Universe and Solar System & History of The Earth - Guia

UNIVERSE AND SOLAR SYSTEM
& HISTORY OF THE EARTH_guia

UNIVERSE AND SOLAR SYSTEM
Theories on the Origin of the Universe ~ Lesson 1.1 (p. 5-7)
1. Creation Myth (Genesis) - God separated light from darkness, and created the
sky,land, sea, moon, stars, and every living creature in a span of six days.
2. Rigveda (Hindu text) - describes the universe as an infinitely oscillating universe in

which a "cosmic egg," or Brahmanda, containing the universe—including the sun,
moon, planets, and space—expands out of a single concentrated point called
Bindu, and will eventually collapse again.
3. Greek Philosophers from fifth to third century BCE
Anaxagoras - primordial universe, which suggests that the original state of

cosmos was a primordial mixture of all the ingredients which existed in
infinitesimally fragments of themselves
Leucippus and Democritus - atomic universe composed of tiny, inseperable,

and indestructible atoms.
4. Stonic Philosophers of ancient Greece - the universe is a giant living body, with the
sun and the stars as the most important arts to which all the other parts
interconnected. (Whatever happens in one place affects what happens elsewhere)
5. Isaac Newton- Principia, which describes a static, steady-state infinite universe,

where in matter on the large scale is uniformly distributed and the universe is
gravitationally balanced but essesntially unstable
6. Renè Descartes (French)- outlined a model of the universe with many

characteristics of Newton's static, infinite universe; The vacuum of space was not
empty but rather filled with matter that swirled around in large and small velocities.
The model involved a system of huge swirling whirlpools to fine matter, producing
what would be called as gravitational effects.
UNIVERSE AND SOLAR SYSTEM & HISTORY OF THE EARTH_guia 1

7. Oscillating Universe by Einstein- followed the general theory of relativity equations
of the universe contracting due to pull og its gravity in a perpetual cycle of Big Bang
followed, in time, by Big Crunch.
8. Fred Hoyle and Austrians Thomas Gold and Herman Bondi- the steady state theory
(look below)
9. Alan Guth - incorporated a short, early period of exponential cosmic inflation in

order to solve the horizon and flatness problems of the standard Big Bang model
10. Andrei Linde (Russian) - inflationary universe with his chaotic inflation theory in
1983. This theory sees our universe as just one of many "bubbles" that grew apart
of a multiverse.

💫 ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE: SCIENTIFIC THEORIES
1. Big Bang Theory
Alexander Friedmann and Georges Lamaitre (Catholic Priest) in 1920.
13.7 billion years ago, there was nothing and nowhere
A random fluctuation happened in an empty void and a great expansion or

explosion happened
universe was created through colossal explosion
The explosion sent space, time, matter, and energy into different directions
Singularity- a point where matter and energy are compact and crammed
EVENTS IN THE BIGBANG THEORY
Title Column
Inflationary
Universe was in a size of an atomic nucleus
Epoch

Title Column
Formation of Universe expanded possessing gravity, strong and weak nuclear force,
the universe electromagnetic force. Quarks, electrons, Photons, neutrinos (initial universe)
Formation of
Protons + neutrons = hydrogen nuclei (HN) HN + HN = helium nuclei
the basic
(nucleosynthesis: process)
elements
Most energy in the universe was radiation (diff lengths of xrays, radiowaves,
Radiation Era
and ultraviolet waves) “Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation”
Matter Lithium atom began to form Electrons + hydrogen + helium nuclei = small
Domination neutral atoms
Birth of stars Gas cloud attracted nearby matter and became denser. Gas cloud collide
and galaxies gaining mass to ignite light Galaxies: group of stars
✅ 4 FUNDAMENTAL FORCES IN BIGBANG THEORY

- forces are unified in a very high temperature (plank scale) and separates when temp
drops
1. Strong force: attractive force which binds the nucleus
2. Electromagnetic Force: long-ranged that binds atoms. Can be attractive or repulsive
3. Weak force: Short-ranged present in radioactive decay
4. Gravitational Force: weak, long-ranged, and attractive force binding the solar
system
🔎 EVIDENCES OF THE BIGBANG THEORY

Galaxies moving away
“Stars are not uniformly distributed in space but they gather

together forming galaxies ” - Edwin Hubble
Presence of Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)
radio emission comes from every direction in the sky
radiation is said to be the remnant energy in the formation of the universe
Abundance of light elements
ratios of light elements such as He, H, and traced amounts of Li match in the
Big bang nucleosynthesis
📉 DOWNFALLS OF THE BIGBANG THEORY

1. Flatness: “geometry of the universe is nearly flat” Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy
Probe (WMAP)
2. Monopole: No magnetic monopoles observed (BB theory said that there was heavy
stable magnetic poles synthesis)
3. Horizon: Elements were far apart that they cannot go in contact with each other

Recessional velocity is the rate at which an extragalactic
astronomical object recedes (becomes more distant) from an
observer as a result of the expansion of the universe.

2. Steady State Theory
Hermann Bondi, Thomas Gold, Fred Hoyle in 1948
universe if unchanging in time and uniform space

Contradicts Bigbang Theory
cosmic wave background contradicted “everything is constant” of the SStheory
3. Inflation theory
Alan Guth, Andrei Linde, Paul Steinhart, Andy Albrecht
Gave solutions to the issues of Bigbang theory
the extension of the standard big bang theory
a period of exponential expansion of the universe happened prior to the more

gradual big bang expansion
universe was dominated by a cosmological constant type of vacuum energy
✅ SOLUTIONS OF INFLATION THEORY TO BIGBANG ISSUES

1. solution to Flatness: in astronomical proportion, it would appear flat because
inflation stretches any initial curvature of the universe to almost complete flat
2. solution to Monopole: rapid expansion caused dropping of the density of

monopoles exponentially to undetectable level
3. solution to Horizon: distant regions where much closer to each other prior to
inflation
Dark Energy- energy of an empty space causing expansion

Dark Matter- hypothetical kind of matter that cannot be seen by telescopes
“The universe is believed to be composed of dark energy, dark

matter, radiation, and ordinary matter.”
🔎 EVIDENCE OF INFLATION THEORY

1. Kovac

“existence of gravitational waves was directly linked to the
exponential expansion that is intrinsic to the inflation theory”
4. String Theory
combination of principles of Albert Einstein’s general theory of relativity with the

principles of quantum mechanics
particle type is replaced by strings
the strings were free to vibrate at different modes
consistent with quantum gravity
Theory of relativity - Einstein unified space, time, and gravity
Waves and curves - responsible for force of gravity

Quantum mechanics - Gravity is insignificant since atomic and subatomic particles are
very small
Graviton - particle carrying the force of gravity. It provides basis to make sense of the
interaction of two gravitons
Theory of everything - unify all known forces and particles
5. M-theory
they may be vibrating strings, 2D membrane, 3D membrane blobs and

multidimensional objects called p-branes.
origin of the universe occurred as a result of contact of two hyperdimensional

branes
collision of Mbranes leads to a new universe.

🧐 THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM
🚩Galaxy - gravitationally-bound system of stars and stellar remnants, interstellar gas,
and dark matter
🚩Observable universe - region of the universe from earth’s vantage point
1. Descartes’ Vortex Theory
Mathematician, Physicist Rene Descartes
Solar system was formed into bodies with nearly circular orbits due to whirillike
motion in the pre-solar materials
Orbits of planets are the primary whrilpool motion and the satellites are the second
one
2. Buffon’s Collision Theory
by George Louis Leclerc
Planets were formed by the collision of the sun with a giant comet
The debris of the collision are now the planets
3. Kant-Laplace Nebular Theory
Descartes, Immanuel Kant and Pierre Simon Laplace

A great cloud of gas and clouds (nebula) began to collapse because of gravitational
pull
Nebula collapsed because of gravitational force and contracts which caused it to

spin rapidly
The spinning cloud formed into pancake-shape
4. Jeans-Jeffrey’s Tidal Theory
Planets were formed from the substance that was torn out of the sun.
a massive star passed near the sun pulled off materials due to gravitational
attraction
5. Solar Nebular Theory
Solar system was due to condensation of Hydrogen gas(interstellar gas) and

dust(dust clouds)
An explosion of star (Supernova) caused dust and gas cloud to collapse forming
sun and planets. Likewise that force of gravity was a reason.
nuclear reaction began at the core of the protostar and later becomes the sun
“Ionized materials moves outward and locks to a magnetic field.

Sun formation requires inward movement while the magnetic field
mechanism requires outward movement.”
🚩 Solar Nebulae - disk-shaped bodies from dust clouds and remaining gas

✅ 2 STAGES IN SOLAR NEBULAR THEORY
1. Accretion of grain-sized particles to form centimeter sized particles that will later
grow intro kilometer sizes. The objects formed would later be called planetisimal.
2. Formation of more massive objects from coalescing planetisimals. Protoplanets:

mssive objects that will later become planets
“After million years since the formation of the solar system, it

generated a very strong solar wind. This removed all the gases left
in the protoplanetary nebulae”
PROPERTIES AND CURRENT INFORMATION ABOUT THE SOLAR SYSTEM
1. The orbits of all planets are almost in the same plane; the solar system is flat
2. The planetary orbits are nearly circular. The elliptical orbits depart only slightly from
being a perfetc circle
3. The orbits of the planets are nearly in the same plane as the rotation of the sun
4. Planets revolve around the sun counterclockwise. Most planets rotate around their
axis in a counterclockwise fashion
5. The distances of the planets from the sun can be expressed in a similar relationship
called Bode’s Law. The calculated distances and the observed distances of the
planets from the sun are almost the same with the exception of neptune and pluto
6. The satellite systems of Jupiter and Saturn and nearly identical with their
arrangements with the solar system. The distances of the satellites from the planets
follow Bode’s Law
7. The satellites and planets contain almost all the rotational motion of the solar
system
8. The solar system also contains asteroids and comets
☄ Asteroids
made up of rocks that are sometimes referred to as minor planets

they are atmosphere free and orbit around the sun
They came from main asteroid belt (between mars and jupiter orbits)
They are thought as remnants of the early stages of the solar system formation
Never formed as planets due to Jupiter’s high gravitational force
Ceres: first known asteroid
Near-earth asteroids (NEAs): they come close to earth and when in contact, may
lead to catastrophic consequences
☄ Comets
composed mainly of ice (water and gas) and nonvolatile dust (silicate materials and
carbon grains)
Active when orbits came near the sun
The suns heat causes sublimation of frozen gases creating a spectacular tail
streaming out of the sun.
✅ 2 Origins of Comets
1. Kuiper Belt - Solar system’s final frontier. It is the outermost region of the solar
system. Short period comets came from here (e.g. comet “Halsey”)
Short period comets: orbit the sun in less than 200 years
2. Oort Cloud - located farther than the Kuiper Belt and unexplored. Long period
comets came from here.
Long period comets: orbits ranging 200 to million years
🚩Trans-neptunian objects - any objects orbiting beyond neptune

CLASSIFICATION OF PLANETS
Terrestrial Planet (Inner planets) Jovian Planet (Outer planets)

Earth-like planets. Jupiter-like planets
Mercury-mars Jupiter-Neptune
Dense, rocky and metallic materials Made up of hydrogen and helium

“Light elements such as He and H remain gaseous inside the frost
line where temperatures are high. Jovian planets were formed
outside the frostline. In contrast, metals and rocks condense at high
temperature . Terrestrial planets are formed in inner warm regions.”
✅ CLASSIFICATION OF PLANETS BASED ON THEIR POSITION RELATIVE TO

SUN OR EARTH
1. Position relative to the sun
Inner and outer planets — Asteroid belt is their boundary
2. Position relative to earth
Inferior planets: located inside the orbit of the earth (mercury and venus)

Superior planets: Located outside the orbit of the earth (mars-neptune)
🚩Eris - object that is more massive than pluto and has satellite. Discovered by Mike
Brown, Chad Trujillo, David Rabinowitz in 2003.
International Astronomical Union (IAU)
organization responsible in naming planetary bodies and satellites
“planets are celestial bodies that is in orbit around the sun, with sufficient mass for
self-gravity and assumed as nearly round shape. Lastly, it should dominate its
neighborhood by clearing the neighborhood around it.”
✅ Dwarf Planet Characteristics

1. Orbits around the sun
2. Has enough mass for self-gravity to overcome rigid body forces, assuming a nearly
round shape
3. Has not cleared the neighborhood around it
4. It is not a satellite
“Ceres, Makemake, Pluto, Hamea and Eris are considered as dwarf

planets”
Rosetta Mission
European Space Agency (ESA) launched Rosetta spacecraft in 2004
the mission is to learn more about the formation of the solar system and how
comets carried water and complex organic to planets, preparing the stages for life
on earth

🌏 HISTORY OF THE EARTH
❓WHY IS THE GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE IMPORTANT?
1. approx. 4.6 billion years old
2. record geologic and evolutionary changes throughout Earth’s

history
3. without a time perspective, events have little meaning
“The present is the key to the past” - Charles Lyell

- the present can make us understand why these things happened;
helps us predict & gives overview about what can happen in the
future
GEOLOGY
- the study of the structure, evolution and dynamics of the Earth and its natural mineral
and energy resources
UNIFORMITARIANISM
major assumption in geology
- events in the past occurred the same way that they are occurring today
ex. (continuously happening)

weathering / erosion
deposition
volcanism
plate tectonics
water and wind (sabi nga water tells time)

GEOLOGIC DATING
absolute (know dates)
determines how many years old something is
radiometric
relative (know order of events but not dates)
used to determine if one thing is younger or older than another
superposition, index fossils, correlation of rock layers
RELATIVE DATING
- comparing of rock units to decipher their age relative to one another
principle of original horizontality
sedimentary layers are deposited in approx. horizontal sheets
if layers are folded, episode of deformation must have occurred after rocks
formed. age of folding is younger than youngest deformed rock unit
principle of superposition
rock layer above is younger than the ones below it (oldest on bottom, youngest
on top)
may noy apply to rocks that have been folded (can get turned upside-down)
Niccolas Steno (the first to realize that the Earth's crust contains a
chronological history of geologic events and that the history may be
deciphered by careful study of the strata and fossils)
principle of crosscutting relationships

any feature (ex. fault or intrusion) that cuts across rocks is younger than the
youngest rock that is cut
the cuts due to natural occurances will be filled with sediments - the sediments
yun na yung "youngest"
principle of inclusion
objects enclosed in a rock must be older than the time of rock

formation
ABSOLUTE DATING
Radioactive decay (half-life)
- occurs when the nuclei of unstable atoms break down, changing the
original atoms into atoms of another element
- half life is the amount of time it takes for half the atoms of a
substance to decay into another element
different substances have different half-life’s
ex : uranium 238 and carbon 14
Fossils
- remains of ancient plants and animals, evidence of life
- commonly preserved (hard parts of organisms)
bones
shells
hard parts of insects
woody material -rarely reserved (easily decayed parts of organisms)
internal organs
skin
hair
feathers
- preserved remnant, remains, or impression of a prehistoric organism

- classified based on their formation

TRUE FOSSIL
-fossils of the actual animal or animal part

-formed when the tissues of animals didn’t decay over the years
-commonly found in ice, tar (natural asphalt) and amber (tree resin)
MOLD FOSSIL
-hollow impressions of living thing in a

rock
-formed when sediments fills the inside or
outside the dead organism
-the organisms remains will not persist
CAST FOSSIL
-created when minerals and sediments

enter a cavity or a mold
(sometimes from a mold fossil) and
hardens, creating a cast
TRACE FOSSILS OR
ICHNOFOSSILS
-impressions of rocks that showed

various activites
-fossils of footprints, burrow, trail, and or
other trace of the animals
(but not the animal itself)

Marsuppials - like kangaroo in the present day- ancestry of mammals

early mammals coexisted with dinosaurs but they were hiding

Because of natural calamaties, volcanoes and other land forms emmersed.
Dito na papasok yung bible

Gymnosperms: Angiosperms:


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UNIVERSE AND SOLAR SYSTEM

& HISTORY OF THE EARTH_guia

Theories on the Origin of the Universe ~ Lesson 1.1 (p. 5-7)

2. Rigveda (Hindu text) - describes the universe as an infinitely oscillating universe in

3. Greek Philosophers from fifth to third century BCE

Anaxagoras - primordial universe, which suggests that the original state of

Leucippus and Democritus - atomic universe composed of tiny, inseperable,

5. Isaac Newton- Principia, which describes a static, steady-state infinite universe,

6. Renè Descartes (French)- outlined a model of the universe with many

UNIVERSE AND SOLAR SYSTEM & HISTORY OF THE EARTH_guia 1

9. Alan Guth - incorporated a short, early period of exponential cosmic inflation in

UNIVERSE AND SOLAR SYSTEM & HISTORY OF THE EARTH_guia 2

Alexander Friedmann and Georges Lamaitre (Catholic Priest) in 1920.

13.7 billion years ago, there was nothing and nowhere

A random fluctuation happened in an empty void and a great expansion or

universe was created through colossal explosion

EVENTS IN THE BIGBANG THEORY

UNIVERSE AND SOLAR SYSTEM & HISTORY OF THE EARTH_guia 4

✅ 4 FUNDAMENTAL FORCES IN BIGBANG THEORY

UNIVERSE AND SOLAR SYSTEM & HISTORY OF THE EARTH_guia 5

1. Strong force: attractive force which binds the nucleus

2. Electromagnetic Force: long-ranged that binds atoms. Can be attractive or repulsive

3. Weak force: Short-ranged present in radioactive decay

🔎 EVIDENCES OF THE BIGBANG THEORY

“Stars are not uniformly distributed in space but they gather

Presence of Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)

radio emission comes from every direction in the sky

radiation is said to be the remnant energy in the formation of the universe

Abundance of light elements

📉 DOWNFALLS OF THE BIGBANG THEORY

UNIVERSE AND SOLAR SYSTEM & HISTORY OF THE EARTH_guia 6

UNIVERSE AND SOLAR SYSTEM & HISTORY OF THE EARTH_guia 7

Hermann Bondi, Thomas Gold, Fred Hoyle in 1948

universe if unchanging in time and uniform space

UNIVERSE AND SOLAR SYSTEM & HISTORY OF THE EARTH_guia 8

cosmic wave background contradicted “everything is constant” of the SStheory

Alan Guth, Andrei Linde, Paul Steinhart, Andy Albrecht

Gave solutions to the issues of Bigbang theory

the extension of the standard big bang theory

a period of exponential expansion of the universe happened prior to the more

universe was dominated by a cosmological constant type of vacuum energy

✅ SOLUTIONS OF INFLATION THEORY TO BIGBANG ISSUES

2. solution to Monopole: rapid expansion caused dropping of the density of

Dark Energy- energy of an empty space causing expansion

“The universe is believed to be composed of dark energy, dark

🔎 EVIDENCE OF INFLATION THEORY

UNIVERSE AND SOLAR SYSTEM & HISTORY OF THE EARTH_guia 9

combination of principles of Albert Einstein’s general theory of relativity with the

particle type is replaced by strings

the strings were free to vibrate at different modes

consistent with quantum gravity

Theory of relativity - Einstein unified space, time, and gravity

Waves and curves - responsible for force of gravity

they may be vibrating strings, 2D membrane, 3D membrane blobs and

origin of the universe occurred as a result of contact of two hyperdimensional

collision of Mbranes leads to a new universe.

UNIVERSE AND SOLAR SYSTEM & HISTORY OF THE EARTH_guia 10

Mathematician, Physicist Rene Descartes

2. Buffon’s Collision Theory

by George Louis Leclerc

The debris of the collision are now the planets

3. Kant-Laplace Nebular Theory