Activity No 7

MEIOSIS

Introduction

Meiosis is a process of nuclear division that reduces the number of

chromosomes in the resulting cell by half. From a diploid (2n) number of chromosomes
in the nucleus of the parental cell, the daughter cells after completing meiosis have a
haploid (n) number of chromosomes. In sexually reproducing species, meiosis prevents
the doubling of chromosome number in each generation as the sperms and eggs unite.

Meiosis contributes to recombination of genetic material by a process called

crossing over. In plants and fungi, meiosis contributes to spore formation which
develop directly into new organism. In animals, meiosis is a part of gamete production;

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the egg and sperm cells.

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Meiosis has two divisions; Meiosis I reduces the number of chromosomes.

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Meiosis II maintains the number of chromosomes. Four daughter cells result.

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This activity examines the events taking place in Meiosis I and Meiosis II and
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determines the differences and similarities.
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Objectives
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At the end of the activity, the students are expected to:

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1. simulate the events in Meiosis I and Meiosis II

2. contrast the behaviour of chromosomes during Meiosis I and Meiosis II
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Materials
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48 red beads
48 blue beads
Cylindrical plastic tube (to serve as centomere)
4 cylindrical object, 1 cm in length (to represent centrioles)
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Fine wire
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Scotch tape
Long nose pliers
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 Procedure

 Make a homologous pair of duplicated chromosomes (Figure 7.1). Each

chromatid will have 20 beads. Bring the centromeres of two units of the same
color together and link to form one duplicated chromosome.
 Build another homologous pair of duplicated chromosomes in the same manner
except that each chromatid will have 10 beads. One color of the chromosomes
was inherited from the father and the other color from the mother.

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blue
red blue
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Fu red
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Figure 7.1. Homologous Chromosome Model

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Meiosis l
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Propase l
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 Put all four of the chromosomes that you built at the center of your work area,
which represents the nucleus. Place your two pairs of centrioles and move one
pair to opposite poles of the nucleus.
 Move one pair of the centrioles to opposite poles of the nucleus.
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 Synapsis is the pairing of homologous chromosomes during prophase l. Simulate

synapsis by bringing the members of homologous pairs to form bivalents or
tetrads.

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  Crossing over is an exchange of genetic material between two homologous
chromosomes. Simulate this by exchanging segments of two non sister
chromatids of a single pair.

Metaphase l
 Position the tetrads at the metaphase plate in such a way that the members of
each pair are prepared to move apart toward the centrioles.

Anaphase l
Separate the members of each homologous pair and move one member from each
pair toward opposite poles.

Telophase l

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 During telophase l the chromosomes are at the poles.

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Interkinesis

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Interkinesis is the period of time between meiosis l and meiosis ll. In some
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species, daughter cells do not form and meiosis ll follows right after meiosis l.
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Meiosis ll
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Prophase ll
 Choose the chromosomes from one pole to represent those in the new parental
cell undergoing meiosis ll.
 Place two pairs of centrioles at opposite sides of these chromosomes to form the
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new spindle.
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 Do the same for the chromosomes at the other pole.

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Metaphase ll
 Move the duplicated chromosomes to the metaphase ll plate.
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Anaphase ll
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 Remove the tape that joins the two centromeres and pull each duplicated
chromosomes apart.

Telophase ll
Place the chromosomes, each having one chromatid, at the poles (new centrioles).

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 Data Sheet

Name_____________________________________ Group No____________________

Course and Section________________________ Date Performed________________

Activity No.7
MEIOSIS

Table 7.1 Comparison between Meiosis I and meiosis II

Stages Meiosis I Meiosis II

Prophase

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Metaphase

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Anaphase rs e
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Telophase
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1. Why are homologous pairs called tetrads? ______________________________

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________________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
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2. Why does crossing over occur in non sister chromatids? ___________________

________________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
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3. During telophase l, what combinations of chromosomes are at the poles? (Refer

to the color of the beads used and indicate whether it is long or short)_________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

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 4. What other combinations would have been possible?______________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
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5. Do the chromosomes inherited from the mother have to remain together following
meiosis l? ___________________What about the one inherited from the father?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

6. Does DNA replication occur during interkinesis? ____________ Why?________

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7. How many chromosomes are there at the metaphase ll plate? _______________

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8. What comparison can you tell about the parent cell and the new cells formed in
meiosis? _________________________________________________________

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________________________________________________________________
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9. In what stage of meiosis does the reduction process takes place? ____________
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What is the significance of this event? _________________________________

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________________________________________________________________
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What have you learned from this activity?

______________________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________________
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 Application

1. Why is meiosis important in living organisms?

________________________________________________________________
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2. Down’s Syndrome or Mongoloid Syndrome is due to an individual having three

copies of chromosome 21 instead of just two. Explain how this syndrome is
connected to a malfunction of the meiotic process.

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________________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________________________
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