Principles and

Methods of
Teaching
A Modular Approach

Beatrice D. Mabitad, Ed.D

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Contents
About the Author - - - i
Acknowledgement - - - ii
Preface - - - iii

Chapter 1: Overview on Teaching Profession

and its Basic Terms - - 1
Teaching Strategy
Teaching Method
Teaching Technique
Devices for Teaching

Chapter 2: The Ethical Standards, the Creed and Code

and the Effective Qualities of a Teacher - - 6

Principles and Methods of Teaching

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About the Author

BEATRICE D. MABITAD, Ed.D.

She graduated her Masteral and Doctoral degrees in Educational Management at

Cebu Normal University, Cebu City. She is a Mathematics Coordinator and
teaching Mathematics subject and Prof-Ed subjects for 22 years in Eastern Visayas
State University.

Principles and Methods of Teaching

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Acknowledgment

This module is dedicated ……

To our Almighty Father for the wisdom and time in writing,

designing the module, I would like to thank the committee of
reviewers to help improve the final output. To my husband,
Alan spent countless hours for his expertise in computer. The
staff in our Bids and Awards Office, Julito Acebron for his
undying support who assisted me in doing some clerical works.
The knowledge gain from the Webinar series regarding module
making by our own professors in EVSU Tacloban Main.

Principles and Methods of Teaching

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Preface
The module of “ Principles and methods of teaching “ employed a process in teaching that all
the elements is intended for the teachers preparation and guidance in the smooth operation
contributory in students learning , The discussions for each activity emphasize the “ collective
coordination “ in order to ensure the flow of every activity from one step to another .

Part 1 the main objective to underscore the inseparability of methods and teaching. To achieve
a learning objective the teacher presents the lesson in a systematic way or may form a strategy
or technique introducing a subject, In order to ensure the achievement of learning outcomes,
the procedural context needs near adherence.

Part 2 the objective is highlighted at the beginning, the components would facilitate the activity
with interest that makes the learners more comfortable, motivation and techniques make a
difference in any lesson episode.

Part 3 includes the teaching methods and strategies that are effectively implemented, either by
individual participation or by individualized instruction. The students or learners are led to
manage their own way in acquiring knowledge and through collaboration with their peers, thus
promoting cooperation, sharing one’s experience and collaborative decision- making.

Part 4 the teachers update on the use of technology in the form of tools and modern way of
introducing the lesson that shows the importance of technology to the classroom nowadays.
The new normal of teaching much needed the partnership or linkages to our community
especially the local government office for the common good and betterment services towards
our students.
Finally to come up this module is the dedication, tireless and committed of being a teachers to
reach out the students who cannot have the face to face class. This is the fruit of love for
teaching and sincere concern to make the learning possible to all students.

Principles and Methods of Teaching

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Principles and Methods of Teaching

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Pre-test
Direction:
A. Read the statement carefully and select the letter of your best answer.
1. Is a process, or way of doing something, particularly in accordance with a specific
plan?
a. Method c. Demonstration/Performance
b. Lecture d. Discussion
2. Explaining a general principles using specific examples in order to create a model on
how a skill can be enhanced and practiced.
a. Demonstration/Performance c. Lecture
b. Discussion d. Method
3. Classification of information with a specific period of time to a large group?
a. Discussion c. Method
b. Lecture d. Demonstration/Performance
4. Is mainly aimed at applying general concepts to specific instances or analysing or
evaluating the students?
a. Case Study c. Discussion/Performance
b. Method d. Lecture
5. Refers to the customized design of performing specific steps of a method?
a. Case Study c. Lecture
b. Teaching Techniques d. Discussion

B. Please answer by YES or NO at the next column, if the following

statements are devices for teaching or not.

1. Real Objects

2. Simulations using figures

3. Prepared set-ups

4. Representations or replicas

5. Exhibits

6. Publication

7. Artwork

8. Electronic equipment
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CHAPTER 1
Overview on Teaching Profession and its Basic terms

Learning Outcomes: After this lesson has been successfully completed, students will be able to:
 Differentiate between the teaching strategies and the teaching methods.
 Identify what teaching method will be used based on the topic given.
 Understand the importance of the device and techniques used.
 Enhance their own skill in the future to present their lessons.

Activity

https://ggie.berkeley.edu/academic-instruction/prosocial-teaching-strategies/

Based on the picture, what would be the strategies used by the teacher to make his
learners active and participative in the class?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
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Analysis
Let us think…

How do we contribute to
building a healthy environment
in the classroom?

Abstraction

Let’s start here…

Teaching Strategy
Teaching strategy- is a style of personalizing a specific step in performing a method. It is used to facilitate or
execute the teaching processes and actions.

Different Teaching Strategies:

- Active Process is a Learning Process

This mean that, if we want our students learn from our discussion, we should engage them some
learning tasks and activities.
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Source: https://pt.slideshare.net/

Source: http://slideshare.net

A non-threatening environment improves learning

In addition to the physical condition of the classroom, atmosphere of a non-threatening and conducive
classroom, a feature of psychological environment that the classroom prevails.

How do we make a contribution to creating a healthy and safe classroom environment?

-Giving allowances of mistakes and cultivate culture respects

Methods of Teaching

Method

 is a process, or way of doing something, particularly in accordance with a specific plan

Teaching Methods Used

Lecture

 Clarification of information within a specific period of time to a large group. Information provided to
learners are expected to be learned.

Demonstration/Performance

 Explains a general principles using specific example in order to create a model on how a skill can be
enhanced and practiced.
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Discussion

 A technique for allowing the exploration of attitudes towards the students. The discussion is
supposed to be a give and take of the teachers and learners and for the learners’ stimulation to
opinions, questions and perspectives.

Case Study

 Is mainly aimed at applying general concepts to specific instances or analysing and evaluating
situations.

Small Group Work or Pairs

 Generally, this technique is used as a broader part of the course rather than the method of sole
teaching. Learners participate in a small group or pairs on application and analysis problems.

Teaching Techniques
 Refers to the customized design of performing specific steps of a method. It is a technique used in
the implementation of teaching procedures or actions by the instructor.
 The consistency of actions performed in explaining the subject matter to students by the teacher.
 It involves the teacher's ability to execute the teaching task. An artistic execution or technical skills.
 Carries-out or promotes the learning with the help and assistance of devices through teaching and or
the teacher's ability to manipulate the devices so that the learner’s psychological processes will be a
successful reactions through stimulation, especially the learning of the subject matter.

a. General Techniques:

- Skill & habit (Drill)

- Attitude (Apreciation)
- question & answer (knowledge)

b. Standards that govern in selecting techniques

The section of techniques are according to the:

 Essence of the subject matter and its impact to some important stages of the learners’
learning output.
 Pupils’ maturity and nature in the class.
 Quality of the teacher's skill and preparation to execute it.
 Allocated time of the subject.

c. Rules that governs the use of techniques

 The means of the method should be up to an end.
 The technique should be evaluated on the basis of the impact on the particular situation
created.
 Main learning laws such as readiness, exercise and effect should be used by the technique.
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Devices
• An aid teaching aid or instrument for facilitating students’ learning process.
• Another way, used by instructors to introduce their subject matter to their students.
• In order to stimulate the student and improve comprehension through practice, it is an
opportunity to implement the teaching process.
• Experiences may be created that will build understanding through the wise collection and the
use of different kind of educational devices.

Visual and audio-visual device uses:

 Stimulate the pupils' knowledge and understanding.
 Seek the students’ attention
 Enhance the pupils' creativity and concepts of imagery.
 Offer action of motivation
 Enhance the listening ability

Other forms of visual-aids:

 Demonstration
 Experiments
 Field Trip

Classification of devices:
- Material device

• General devices For all subjects

• Special devices For only one subject

- Mental devices

▪ Field & excursion visual aids

▪ Visual devices/Aids

Criteria for selecting devices:

 Device should be a way always to assist students in studying the presented specific subject
matter.
 Device are incorporated to fulfil the learners' individual needs.
 Devices should be sufficiently several enough to allow the teachers and learners to select.
 Devices must be cost-effective and not merely desirable.
 Devices must be available always.
 Devices must be adapted by the mastery of the subject matter to the objectives to be
secured.

Suggestions for the general use of devices:

 Instructor should design the method in the use of the devices for instruction well.
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 Teaching devices must serve certain essential functions that are well known in advance.
 • The devices should be used carefully.
 Teachers should facilitate and use different kinds of devices.
 The instructor should well plan the order or method of using instructional devices.
 Some basic functions that are well understood in advance should be fulfilled by teaching
devices.
 Tools should be carefully used.
 Various kinds of devices can be used by students.

Devices for Teaching

Real objects

Simulations using figures

Prepared set-ups

Representations or replicas

Exhibits

Publication and other printed materials

Art work

Laboratory equipment

Electronic equipment and devices

Internet

Application
What are devices used by the teachers to facilitate instructions to the learners. Write
also their purposes.

Name of Device Purpose

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Reflection

How important the visual-aids to teachers?

_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_____
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Chapter 2
The Ethical Standards, the Creed and Code and the Effective Qualities of a
Teacher

Learning Outcomes: After this lesson has been successfully completed, students will be able to:

 Understand some ethical standards of a professional teacher.

 Acquire knowledge on how to teach properly.
 Apply the qualities of an effective teacher.

Activity

https://youtu.be/dz-jCBx5iD0

Watch a video presentation by following the link above.

Based on the video, what are the teacher’s attitudes towards her
students?

______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
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Analysis

Let us think…

Based on the video presented,

what would happen to the students
if the teacher does not have any
professional ethics and qualities to
teach effectively?

Abstraction

Let’s start here…

Ethics for Professional Teacher

https://youtu.be/J3-RQ7kiHH4

By following the link above, watch a video presentation for further knowledge on the
Ethics for Professional Teachers.
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Qualities of an Effective Teacher

https://youtu.be/J3-RQ7kiHH4

By following the link above, watch a video presentation for further knowledge on the
qualities of effective teacher.

Application
What are the qualities to become an effective teacher? Cite some situations that these
qualities may arise.

Qualities of an Effective Teacher Situation in which this quality arise

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Reflection:

How will you internalize all the qualities to become an

effective teacher?

______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
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References

Salandanan, Gloria Ph. D. Elements of Good Teaching. Chapter 4 -- ISBN 971-685-679-8 Lorimar Publishing

Corpus, Brenda B. and Salandanan, Gloria (2006).Principles and method of Teaching. Lorimar Publishing

Bilbao, Purita P., Corpuz, Brenda B., Llagas, Avelina T., Salandanan, Gloria G..The Teaching Profession. ISBN
971-685-673-6 Lorimar Publishing

Corpus, Brenda B., Ph.D, Salandanan, Gloria G., Ph.D, & Rigor, Dalisay V., Ph.D. Principles of Teaching
2.Lorimar Publishing Inc.

Acero, Victorina O., Ph.D, Javier, Evelyn S.,M.A., & Castro, Herminia O., M.A. Principles and Strategies of
Teaching. Rex Bookstore.

Corpuz, Brenda B., Ph.D, &Salandanan, Gloria G., Ph.D. Principles and Strategies of Teaching. Lorimar
Publishing.

Gregorio, Hernan C. (1976) Principles and Methods of Teaching. Revised Edition. Garotech Publishing.

Salandanan, Gloria S. (2005). Teaching and the Teacher. Lominar Publishing Co. nc.

Zulueta, Francisco M. &Guimbatan, Kathleen L. (2002). Teaching Strategies and Educational Alternatives.
Volume I. Academic Publishing Corporation

Concepcion, B. et al. Esmane, M. (2011). Licensure Examination for Teachers. 2010 Edition. MET Reviewer
Center

Recto, Angel S., (2005) Foundations of Education (Anthropological, Psychological, Sociological and Moral)
Vol. 1, REX Bookstore

Faking good breeding.blogspot.com/…headeroozydrops.blogspot.com/2009/12/towardsdemeanor-of-good-

teacher.html

Gregorio, Herman C., (1976) Principles and Methods of Teaching, R. P. Garcia Publishing Company Corpuz,
Brenda B. Ph. D. and Salandanan, Gloria G. Ph. D., Principles of Teaching I, Lolimar Publishing, Inc.
 | 19

Post Test
Direction:
A. Read the statement carefully and select the letter of your best answer.
6. Is a process, or way of doing something, particularly in accordance with a specific
plan?
c. Method c. Demonstration/Performance
d. Lecture d. Discussion
7. Explaining a general principles using specific examples in order to create a model on
a skill can be enhanced and practiced and practiced?
c. Demonstration/Performance c. Lecture
d. Discussion d. Method
8. Classification of information with a specific period of time to a large group?
c. Discussion c. Method
d. Lecture d. Demonstration/Performance
9. Is mainly aimed at applying general concepts to specific instances or analysing or
evaluating the students?
c. Case Study c. Discussion/Performance
d. Method d. Lecture
10. Refers to the customized design of performing specific steps of a method?
c. Case Study c. Lecture
d. Teaching Techniques d. Discussion

B. Please answer by YES or NO at the next column, if the following

statements are devices for teaching or not.

1. Real Objects

2. Simulations using figures

3. Prepared set-ups

4. Representations or replicas

5. Exhibits

6. Publication

7. Artwork
| 20