Unit Special Crime Investigation

Module Crime Scene Investigation Page|1

SCILM SPECIAL CRIME INVESTIGATION WITH LEGAL Units: 3.0
MEDICINE

INFORMATION SHEET PR-4.1.1

CRIME DETECTION AND INVESTIGATION
CRIMINAL INTERROGATION SYSTEMS

1. Types of Offenders and Approaches to be used in Dealing With Them:

a) Emotional Offenders have a greater sense of morality. They easily feel remorse over what they
have done. The best approach in interrogating this type of offender is the sympathetic approach.
b) Non-Emotional Offenders normally do not feel any guilt, so the best way to interrogate them is
through the factual analysis approach, that is, by reasoning with the subject and letting him
know that his guilt has already been, or will soon be, established.

2. Interrogation of Suspect Whose Guilt is Definite or Reasonably Certain

a) Maintain an attitude that shows that you are sure of yourself when you conclude that the
subject is indeed guilty.
(i) Don’t be very friendly with the subject and do not offer a handshake.
(ii) At the outset, accuse the subject of lying. If he reacts with anger, this usually indicates
innocence. But if he remains calm, you can generally conclude that your suspicion of guilt
confirmed.
(iii) Interruption of questioning by the subject may indicate innocence. Silence is equated is
equated with guilt.
(iv) Do not allow the subject to repeatedly deny his guilt.
(v) Assume that the subject is guilty and proceed to ask why he committed the act,.
(vi) When interrogating a “big shot,” it may be useful to lower his status by addressing him by
his first name, instead of using a title of respect.
(vii) Remember that one who is trained in criminal interrogation is easier to question than an
ordinary criminal since he ahs less confidence in himself as a liar.
b) The subject should be made aware of the fact that the interrogator knows information indicating
his guilt and that the interrogator is not merely “fishing” for evidence.
c) Let the subject know that he is showing signs of deception, some of which are:
(i) Pulsation of the carotid (neck) artery
(ii) Excessive activity of the Adam’s apple
(iii) Avoiding the eyes of the interrogator, swinging one leg over the other foot wiggling,
wringing of the hands, tapping of fingers, picking fingernails, etc. (iv) Dryness of the mouth
(v) Swearing to the truthfulness of assertions. Guilty subjects to strengthen their assertions of
innocence frequently use this.
(vi) “Spotless Past Record” – “Religious Man.” These are asserted to support statements, which
the subject knows, and realizes the interrogator knows, to be false.
PREPARED BY:
1 st
1 st MS. ELENA MAE CORONEL
Instructor
MIDTERM NOTED BY: APPROVED BY:
Wee EMERITA S. MERCADAL MR. WILBERT A.
Meeting
k SHS Coordinator/Academic MAÑUSCA
Head School Administrator
 Unit Special Crime Investigation
Module Crime Scene Investigation Page|2
SCILM SPECIAL CRIME INVESTIGATION WITH LEGAL Units: 3.0
MEDICINE

(vii) A “Not That I Remember” or “As Far As I Know” expression should be treated as a veiled
admission or half-truth.
d) Sympathize with the subject by telling him that anyone else under similar conditions or
circumstances might have done the same thing.
e) Reduce the subject’s guilt feeling by minimizing the moral seriousness of his offense.
f) In order to secure the initial admission of guilt, the interrogator should suggest possible reasons,
motives or excuses to the subject.
g) Sympathize with the subject by:
(i) Condemning his victim. During the questioning, the interrogator should develop the notion
that the initial blame, or at least some the blame, for the crime rests upon the victim.
(ii) Condemning the subject’s accomplice. But the interrogator must be cautious so that the
subject as leniency or exculpation from liability does not misinterpret his comments.
(iii) Condemning anyone else upon whom some degree of moral responsibility might be placed
for the commission of the crime.
h) In encouraging the subject tot ell the truth display some understanding and sympathy.
(i) Show sympathy through a pat on the shoulder (usually reserved for men who are either
younger that or of the same age as the interrogator, or emotional offenders), or gripping the
subject’s hand. Care must be taken with female offenders, who might consider any physical
contact with the interrogator as a sexual advance.
(ii) Tell the subject that even if he was your own brother (or any other close relative), you
would still advise him to speak the truth.
(iii) Convince the subject tot ell the truth for his own moral or mental well being
(iv) The “friendly-unfriendly” act. This is much like the Mutt and Jeff system discussed earlier.
The only difference is that this act seems more effective if done by a single interrogator
playing both roles.
i) Point out the possibility of exaggeration on the part of the accuser or victim or exaggerate the
nature and seriousness of the offense itself.
j) Early in the interrogation, have the subject situate himself at the scene of the crime or in some
sort of contact with the victim or the occurrence.
k) Seek an admission of lying about some incidental aspect of the occurrence by achieving this, the
subject loses a great deal of ground, bringing him nearer to the confession stage, because he can
always be reminded by the interrogator that he has not been telling the truth.
l) Appeal to the subject’s pride well-selected flattery or by a challenge to his honor. Flattery is
especially effective on women subjects.
m) Point out the uselessness of lying.
n) Point out to the subject the grave consequences and futility of a continuation of his criminal
behavior.

PREPARED BY:
1 st
1 st MS. ELENA MAE CORONEL
Instructor
MIDTERM NOTED BY: APPROVED BY:
Wee EMERITA S. MERCADAL MR. WILBERT A.
Meeting
k SHS Coordinator/Academic MAÑUSCA
Head School Administrator
 Unit Special Crime Investigation
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SCILM SPECIAL CRIME INVESTIGATION WITH LEGAL Units: 3.0
MEDICINE

o) Rather than seek a general admission of guilt, first ask the subject a question regarding some
detail of the offense, or inquire as to the reason for its commission.
p) When co-offenders are being interrogated and the previously described techniques have been
ineffective, play one against the other. This is effective because when two or more persons have
collaborated in the commission of a criminal offense and are later apprehended for questioning,
there is usually a constant fear on the part of each participant that one of them will “talk,” in
exchange for some leniency or clemency.

3. Interrogation of Suspect Whose Guilt is Uncertain

a) Ask the subject if he knows why he is being questioned.

b) Ask the subject to relate all he knows about the crime, the victim, and possible suspects.
c) Obtain from the subject detailed information about his activities before, during and after the
occurrence under investigation. This is a good method of testing the validity of the subject’s
alibi.
d) Where certain facts suggestive of the subject’s guilt are known, ask him about them rather
casually and as though the real facts were not already known, to give the subject an opportunity
to lie. His answer will furnish a very good indication of his possible guilt or innocence, and if he is
guilty, his position becomes very vulnerable when confronted with the facts possessed by the
interrogator.
e) At various intervals, ask the subject certain pertinent questions in a manner, which implies that
the correct answers, are already known.
f) Refer to some non-existing incriminating evidence to determine whether the subject will
attempt to explain it; if he does, that is an indication of guilt.
g) Ask the subject whether he ever thought about committing the offense or one similar to it. If the
subject admits he had thought about committing it, this fact is suggestive of his guilt.
h) In theft cases, if the suspect offers to make restitution, that fact is indicative of guilt.
i) Ask the subject whether he is willing to take a lie-detector test. the innocent person will almost
always immediately agree to take practically any test to prove his innocence, whereas the guilty
person is more prone to refuse to take the test or to find excuses for not taking it, or for backing
out of his commitment to take it.
j) A subject who tells the interrogator, “All right, I’ll tell you what you want, but I didn’t do it,” is, in
all probability, guilty.

4. General Suggestions Regarding the Interrogation of Criminal Suspects

PREPARED BY:
1 st
1 st MS. ELENA MAE CORONEL
Instructor
MIDTERM NOTED BY: APPROVED BY:
Wee EMERITA S. MERCADAL MR. WILBERT A.
Meeting
k SHS Coordinator/Academic MAÑUSCA
Head School Administrator
 Unit Special Crime Investigation
Module Crime Scene Investigation Page|4
SCILM SPECIAL CRIME INVESTIGATION WITH LEGAL Units: 3.0
MEDICINE

a) Interview the victim, the accuser, or the discoverer of the crime before interrogating the
suspect.
b) Be patient and persistent. Never conclude an interrogation at a time when you feel discouraged
and ready to give up; continue for a little while longer.
c) Make no promises when asked, “What will happen to me if tell the truth?” A promise of leniency
or immunity may induce an innocent to confess.
d) View with skepticism the so-called conscience-stricken confession.
e) When a subject has made repeated denials of guilt to previous investigators, first question him,
whenever circumstances permit, about some other, unrelated offense of a similar nature of
which he is also considered to be guilty.
f) An unintelligent, uneducated criminal suspect, with a low cultural background should be
interrogated on a psychological level comparable to that usually employed in the questioning of
a child.

5. Interrogation Witnesses and Other Prospective Informants:

a) Give the witness or prospective informant an assurance that the offender will not harm him or
any member of his family, and that there is a witness protection program specially designed to
meet that contingency when it becomes necessary.
b) If such witness or prospective informant refuses to cooperate with the police, try to sever any
bond between him and the offender, and proceed to interrogate the witness or informant as if
he were the suspect.

A. DEVELOPMENT AND CONTROL OF INFORMANTS

1. Confidential Informant Defined – a confidential informant is an individual who supplies information

on a confidential basis with the understanding that his identity will not be made known.
a) Scientific approach in criminal investigation can assist law enforcers immeasurably, but there is
always that one case wherein the crime laboratory cannot help. This is the reason why
investigators must to know the man on the street, then man who can supply information.
b) Law enforcers must develop confidential informants everyday.

2. Need for Informants

a) Informants increase accomplishment in all areas of investigation.
b) Without confidential informants, the officer’s source of information is limited to what he gets
through formal interview.

PREPARED BY:
1 st
1 st MS. ELENA MAE CORONEL
Instructor
MIDTERM NOTED BY: APPROVED BY:
Wee EMERITA S. MERCADAL MR. WILBERT A.
Meeting
k SHS Coordinator/Academic MAÑUSCA
Head School Administrator
 Unit Special Crime Investigation
Module Crime Scene Investigation Page|5
SCILM SPECIAL CRIME INVESTIGATION WITH LEGAL Units: 3.0
MEDICINE

c) Informants enable law enforcers to infiltrate the criminal element and help lower criminal
morale. Advance information improves crime prevention and enables the police to find out the
identity of transient hoodlums.
d) Informants are an investigative “short cut’ to solve cases, to recover stolen property, and to
make apprehensions.

3. Where to Find Criminal Informants and Whom to Develop

a) Legitimate persons and criminals
(i) Hoodlums, criminals, fences, bookies, barbers, bartenders, poolroom and dancehall
operators, prostitutes, madams, pawnbrokers, cab drivers, bell hops, service station
attendants, waitresses and others. A class in themselves is persons who had been accused
or suspected of a crime.
(ii) Persons engaged in certain occupations should be considered.

4. How to Develop Confidential Informants

a) Constant need.

(i) No matter what our scientific development might be, there will always come that time when
we will need informants.
(ii) Development of confidential informants should therefore be a continuous process.
b) Evaluation of the individual being considered as possible informant:
(i) Does he have access to information?
(ii) Can he develop the trust of his associates?
(iii) Intelligence and physical courage
(iv) His criminal record and background
(v) His pattern of behavior
c) Basic considerations.
(i) Contact must be made in a neutral place. The officer making the contact should not be in
uniform or in police vehicles. Contact should be made in such a manner that the informant’s
association with the law enforcement agency would not be disclosed. Get the informer
away from his local habitat to a place where he is not known. Call him by phone and let him
set the time and place.
(ii) Plan the interview as to the type of “approach.”
[1]Return of favor. – Even small favors can help a lot in developing informants. These may
be extended in various ways.
[2]Monetary consideration – There may be ties when an officer has to pay for information.
one must make sure he gets his money’s worth. Do not overpay or you will have a
professional informant.
PREPARED BY:
1 st
1 st MS. ELENA MAE CORONEL
Instructor
MIDTERM NOTED BY: APPROVED BY:
Wee EMERITA S. MERCADAL MR. WILBERT A.
Meeting
k SHS Coordinator/Academic MAÑUSCA
Head School Administrator
 Unit Special Crime Investigation
Module Crime Scene Investigation Page|6
SCILM SPECIAL CRIME INVESTIGATION WITH LEGAL Units: 3.0
MEDICINE

[3]Appeal to prospect’s ego. – Men on the beat (patrolmen/investigators) have a good

opportunity of developing informants.
[4]Development of “friendship” helps because the informant respects the officer. – This is
accomplished by friendly acts of the officer to the possible informant himself or his
relatives.
[5]Involvement in illegal activity – The illegal activity serves as pressure on the possible
informant. The attitude toward him, though, should be “Put up or get out”.
[6]Fear motive. – This is fear of the police or of his associates
[7]Revenge motive
[8]Perverse motives – To eliminate competition, for example.
[9]Bad publicity – Especially applicable to businessmen
(iii) Officer’ Ability.
[1]Develop an informant to the point that he really respects you. - Do not call hour
informant a “stool pigeon” or a “stoolie” when talking to him.
[2]Secrecy in contacts cannot be over-emphasized. It helps maintain the confidence of the
informant. You may use fictitious names over the phone. Contact should be discreet and
the meeting place frequently changed.
[3]The informant may expect a few favors in return. – Make him understand that you
association with him does not give him the license to operate illegally. You must have him
understand also that he is not an employee of the police even though he is being paid for
the information. It may be necessary to hold something over his head.
- Be sure that your informant does not brag about his association with
you - Make sure he is giving you good information. test him
with facts you know.
- Do not allow yourself to be interviewed by an informant.
Give him the facts he needs to know, and nothing more.

5. Use of Informants
a) Maximum benefit. – The confidential informant should be used for the maximum benefit of the
entire organization, not of only one (1) officer/investigator.
b) A designated executive should be aware of the identity of the informant. – At least two (2)
individuals in the law enforcement agency should know the identity of a confidential informant.
This gives him the feeling that he is really cooperating with the police. It is also possible that
something might happen to you, which would mean the loss of the informant to the entire
police force. Besides the officer who developed the informant, it is suggested that the other be
a rank-officer to give the informant a feeling of importance.
c) Consider a program within your respective commands for the development of informants.
(i) Keep records as to the ability of your men to develop informants.
PREPARED BY:
1 st
1 st MS. ELENA MAE CORONEL
Instructor
MIDTERM NOTED BY: APPROVED BY:
Wee EMERITA S. MERCADAL MR. WILBERT A.
Meeting
k SHS Coordinator/Academic MAÑUSCA
Head School Administrator
 Unit Special Crime Investigation
Module Crime Scene Investigation Page|7
SCILM SPECIAL CRIME INVESTIGATION WITH LEGAL Units: 3.0
MEDICINE

(ii) Keep records as to the accomplishments of each of the informants. This should tell you who
among the informants should be discarded.
(iii) Keep records as to fugitives apprehended, loot recovered and cases given to you.
(iv) Maintain a tickler system to review your informant’s contribution to your command.

B. UNDERCOVER INVESTIGATION

1. Preparation for undercover work should be sufficiently thorough:

a) To preclude compromise
b) To minimize danger to the undercover operative
c) To ensure the ultimate success of the investigation

2. Undercover investigation should not be attempted until other investigative techniques have failed
or are deemed impractical.

3. Factors to consider before undercover investigation is initiated:

a) The exact result desired
b) Jurisdiction
c) The importance of the investigation
d) Available planning information
e) Availability of qualified personnel
f) The equipment and preparation necessary
g) Danger to the investigator involved.

4. General and Specific Qualifications – Undercover work as a selective assignment requires that the
investigator possess, in addition to certain general qualifications, specific qualifications required in
the type of investigation being conducted.

a) General qualifications:
(i) Well-trained and experienced
(ii) A calm, collected and resourceful individual with good judgment and wit
(iii) Complete self-confidence to feel absolutely certain that he can successfully play the part of
the character he will assume.
(iv) Courage and ability to meet unforeseen situations with quick, sound decisions
(v) Will power to avoid drugs and excessive use of intoxicants.

PREPARED BY:
1 st
1 st MS. ELENA MAE CORONEL
Instructor
MIDTERM NOTED BY: APPROVED BY:
Wee EMERITA S. MERCADAL MR. WILBERT A.
Meeting
k SHS Coordinator/Academic MAÑUSCA
Head School Administrator
 Unit Special Crime Investigation
Module Crime Scene Investigation Page|8
SCILM SPECIAL CRIME INVESTIGATION WITH LEGAL Units: 3.0
MEDICINE

(vi) Ability to avoid unwise entanglements with women involved in the case or associated with
the subject.

b) Specific qualifications
(i) Ability to act out an assumed role
(ii) Good memory in an investigation in which no notes can be taken or report submitted.
(iii) Skill adaptable to the occupation assumed.
(iv) Physical appearance and capabilities consistent with his assumed qualifications.
(v) Well-grounded in the lingo and techniques of the subject criminal operations
(vi) In special situations, the undercover investigator should possess certain linguistic abilities,
hobbies, sports, musical talent and personal background for the particular and undercover
assignment.

5. Authority for undercover operations must be from the top officer of the organization, for this
requires coordination with other agencies.

6. The fewest number of persons must know the undercover operation. Otherwise, the investigation
or the operative himself might be jeopardized.

7. The background or cover story regarding the assumed identity of the undercover operative must be
such that he can easily win the confidence of the suspect or organization sought to be infiltrated,
and should seldom be wholly fictitious.

8. Badge and credentials must never be carried.

9. A weapon should only be carried if it is consistent with the background story.

10. Provide safe communication systems between the undercover agent and headquarters relaying
information or instructions.

11. Arrangements for drops and safe houses must be made and, if necessary, the undercover operative
himself may be placed under surveillance.

12. The undercover operative must never pose as a criminal unless no other approach appears
adequate.

13. The role of the undercover operative is to gather information or evidence against the suspect(s) or
the organization, never to instigate the commission of a crime.

PREPARED BY:
1 st
1 st MS. ELENA MAE CORONEL
Instructor
MIDTERM NOTED BY: APPROVED BY:
Wee EMERITA S. MERCADAL MR. WILBERT A.
Meeting
k SHS Coordinator/Academic MAÑUSCA
Head School Administrator
 Unit Special Crime Investigation
Module Crime Scene Investigation Page|9
SCILM SPECIAL CRIME INVESTIGATION WITH LEGAL Units: 3.0
MEDICINE

14. Plans for the operation must provide actions or alternatives in case the undercover is arrested.

15. Reminders tot he undercover operative:

a) Act as natural as possible.
b) Do not overplay the part.
c) Do not indulge in any activity, which is not in conformity with the assumed identity.
d) Do not make notes unless they are to be mailed or passed immediately: (Use codes and never
place return address in letters and envelopes).
e) Do not use intoxicants except to play the part.
f) Limit association with women to that necessary to play the part

PREPARED BY:
1 st
1 st MS. ELENA MAE CORONEL
Instructor
MIDTERM NOTED BY: APPROVED BY:
Wee EMERITA S. MERCADAL MR. WILBERT A.
Meeting
k SHS Coordinator/Academic MAÑUSCA
Head School Administrator