NOTES

AYA
GENERAL NOTES TO INSTRUCTORS

• The certificates and exam papers 8,9 and 10 have been included in the Student Pac s and will req uire
collecting and keeping by the instructor. These should be collected on he first course eeting.

• The notes printed on pages 2 to 5 of th e Exercises and course information boo (Y e s' dents
with information about the course and equipment they will require.

• All questions concerning cha l ork and tidal predictions refer to the informa io
Training Almanac. All students requi re a copy of the Almanac. The Yachtmas er S
supplied with the pack are desig ed as an aide-memoire, not as the definitive course ex::
ensure that your students are a ' are of this. The RYA Navigation Handbook covers more
syllabus. Students will also fino a co py of IRPCS useful as a full knowledge is required' r .,
Yachtmaster examination.

• As an aid to both students and I s ructors, a chart with a red boxed area has been incorporated near
a particular exercise to show the ge eral area that an exercise is set. The passage chart has been used
exclusively for this, but studen s ay be required to use a plan on the pilotage chart to answer the
actual question. Notes in the exe C ISes wi ll verify which chart to use.

• Reference may be made to Daylight Saving Time, abbreviated to DST. In many countries around the
world, including the UK, OST is oose ed during the summer.

• The time zones used in th e papers c:.re similar to those encountered between the UK and France.

• Answers: Tidal Streams . In the t, r ea exam pl es for instructors, the direction and rate of tidal streams
has been found using Unive for the sake of clarity. The appropriate correction for Daylight
Saving Time (DST) or Time Z re. res - e been applied to the answers. If however, a student works
through the problem in I ST and/or Zone) , they should not be penalised for following a
different route to find the correc: ar-s ,t,:: .

• The papers are in three series: F src-=-- 07 require full answers and chartwork; exercise 1 is provided
for revision purposes.
Those lettered A to H rea re: ,.. J S '1. 'actual answers. They can be marked in the classroom, with
the instructor supplying - e e students marking their own, or each other's, papers. These
papers are perforated .
Exercises 8, 9 and 10 are , 9 a-ea assessm ent papers and should be sat under examination
conditions. The papers s : ne 10 lied out of the classroom or given to students once the
examination is co mple eel. : ~ dentiality is required for answers to the final assessment
papers, pages 21 - 32 are De'"' ay be rem oved from th is book. Exercises 8, 9 and 10 are
also perforated.

• Experience has shown 0. ·. s ::e-6 o issue the Admiralty/RYA Chart Plotter Software at the
beginning of the course. S amiliarise themselves with its operation.

• In order to make the bes sa~' :ec:::- fme, many instructors set all or part of t e exerCiSes as
M

homework. It's importan a~ ~ ~:: e:_ exercises are marked as soon as possible s :~g: ::::-_=:-
can see how they are markeo 2.!"" a-! ,',ea\< areas can be identified at an early s:a_e. :::~.::.:c.:. -
essential.

• Poor communication be ee -57_::-':_" a s.udent can resul i "e s:',-~=--:: ::= -: _ _ =- --

standard required an d co sea sr:. ~-::: "g to co plete t e urse ::l S _ = e~ ___ c.;=--:-::
essential, particularly with s uder:s .'. -" ;:-2: ,e s jec: a C~:::: ;'25::::

• Please note that some of the na 'g2 . - c s-= ses E:S s=: :::; :es: :- s- -::.::c. =. 2" :: -2._ - -
the practical approach to a real s· a:- -

• The RYA publish comprehensive no es -re .. ec- e -::::- -~__ ::~s;_ ::a- ea:ing w' h students
who have dyslexia or special ed ucation" eoos.

• Amendments and corrections fo r all sho rebaseo apers are a ailable on th e RYA website
www.ryatrain ing.org. We strongly suggest you visit he pages so that you have the most up-to-date
material.

RYA, the RYA tick logo and YACHTMASTER are registered trade marks of the Royal Yachting Association (registered in the United Kingdom and selected marl<eting territories).

2
MARKING EXAMINATIONS and AWARD OF CERTIFICATES

• It is not necessary, nor particu larly desirable, to use a numerical or percentage marking system for
th ese papers except for those questions concerning IRPCS in Test Paper 8 where the pass mark is
80 % . It is reco mmended that the other papers should be graded as follows:

Good: No significant errors

Average: The st udent has shown t hat he understands the principle on which he has been tested,
although the work does contain some significant errors
Fair: Errors in principle in up to half the answers
Poor: Errors in principle in over half the answers

• Students who are given a Fair or Poor rating for an invigilated paper may be offered a re-test using
another exercise of a similar standard. Re-tests are only permitted when the previous course work has
been satisfactory.

• The pass/failure decision for the certificate should be made primarily on the basis of whether or not
you feel that a student has an understanding of the principles taught during the course. If the certificate
is not awarded, the instructor should debrief the student tactfully and positively, indicating that he or
she would benefit from re-taking the course. In no way should the lack of an RYA certificate dampen
any enthusiasm to go sailing or motor cruising.

• Advice on teaching this course is included in the RYA Cruising Instructors ' Handbook G27/04.

• IMPORTANT Instructors are asked to impress upon students that RYA Training Charts are a
compilation of numerous charts, thus making it impossible to use them for navigation.

Contents Page

Exercises 1-7 4

Short Answer Paper Exercises A-H 14

Exercises 8 22

Answers 8 24

Exercises 9 27

swers 9 30

31

o 32

3
CHARTWORK REVISION - ANSWERS
FtYA
Traces provided.

2. Taw Trawler

3. a) Course to steer 120°(T)

Variation +rw
12r(M)

b) Distance to waypoint 3.27M

x 60 = 29 minutes
SOG 6.7kn

4. a) EP 46°14'.82N 005°53'.60W
b) Yes, the vessel passes with in a cable of the waypoint

5. a) Projected COG 300°(T); the yacht will tack at position 46°16'.03N 005°50'.45W

b) Distance to contour 2.20M

x 60 = 23 minutes
SOG 5.8kn

4
TIDAL HEIGHTS - ANSWERS
AYA
All times as shown.

1. a) MHWN Port Fraser 3Am

Shallowest charted depth - OAm
Shallowest depth encountered 3.0m
b) MHWS Namley 4.0m
MLWS Namley - OAm
Fall of tide 3.6m
Depth at MHWS 6.0m
Fall of tide - 3.6m
Depth at MLWS 2Am
Draught - 1 Am
Clearance 1.Om
c) MHWN Old Dawson 5.6m
MLWN Old Dawson - 2Am
Fall of tide 3.2m
Draught 1.8m
Clearance +2.0m
Depth to anchor 7.0m
d) HAT Blackmill 6.8m
MLWN Blackmill - 1Am
Fall of tide from HAT 5Am
Charted height of bridge +15 .0m
Height of bridge at MLWN 20Am
Air draught - 16.0m
Clearance 4Am
e) MHWS Hamilton 5.8m
MLWS Hamilton - 0.6m
Fall of tide 5.2m
Charted height of light + 60.0m
Height of light at MLWS 65.2m

2. a) Victoria Time Height

Monday HW LW HW LW
7th January UT 0440 1039 4.8m 1.8m Range 3.0m
b) Dunbarton Time Height
Sunday LW HW LW HW
18th August DST 1337 2053 1.7m 3.7m Range 2.0m
c) Port Fitzroy Time Height
Tuesday LW HW LW HW
23rd April SPDST 0419 1027 1.2m 5.6m Range 4Am

3. Port Fraser Time Height

Saturday HW HW LW
6th July 0821 UT 3.5m 1.2m Range 2.3m
+ 0100
0921 DST

a) Height of tide at 1150 DST 2.6m

b) Fall 2.6m - 1.2m 1.4m
c) Depth at 1150 DST 6.0m - Fall 1Am = 4.6m - Draught 1.6m = 3.0m

5
4. a) Hamilton Time Height
Sunday LW HW LW HW
24th March Zone -0100 1425 2036 1.5m 4.7m Range: 3.2m
Correction Edenfield - 0006 - 0013 - 0.3m - 0.2m
Edenfield Zone -0100 1419 2023 1.2m 4.5m
b) Port Fraser Time Height
Wednesday HW LW HW LW
1st May UT 0212 0818 4.2m 0.5m Range: 3.7m
Correction Walton Bay - 0042 - 0033 O.Om + 0.3m
UT 0130 0745 4.2m 0.8m
+ 0100 + 0100
Walton Bay DST 0230 0845
c) Colville Time Height
Saturday LW HW LW HW
22nd June Zone-0100 0336 0950 0.6m 4.4m Range: 3.8m
Correction Jackson Bay - 0022 - 0033 +0.2m + 0.3m
Zone -0100 0314 0917 0.8m 4.7m
+ 0100 + 0100
Jackson Bay SP DST 0414 1017

5. Namley Harbour Time Height

Saturday HW HW HW LW HW
28th December UT 0542 1833 3.4m 0.6m 3.4m Range: 2.8m
Correction Itchenham + 0010 + 0011 - 0.1m - 0.1m - 0.1m
Itchenham UT 0552 1844 3.3m 0.5m 3.3m
Height of tide from the graph at 0910 UT = 1.5m (vessel grounds)
Tide rises to 1.5m again at 1445 UT (re-floats)

6. Port Fraser Time Height

Saturday HW HW LW
9th November UT 1434 4.2m 0.8m Range: 3.4m
Correction Hinder Sound - 0031 +O.4m + 0.2m
Hinder Sound UT 1403 4.6m 1.0m
a) Height of tide at 1635 UT 3.0m
b) Fall 3.0m - 1.0m 2.0m
c) Fall 2.0m + Draught 1.5m + Clearance 2.0m 5.5m

7. Namley Time Height

Tuesday HW HW LW
9th July UT 1054 3.7m 0.7m Range: 3.0m
Correction Farlow - 0036 + 0.5m +O.4m
UT 1018 4.2m 1.1m
+ 0100
Farlow DST 1118
Height of tide from the graph at 1530 DST 1.7m
HAT Farlow 5.4m
Height of tide at 1530 DST - 1.7m
Fall of tide from HAT 3.7m
Charted height of bridge + 14.0m
Height of bridge at 1530 DST 17.7m
Air draught - 14.5m
Clearance 3.2m

6
POSITION - ANSWERS
ItYA
Traces provided. All times as shown.
Universal Time (UT) has been used to obtain tidal set and drift.
The appropriate corrections for DST or Time Zone have been applied to the answers.

1. With local magnetic anomalies in the area, the GPS derived position together with the depth sounding
is likely to be far more reliable than the three-point fix.

2. Course 185°(M)
Variation -JOW
178°(T)
Thursday 3rd January HW Victoria 1301 UT Range 4.9m
<B>HW +5 1731 -1831 UT 351 °(T) 2.4kn x 1/2 hour 1.2M
a) EP at 1900 Zone -0100: 45°43'.10N 006° 24'.10W
b) COG 179°(T) SOG 18kn
c) By making the passage at this time, the skipper of this fast motorboat is able to take advantage
of the smoother seas associated with wind and tide together.

3. Course 275°(C)
Deviation - 4° W
271°(M)
Variation -JOW
264°(T)
Leeway + 10°
274°(T)
Tuesday 11 th June HW Victoria 1025 UT Range 4.2m
Tidal stream atlas HW +5 1455 - 1555 UT 353°(T) 1.2np 2.3sp (Int 2.0kn)
a) EP at 1755 SP DST: 45°40'.40N 006°23'.40W
b) COG 289°(T) SOG 7.3kn

4. a) 45°49'.14N 006°11'.94W
b) See trace
c) The reef.
d) A back-bearing on Cape S. Vincent Lt would provide confirmation that the vessel had strayed off
track. The echo sounder is also likely to prove useful as the boat is crossing the 10m contour,
another indication that she is straying off course.

5. 1st Course 0
330 (C) 2nd Course 055°(C)
Deviation - 5° W Deviation + 1° E
325°(M) 056°(M)
Variation- -JOW Variation -JOW
318°(T) 049°(T)
Sunday 28th April HW Victoria 1056 UT Range 5.8m
<B> HW +5 1526 - 1626 UT 351°(T) 2.4sp 1.3np (Ext 2.8kn)
a) EP at 1825 SP DST: 45°53' .50N 006°22'.99W
b) Approximately 1/2 mile.

7
CHARTWORK: COURSE TO STEER - ANSWERS
FtYA
Traces provided. All times as shown.
Universal Time (Un has been used to obtain tidal set and drift.
The appropriate corrections for DST or Time Zone have been applied to the answers.

1. a) Course to steer 27r(T)

Variation +rw
284°(M)

b) Distance to waypoint 4.98M x 60 = 52 minutes (less than an hour)

SOG 5.7kn

2. Tuesday 29th January HW Victoria 1030 UT Range 4.9m

Tidal stream atlas HW -2 0800 - 0900 UT 12r(T) 2.9kn x 1/2 hour 1.45M
a) Course 161°(T)
Variation + r W
168°(M)

b) Distance to waypoint 6.05M x 60 = 25 minutes = ETA 0925 Zone -0100

SOG 14.4kn

3. Fix: 45°56'.95N 005°43'.72W

Wednesday 28th August HW Victoria 1319 UT Range 3.3m
<8> HW +6 1849 - 1949 UT 296°(T) 3.2sp 1.6np (Int 2.2kn)
a) Course 160°(T)
Variation +r W
16r(M)
- 5° E
162°(C)

b) Distance to waypoint 6.30M x 60 = 57 minutes = ETA 2147 SP DST

SOG 6.6kn

4. Tuesday 26th February HW Victoria 0930 UT Range 4.9m

o HW 0900 - 1000 UT 29 1°(T) 1.3kn
<9 HW + 1 1000 - 1100 UT 329°(T) 1.6kn
a) Course 312°(T)
Variation + r W
319°(M)
Deviation + 6° W
325°(C)

b) Distance to waypoint 11 .36M x 60 = 1 hour 48 minutes = ETA 1148 Zone -0100

SOG 6.36kn
c) During the first hour, the tidal stream w ill set the vessel west of the track and the display will show
a XTE to port. In the second hou r, the t idal stream pushes the boat back towards the track
decreasing the XTE.

5. Monday 7th October HW Victoria 2248 UT Range 6.0m

<B> HW -3 1918 - 2018 UT 124°(T) 2.4sp 1.3np (Ext 2.9kn)
a) Course 09r(T)
Variation + W r
104°(M)
Leeway -10°
094°(M)
Deviation - 4°E
0
090 (C)
b) COG 10r (T) SOG 7.7kn TTG 51 minutes

8
 OTAGE - ANSWERS
AYA
and 2m contours in Dawson Harbour and the surrounding area should be used with caution
as'- ey are approxim ated (shown by the broken lines).

2. e crew of a vessel approaching the buoyed channel to Port Slade would see green cylindrical port-
hand marks and red conical starboard-hand marks.

3. a) All vessels must contact Port Fitzroy VTS on Ch 74 and request permission to enter the harbour.
b) Vessels < 20m must enter the main channel between N07 & Nog SHM or NoB & N01 0 PHM.

4. a) A transit of the Dome and Spire (260 (M)) leads safely between the shallows of Wrasse Rocks and
0

Mullet Patch.
b) The skipper must take care not to cross the dotted line shown on the chart because this is a danger
line. The line draws attention to a danger, which would not stand out clearly enough if represented
solely by its symbol. In this case the rocky foreshore and isolated rocks along the coast.

5. a) i) The pilotage notes in the Training Almanac indicate that depths may change in this area and
that the buoys will be moved accordingly.
ii) The latest information confirming that the buoys were in their correct positions could be
obtained from the harbour master; contact harbour patrol vessels on VHF Ch 14.
b) The predicted height of tide at Namley Harbour can be visually checked while passing through the
entrance, by observing the tide gauge off West Warren Point.

6. a) Front light: Q.20m4M Rear light: Iso.2s27m4M

b) ii)

7. a) Small craft fitted with engines must use them to propel the vessel whilst in the Small Boat Channel.
b) It would be imprudent to use the Inner Swashway without sufficient height of tide and/or in rough
conditions, or in a lee shore situation.

B. From the PCM head south for approximately 1/2 cable to find the 1Om contour. Follow the contour along
the starboard side of the channel in order to safely pass the buoy.
A back-bearing of no less than 34 r(M) on the PCM could be used to confirm that the boat passes
west of the buoy, while a clearing bearing of 045°(M) on the SCM at the far side of the channel would
show when the buoy was astern .

9
PASSAGE PLANNING - ANSWERS
AYA
All times as shown.
Universal Time (Un has been used to obtain tidal set and drift.
The appropriate corrections for DST or Time Zone have been applied to the answers.

1.Sunday 15th September HW Victoria: 1st 0553 DST Range 2.4m

2nd 1830 DST Range 2.5m
HW Hamilton 0727 SP DST
HW Dawson Harbour 1919 SP DST
a) • Distance Hamilton Sound to Flanker Channel 52M
• Departure time Hamilton 1030 SP DST
• ETA Dawson 1830 SP DST
• Steven's Race is the important tidal gate of this passage; by departing at 1030 SP DST the vessel
will (with tidal stream lift) be in the vicinity of the race as the tide turns (HW -4). Hazards to be
aware of on route include the lee shore along Dymond Reef, the magnetic anomaly north of
Dymond Reef, overfalls at Steven's Race and shipping particularly in the vicinity of Colville, which
has a busy container terminal.
b) • Returning to Hamilton: This is a viable option during the early part of the voyage but as the
passage progresses another would need to be sought due to the foul tide for a southerly bound
vessel.
• Anchoring behind Dymond Reef: By the time the vessel is in the vicinity of Dymond Reef (1130
- 1230 SP DST) the tidal height wil l have fallen to around 2.0m. With drying heights along the
reef of up to 1.8m it will make an effective barrier.
• Diverting to Sweetwater Bay: With brisk onshore winds the bar across the mouth of Sweetwater
Bay is likely to generate dangerous breaking seas, particularly near LW.
• Anchoring in Jackson Bay: Jackson Bay is completely open to the west and would not be a safe
option in the prevailing conditions.
• Diverting to Sandquay: Once in the lee of the Southern Peninsula most of the harbours along the
coast, including Sandquay, become viable options as safe havens.

2. Thursday 10th January HW Victoria 2021 UT Range 3.6m

i) Northwest 15kn (Tidal stream and wi nd together)

3. • Weather: Before departure check the weather forecast and get regular updates while at sea.
• Tides: Check the tidal predictions for the passage and ensure the plan fits in with them.
• Vessel: Consider whether the boat is up to the proposed trip, and make sure that there is sufficient
safety equipment and stores onboard .
• Crew: Take into account the experience and abil ity of the crew. Tired or seasick crew members
could overburden the skipper.
• Navigational dangers: Consult up-to-date charts, pilot books and almanacs to ensure that you
are familiar with any navigati o nal dangers that might be encountered on route.
• Contingency: Prepare a plan that wil l enable you to take advantage of any bolt-holes or ports of
refuge along the way.
• Contacts ashore: Tell someone ashore of your plans, and make sure that they know what to do
if they become concerned for your welfare. The safety identificati on scheme (CG66) is also usefu
as it can help the Coastguard to respond quickly should you get into trouble.

4. Vessels arriving in the islands must clear customs and immigration on arrival and are required to carry
registration documents. Port Slade is the only port of entry in the islands; flag 'Q' must be flown on
arrival. Vessels returning to the Southern Peninsula or Northern Territories will be subject to customs
formalities on return.

10
 Time Height
-~esoa.)' HW LW HW
a UT 1125 O.6m 5.5m Range 4.9m
: on Bramhope + 0005 O.Om + O.3m
UT 1130 O.6m 5.8m
+ 0100
oe DST 1230
1.4m
ce + 2.0m
3.4m
C arted depth - 0.7m
eight of tide required to cross bar 2.7m
Height of tid e 2.7m from the graph at 0855 DST
b) • Distan ce 45M
• Departure t ime Bramhope Creek 0855 DST
• ETA Farlow 11 55 DST (Farlow Bay) 1215 DST(rail bridge)
• Tidal height constraints, Bramhope Bar and Farlow River rail bridge. Hazards, overfalls off West
Point Ledge, Robinson Rock south of Cape Woodward , TSS at Farlow Channel.
c) Namley Time Height
Tuesday HW LW HW Range 3.7m
28th May UT 1252 O.3m 4.0m
Correction Farlow - 0037 + 0.2m - 0.7m
UT 1215 0.5m 4.7m
+ 0100
Farlow DST 1315
Height of tide from the graph at 1215 DST (ETA rail bridge) 4.2m
HAT Farlow 5.4m
Height of tide at 1215 DST -4.2m
Fall of tide from HAT 1.2m
Charted height of rail bridge + 4.0m
Height of bridge at 1215 DST 5.2m
Vessel's air draught 4.0m + clearance 1.0m = 5.0m; yes, the boat will be able to proceed directly
to upper Town Quay on arrival.

11
PRACTICE CHARTWORK PAPER - ANSWERS

Traces provided. All times as shown.

Universal Time (UT) has been used to obtain tidal set and drift.
The appropriate corrections for DST or Time Zone have been applied to the answers.

1. Friday 22nd November HW Victoria 2340 UT Range 4.0m

Tidal stream atlas HW +3 0210 - 0310 UT 339°(11 1.8np 3.7sp (Int 3.0kn)
a) Course 079°(11
Variation +r W
086°(M)
Leeway +10°
096°(M)
Deviation - 4° E
092°(C)
Distance to waypoint 5.63M 60 = . = ETA 0304 UT
SOG 6.25kn x 54 minutes

b) i) No. The course to steer will differ from the bearing to waypoint as the yacht is steerec -
compensate for the wind and t idal stream.
ii) If the tidal stream weakens as the yacht enters the bay, and the original course is held , the ya
will come off track. The XTE fu nction of the GPS will react by displaying how far off trac ~
vessel has strayed.

2. Course 1700(C)
Deviation + 4° E
174°(M)
Variation -rw
16r(11
Friday 24th May HW Victoria 0816 UT Range 4.9m
~ HW+4 1146-1246UT 342°(11 3.9knx 1I2hour1.95M
a) EP at 1315 DST: 46°16'. 16N 006°19'.78W
b) By making the passage at th is time, th e skipper of this fast motorboat is able to take advantage of
the smoother seas associated with wind and tide together.

3. Course 225°(C)
Deviation Nil
225°(M)
Variation -rw
218°(11
Leeway + 10°
228°(11
Wednesday 1st May HW Victoria 1315 UT Range 4.4m
Tidal stream atlas HW -3 0945 - 1045 UT 152°(11 1.8np 3.4sp {lnt 3.1 kn)
a) EP at 1145 DST: 46°11' .05N 006°16'.20W
b) COG 206°(11 SOG 7.9kn

4. a) Fix: 46°24'.15N 006°15'.20W

b) Course 245°(C)
Deviation - 2° W
243°(M)
Variation -r W
236°(11
Leeway - 5°
231°(11
Thursday 12th September HW Victoria 0128 UT Range 4.9m
~ HW-3 2158-2258UT 154°(11 3.9knx 1I2hour1.95M
The projected COG of 202°(11 shows that the yacht will not clear the buoy.

12
5 . Victori a Time Height
Friday HW HW LW
19th April UT 1429 4.6m 1.8m Range 2.8m
Correcti on Bramhope Creek +1 + 0.1m +0.1m
UT 1430 4.7m 1.9m
+ 0100
DST 1530
a) Height of tide at 1815 DST 3.5m
b) 3.5m -1.9m 1.6m
c) Fall 1.6m + Draft 1.4m + Clearance 1.0m = 4.0m

13
CHARTS AND PUBLICATIONS - ANSWERS

1. Positions on the RYA training charts are referred to WGS 84 Datum.

Positions obtained from satellite navigation systems, such as GPS, are normally referred to WGS 8-
Datum; such positions can be plotted directly onto the charts.

2. a) Admiralty publication Chart 5011 Symbols and Abbreviations used on Admiralty Charts.
b) i) Wind motor/wind farm . ii) Radar Transponder Beacon with Morse identification and Radar
band.
iii) Major light. iv) Perch stake - port and starboard hand .
v) Mooring buoy. vi) Wreck showing any part at level of chart datum.
vii) Customs office. viii) Marine farm.
ix) Pilot boarding place.

3. Electronic charts are typically updated via a manufacturer's CD ROM, over the Internet or by replaci
an old chart cartridge with a new one.

4. Small craft almanacs typically contain information about:

Tidal Heights , Tidal Streams , Pilotage , Passage Planning, Weather, Safety, Regulat ions.
Communications.

5. a) Chart Datum, which is approximately the level of lowest astronomical tide.

b) 72m measured from MHWS.

6. Chart corrections.

7. The date and reference numbers of the latest chart corrections are to be found in the bottom left-han
corner of the chart.

COMPASS - ANSWERS

1. Transit 048°(1)
Variation +oorw
055°(M)
Compass reads 060° (C)
Deviation 005° W

2. Local magnetic anomal ies (±15°) exist in this vicinity.

3. Ferrous metal and magnetic fields will affect the compass, for example:
engines, instruments, speakers, mobile phones.

4. Pre-plan; check the chosen features are on the chart.

Use near objects with a good angle of cut.
Fixed objects are better than buoys.
Keep away from ferrous metal and wiring when taking the bearings.
Counteract motion of vessel with body and allow the compass card to settle.
If using a fluxgate compass keep it horizontal.
Take bearing on the beam last, as it will change the quickest.
Remember to record the time and log reading and check depth.

14
5. a) Fluxgate (electronic) compass.
b) Yes, but normally fitted with auto-correction device.

5. a) 285°(T) b) 18JO(T)
c) 35JO(T) d) 14JO(T)

7. a) 002°(M) b) 158°(M)
c) 27JO(M) d) 029°(M)

TIDAL STREAMS - ANSWERS

FtYA
All times as shown

1. With a range of 2.0m on Sunday 1st September and 5.4m on Saturday 7th the club should choose to
dive at the beginning of the week.

2. a) 160°(T) 1.1 kn
b) 116°(T)2.1kn
c) 190°(T)2.1kn

3. Thursday 23rd May HW Victoria 0725 UT

"-
From the TSA the tide turns favourable 1/2 hour after HW at 07~5 UT (085~ DST)

4. Friday 11 th October HW Victoria 1330 UT Range 4.2m

HW -1 1200 - 1360 UT (1400 - 15'00 SP DST)

5. a) Tuesday 26th February HW Victoria 0930 UT Range 4.9m

HW+2 11 00 - 1200 UT
b) Friday 8th March
HW-4 1435 - 1535 UT
c) Monday 30th December
HW -1 1755 - 1855 UT
d) Sunday 31st March
HW+3 1531 - 1631 DST
e) Sunday 1st September
HW-3 1425 - 1525 DST
341°(T) 3.0kn
HW Victoria 1905 UT Range 2.4m
026°(T) 0.2kn
HW Victoria 1925 UT Range 3.7m
095°(T) 3.5SIJ 1.8np (Int 2.7kn)
HW Victoria 1201 UT (1301 DST) Range 5.9m
279°(T) 3.1sp 1.6np (Ext 3.7kn)
HWVictoria 1655 UT (1755 DST) Range 2.0m
008°(T) 2.1sp 1.0np (Ext 0.8kn)

15
 BUOYAGE AND LIGHTS - ANSWERS

1. 19.0M

2. A Moir effect light (308°) visi e ay and night is fitted to the u ers e
the narrow approaches to S. ·1 a arina.

3. i) f ii) g iii) e iv) c ) d

vi) h vii) a viii) b xi)

4. The symbol shows the direction of buoyage where not obvious.

5. IALA REGION B. The Port-hand marks are green with cylindrical topmarks (if any); ligh s are ~:e­
The Starboard-hand marks are red with conical topmarks (if any); ligh s are --ea

6. FI(4)G.15s

7. a) Firing danger area (Danger Zone) b) Traffic separation scheme

d) Racing Mark e) Oceanographic buoy

ELECTRONIC NAVIGATION & INSTRUMENTS - ANSWERS

1. The route should be plotted on a chart in order to check bearing and distance between waypoj
reducing the chance of overlooking an error made when keying in data.

2. i) Vector
ii) Vector
iii) Raster
iv) Vector

3. a) Speed over ground.

4. The wash creates a mass of air bubbles in the water; as these are good reflectors of sound the
sounder may display a much shallower depth than the genuine one. Occasionally, no depth read ing "
be displayed until the water becomes less turbulent.

5. Due to the horizontal width of the Radar's beam (typically 5° for small craft Radar) the edges of a n
gap (such as a harbour entrance) may be 'painted across' on the screen.

6. A log which under-reads; landfall would be made sooner than expected which could be dange ~
especially w ith off-lying shoals and rocks.

7. a) Site the aerial as low as practicable to avoid signal bounce, but ensure it is not shielded in any ',2

8. a) The advantage of placing a waypoint at the centre of a compass rose is that it enables the navi~2::l
to plot a vessel's position quickly with reference to range and bearing.
b) Drawing a waypoint web on a chart enables the navigator to see, at a glance, the vessel 's pos ~
This technique is particularly useful when tacking to windward in a yacht.
c) Plotting a XTE ladder on the chart is advantageous when there is a need for a vessel to be E:J
within a defined corridor. Particularly useful in cross-tide situations.
METEOROLOGY - ANSWERS
AYA
1. a) Southwesterly: Strong/moderate
b) Easterly: Light
c) Northwesterly: Strong
d) Southerly: Strong/moderate
e) Southwesterly: Light
f) Variable: Light/moderate

2. a) Land (radiation) fog: Often occurs during settled weather in autumn and winter.
On a clear night the land cools quickly, which in turn reduces the temperature of the air above.
When the air is cooled below its capacity to hold moisture as vapour, the moisture condenses to
form fog.
b) Sea (advection) fog: Most common in late winter and early spring, when the sea is at its coldest.
When warm moist air blows over a cold sea, the sea cools the air below its capacity to hold moisture
as vapour, leading to reduced visibility and fog.

3. a) iv) b) iii) c) i) d) ii)

4. After a period of strong westerly winds a dangerous breaking swell should be expected across the bar
at Sweetwater Bay near LW.

5. a) Rise of 7mb in the past 3 hours.

c) Fall of 7mb in the past 3 hours.

6. a) An imminent gale warning is within six hours from the time of issue.
b) No, Jackson Bay is exposed to northwesterly winds.

17
IRPes - ANSWERS
AYA
1. 1st c) 2nd d) 3rd b) 4th a)

2. a) Power-driven vessel under 50m in length, restricted in ability to manoeuvre, making way, po
aspect.
b) Air-cushioned vessel operating in the non-displacement mode, under 50m in length, underway, po
aspect.
c) Power-driven vessel greater than 50m in length, towing, length of tow greater than 200m, underway.
starboard aspect.
d) Sailing vessel under 20m in length, underway, seen fJom ahead.
e) Vessel constrained by draught, underway, seen from astern.
f) Power-driven vessel, under 50m in length, underway, seen from ahead.

3. Reduce speed to a minimum to keep steerage way, sound ( - ••) and if necessary, stop. Navigate
with caution until the risk of collision is over.

4. a)

5. a) B, on port tack, either slows down to let A pass or hardens up to pass astern or gybes.
b) A turns to starboard to pass astern of B making appropriate sound signal, or slows down, or stops.
c) A, the windward boat, should bear away to pass astern of B.
d) A and B each sound one short blast and both turn to starboard.

6. a) Vessel constrained by draught.

b) Vessel engaged in diving operations.
c) Vessel at anchor.
d) Vessel aground.
e) Vessel motor-sailing.
f) Vessel restricted in ability to manoeuvre.

7. Every vessel shall at all times maintain a proper look-out by sight and hearing as well as by all available
means appropriate in the prevailing circumstances and conditions.

8. a) Power-driven vessel underway but stopped in the water in restricted visibility.

b) Turning to starboard .
c) I am operating astern propulsion.
d) Your intentions are unclear.

9. Take compass bearings of the approaching vessel. If the bearings do not show an appreciable cha 96
and the range is closing, a risk of collision exists.

18
SAFETY, SEAMANSHIP AND ENVIRONMENT - ANSWERS
AYA
1. a) Mayday x 3.
This is yacht Striker x 3.
Mayday yacht Striker.
MMS1233123456.
My position is 180°(T) from Misery Point 3 miles.
We have hit submerged object and are sinking.
Require immediate assistance.
Two persons on board.
Abandoning to liferaft.
Over.
b) A VHF radio fitted with DSC enables a distress alert to be sent at the press of a button; it can also
be connected to the GPS to transmit position. The distress alert will automatically be repeated until
acknowledged.

2. A radar reflector should be fitted on all vessels, if practicable.

It should be as large as possible and fitted as high as possible to maximise its effectiveness.

3. Dry powder located near exits, an automatically discharging extinguisher in the engine space, fire
blanket located in the vicin ity of the galley, AFFF (foam) for flammable liquids, buckets with lanyards
attached in cockpit lockers.

4. a) The angle of heel at which a vessel continues to inversion rather than returning upright.
b) ii) A narrow, heavy displacement vessel with a low volume hull and deep draft.
c) When caught beam on, a breakin g wave the same height as the beam of the vessel is sufficient to
cause it to invert.

5. a) A lifejacket should be worn unless it is considered safe not to. But certainly when there is any
likelihood of having to abandon the vessel i.e.
Fog, collision, stranding, heavy weather etc.
At all times for non-swi mmers and children .
In the tender.
When they wou ld prefer to.
b) Dependent upon he experience of the crew, but in general:
In rough seas. At nigh. Wh en alone on watch. When recovering a MOB.
When they would prefer to.

6. a) EPIRB: Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacon.

When activated it sends a distress signal indicating position to rescue services via a satellite
system.
b) SART: Search and Rescue Radar Transponder.
Shows the transponder's position on radar screens to aid location for search and rescue purposes.

7. Choose an antifouling paint that is effective in local conditions with least possible toxicity. When
cleaning off old antifouling, prevent dust or scrapings leaching into the sea or being dispersed by the
wind.
Collect and dispose of scrapings as solid toxic waste.

19
 COASTAL SKIPPER AND YACHTMASTER® OFFSHORE - IRPCS 08/09

NOT TO BE TAKEN AWAY TIME ALLOWED 11/2 HOURS

1. At dusk the skipper of a sailing yacht switches on the masthead tricolour, steaming light an
lights to make the vessel as visible as possible. Is this permitted by the rules? Explain you r ans ==
2. What type of vessel is indicated by each of the following groups of lights? Give the probable -
aspect and whether it is stopped, underway or making way.
a) b) c) d)

e) f) g) h)

--
3. What is the meaning of each of the following sound signals?

a) _ _ •• b) •• c) _ d) _ •• e) _ _
f) ••••

4. Under what circumstances is a vessel deemed to be overtaking?

5. You are in a situation where a risk of collision exists and you are required by the rules to give way'
the other vessel.
a) At what stage should you take avoiding action?
b) At night, how could you ensure the action you take is immediately obvious to the other vess ?

6. a) What do the ru les say about the maintenance of a look-out?

b) May this rule be relaxed by single-handed yachtsmen?

7. What are the meanings of the following day shapes?

b) T c) • d) •

8. Give 5 factors to be considered when determining a safe speed.

9. The crew of a close-hauled yacht on port tack see another yacht approaching. The other vessel is .
windward but they cannot make out which tack it is on .
Should they stand on or give way?

RYA, the,RYA tick logo and YACH"::MASTER ate ~gi~ered !fade marks of the Royal

22
--
 Marks
10. You are the skipper of a sailing vessel underway in restricted visibility when you hear the fog signal
of an underway power vessel on your bow. What must you do? 4

11 . When crossing a Traffic Separation Scheme, should your heading or ground track be at right
angles to the traffic flow? Give reasons. 4

12. You see a vessel displaying a blue and white swallow-tailed flag. What does this signify and what
action should you take? 4

13. How can you establish whether a risk of collision exists when in sight of an approaching vessel? 4

14. In each of the following situations a ri sk of collision exists. Which is the give-way vessel and what
action should be taken?

a) c) WI ND
A A
W IND

()
62 b) "
-I
• tZ

e ~~ ~B
cl}

A
....' '.
.
' .....\\ t1
D e)

A~
f)

,e

e WIND
~ e'0s ,: ' 24

Total 100

23
IRPCS TEST PAPER - ANSWERS 08/09
FcYA
1. No. This combination of lights could lead to the yacht being confused with a vessel engaged i
fishing / trawling.

2. a) Pilot vessel, port aspect, underway.

b) Vessel not under command , starboard aspect, making way.
c) Power-driven vessel, probably greater than SOm in length, restricted in ability to manoeuvre, seen
from ahead, making way.
d) Vessel constrained by draught, stern aspect, underway.
e) Sailing vessel, underway, port aspect.
f) Power-driven vessel , probably greater than SOm in length, towing, length of tow more than 200m ,
port aspect, underway.
g) Vessel at anchor, probably greater than SOm in length, port aspect.
h) Vessel engaged in fishing, making way, port aspect.

3. a) I intend to overtake you on you r port side.

b) I am altering my course to port.
c) Power-driven vessel making way in restricted visibility. Vessel approaching a blind bend.
d) Vessels: Sailing, Restricted in ability to manoeuvre, Not under command, Constrained by draught,
Towing, Pushing, Fishing and Trawlin g in restricted visibility.
e) Power-driven vessel underway but stopped in the water in restricted visibility.
f) Additional signal, which may be given by vessels engaged in pilotage duty in restricted visibility.

4. A vessel shall be deemed to be overtaki ng when coming up with another vessel from a direction more
than 22.S degrees abaft her beam .

S. a) Early, in ample time.

b) Alter course to show the other vessel a different aspect i.e. a different colour navigation light.

6. a) Every vessel shall at all times maintain a proper look-out by sight and hearing as well as by all
available means in the prevailing circumstances and conditions.
b) No.

7. a) Vessel engaged in fishing / trawling.

b) Vessel motor sailing.
c) Vessel constrained by draught.
d) Vessel at anchor.
e) Vessel not under command .

8. Visibility.
Traffic density.
The manoeuvrability of the vessel.
At night, the presence of background lights from the shore.
State of wind, sea and current.
Navigational hazards.
Draught in relation to the depth of water.

9. Give way. In case of doubt, responsibility is firmly placed upon the close-hauled port tack vessel to
assume that she must give way and do so.

10. Reduce speed to the minimum required to keep steerage way, sound fog signal and if necessary stop .
. Navigate with caution until the risk of collision is over.

24
IRPes TEST PAPER - ANSWERS 08/09
AYA
11. Heading (to comply with Rule 10). This is the quickest passage across the lane and shows the aspect
of the vessel at right angles to the traffic flow.

12. Vessel engaged in diving operations. Keep clear at slow speed.

13. Take compass beari ngs of the approaching vessel. If the bearings do not show an appreciable change
and the range is closing , a risk of co llision exists.

14. a) A, the windward yacht, should bear away to pass astern of B.

b) A turns to starboard to pass astern of B making the appropriate sound signal, or slows down or
stops.
c) Motorboat A tu rns to starboard to pass astern of yacht S making the appropriate sound signal,
or slows down or stops.
d) Overtaking vessel B keeps clear of motorboat A.
e) Yacht S, on port tack, bears away to starboard.
f) Motorboats A and S each sound one short blast and both turn to starboard.

25
COASTAL SKIPPER AD YACHTII.ASTER- OFFSHORE - METEOROLOGY 08/09
OT TO BE TAKEN AWAY

DCIO
TIME ALLOWED 11/2 HOURS
ftYA
e ric pressure would you expect to indicate st rong winds?
s:
rs:

:; _=--= =-= ::-5- =-c --. - s ,., '1 ., a sea breeze develops.

3. Describe the conditions under whictl the following are likely to occur:
a) Land (radiation) fog ;
b) Sea (advection) fog .

4. Give a brief description of how Buys Ballot's Law is applied:

a) In the northern hemisphere;
b) In the southern hemisphere.

5. What is the meaning of each of the following terms used in the shipping forecast?
a) Imminent b) Good c) Later d) Fog e) Veering

TURN OVER
6. Using the weather maps below, work out what wind strength (light, moderate or strong) and direc j
you would expect at the marked positions.

a) b)

c) d)

7. Use the weather map on page 5 to answer the following questions.

a) Which area on the weather map would be described as cyclonic a, b, c or d?
b) What wind strength and direction would you expect in area b?
c) How would you describe the visibility in area c, good, moderate or poor?
d) What type of wind shift would a vessel in area d be experiencing, backing or veering?
e) How would you expect the wind shift in area d to affect the sea conditions?
f) In which direction , east or west, does the lee shore lie for a vessel in position e?
g) Would a vessel in area f , on a passage to Dover, have the wind ahead or astern?
h) Are the weather conditions favourable for a vessel making a coastal passage in area g?
 G SYNOPTIC CHART FcYA
7- N Geostrophic S es at
1-,:- '\ .'I
6 ~ 2 and 4 m
"VI!.- ""~""1- A= B
L---O&r---------------~ 6, I!.-
, It. ~'v~
South- Ea<t Icela nd""
,,

G
15 ~
I
I
I
I
,
____ ----1--
Dagger\
I
•

9 8 7 6

10

____ J
""" '" 20

Sea area Trafalgar extends from southern limit of Flzroy (41°N) to 35°N n.mile
200 JOO 400 500 600 7

29
METEOROLOGY TEST PAPER - ANSWERS 08/09
ItYA
1. a) rise of 7mb in the past 3 hours. c) fall of 7mb in the past 3 hours.

2.
o ......c....--_~
Warm air

Cooler dense air

3. a) Land (radiation) fog: Often occurs during settled weather in autumn and winter.
On a clear night the land cools down quickly, which in turn reduces the temperature of the air above
it.
When the air is cooled below its capacity to hold moisture as vapour, the moisture condenses to
form fog.
b) Sea (advection) fog: Most common in late winter and early spring, when the sea is at its coldest.
When warm moist air blows over a cold sea, the sea cools the air below its capacity to hold moisture
as vapour, leading to reduced visibility and fog.

4. a) In the northern hemisphere if you stand with your back to the wind, the low pressure system will be
on your left hand side.
b) In the southern hemisphere, face the wind and the low pressure system is on your left hand side.

5. a) Imminent Within 6 hours from time of issue or warning.

b) Good Visibility greater than 5 miles.
c) Later After 12 hours from time of issue or warning.
d) Fog Visibility less than 1000m.
e) Veering Wind changing in a clockwise direction e.g. SW to NW.

6. a) Southwesterly: Strong/moderate
b) Variable: Light/moderate
c) Northwesterly: Strong
d) Easterly: Light

7. a) Area a. The cyclonic centre of the low is in the north east corner of sea area Rockall.
b) Area b. Forth, would be experiencing southerly winds, force 7 to 8.
c) Area c . Malin, is in the warm sector giving poor visibility.
d) Area d. South Rockall, has the cold front passing through. The wind will be veering.
e) With a large veer and strong winds the sea condition will become very confused.
f) For a vessel in position e, Irish Sea, the lee shore is to the east.
g) A vessel in area f, on passage to Dover would have head winds.
h) Area g, near the French coast will have favourable offshore winds for a coastal passage.

30
11 ~ SIDPFER AIID YACHTMASTEW> OFFSHORE - CHARTWORK 08/09
NOT TO BE TAKEN AWAY TIME ALLOWED :2 HOURS
TtYA
3 a d TRAI NING ALMANAC.
r W, th e deviation table and computation of rates table

- 009 12. M) th e skipper of a vessel south of Guillemot Island

n:
Balshaw Lt 31r(M)
019°(M)
068°(M)
- ; give the latitude and longitude.

~ SP DST on Thursday 16th May the mate of a yacht bound for Sand
la e Island) plots the GPS position 45°58'.10N 005°38'.60W.
a hat is the compass course to steer to a waypoint in position
45"53' .30N 005°46' .50W?
ow long wi ll it take to reach the waypoint?
se tidal diamond <8> for tidal set and drift information.
--Be.' ay 5 due to a northwesterly wind. Boat speed 7.5kn.

on Friday 22nd November the skipper of a vessel in position 46°05 '.85N 005°58'.60W is
o cross the shipping lanes to the west of the Lawrence Channel TSS.
10 a projected EP to see if the vessel will remain west of the 'LCW' special mark at the end
eTSS.
a is the projected SOG?
diamon d <1> 0
for tidal set and drift information. Course 190 (C) . Boat speed 6.0kn.

e log extract below, plot the estimated position of this yacht at 1940 SP DST.

Log COo(C) Wind Leeway Depth Notes

3.6 340 W3 5° 50m GPS position:

45°54'.20N 005°50'.75W
- 10.8 340 W3 5° 65m ' Estimate position using
diamond ~for tidal set and
drift inform tion .

and SOG between 1840 and 1940 SP DST?

ri l he skipper of a boat, draught 1.7m, is preparing to anchor close

=-" :: ::= 2
1 00 SP DST?
- 7 -::= =-
::e:-,' ren 11 00 SP DST and the next LW?
-=- - - =_ . , :
e ski pper anchor at 1100 SP DST in order to ensure a clearance
LW?
CHARTWORK TEST PAPER - ANSWERS 08/09
FtYA
Traces provided. All times as shown.
Universal Time (UT) has been used to obtain tidal set 'and drift.
The appropriate corrections for DST or Time Zone have been applied to the answers.

1. Fix: 46° 04'.70N 005° 54'.70W

2. Thursday 16th May HW Victoria 1241 Range 3.8m

<8> HW +5 1711 - 1811 UT 298°(T) 3.3sp 1.7np (lnt 2.6kn)
a) Course 210°(T)
Variation + oor W
21r(M)
Leeway + 005°
222°(M)
Deviation 000°
222°(C)
b) Distance to waypoint 7.3M 60 55 . t
SOG 8.0kn x = mlnu es

3. a) Course 190 0 (C)

Qeviation + 003° E
193°(M)
Variation -oorw
186°(T)
Friday 22nd November HW Victoria 1121 UT Range 4.2m
o HW -2 0851 - 0951 UT 120°(T) 3.7sp 1.9np (Int 3.2kn)
a) The vessel will pass east of the special mark. See trace.
b) SOG = 7.9kn

4. Course 3400(C)
Deviation - 005° W
335°(M)
Variation -oorw
328°(T)
Leeway - + 005°
333°(T)
Tuesday 21 st May HW Victoria 1811 UT Range 3Am
0 HW-1 1641 - 1741UT 11r(T) 3.1sp 1.6np (lnt2.2kn)
a) EP at 1940 SP DST: 45°59'.55N 005°52'.65W
b) COG 346°(T) SOG 5.5kn

5. Colville Time Height

Sunday HW LW LW HW LW
14th April Zone -0100 1306 0.7m 4Am 0.7m
Correction Port Slade - 0045 + O.Om + 1.3m + O.Om
Zone -0100 1221 0.7m 5.7m 0.7m
+ 0100
Port Slade SP DST 1321
a) Height of tide at 1100 SP DST = 4.0m
b) Fa1l4.0m -0.7m = 3.3m
c) Fall 3.3m + draught 1.7m + clearance 2.Om = 7.0m

32