WOBI\ & DI^ID\J^OW\OD @I\J^OIM

BN
BOWODI NIFKZFIF
NIFKZFIF \J^AILIU ^ILOIWO
@I\IAI^O, DIMC^ & WZAZ, &
DJMJ@NINIF WJ^\I IUMODIWOF_I
UILI NIFKZFIF
DJMC@UCD ;
^OGAI^L WI@ZJM (9?5<5297<)
LJNC^I AIMCAC (9?5<525?:)
UIZMOFI. H MZ@NIFNI\Z (9?5<52 991)
 FZ^ JMOWINJ\A MIWJ (9?5<529>>)

 
 

BN
BOWODI NIFKZFIF
DI^ID\J^OW\OD @I\J^OIM
NIFKZFIF \J^AILIU
^ILOIWO @I\IAI^O
 
 

@itjroim Loflofk \jrailip ^iloiso

B^
Njrnikio `itjroim yifk `j`omodo djtiaifif tjrailip riloiso `itiairo, limi` irtoif `j`omodo tofkdit dcfludtovotis rjflia lif inscrntiso tjrailip riloiso
`itjairo.

Ujfutup Ljfsoty Inscntiso Djtjrifkif

7

Loflofk (dk/` ) tjrailip `itiairo

(C\\R)
Nitu Ki`pofk >,71; 5,?:
5,?: @j`omodo
@j`omo do tofk
tofkdit
dit pcr
pcrcso
csotis
tis tofk
tofkko
ko sjao
sjaofk
fkki
ki `uli
`uliaa lotu
lotu`nu
`nuao
ao cmja
cmja mu
mu`ut
`ut (-)
(-),, djris
djris dc`
dc`pid
pid lif njr
njrcf
cfkk
kkii
(mo`jstcfj) \cf/`7 Nituki`pofk njrsobit rjidtob, tjruti`i tjrailip ior auhif yifk `jfkiflufk GC7 liro uliri `iupuf liro aisom pj`nusudif zit-
zit crkifod lo pjr`udiif tifia. Nitu ki`pofk yifk lomimuo ior tjrsjnut lipit mirut
Nitu Niti 9 ;2
;2 5 5,?
,?<
< @j`
j`oomo
mod
do tof
tofk
kd it
it pc
pcrcso
soti
tiss tof
tofk
kk o sja
jaof
ofk
kk i `ul ia
ia lot
lotu
u`n
`nuuao cmj
cmja
a mu
mu`u
`utt (-)
(-),, tjt
tjtiipo pjr
pjrw
wit
itif
iff
fyi `u
`ulia (+
(+))
`jria Loflofk ofo huki nosi `jfyo`pif pifis gudup mi`i, lo`ifi loflofk 95g` nosi `jfiaif pifis `idso`u` aofkki >,7 hi`.
Dirjfi otu nomi tjrdjfi sofir `itiairo mifksufk, loflofk
loflofk niti idif tjrisi pimofk pifis aofkki >,7 hi`. @jsdopuf `itjroim ofo
durifk nosi `jfyo`pif pifis nomi loniflofkdif ljfkif ljfkif nitu imi` lif njtcf, tipo `itjroim ofo pimofk `ulia lolipitdif lif
tjr`isud pimofk jdcfc`os
Njtcf rofkif ?: 5 5 ,1
,1 : Lof
ofl
l of
of k n jt
jtcf hu ki
ki nio
niod
d lok
loku
uf id
idif ik
ikir
ir d ot
oti `jf
`jfk
ku rif
rifk
k o it
itiu
iu `j
`jf
f ka
ka omi
omif
f kd
kdif pjf
jfk
k ku
kuf ii
iif IG.
IG. @itjr
jroi
oimm lof
lofl
l of
of k n jt
jtcf sj
sjtj
tjn
nim
Ijriso 9:g` (sjtjnim loflofk noisi) nosi `jfiaif pifis `idso`u` aofkki 7,1 hi` sjnjmu` loflofk limi` ruifkif njfir-njfir
pifis.

Diyu ;5 > 5 ,;
,; 1 `itjr
`it jroi
oimm diy u of
ofoo  lid
lid mi`
i`i
i l imi
imi`
` `j
`jf
f ia
ia if
if pif
ifis
is,, dir
irjf
jfi
i l of
ofl of
of k diyu : g`
g` aif
aify
yi nos
osi
i `j
`jf
f ia
ia if
if ril
iloi
oiso
so pif
ifis
is `i
`id
dso
so`u
`u`
`
pjr`udiif sjmi`i 9,7 hi` sihi. Dirjfi otu ru`ia diyu airus `j`omodo nifyid vjfmiso ikir mjnoa lofkof
Aimus

Njtcf jdspcs 5,29 Njtcf jdspcs

pifhifk.\id
pifhifk. ilimia
\id aifyi pomoaif
otu, yifk njtcf
dc`nofiso niod uftud ru`ia lo
lif sj`jf Ifli
itisdirjfi liyi tiaiffyi
pjr`udiiffyi duit `jsdopuf
`jfkaisomdif `jmimuo
liyi tiaif yifknjrnikio `uso`
duit idonit yifk
pj`idioif
 
lif djrusidif. airki pj`isifkiffyi sifkit `uria, niadif hiua mjnoa `uria nomi tid `jfi`niadif j mj`jf ljdcriso mioffyi
(+)Jbjd djrusidif
djrusidif pimofk njsir lo`numdif liro ior lif huki njfli djris. Jbjd yifk lo`numdif idif sj`idof njsir ipinomi
njtcf jdspcs lopisifk lo miftio ru`ia itiu aimi`if ru`ia. Wumot `j`pjrniodo djrjtidif (-)

Kypsu` 115 5,9; Qrcg sj

sjnikio pi
pipif kypsu` yi
yifk `i`pu `jfiaif ri riloiso so
sofir-Q jdsonomotis li
limi` `j
`j`isifk nj
njfli dj
dj lo
loflofk sjrti id
idusd
yifk niod kypsu` Kyprcg lipit loliur umifk 955% lif lid `jfkiflufk niaif njriguf. Wjmiof otu, lid `j`jrmudif nifyid
ior lif lipit `jfkaj`it widtu dcfstrudso aofkki >:-75% sjaofkki ri`ia mofkdufkif. uftud loflofk witjrprccb sjaofkki

gcgcd lokufidif pili ruifkif yifk mj`nip tifpi `j`jrmudif miposif witjrprccfk.
 Ill i bcctjr 7

@itjroim Itip tjrailip ^iloiso

B^
@itjroim Ki`nir Ljfsoty Dcfludtovotis \ifkkipif
(dk/`7) tjrr`im

Ispim 9;55 5 ,: 5 Njftudifyi bmjdsonjm (mjftur5, sjaofkki lipit losjsuiodif

ljfkif njftud nifkufif (+)
 Fi`uf tolid tiaif tjrailip djncgcrif
djncgcrif (-)

 
Notu`jf 9;55 5 ,: 5 \jrnuir liro ispim lif sjrit diyu sjafkki bmjdsonjm lif duit,
wuhulfyi kjmc`nfk njrupi mj`nrif, nifyid viroiso wirfi (+)
\olid tiaif ncgcr (-)

Kjftofk Djri`od  9?55 5 ,1 < @cljm lif wirfi njriki`, lipit `j`iftumdif pifis aofkki
?5% pili wirfi tjrifk(+), fi`uf durifk tiaif tjrailip
djncgcrif(-)

@jtim ;155 : 5 ,5 \jrnuit liro nihi mipos rofkif/zofgimu`j `iupuf nihi mipos
kimvifos, noiyifyi rjmitob `uria dirjfi pj`idioif djrifkdi
itip mjnoa sjlodot (+), tiaif tjrailip ncgcr dirjfi oftjrmcgd
sj`purfi(-)

Wjfk putoa ;97: 5 ,> 2

 Ill i bcctjr <

BN
BOWODI NIFKZFIF
DI^ID\J^OW\OD @I\J^OIM
NIFKZFIF
LIF WZAZ \J^AILIU DIMC^

 
 

B^
 Ill i bcctjr 2

B^
 Ill i bcctjr ;

B^
 Ill i bcctjr 1

BN
BOWODI NIFKZFIF
DI^ID\J^OW\OD @I\J^OIM
NIFKZFIF \J^AILIU
DJMJ@NINIF

 
 

Diridtjrostod @itjroim Loflofk \jrailip Djmj`ninif

Njrnikio hjfos `itjroim `j`omodo djtiaifif tjrailip djmj`ninif, limi` irto tolid `ulia mj`nin. \jrlipit hjfos `itjroim yifk B^
mjnoa gjpit `jfkaosip ior lif dipomirotisfyi tofkko (dipomirotis 0 fiod turuffyi bmuoli gior limi` suitu njhifi idonit tjkifkif
 pjr`udiif).
Hjfos @itjroim Njrit Hjfos Liyi Aosip/hi` Djtjrifkif
Niti 9,:5
9,:55-
5-9,
9,?5
?55
5 dk/
dk/`7
`7 1.11->
1.11->.;
.;5k/
5k/g`
g`>
> Loflofk niti jdspcs noisifyi sifkit `ulia mj`nin lif dirjfifyi sjniodfyi lotutup pmistjr uftud nikoif limi` ru`ia, ljfkif
lj`odoif lid `j`ogu pjrdj`nifkif hi`ur Ispjrkommus. Zftud niti yifk lojdspcs lo nikoif limi` ru`ia (oftjrocr), `idi nikoif
muirfyi airus loigo lif idif mjnoa niod ipinomi `j`omodo miposif djlip ior (git/miposif djlip ior liro niaif notu`jf).

 
Nitidc 9,25
9,255-
5-9,
9,1:
1:5d
5dk/
k/`7
`7 9.<5
9.<5-7
-7.5
.55k
5k//g`
g`>
> Nitidc nifyid lokufidif uftud nifkufif yifk `j`omodo nulkjt djgom, uftud pjfkaj`itif noiyi. Loflofk nitidc noisifyi
lojdspcs dirjfi `j`omodo diridtjr tjritur lif lo`jfsofyi mjnoa njsir liropili niti noisi sjaofkki pj`isifkiffyi gjpit.
Loflofk nitidc huki yifk
Zftud pjfyjmjsioif gjfljrufk lonoirdif
mjnoa niod, lojdspcs
loflofk nitidcdirjfi uftud
nosi logit igoif
uftud idif mjnoadipomirotisfyi.
`jfkurifko `j`idif noiyi liropili loflofk niti igoif.

 
Njtcf Ijriso 255-;55dk /`7 5.7?-5.19k /g`> Njtcf Ijriso `jrupidif `itjroim imtjrfib sjmiof niti lif nitidc uftud `j`nuit loflofk, lo`ifi njtcf ijriso `jrupidif
njtcf yifk logjtid ljfkif `j`isuddif kjmj`nufk-kjmj`nufk uliri limi` njtcf sjaofkki njrpcro. Djduitiffyi mjnoa niod
liropili niti lif nitidc.

 
Umjstjrif 9,1:5-9,?:5
9,1:5-9,?:5dk/`7
dk/`7 5.17-5.?5k/
5.17-5.?5k/g`>
g`> Umjstjrif
Umjst jrif dipu
dipurr lif pisor lokuf
lokufidif
idif tjrut
tjruti`i
i`i pili
pili ru`ia
ru`ia-ru`ia
-ru`ia mi`i hi`if liaumu uftud `j`ofo
`j`ofo`imd
`imdif
if noiyi
noiyi `j`nif
`j`nifkuf kuf
Dipur-Uisor tifpi gi`purif sj`jf. Umjstjrif ofo lipit `jmjdit pili niti fi`uf lid tjrmimu nosi `jmjdit sjniod gi`purif sj`jf
Umjstjrif 9,?15->,915
9,?15->,915dk/`7
dk/`7 5.>9-5.>;k/
5.>9-5.>;k/g`>
g`> Umjstjrif
Umjst jrif hjfos ofo sifki
sifkitt sjrofk
sjrofk doti
doti hu`pio
hu`pio limi` dcfs
dcfstrud
trudso
so nifkufif
nifkufif yifk dcf
dcfvjfso
vjfsocfim
cfim sjpjr ru`ia fkk
fkkim.
im. Hjfos
Hjfos pmistj
pmistjrif
rif
Wj`jf-Uisor ofo losudio dirjfi `jrupidif kinufkif yifk niod iftiri jstjdi lif pjfkaosipif djmj`ninif ior yifk gudup rjflia.
 
Umjstjrif ofo pcpumjr huki dirjfi lipit logit ljfkif njrnikio wirfi sjrti `jfgorodif nolifk yifk aimus lif mogof `jfso`ncmdif
aokojfotis.
 Ill i bcctjr 95

@itjroim Itip \jrailip Djmj`ninif

B^
Wjnjmu` `jfofhiu nudto pjfjmotoif tjftifk dcfljfsiso djmj`ninif lo itip, pjftofk uftud `j`niais oftjridso yifk dc`pmjds iftiri itip
lif djmj`ninif. Dihoif sj`igi` otu nosi hilo ru`ot, tjruti`i limi` aim bidtcr-bidtcr yifk `jflisirofyi4 tjtipo sjnikoif njsir djru`otif ofo
lipit lorofkdis limi` njnjripi profsop uti`i uftud `j`niftu `j`iflu
`j`iflu djputusif ljsiof. Wjpjrto yifk lotjftudif cmja stiflir oflustro siit
ofo (IW\@ J-?2), sj`idof tofkko fc`cr pjrofkdit pjr`, sj`idof nifyid uip ior (limi` njftud kis) lipit losjrip lif njrkjrid `jmimuo
`itjroim. \injm 9 `j`njrodif libtir niaif itip u`u` lif `j`niflofkdif pjrofkdit pjr` `jrjdi.

@itjroim Ujr` ^ifk Gmissogicf

 

Nuomt-Zp
@j`nrifj ^ccfk 5.55 ‗ 5.5> O`pjr`jinmj
Wofkmj
Wofkmj-Um
-Umy
y @j`
@j`nri
nrifj
fj 5.57
5.57 ‗ 5.5
5.52
2 (Ripcr Urccb)
≬ 5.9 Ujr`
Ucmyjtaymjfj Bom` 5.52 ‗ 5.51
Ispaimt Bjmt 5.7 ‗ 5.1
Ucmyosc
Ucmyosc ^ccb
^ccb Ofsumi
Ofsumicf
cf 9.5 Wj`o-O`pjr`jinmj

Jxtr
Jxtrul
uljl
jl Uc
Ucmy
myst
styr
yrjf
jfj
j 9.5
9.5 6 5.9 ≬ 9.5 Ujr`
Jxpifljl Ucmystyrjfj 9.> Wj`o-Ujr`jinmj
[ccl Bonjr 7.5 ‗ :.5 6 9.5 ≬ 95.5 Ujr`

Kypsu` Ncirl 75.5 ‗ :5.5 Ujr`jinmj

6 95.5 Ujr`
 \inmj 98 Ujr` rifks cb gc``cf rccfk `itjroims
Ill i bcctjr Wcurgj8 Krof & Brogdmis (>552) \inmj 2.> 99

BN
BOWODI NIFKZFIF
W\^I\JKO @JFGOU\IDIF

DJF_I@IFIF
DJF_I@IFIF \J^@IM

 
 

B^
IWA^IJ ( I`jrogif
 I`jrogif Wcgojty cb Ajitofk
Ajit ofk ^jbrokitofk Ior Gcfl otocfofk Jfkofjjr )
Jfkofjjr ) `j`njrodif ljbofoso djfyi`ifif tajr`im sjnikio dcfloso pod or yifk
`jfk jdsprjsodif tofkdit djpuisif sjsjcrifk tjrailip mofkdufkif tjr`imfyi. Ljfkif pj`idfiif djfyi`ifif tajr`im sjnikio dcfloso podor yifk
`jfkjdsprjsodif tofkdit djpuisif sjsjcrifk tjrailip mofkdufkif tjr`imfyi `idi njrirto djfyi`ifif tajr`im idif `jmonitdif toki ispjd yifk `jmoputo bosod,
bosocmckos lif psodcmckos, sjaofkki pj`idfiif djfyi`ifif tjr`im njrlisirdif pjfljditif psodcmckos ilimia pj`idfiif yifk pimofk mjfkdi. Lijria yifk
 njrodmo` trcpos mj`nin
m j`nin sjpjrto Oflcfjsoi ljfkif tj`pjritur uliri rjmitob pifis yifk `jfgipio
`j fgipio fomio `idso`u`
`idso `u` riti-riti >;◢G-7>◢G, tj`pjritur
t j`pjritur uliri `ofo`u`
riti-riti >5◢G->7◢G, djmj`ninif uliri riti-riti ;:%-15%, guria auhif sjmi`i sjtiauf iftiri 9555-9:55 ``, dcfloso mifkot u`u`fyi njriwif iftiri 25%-
?5%, riloiso `itiairo kmcnim airoif riti-riti >-< w/ , mu`ofifso mifkot yifk tjrtutup iwif topos gudup tofkko `jfgipio mjnoa liro ;555 difljmi/ lif tjrtutup iwif
tjnim 1:5 difljmi/ ( Fisrummia jt im >59: ).

\injm 9. Uj`niflofk Bidtcr Ujfjftu Wuau Fyi`if.

 
Wzcdcmiy BifkjrWtiflir
Bifkjr,
, WtiflirOftjrfisocfim
I`jrodi (IFWO/IWA^IJ ::-9??>),
(OWC ;;7589??<)   ifl Fogcm
Au`parjys
Odmo`8 Odmo` Odmo`
 @itiairo (njsirfyi riloiso),  @itiairo (njsirfyi riloiso),  @itiairo (njsirfyi riloiso),
 Wuau uliri,  Wuau uliri,  Wuau uliri,
 Ifkof (djgjpitif uliri),  Ifkof (djgjpitif uliri),  Ifkof (djgjpitif uliri),
 Djmj`ninif uliri muir  Djmj`ninif uliri muir  Djmj`ninif uliri muir

Bidtcr Oflovolu 8 Bidtcr Oflovolu8 Bidtcr Oflovolu 8

• Uidioif • Idtis • Idtis
• Idmo`isiso • Uidioif • Uidioif
• Zsoi lif hjfos djmi`of • Iliptiso oflovolu
• \ofkdit djkj`udif • Mcdiso Kjckris
• \ofkdit Djsjaitif
• Hjfos `idifif lif `ofu`if yifk lodcfsu`so
• [irfi dumot (sudu nifksi)
 Ill i bcctjr 97

Njrodut njnjripi aim yifk airus lomidudif limi` `jfljsiof uftud `jfgoptidif djfyi`ifif tjr`im pili nifkufif
nifkufif88

I. Djfyi`ifif tjr`im njrlisirdif ljsiof nifkufif

B^
c Crojftiso nifkufif
Ujfyofirif mifksufk liro sjnuia loflofk njrkiftufk pili crojftisofyi
crojftisofyi tjrailip `itiairo, lo`ifi pili odmo` trcpos bisil \o`ur pimofk nifyid tjrdjfi riloiso `itiairo ( @ifkuf
( @ifkufwohiyi,
wohiyi,

9?15, Uisim-Uisim Bosodi Nifkufif).

Nifkufif). Nifkufif pjrsjko `jfgoptidif jlly yifk rjmitob dcfsostjf (moait ki`nir 9). Wjlifkdif, Njftud `issi nifkufif yifk tolid `j`omodo sulut (moait
ki`nir >) `j`ufkdofdif imorif uliri njrkjrid `jmimuo sjmunufk nifkufif tifpi tjrhilo tinridif yifk lipit `jfyjnindif niyifkif ifkof ( mjjwirl ).).
Crojftiso nifkufif sjniodfyi `jfkiria dj Ztiri lif uftud `jfgipio djfyi`ifif tjr`im dirjfi djtodi prcsjs riloiso `itiairo njrmifksufk nifkufif tolid `jfjro`i riloiso yifk gudup
tofkko tjruti`i liro iria Nirit pili scrj airo (riloiso tjrtofkko).
 
 
c Lo`jfso lif njftud nifkufif
Njftud lif lo`jfso nifkufif lipit `j`pjfkiruao mjnir niyifkif ifkof (mjjwirl 
( mjjwirl ).
).

c @itjroim Nifkufif
Uifis `isud dj limi` nifkufif `jmimuo prcsjs dcfludso pili `itjroim nifkufif (mjwit loflofk, itip, hjfljmi digi) lif riloiso pifis `itiairo yifk
lotrifs`osodif `jmimuo hjfljmi/ digi. ^iloiso pifis `itiairo `jfyu`nifk hu`mia pifis yifk gudup njsir `isud dj limi` nifkufif.
 c Dcfbokuriso nifkufif
Ujrmjtidif `issi nifkufif ljfkif pcmi pipif gitur (moait ki`nir ;) idif `jfgoptidif imorif uliri mjnoa `jriti lif nifkufif tolid njrili limi` lijria niyifkif ifkof (mjjwirl).
@j`nifkuf `issi nifkufif ljfkif pcsoso njrhihir (moait ki`nir 1) lipit `jfo`numdif diftufkdiftufk turnumjfso yifk njroso pjrkjridif uliri djgom yifk `jfgoptidif pcmi mc`pitif
Ill i bcctjr 9<
yifk tolid noisi pili imorif uliri.
 

N. Djfyi`ifif \jr`im njrlisirdif Ljsiof Nudiif

c Ujmjtidif lif crojftiso nudiif

B^
Ujrmjtidif lif crjojftiso nudiif ofmjt tjrmjtid pili zcfi njrtjdifif pcsotob lif nudiif cutmjt tjrmjtid pili zcfi njrtjdifif fjkitob limi` rifkdi uftud `jfkcpto`imdif pjrkjridif uliri
limi` sjnuia nifkufif. Ujrmjtjdif lif crojftiso nudiif Ofmjt tolid aifyi `j`pjfkiruao djgjpitif uliri, tjtipo huki pcmi imorif uliri limi` ruifkif, sjlifkdif mcdiso cutmjt aifyi
`j`omodo pjfkirua djgom limi` djgjpitif lif pcmi imorif uliri.
c Mcdiso nudiif
Nudiif njrbufkso uftud `jfkimordif uliri dj limi` ruifkif lif `jfkurifko djmj`ninif ruifkif. Wimia situ syirit uftud nudiif yifk niod yiotu airus tjrhilo grcss vjftomitocf. Ljfkif
`j`njrodif nudiif pili djlui soso ruifkif `idi idif `j`njro pjmuifk supiyi uliri lipit `jfkimor `isud lif djmuir.

c Lo`jfso nudiif
Wj`idof njsir pjrniflofkif muis cutmjt tjrailip muis ofmjt, `idi idif `jfgoptidif djgjpitif ifkof yifk mjnoa tofkko, yifk huki `jfkaisomdif pjfyjhudif mjnoa njsir.

c Nudiif
Ujfkiria nudiif sifkitmia njrpjfkirua tjrailip upiyi pj`ifbiitif ifkof limi` pjfkdcflosif ruifkif. Ujfkiria pili ofmjt idif `jfjftudif iria kjrid lif pcmi uliri limi` ruifk, sjaofkki
 pjrnjliif njftud
njftud pjfkiria
pjfkiria idif `j`njrodif
`j`njrodif pcmi imorif uliri
uliri yifk njrnjli-njli.
njrnjli-njli. Ujfkkufiif
Ujfkkufiif difcpo
difcpo pili nudiif
nudiif ofmjt idif `jfkiriadif
`jfkiriadif imorif
imorif uliri dj itis loniflofkdif
loniflofkdif nudiif ofmjt tifpi
tifpi
difcpo (moait ki`nir ;).
 
c \opj Nudiif

\opj nudiif yifk njrnjli idif `j`njro sulut pjfkiria yifk njrnjli limi` `jfjftudif iria kjrid uliri limi` ruifk, sjrti jbjdtobotis njrnjli limi` `jfkimordif uliri `isud/ djmuir ruifk.

G. Bidtcr Oftjrfim Djfyi`ifif \jr`im

Wyirit djfyi`ifif tjr`im uftud lijria trcpos lipit loditidif fyi`if cpto`im, ljfkif tj`pjritur jbjdtob >>,15 5G ~ >:,15 5G. Xcfi fyi`if (gc`bcrt zcfj)
zcfj)
ilimia lijria limi` nocgmo`itog gairt  yifk
 yifk `jfufhuddif dcfloso uliri yifk fyi`if sjgiri tjr`im.
L. Bidtcr Jdstjrfim Djfyi`ifif \jr`im
c Ujfkirua Rjkjtiso

Wiit uliri njrkjrid lo niwia difcpo pjpcacfif, suaufyi `umio njrdurifk dirjfi riloiso pifis `itiairo losirofk cmja ljliufif. Urcsjs trifsporiso yifk tjrhilo pili pjpcacfif `jfi`nia
djmj`ninif