COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

AND TECHNOLOGY NAME AND ID

1.GOLLISA ROBA WU
603/10

SEWAGE
2.TSEGANEH
ZEWUDU WU 612/10
3.DUBE BALI WU

TREATMENT 599/10

4. Abadula Gamada

PROJECT 5. Mihiret Gelan

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 6. Temam Husein

1. Draw a rough sketch of sewerage line and manhole present in Bule Hora university starting
from inlet and outlet.
 2. Is the design is correct or not related to size of sewer line, type of sewer line, placing in proper
manner and others.

Ans- the design of sewage line is correct. The elevation and placing also correct.

The size of sewer line is also correct, which is maximum size

3. What are factors affecting sewer line

Ans- the main factor which affecting the sewer line is the existence of suspended and settling solid waste
in sewage. This causes the blockage of sewer line and causes over flow of sewage through manhole
during peak flow periods.

4. What causes the sewer line clog or damage and what would be mitigation.

Ans- the main factor is existence of different type of solid and feces waste.

These are papers, food wastes that taken away by students from café, soil and sand in combination to
human feces and causes huge damage during peak hours of flow.

The mitigation is to use toilet and bath properly, not to dump paper waste, not to dump food in sewer, not
to dump any suspended and settlable soil in sewer line.

5. What causes the manhole to overflow and causes environmental pollution? And what would be
mitigation to avoid such problems in university?

Ans- when the solid wastes and feces flow through sewage line the suspended solid and settlable solid
with human feces block the main flow of sewage and forces the flow to overflow through manhole. Due
to existence of different contaminant in waste the environment polluted specially around block 107, our
classroom.

The mitigation mitigation is to use toilet and bath properly, not to dump paper waste, not to dump food in
sewer, not to dump any suspended and settlable soil in sewer line. And also to clear the sewage line by
removing the solid waste that blocks the normal flow.

6. Why the waste water in your university have bad smell, odor and other?

Ans- this may due to presence of hydrogen sulfide and other decomposition by-products.

7. Describe the contaminants may present in waste water of our university?

a) Suspended solids –Total suspended – Possible effects- Aesthetic problems solids, Sludge
deposits Pollutants adsorption, Protection of pathogens.
b) Biodegradable organic matter- Biochemical Oxygen demand – effects- consumption
oxygen.
c) Nutrients-Nitrogen and Phosphorous- effects – Excessive algae growth Toxicity to fish
(ammonia) , Illnesses in new-born infants (nitrate) , Pollution of ground water.
d) Pathogens- Coliforms effects- Water-borne diseases.
 e) Nonbiodegradable organic matters-Pesticides, some detergents etc. effects-
Toxicity(various),Foam(detergents),Reduction of oxygen transfer (detergents) ,Non-
biodegradability ,Bad odours (e.g.:phenols
f) Heavy Metals- Specific elements- effects-contamination of ground water, toxicity.
g) Inorganic dissolved solids – Total dissolved solids- effects- excessive salinity-harm to
plantation, irrigation, toxicity to plants etc
8. Describe physical, chemical and biological characteristic of waste water of your university.
i. Physical Characteristics
a. Temperature
 Slightly higher than in drinking water
 Variations according to the seasons of the years (more stable than the air temperature)
 Influences microbial activity
 Influences solubility of gases
 Influences viscosity of the liquid
b. Colour
 Fresh sewage: slight grey
 Septic sewage: dark grey or black

c. Odour •
 Fresh sewage: oily odour, relatively unpleasant
 Septic sewage: foul odour (unpleasant), due to hydrogen sulphide gas and other
decomposition by-products
d. Turbidity
 Caused by a great variety of suspended solids
 Fresher or more concentrated sewage: generally greater turbidity
ii. Chemical Characteristics of Waste water
a. TOTAL SOLIDS Organic and inorganic; suspended and dissolved; settleable
• Suspended - Part of organic and inorganic solids that are non-filterable
• Fixed -Mineral compounds, not oxidisable by heat, inert, which are part of the suspended
solids
• Volatile - Organic compounds, oxidisable by heat, which are part of the suspended solids
• Dissolved -Part of organic and inorganic solids that are filterable. Normally considered
having a dimension less than 10−3µm. •
• Fixed - Mineral compounds of the dissolved solids.
• Volatile -Organic compounds of the dissolved solids
• Settleable -Part of organic and inorganic solids that settle in 1 hour in an Imhoff cone.
Approximate indication of the settling in a sedimentation tank.
b. ORGANIC MATTER Heterogeneous mixture of various organic compounds. Main
components: proteins, carbohydrates and lipids.
c. TOTAL NITROGEN Total nitrogen includes organic nitrogen, ammonia, nitrite and nitrate.
It is an essential nutrient for microorganisms’ growth in biological wastewater treatment.
Organic nitrogen and ammonia together are called Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN).
 d. TOTAL PHOSPHORUS Total phosphorus exists in organic and inorganic forms. It is an
essential nutrient in biological wastewater treatment.
e. CHLORIDES Originating from drinking water and human body waste.
f. PH pH Indicatoroftheacidicoralkalineconditionsofthewastewater. A solution is neutral at pH
7. Biological oxidation processes normally tend to reduce the pH.
g. ALKALINITY Indicator of the buffer capacity of the medium (resistance to variations in
pH). Caused by the presence of bicarbonate, carbonate and hydroxyl ions.
h. OILS AND GREASE Fraction of organic matter which is soluble in hexane. In domestic
sewage, the sources are oils and fats used in food.
iii. Biological Characteristics of Waste water
a. Bacteria
 Unicellular organisms
 Present in various forms and sizes
 Main organisms responsible for the stabilisation of organic matter •
 Some bacteria are pathogenic, causing mainly intestinal diseases
b. Protozoa •
 Usually unicellular organisms without cell wall •
 Majority is aerobic or facultative
 Feed themselves on bacteria, algae and other microorganisms
 Essential in biological treatment to maintain an equilibrium between the various groups
 Some are pathogenic
c. Viruses
 Parasitic organisms, formed by the association of genetic material (DNA or RNA) and a
protein structure •
 Pathogenic and frequently difficult to remove in water or wastewater treatment
9. How can we treat this waste water in university and what is importance of treating waste water.

Ans- The treatment methods are composed by unit operations and processes, and their integration makes
up the treatment systems.

 Physical unit operations: treatment methods in which physical forces are

predominant(e.g.screening,mixing,flocculation,sedimentation,flotation, filtration)
 Chemical unit processes: treatment methods in which the removal or the conversion of the
contaminants occurs by the addition of chemical products or due to chemical reactions (e.g.
precipitation, adsorption, disinfection).
 Biological unit processes: treatment methods in which the removal of the contaminants occurs
by means of biological activity (e.g. carbonaceous organic matter removal, nitrification,
denitrification)

Treatment is Important because- To protection of human health by removing pathogens and the
preservation and protection of our natural resources.

10. How we remove contaminants and protect and preserve our natural resourses.
Ans- The removal of pollutants during treatment in order to reach a desired quality or required discharge
standard is associated with the concepts of treatment level and treatment efficiency.

 Preliminary - Coarse suspended solids (larger material and sand)

 Primary •
 Settleable suspended solids •
 Particulate (suspended) BOD (associated to the organic matter component of the settleable
suspended solids)
 . Secondary
 Particulate (suspended) BOD (associated to the particulate organic matter present in the raw
sewage, or to the non settleable particulate organic matter, not removed in the possibly
existing primary treatment) •
 Soluble BOD (associated to the organic matter in the form of dissolved solids
 Tertiary
 Nutrients •
 Pathogenic organisms
 Non-biodegradable compounds •
 Metals
 Inorganic dissolved solids
 Remaining suspended solids
11. How can we protect human health by destruction of pathogenic organisms prior to treated
effluent being discharged to receive water body and land.

Ans- Removal of Pathogens

 Removal of Pathogens- Larger dimensions and/or with- Sedimentation by Separation of pathogens

with larger dimensions and density greater than the sewage
 Removal of Pathogens - protective layer (protozoan cysts and helminth eggs) by Filtration Retention
of pathogens in a filter medium with adequate pore size.
 Lower dimensions (bacteria and viruses) -Adverse environmental conditions by Temperature, pH,
lack of food, competition with other species, predation
 Lower dimensions (bacteria and viruses)-Ultraviolet radiation by Radiation from the sun or artificial
 Lower dimensions (bacteria and viruses)- Disinfection by Addition of a disinfecting agent, such as
chlorine.