Ship Hydrodynamics2

Static Thrust

Dr. Adel Banawan

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Propeller Static Thrust

Thrust Resistance
Vs

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Propeller Static Thrust (1)

Wall
Thrust Reaction
Vs=0

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Propeller Static Thrust (2)

Pulling Force

Thrust Vs=0
Wall

Pulling Force

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Propeller Bollard Pull

Thrust Vs=0

When Vs=0 the propeller thrust force induces pulling or pushing action
The thrust generated is termed STATIC THRUST
or BOLLARD PULL Towing Force at zero speed
T  T (Vs )
Bollard Pull  limVS 0 T (VS )
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Def. The 'Bollard Pull' is the main criteria of a tug and displays the
pulling force expressed in tons.
Mast Winch
Wheel House
Hawser
Main Deck

Tyre Fender Bollard Pull

Propeller
Tail Shaft
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Tugs in Action

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Tugs in Action

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Tugs in Action

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Rtug Thrust RBarges

RBarges Rtug
Towing Types

Thrust

Rtug

RBarges Thrust

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Tugs in Action

’Tug ‘Tuimelaar’ towing sheerleg ‘Delta

December 18th, 2007

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Tugs in Action

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Tugs in Action

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Tugs in Action

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Tugs in Action

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Mooring
Dolphin
Loading
manifold
Tugs in Action

Breast dolphin Assisting

Tugs

Fender

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Jetty
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Dedicated
Tugs Platform
Tugs in Action

Fender

Mooring
Dolphin

Breast
dolphin
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Propeller Performance at zero Advance Speed
Upstream Station

Downstream Station Flow Direction CV

V4 BP V1=0

A4
V2 = V3
A1= 

4 3 2 1

Propeller plane
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Axial Velocity Variation through propeller at zero advance speed

V4  V3  V2  V1  0
V4=DVslipstream=2DVDisk

V2=V3=DVDisk

V1=0

4 3 2 1

Downstream Propeller plane Upstream

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Recall

Velocity Increase at the propelller Plane

V2  V1   V2 a
Velocity Increase Far Downstream
V4  V1   V4 b

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DV slipstream
 2 DV disk

V4  2V2

Mass Flow rate through the propeller Plane

V4 A
  VA  V2 A 
m
2
  constant
A2  A3  A  DiskArea

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Momentum Equation Upstream Station

Flow Direction
Downstream Station

V4 V1=0
T=BP
x

A4 A1
V2 = V3

4 3 2 1

Downstream Station Propeller plane Upstream Station

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Fx  m Vx exit  Vx inlet 

For our control volume, we have:

Fx  T
m  V2 A
Vexit ( x )  V4
Vinlet ( x )  V1  0
Substitute:

T  AV2 V4

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Pressure difference across the propeller plane is:

CV
Higher pressure Lower Pressure

T AV2V4 BP
Dp    V2V4
A A

V4  2V2
 2
Dp  V4
2 3 2

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Energy Equation
p V2  p V 2

 z   hp    z  
 
 2 g 1  2 g 4
Zero
p V 2  W P  p V 2

 z      z  
 
2 g 1 m g   2 g 4


W p V42
W p 

m V 2

 V A V 2
hp   4 2 4

m g 2 g 2 2

 V 3
4 A
Wp 
4
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Hydraulic gradient Line (HGL)
HGL

HGL

p3
p4 p2 p1

  

z4  0
z1  0 Datum
V4 V2 V1

4
3 2 1

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Energy gradient Line (EGL)

EGL
V42
HGL hp
2g
EGL V12
0
2g
HGL

p3
p4 p2 p1

  

z4  0
z1  0 Datum
V4 V2 V1
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4
3 2 1
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Inlet
Flow Direction
Exit

V4 V1=0
hp

A4 A1=
V2 = V3

4 3 2 1

Downstream Station Propeller plane Upstream Station

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Propeller Efficiency at Static Condition
Vs=0

Output Power=0 Input power = W p

Output Power 1 1
Efficiency OR    0
Input Power 1 a 1 
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Power required at Static Condition
In general we have  TV1
WP 

Where 
2

1  1  CT 
Substituting: TV

W p  1 1  1  CT
2


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When V1 =0 a
V2  V1  (a=infinity).
V1
T
When V1 =0 CT 
1 CT is infinity
AV12
2

Hence TV

W p  1 1  1  CT
2

W p  Zero *   Indefinite Quantity

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When V1 =very very small

T
CT  CT is very very large
1
AV12
2
The quantity 1  
1  C T  CT

Hence TV

W p  1 1  1  CT
2
 TV
W p  1 CT
2
 TV1 T T 1.5
Substitute Wp  
2 1
AV12 2 A
2
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Conclusion: If we know the Bollard Pull and propeller disk
area, then we can calculate the required power input to
the propeller as:

BP 1.5  2
W p A

W p 
 BP 
1.5

2 A

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Remarks:
1. The value 2 applies to an ideal propeller,
2.The value for actual propeller is much smaller.

3. The value serves as a convenient measure of the relative

thrusting ability of various propellers at zero speed.
4. The findings of tests on propellers gives the following
formulae
T tons  1.3
BHP
100

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Example
The particulars for the above tug are:
LWL = 36.00 m Beam= 11.30 m Draft = 5. 40 m
2 Diesel engine is (1900 hp each)
Propeller Diameter 3.32m
Estimate the bollard pull using ideal propeller
prediction formula as well as the experimental formula

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Solution
For one propeller

 T 1.5
Wp 
2 A

T 1.5  2 *1025 * 3.322 1900 x1000
4 1.34
T  329.21kN
From test results The ratio
1900
T tons   1.3x
100 T 1.5

242.31x10001.5  0.895
T tons   24.70 W p A  1900   2 
  1025x D 
T  242.31kN  1.34  4 

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Velocity variation along the propeller axis at zero advance speed

We have two expressions for the input power W p

T 1.5
AV 3
W p   4

2 A 4
0.50
 T 
V4  1.414 
 A 
0.50
V  T 
V2  4  0.707 
2  A 

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Summing up
Knowing :
Propeller Disk Area A
Required Static Thrust T
Fluid density 
the following quantities can be calculated

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Mass flow rate   0.707AT 0.5

m
0.5
Velocity through the disk  T 
V2  0.707 
 A 
0.5
Velocity of the slipstream  T 
V4  1.414 
 A 
Thrust Coefficient CT  
T
Pressure difference Dp 
A
T 1.5
Power input W p 
2 A

Power output Zero

Propeller Efficiency
Zero

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Example 2
Given:
Propeller Disk Area = 0.785 m2
Ship speed = 0 knots
Water density =1025 kg/m3
Required Static Thrust =229.585 kN
Complete the table in the next page
Vs=0 knots

Diameter = 1.0 m

W p
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Complete the following table:
Mass flow rate

Velocity through the disk

Velocity of the slipstream

Thrust Coefficient

Pressure difference

Power input

Power output 0

Propeller Efficiency 0

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Solution: •· Mass flow rate Kg/s

•· Velocity through the disk m/s

•· Velocity of the slipstream m/s

•· Thrust Coefficient

•· Pressure difference kN/m

2

•· Power input kw

•· Power output watt

•· Propeller Efficiency

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