has been used in Hamburg in Germany. In that city, a new
policy has been implemented stating that the roads of Hamburg need to be
repaired by the use of only recycled materials. Also, there has been a
significant increase in the price of materials that were used for the
construction of roads, including bitumen and other aggregates. So, the city
has engaged road construction companies to carry out research and
development to provide a sustainable solution to cater for the needs of the
new policy, as well as tackle the issues of the increased price of road
construction materials. The solution was provided by the use of the 100 %
RAP and by stipulating asphalt at low temperatures. This not only leads to
less energy usage but also lowers the harmful emissions of gases such as
carbon dioxide. Bitumen is one of the costliest products that is used for the
construction of roads.
b. Using recycled industrial materials in Roadways - the use of industrial
materials as a replacement of the non-renewable products that need
mining as well as processing has become a very common and abundant
phenomenon. This leads to the conservation of natural resources as well as
to the reduction in the usage of energy and pollution that is a by-product of
mining and producing these materials that are used in the construction of
roads.
2. THE INNOVATIVE ECO-FRIENDLY ROAD SOLUTION
a. Early research to build roads concentrated on decreasing the

environmental foot-print for construction of new roads through optimizing
direction arrangement, handling storm-water runoff and regulatory
erosion. The case of the roads of Ra’anana and Haifa, Israel, is an example
of the extemporary use of innovation for harvesting the waste kinetic
energy and using it to generate electricity.
b. An Israel firm has developed customized piezotech generators that can use
the wasted kinetic energy of the roads and transform it into electricity. This
technology is being used in road solutions as the kinetic energy that is
transformed into electric energy is harvested and used for lighting the
roads and road signaling systems. It is also used for lighting the diodes that
emit lights.
c. There are trials being conducted to test the sustainability of these solutions
in the Technion Institute of Technology in Haifa. At this place, a vehicle that
has once travelled over the road by the aid of Piezoelectric Electric
Generators is planted 6cm underneath the level of the road and is located
at a distance of over 30 cm apart. These IPEG in an actual sense are crystals
of piezoelectric nature that can use the mechanical energy that is created
as a result of any variation in the weight and movement as well as changes
in the temperature, and then convert the mechanical energy thus
generated into electrical energy. The energy that is harvested thus is then
stored in the storage system via capacitors.
Economic benefits of using the Technology
This method can reduce the usage of non-renewable sources of energy for
the generation of kinetic energy, leading to a tremendous amount of cost saving.
It can save up to 80% of energy generation costs and provide employment
opportunity, further increasing the economic benefits.
Environment and sustainable benefits
The solution that the Innowattech provides has given many advantages to
the road construction system. This has led to the sole reliance of roads on the
parasitic energy, as the movement of traffic on roads produces kinetic energy,
which is harvested in the form of electric energy. They give a constant supply of
electric energy to the roads irrespective of the condition of the weather. This is a
system of electric energy to the roads that is proven against any theft and
damage. This system has led to the creation of smart roads in the area, leading to
self-sufficiency of roads, as they do not depend on the electricity supply of the
area for lighting up, thus conservation of energy also is made possible.
3. SOLAR ROADS
What are solar roads?
These are roads that are constituted of solar panels that are arranged
serially and are engineered structurally to drive vehicles upon them. These are
revolutionary and innovative alternatives to the roads that are made of asphalt
and petroleum bi-products. Also, this is a green alternative to the use of fossil fuel
in the generation of electricity. The solar roads are based on the phenomenon of
being able to store the maximum amount of energy and then transform it in the
form of electric energy. The energy generated can be used to light the roads as
well as generate electricity for the commercial areas and the local homes. The
main breakthrough of this project is the solar panel that stores energy.
There are more innovative case studies presented in research like futuristic
highways, precast pre-stressed concrete pavement, and toner recycling for roads,
etc.
If I were asked what’s the best innovation that could be implemented on
our local non-primary roads, I’d pick the use of recycled materials because it can
be considered as waste mitigation strategy in local barangays and municipalities.
Solar roads would be very nice too if our road construction technology is a bit
ahead of what it is now, and also, we should consider the economic standpoint of
our country in constructing precast solar slabs.
Learnings & Experiences

It has been months since we took the opportunity to conduct our OJT. Ever
since then, we have learned so many things from the people we have worked
with. Doing this activity in a new strange world setting wasn’t easy, but it
definitely didn’t mean that it was impossible. In fact, it was a great experience to
take this course.
Involving myself in this road construction project has made me realize how
important engineering theories and practices are. It goes from initiating idea to
planning, executing, monitoring, and closing. The path may look like a very bumpy
road but it’s achievable when all the groups involved in projects are fully
complying to all project’s requirements. I learned how planning effectively can
reduce risks, delays, and other project complications. I got to see an actual road
construction and I was amazed of how it is being done. In school, we only learn
the concepts and step-by-step procedure, so being able to see it in actual was an
eye opener.
I have taken Highway and Transportation Engineering in the past so we
were able to see all the concepts we have learned in actual situations. We were
not only learned from those subject abovementioned, we also saw how project
management works and we thank Construction Methods & Project Management
for all of that.
Good Practices Observed from the Company
1. The company complied to the standard specifications of roads adapted by

the DPWH’s Blue Book.
2. The company kept up to the stakeholder’s level of expectation.
3. The performing organization made sure that the natural environment of
the site was sustainable even after the clearing.
4. The management took consideration of account time, cost and risk
constraints, in order to meet the client’s business needs.
Construction Methods and Techniques
1. Concrete Road Construction

This method uses a mixture of Portland cement and asphalt. They are most
common in urban areas. The edges are made thicker than the middle part.
Concrete roads are made to handle heavy traffic flow. This is an all-weather road.
It built to last up to ten years as it has lower maintenance issues. You do not have
to worry about potholes because it is water proof.
Unlike the bitumen roads this does not bend to accommodate the heavy load
thus making it vulnerable to deterioration. When it comes to expenses, this is
quite costly compared to the other methods discussed earlier.
Whether in an urban area or semi-rural one the choice is vast for the kind of
method you will use to construct the road. Ensure that you know your budget and
terrain well.
Before any type of road construction method is considered, soil testing must be
carried out, which is known as CBR testing or the California Bearing Ratio. This
test is performed by measuring the pressure required to penetrate the soil or
aggregate with a standard area plunger. The harder the surface the higher the
CBR.
2. Rigid Pavement Construction
These are pavements with a rigid surface course typically a slab or Portland
cement concrete (or a variety of special hydraulic cement concrete mixes used for
rapid strength concrete) over underlying layers or stabilized or destabilized base
or subbase materials. These types of pavements rely on the substantially higher
stiffness of the concrete slab to distribute the traffic loads over a relatively wide
area of underlying layers and the subgrade. Some rigid concrete slabs have
reinforcing steel to help resist cracking due to temperature changes and repeated
loading.
3. Flexible Pavement Construction

These are pavements engineered to bend or flex when loaded. Flexible
pavement transmits and distribute traffic loads to the underlying layers. The
highest quality layer is the surface course which typically consists of one or more
layers of asphalt binder mixes and may or may not incorporate underlying layers
of base and/or the subbase. These types of pavements are called “flexible”
because the total pavement structure bends (flexes) to accommodate deflection
bending under traffic loads.
4. Composite Pavement Construction

These are pavements comprised of both flexible (asphalt binder mixes) and
rigid (cement concrete) layers over underlying layers of stabilized or destabilized
base or subbase materials. Although most of the proposed road section is meant
to be a rigid pavement, the extension of the road project is composite. It will be
asphalted per span.
Personal Opinions
The project had its ups and downs at certain sectors of construction
management. I think the project management has not presented a systematic
work breakdown structure. I observed that they lacked management in
anticipating the risks and constraints that occurred in the project. First, the issue
on right-of-way, it took a month to solve that problem. Maybe the initial
proposed land was not assessed carefully, missing the thought of maybe a part of
the land is privately owned. Second, the procurement of work was not as fast as I
thought. There were weeks with no progress even though the weather was nice
to do work. I don’t know the real reason behind that and I don’t want to think
about it. Lastly, there were no backup plans in relation to bad scenarios caused by
severe typhoons and heavy rains.
Although the company had a few downs, they did not abandon the project
and they’re still doing the remaining part of the plan, to finally produce the
quality product that the client was anticipating the whole time.

Practicum (OJT) : University of Nueva Caceres College of Engineering & Architecture Naga, Camarines Sur

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Practicum (OJT) : University of Nueva Caceres College of Engineering & Architecture Naga, Camarines Sur

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University of Nueva Caceres

College of Engineering & Architecture

Engr. Dino Jose Relativo

 Initiation Phase + Rationale of OJT

 Execution Phase (weekly activity log)

In this phase, the current or prospective project leader writes a proposal,

Questions to be answered in the initiation phase include the following:

 Why this project?

On-the-job training is instruction for employees that takes place at work.

The purpose of OJT is to acquaint us (the students) formally to a real-life

Construction Project: Concreting of Access Road

Name: Carlo Michael Villafuerte

Philians Engineering & Construction SupplY (PECS) is a private sole

PECS also is an ACCREDITED CONTRACTOR of almost all of the

PECS maintains an office in Governor Panotes Ave., Daet, Camarines

PECS was established with the objective of providing construction (

Clients trust PECS to deliver services to optimize their assets,

2. Line maintenance of power & communication lines

3. Drafting of Electrical Plan

4. Building Installation of Electrical equiptments and

6. Load evaluation and assessment

7. Construction of 69 KV Transmission and 13.2 KV

8. Installation of distribution line equipments

10.Project estimate ( Distribution line material and

11. Other special electrical studies/jobs (load evaluation,

12. Road construction, (Highway and Pavements)

14. Airport Horizontal Structures

16 Irrigations and Flood Controls

17. Water Supply

18. Buildings and Industrial Plants Construction

PECS Supplies and Trades:

Electrical materials, Roadlights, lighting fixtures, machinery and

PECS Registration and ownership:

As a single proprietor business/company, PECS permit to operate was

PECS is owned and managed by ARMIN JESUS R. NAGERA a

COMPLETED PROJECTS ( see attatcment):

2. Sitio Electriification Project of Canoreco

3. Farm to Market Road Projects of LGU’s

4. DEP ED, Camarines Norte

5. DEP ED, Camarines Sur

CONSTRUCTION OF ACCESS ROAD AS 1 A

0.50 M WIDE SHOULDER

ITEM 311 PORTLAND CEMENT

TYPICAL ROADWAY SECTION ITEM 200 AGGREGATE BASE

CONSTRUCTION OF ACCESS ROAD AS 2 S

0.50 M 4.00 M 0.50 M

ITEM 311 PORTLAND CEMENT 16 MM Ø RSB DOWEL BAR

6-PCS 24" Ø RCPC

TYPICAL RCPC ROADWAY SECTION

CONSTRUCTION OF ACCESS ROAD AS 2 S

INDIVIDUAL PROGRAM OF WORK

TOTAL OF ITEM I ₱1,000,000.00

Prepared and submitted by: Checked and reviewed by:

OSCAR Z. DE VERA ENGR. APRIL MARIE A. DE VERA

INDIVIDUAL PROGRAM OF WORK

Item No. Description of Work % of Total Unit Quantity Unit Amount

BREAKDOWN OF ESTIMATED EXPENDITURES

I - ESTIMATED DIRECT COST II - ESTIMATED GOVERNMENT EXPENSES

TOTAL OF ITEM I ₱986,745.00

Prepared and submitted by: Checked and reviewed by:

OSCAR Z. DE VERA ENGR. APRIL MARIE A. DE VERA

Item 105 : SUB-GRADE PREPARATION Estimated Quantity = 720 m2