Fundamentals of . . .

Introduction to . . .

Introduction to Computer Basics Home Page

and Programming Title Page

JJ II

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Basic Operations, Vectors and Arrays
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School of Chemical and Bio Engineering
Addis Ababa Institute of Technology Go Back

Addis Ababa University Full Screen

teklebrahan.gebrekrstos@aait.edu.et
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October 26, 2015
Basic Operations, Vectors and Arrays Fundamentals of . . .

Introduction to . . .
• An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler
to perform specific mathematical or logical ma-
nipulations. Home Page

• MATLAB is designed to operate primarily on whole Title Page

matrices and arrays. JJ II

• Therefore, operators in MATLAB work both on J I

scalar and non-scalar data. Page 2 of 37

• MATLAB allows the following types of elemen- Go Back

tary operations; Full Screen

Arithmetic operators Close

Relational operators Quit

Logical operators
 Bitwise operations Fundamentals of . . .
Set operations Introduction to . . .

• For the purpose of this course we will contained

ourselves on arithmetic operators relational op-
Home Page
erators and logical operators.
Title Page

Arithmetic Operators JJ II

J I
• There are three kinds of numbers used in MAT-
Page 3 of 37
LAB:
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1. integers
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2. real numbers
3. complex numbers Close

• In addition to these, MATLAB has three variables Quit

representing non-numbers: (-Inf, Inf and NaN).

• The -Inf and Inf are the negative and positive in- Fundamentals of . . .
finity respectively. Introduction to . . .

• Infinity is generated by overflow or by operation

of dividing by zero.
Home Page

• The NaN stands for Not-a-Number and it is ob-

Title Page
tained as a result of the mathematically unde-
fined operations such as 0/0, ∞/∞ etc. JJ II

J I
• MATLAB allows two different types of arithmetic
operations. Page 4 of 37

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Matrix arithmetic operations
Array arithmetic operations Full Screen

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• Matrix arithmetic operations are same as defined
in linear algebra. Quit
• Array operations are execute element by element, Fundamentals of . . .
both on one-dimensional and multidimensional Introduction to . . .
array.
• The matrix operators and array operators are dif-
Home Page
ferentiated by the period (.) symbol.
Title Page
• However, as the addition and subtraction oper-
ation is same for matrices and arrays, the opera- JJ II

tor is same for both cases. J I

• The list of basic arithmetic operations in MAT- Page 5 of 37

LAB includes six operations. Go Back

• In our present context we shall consider these Full Screen

operations as scalar arithmetic operations which Close

is to say that they operate on two numbers in the
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conventional manner.
 Symbol Operation
Fundamentals of . . .
+ Addition
Introduction to . . .
- Subtraction
* Multiplication
/ Right division
 Left division Home Page
∧ Power
Title Page

• MATLAB’s arithmetic operations are actually much JJ II

more powerful than this. J I

• We shall see just a little of this extra power later Page 6 of 37

in vector and matrix operations. Go Back

• One can use MATLAB like a calculator without Full Screen

specifying variables.
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• MATLAB has all the standard mathematical op- Quit

erations.
 Example: Try type Fundamentals of . . .
>>2+3 Introduction to . . .

• MATLAB returns the answer:

Home Page
ans=
5 Title Page

• Similarly: JJ II

>>5 ∧ 3 J I
ans=
Page 7 of 37
125
>>2.5 ∧ 2 Go Back

ans= Full Screen

6.2500
Close
>>3.98*4.1
ans= Quit

15.9490
 >>99.3-25 Fundamentals of . . .
ans= Introduction to . . .
74.3000
>>3*(23+14.7-4/6)/3.5
ans= Home Page

31.7429
Title Page

JJ II
• The result of these operations is assigned to de-
J I
fault variable called ans and displayed.
Page 8 of 37
• Adding a semicolon(;) to the end of the opera-
tion suppresses the output. Go Back

Example: Try type Full Screen

>>25*3;
Close

• Also type: 1/0 Quit

Warning: Divide by zero.

 ans= Fundamentals of . . .
Inf Introduction to . . .
>> Inf/Inf
ans=
NaN Home Page

Title Page
Operator Precedence
JJ II

• The order in which expressions are evaluated in J I

MATLAB is fixed according to:
Page 9 of 37

1. (expressions in parentheses) take precedence over Go Back

2. powers, ∧ which take precedence over Full Screen

3. multiplication and division, *,/ which, in turn, Close

take precedence over Quit

4. addition and subtraction, +,-

Relational Operators Fundamentals of . . .

Introduction to . . .
 Relational operators for arrays perform element-
by-element comparisons between two arrays and
return a logical array of the same size, with ele- Home Page
ments set to logical 1 true where the relation is
true and elements set to logical 0 false where it Title Page

is not. JJ II

 Relational operators can also work on both scalar J I

and non-scalar data. Page 10 of 37

 The following table shows the relational operators Go Back

available in MATLAB: Full Screen

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 Operator Description
Fundamentals of . . .
< Less than
Introduction to . . .
<= Less than or equal to
> Greater than
>= Greater than or equal to
== Equal to Home Page
v= Not equal to
Title Page

Logical Operators JJ II

J I
 MATLAB offers two types of logical operators and
functions: Page 11 of 37

Go Back
1. Element-wise: These operators operate on
corresponding elements of logical arrays. Full Screen

2. Short-circuit: These operators operate on Close

scalar and, logical expressions. Quit

 Element-wise logical operators operate element-

 by-element on logical arrays. Fundamentals of . . .

 The symbols &, |, and v are the logical array oper- Introduction to . . .

ators AND, OR, and NOT respectively.

 Short-circuit logical operators allow short-circuiting Home Page

on logical operations.
Title Page

 The symbols && and || are the logical short-circuit JJ II

operators AND and OR respectively.
J I
 Further, there is a menu of special characteristics Page 12 of 37
that have specific uses.
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 The main ones are:

Full Screen

Colon, : Close

Subscripting, () Quit

Brackets, []
 Decimal point, . Fundamentals of . . .

Continuation, ... Introduction to . . .

Separator, ,
Semicolon, ; (suppresses the output of a cal-
Home Page
culation)
Title Page
Assignment, =
Quote, ’statement’ JJ II

Transpose, ’ J I

Comment, % Page 13 of 37

Note: Anything after % is a comment and will be Go Back

ignored by MATLAB. Full Screen

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Assignment of Variables in MATLAB
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 Variable names may be up to 19 characters long.

 Names must begin with a letter but may be fol- Fundamentals of . . .
lowed by any combination of letters, numbers/digits Introduction to . . .
or underscores.
 MATLAB is case sensitive in the naming of vari-
Home Page
ables.
Title Page

Predefined variables JJ II

J I
 There are several predefined variables which can
be used at any time, in the manner as user de- Page 14 of 37

fined variables. Go Back

 These are, (ans, pi, eps, j and i). Full Screen

√ Close
 Where i & j are −1, pi is 3.1416...and eps is the
small number in MATLAB which has a value 2.2204× Quit

10−16 .
Example: Try type: Fundamentals of . . .
>>pi Introduction to . . .
ans=
3.1416
>>eps Home Page

ans=
Title Page
2.2204 × 10−16
>>j JJ II

ans= J I
0 + 1.0000i
Page 15 of 37
>>y=2*(1+4*j)
y= Go Back

2.0000 + 8.0000i Full Screen

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Vectors and Arrays Fundamentals of . . .

Introduction to . . .
∅ An array is a collection of numbers, called elements,
referenced by one or more indices running over
different index sets. Home Page

∅ In MATLAB, the index sets are always sequential Title Page

integers starting with one.

JJ II

∅ The dimension of the array is the number of in- J I

dices needed to specify an element.
Page 16 of 37

∅ The size of an array is a list of the sizes of the index Go Back

sets.
Full Screen

∅ A matrix is a two-dimensional array with special

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rules for addition, multiplication, and other op-
erations. Quit
∅ The two dimensions are called the rows and the Fundamentals of . . .
columns. Introduction to . . .

∅ A vector is a matrix in which one dimension has

only the index 1.
Home Page

∅ A row vector has only one row and a column vector

Title Page
has only one column.
JJ II
∅ In MATLAB the word vector should really be inter-
J I
preted simply as ”list of numbers”.
Page 17 of 37
∅ Strictly it could be a list of other objects than num-
Go Back
bers but ”list of numbers” will fit our needs for
now. Full Screen

∅ These can be used to represent physical vectors Close

but are much more versatile than that as we shall Quit

see.
∅ There are two basic kinds of MATLAB vectors: Row Fundamentals of . . .
and Column vectors. Introduction to . . .

∅ As the names suggest, a row vector stores its num-

bers in a long ”horizontal list” such as;
Home Page
1, 2, 3. 4, 1. 23, -10. 3, 2. 1
which is a row vector with 6 components. Title Page

∅ A column vector stores its numbers in a vertical JJ II

list such as; J I

1
Page 18 of 37
2
3. 4 Go Back

1. 23 Full Screen

-10. 3
Close
2. 1
which is a column vector with (the same) 6 com- Quit

ponents.
∅ In mathematical notation these arrays are usually Fundamentals of . . .
enclosed in brackets []. Introduction to . . .

Entering vectors in MATLAB

Home Page

∅ To enter a vector explicitly, there are a few basic Title Page

rules to follow:
JJ II
• Separate the elements of a row with spaces
J I
or commas.
Page 19 of 37
• Use a semicolon; or returns, to indicate the
end of each row. Go Back

• Surround the entire list of elements with square Full Screen

brackets, []. Close

Example: Enter the following 3-by-1 row vector Quit

>>u=[1 2 3]
 u= Fundamentals of . . .
123 Introduction to . . .

∅ The entries must be enclosed in square brackets.

>>v=[1 3 sqrt(5)]
Home Page
v=
1.0000 3.0000 2.2361 Title Page

∅ Space is very important. JJ II

>>v2=[3+4 5] J I
v2=
Page 20 of 37
75
>>v3=[3 +4 5] Go Back

v3= Full Screen

345
Close

∅ We can do certain arithmetic operations with vec- Quit

tors of the same length, such as v and v3 in the

 previous section. Fundamentals of . . .
>>v+v3 Introduction to . . .
ans=
4.0000 7.0000 7.2361
>>v4=3*v Home Page

v4=
Title Page
3.0000 9.0000 6.7082
>>v5=2*v-3*v3 JJ II

v5= J I
-7.0000 -6.0000 -10.5279
Page 21 of 37

∅ We can build row vectors from existing ones: Go Back

>>w=[1 2 3], z=[8 9]
Full Screen
w=
123 Close

z= Quit
89
 >>v6=[w z] Fundamentals of . . .
v6= Introduction to . . .
12389
∅ A vector can be defined by previously defined vec-
Home Page
tors.
>>x=[2 4 -1] Title Page

x= JJ II
2 4 -1
J I
>>x1=[x 5 8]
x1= Page 22 of 37

2 4 -1 5 8 Go Back

∅ An special array is the empty matrix, which is en- Full Screen

tered as [] and can be used to delete a part of any

Close
vector.
>>w=[4 5 6 7] Quit

w=
 4567 Fundamentals of . . .
>>w(4)=[];w Introduction to . . .
w=
456
∅ The elements of a vector can be also defined with Home Page

algebraic expressions placed at the appropriate Title Page

location of the elements. JJ II

∅ Thus, J I
>>a=[sin(pi/2) sqrt(2) 3+4 6/3 exp(2)]
Page 23 of 37
a=
1.0000 1.4142 7.0000 2.0000 7.3891 Go Back

Full Screen

Column Vectors Close

∅ The column vectors have similar constructs to row Quit

vectors.
∅ When defining them entries are separated by ;or Fundamentals of . . .
”newlines”. Introduction to . . .
Example: To define a column vector x:
>>x=[1;-2;4]
x= Home Page

1
Title Page
-2
4 JJ II

J I
∅ or write
>>x=[1 Page 24 of 37

-2 Go Back
4]
Full Screen
x=
1 Close

-2 Quit
4
 >>c=[1;3;sqrt(5)] Fundamentals of . . .
c= Introduction to . . .
1.0000
3.0000
2.2361 Home Page

∅ We can convert a row vector into a column vector Title Page

and vice versa by a process called transposing, JJ II

denoted by ’ in MATLAB.
J I
>>A=[1 2 3]
A= Page 25 of 37

123 Go Back
>>B=A’
Full Screen
B=
1 Close

2 Quit
3
 Vectors addition and subtraction Fundamentals of . . .

Introduction to . . .
∅ Addition and subtraction of a number to or from a
vector can be made.
∅ In this case, the number is added or subtracted Home Page

from all elements of the vector. Title Page

Example:
JJ II
>>x=[-1;0;2];
y=x-1 J I

y= Page 26 of 37

-2
Go Back
-1
1 Full Screen

Close
∅ If we look to make a simple addition and subtrac-
tion of vectors. The notation is the same as found Quit

in most linear algebra.

∅ We will define two vectors then add or subtract Fundamentals of . . .
them: Introduction to . . .
Example:
>>v=[1;2;3]
v= Home Page

1
Title Page
2
3 JJ II

>>b=[2;4;6] J I
b=
Page 27 of 37
2
4 Go Back

6 Full Screen

>>v+b
Close
ans=
3 Quit

6
9 Fundamentals of . . .
>>v-b Introduction to . . .
ans=
-1
-2 Home Page

-3
Title Page
>>sin(v)
ans= JJ II

0.8415 J I
0.093
Page 28 of 37
0.1411
>>log(v) Go Back

ans= Full Screen

0
Close
0.6931
1.0986 Quit

>>pi*v
 ans= Fundamentals of . . .
3.1416 Introduction to . . .
6.2832
9.4248
Home Page

Vectors multiplication Title Page

JJ II
∅ Multiplication of vectors and matrices must follow
special rules. J I

∅ In the example above, the vectors are both column Page 29 of 37

vectors with three entries. Go Back

∅ You can not add a row vector to a column vector. Full Screen

Close
∅ In the multiplication of vectors, the number of columns
of the vector on the left must be the number of Quit

rows of the vector on the right.

Example: Fundamentals of . . .
>>b=[2;4;6]; Introduction to . . .
>>v=[1;2;3];
>>v*b
??? Error using ==> ∗ Home Page

Inner matrix dimensions must agree.

Title Page
>>v*b’
ans= JJ II

246 J I
4 8 12
Page 30 of 37
6 12 18
>>v’*b Go Back

ans= Full Screen

28
Close

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 Element-wise operations Fundamentals of . . .

Introduction to . . .
∅ There are many times where we want to do an op-
eration to every entry in a vector or matrix.
∅ Matlab will allow you to do this with element-wise Home Page

operations. Title Page

∅ For example, suppose you want to multiply each JJ II

entry in vector v with its corresponding entry in J I

vector b.
Page 31 of 37

∅ In other words, suppose you you want to find v(1)*b(1), Go Back

v(2)*b(2) and v(3)*b(3).
Full Screen

∅ It would be nice to use the ”*”symbol since you

Close
are doing some sort of multiplication, but since
it already has a definition, we have to come up Quit

with something else.

∅ The programmers who came up with MATLAB de- Fundamentals of . . .
cided to use the symbols ”.*” to do this. Introduction to . . .
>>v.*b
ans=
2 Home Page

8
Title Page
18
JJ II
∅ Also for division and exponentiation we must use
J I
”./” and ” .∧ ” respectively.
>>v./b Page 32 of 37

ans= Go Back
0.5000
Full Screen
0.5000
0.5000 Close

∅ Note that; Quit

 Θ v.*b multiplies each element of v by the re- Fundamentals of . . .
spective element of b. Introduction to . . .
Θ v./b divides each element of v by the respec-
tive element of b.
Θ v.\b divides each element of b by the respec- Home Page

tive element of v. Title Page

Θ v. ∧ b raises each element of v by the respec- JJ II

tive element of b.
J I

Page 33 of 37
The colon operator
Go Back

∅ The colon operator ”:” is understood by MATLAB

Full Screen
to perform special and useful operations.
Close
∅ If two integer numbers are separated by a colon,
MATLAB will generate all of the integers between Quit

these two integers.

∅ In particular, you will be able to use it to extract or Fundamentals of . . .
manipulate elements of matrices. Introduction to . . .

∅ The following command crates a row vector whose

components increase arithmetically:
Home Page
>>1:5
ans= Title Page

12345 JJ II

∅ And if three numbers, integer or non-integer, are J I

separated by two colons, the middle number is
Page 34 of 37
interpreted to be a step size and the first and
third are interpreted to be limits. Go Back

Full Screen
∅ Thus,
>>b=0:0.2:1 Close

b= Quit

0 0.2000 0.4000 0.6000 0.8000 1.0000

∅ Suppose you want to create a vector with elements Fundamentals of . . .
between 0 and 20 evenly spaced in increments Introduction to . . .
of 2.
∅ Then you have to type:
Home Page
>>t=0:2:20
t= Title Page

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 JJ II
>>m=0.32:0.1:0.6
J I
m=
0.3200 0.4200 0.5200 Page 35 of 37

>>w=-1.4:-0.3:-2 Go Back
w=
Full Screen
-1.4000 -1.7000 -2.0000
Close
∅ The format is first:step:last.
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∅ The result is always a row vector.

∅ A negative step is also allowed. The command has Fundamentals of . . .
similar result; it creates a vector with linearly spaced Introduction to . . .
entries.

Referencing elements Home Page

Title Page
♦ It is frequently necessary to call one or more of the
elements of a vector. JJ II

J I
♦ Each dimension is given a single index.
Example: Page 36 of 37

>>A=0:10:100 Go Back
A=
Full Screen
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100
Close
♦ Now after definition of vector A try to type:
>>A(10) Quit

ans=
 Fundamentals of . . .

Introduction to . . .
90
>>B=A(1:5) Home Page

B=
0 10 20 30 40 Title Page

>>C=A(1:2:10)
C= JJ II

0 20 40 60 80
>>A(6:2:10) J I

ans=
50 70 90 Page 37 of 37

Go Back

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