Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Theories of Failure:) and Yield Strength
Theories of Failure:) and Yield Strength
Introduction
Theories of failure are those theories which help us to determine the safe dimensions of
a machine component when it is subjected to combined stresses due to various loads
acting on it during its functionality.
Theories of failure are employed in the design of a machine component due to the
unavailability of failure stresses under combined loading conditions.
Theories of failure play a key role in establishing the relationship between stresses
induced under combined loading conditions and properties obtained from tension test
like ultimate tensile strength (Sut) and yield strength (Syt).
Examples:
P
2.
Member is subjected to both Twisting moment and
uniaxial load, hence combined loading conditions.
Stresses induced under combined loading conditions and (Syt and Sut) obtained using
tension test which are called theories of failure.
According to M.P.S. T
Condition for failure is,
Syt Sut
1 ≤
N or N Eqn (1)
Note:
1. This theory is suitable for the safe design of machine components made of brittle
materials under all loading conditions (tri-axial, biaxial etc.) because brittle materials
are weak in tension.
2. This theory is not suitable for the safe design of machine components made of ductile
materials because ductile materials are weak in shear.
3. This theory can be suitable for the safe design of machine components made of
ductile materials under following state of stress conditions.
1
(i) Uniaxial state of stress (Absolute max = 2 )
1
(ii) Biaxial state of stress when principal stresses are like in nature (Absolute max = 2 )
(iii) Under hydrostatic stress condition (shear stress in all the planes is zero).
2. Maximum Shear Stress theory (M.S.S.T)
Syt
Absolute max (Sys)T.T or
2
where,
(Sys)T.T Syt
Absolute max ≤
N or 2N
σ1 - σ 2 σ 2 - σ3 σ3 - σ 1 Syt
larger of [| 2 |, | 2 |, | 2
|] ≤ 2N
Syt
larger of [ |σ1 – σ2|, | σ2 – σ3|, | σ3 – σ1|] ≤ N
σ1 σ1 - σ 2 Syt
| 2 | or | 2 |≤ 2N
Syt
|σ1| ≤ N when σ1, σ2 are like in nature Eqn (2)
Syt
| σ1 – σ 2 | ≤ when σ1, σ2 are unlike in nature Eqn (3)
N
Note:
1. M.S.S.T and M.P.S.T will give same results for ductile materials under uniaxial state
of stress and biaxial state of stress when principal stresses are like in nature.
2. M.S.S.T is not suitable under hydrostatic stress condition.
3. This theory is suitable for ductile materials and gives oversafe design i.e. safe and
uneconomic design.
Maximum Principal strain (ε1) Yielding strain under tensile test (ε Y.P.)T.T
Syt
ε1 (ε Y.P.)T.T or
E
E EN
Syt
σ1 - µ(σ2 + σ3) ≤ N
for biaxial state of stress, σ3 = 0
Syt
σ1 - µ(σ2) ≤ N Eqn (4)
Total Strain Energy per unit volume Strain energy per unit volume at yield point
(T.S.E. /vol) under tension test (S.E /vol) Y.P.] T.T
Total Strain Energy per unit volume ≤ Strain energy per unit volume at yield point
σE.L
εE.L
1 1 1
Total Strain Energy per unit volume = 2 σ1 ε1 + 2 σ2 ε2 + 2 σ3 ε3 Eqn (6)
(triaxial)
1
ε1 = [σ1 - µ(σ2 + σ3)]
E
1
ε3 = [σ3 - µ(σ1 + σ2)]
E
1 Syt
Note:
1. Eqn (10) is an equation of ellipse (x2 + y2 - xy = a2).
Semi =
minor axis 0.8
7
2. Semi major axis of the ellipse = = = 1.2 Syt of the
= Syt
√ √
ellipse = √ √
µ = 0.3
For
3. Total strain energy theory is suitable under hydrostatic stress condition.
1-2µ
1+µ
Substituting equation (14) and (15) in the condition for safe design , the following
equation is obtained
S
[(σ1 - σ2)2 + (σ2 - σ3)2 + (σ3 - σ1)2] ≤ 2 ( Nyt )^2
σ1 2 + σ22 – σ1 σ2 ≤ ( N ) ^2 (16)
Note:
1. Equation (16) is an equation of ellipse.
3. This theory is best theory of failure for ductile material. It gives safe and economic
design.
4. This theory is not suitable under hydrostatic stress condition.
SYS
Ration of SYt by using theories of failure
5. When yielding in shear occurs under pure shear state of stress, τ = Sys.
SYS
(a) SYt in Maximum Principal stress theory
According to M.P.S.T,
Considering Factor of safety (N) = 1
σ1 ≤ Syt or
σ1 Syt
Sys = Syt
SYS
=1
SYt
SYS
(b) SYt in Maximum shear stress theory
According to M.S.S.T,
|σ1 – σ2| ≤ Syt
When yielding occurs in shear under pure shear state of stress, τ = Sys
SYS 1
=
SYt 2
SYS
σ1 - µ(σ2) Syt
τ - µ(-τ) Syt
τ(1+ µ) = Syt
Syt
Sys = 1+ µ
for µ = 0.3
SYS
SYt = 0.77
SYS
(d) SYt in Total strain energy theory
According to T.St.E.T,
Sys = √
for µ = 0.3
SYS
SYt = 0.62
SYS
σ1 2 + σ22 – σ1 σ2 Syt2
τ2 + τ2 + τ2 = Syt2
τ = √
Sys = √
SYS
SYt = 0.577
These equations should be used when the component is subjected to both Bending
Moment and Twisting Moment simultaneously.
T T
M
M
d
1
Me
3
M.P.S.T = 2 [M+√ ] = 32 d σper
3
M.S.S.T Te = √ = 16 d τper
3
M.D.E.T Me = √ = 32 d σper
Normal Stress Equations (σt equations)
τxy
σx σx
τxy
T.O.F σt equations
1 Syt
M.P.S.T
σt = 2 [σx + √
]= N
σt = √
Syt
M.S.S.T =
N
Sy
t
M.D.E.T σt = √
= N
σ2
Syt
-σ1 σ1
Syc Syt
Syc = -Syt
-σ2
-σ2
σ2
σ1 -σ2 = -Syt
-σ1
σ1
σ1 -σ2 = Syt
(c) M.P.St.T :- Rhombus
σ2
Syt
- σ1 σ1
-Syt Syt
-Syt
-σ2
σ2
M.D.E.T
Syt
M.S.S.T
-Syt
-σ1 σ1
Syt
-Syt
- σ2
Note :-
2. As the area bounded by the curve increases, failure stresses increases thereby
decreases dimensions and hence cost of safety.
In all the quadrants
Area bounded by the MDET curve Aread bounded by MSST curve
Hence
(Dimensions)MDET (Dimensions)MSST
σ2
Syt
-Syt
-σ1
σ1
Syc Syt
Syt
Syc = -Syt
- σ2
Note:
1. All the theories of the failure will give the same result when uniaxial state of stress
Examples –
1. Bar subjected to uniaxial load
2. Beam subjected to pure bending
2. All the theories of the failure will give the same result when one of the principal
stresses is very large as compared to the other principal stresses.
3. For pure shear state of stress, all the theories of failure will give the different result.
(a) MDET and MSST will be used under pure shear state of stress.
(b) MDET will be preferred over MSST.
4. MSST and MDET are not valid for hydrostatic state of stress condition.
5. TSET and MPST will be used for hydrostatic state of stress condition. TSET will be
preferred over MPST.
References
1. Introduction to Machine Design by V.B Bhandari