CLASH OF CIVILIZATION SUMMARY OF INFORMATION TABLE

Definition/ Fault Lines Between Resulting End/Outcomes?

Name of Civilizations in the eyes of Huntington’s  take on
Characteristics/ Civilizations (Islam and the Global Political
Subject Huntington/Paradigm Democracy
Theory West) Order/Perspective
Clash of Definition and -Civilization is a cultural entity. The fault lines between The west versus the rest Third Wave Democratization
Civilizatio Characteristics Villages, districts, ethnic civilizations substitute the -In relation to other civilizations A third wave of democratization
n -Clash of Civilization is the groups, nationalities, and diplomatic and ideological the West is now at a in modern world history is the
concept of Samuel P. religious sects all have limits of the Cold War for remarkable height of influence. new age of democracy
Huntington about the distinctive cultures and varying crisis and bloodshed. The His adversary of superpower transformations. The first "long"
increasing conflict in degrees of cultural variation. Cold War started when was gone from the map. There process of democratization
international relations that The culture of a town in Europe was economically and is an undeniable armed started in the 1820s, with a
may result to clashes southern Italy can vary from the ideologically separated by the confrontation between Western major part of the male
between civilizations rather culture of a town in northern Iron Ridge. With the end of states and an unrivaled military population of the United States
than to ideology or Italy, but they will share a the Iron Curtain, the Cold War power. The West faces no increasing their suffrage. It
economic interests similar Italian culture which ended. The ethnic divide economic threat, with the lasted for almost one century
-In his hypothesis, he distinguishes them from the between Western Christianity exception of Japan. It controls until 1926, and created some
stated that the primary German towns. on the one side and orthodox the international structures of 29 democracies. However,
cause of conflict in this new -In contrast, European Christianity and Islam on the politics and stability and Mussolini's coming to power in
world would not be communities will share cultural other, has resumed as Japan's international financial Italy marked the start of the first
primarily ideological or characteristics that differentiate Europe's theological division institutions. A directorate of the "reverse wave" in 1922, which
primarily economic. them from Arab or Chinese has vanished. As William United States, Britain and brought the world's number of
-The great schisms within communities. Yet there is a Wallace suggested, it is France, the United States, democratic countries to 12 by
humanity, as well as the greater cultural entity that does perhaps the east border of Germany and Japan, who are 1942. A second wave of
dominant cause of dispute, not include Arabs, Chinese and Western Christianity in 1500 all very close to each other and democratization started in the
will be cultural. Nation Westerners. They are that is the most important have an extremely close victory of the Allies in World war
states will continue to be civilizations divisions in Europe. relationship with others, except II, with 36 democratically
the most important players -Civilization thus the highest This line goes through what les, are able to resolve global controlled countries reaching
in foreign relations, but the cultural classification of people today is the boundaries problems of political and the zenith in 1962, followed
major tensions in global and the broadest degree of between Finland and Russia, security. only by a second reverse wave
governance will be cultural identity people have the Baltic States and Russia, Domination of the west (1960-1975) which led to a
between nations and short of that which cuts through Belarus and - Western dominance and decrease in democratic
communities of various distinguishes humans from Ukraine, separating the resolutions of the United regimen by 30.
civilizations. Global politics other species. It is Catholic West Ukraine from Nations Security Council, which One way to start is to find out if
would be dominated by the characterized by both common the Orthodox East Ukraine, were solely offset by China's the triggers of the third wave
war of civilizations. The empirical elements such as swings towards the West, sporadic abstention, have led will probably continue to work,
fault lines between language, culture, religion, breaks off Transylvania from the UAE to legitimize the use of gain momentum, diminish, or
civilizations will be the traditions, and organizations, the rest of Romania. This line force by the West for the be augmented or substituted by
future war lines. as well as people's subjective corresponds, of course, with removal of Iraq from Kuwait and new democratization-promoting
-The latest phase of the self-identification. the ancient frontier of the Iraq's advanced military and powers. The occurrence and
history of war in modern -Individuals have levels of empires of the Ottoman and arms production capability. It timing of the third wave
world would be conflicts identity: a Roman, an Italian, a Hapsburg in the Balkans. also led the United States, transitions to democracy have
between civilizations. For a Catholic, a Christian, a The peoples of the north and Great Britain and France to attributed significantly to five
century and a half after the European and a Westerner, the west are Protestant and insist that Libya hand over the key factors:
Peace of Westphalia can describe himself with Catholic; they share common Pan Am 103 bombers suspects 1) the deepening problems of
established the new different levels of strength. The European history experiences and then to enforce sanctions if legitimacy of authoritarian
international order, the culture he belongs to is the – feudalism, the Renaissance, Libya failed to do so. The regimes in a world where
wars of the Western world largest degree of identity he the Reformation, the Securities Council's response democratic ideals are
were mostly between intensely recognizes. People Enlightenment, the French was exceptional. universally recognized, the
princes—emperors, can and can redefine their Revolution and the Industry Difference in Culture resulting reliance on results and
absolute monarchs, and cultures and thereby alter the Revelation; they are generally In a more profound basis, the inability of such regimes to
republican monarchs structure and borders of better economically than the however, Western ideas are retain their "efficiency
attempting to increase their societies. populations of the east; The radically different from those legitimacy" due to economic
bureaucracies, armies, -Civilization identity will peoples to the eastern and common in other cultures. In (and often military) failure.
mercantilist economic become increasingly relevant in southern ends of the line are Islamic, Confucian, Japanese, 2) The exponential worldwide
power, and, most the future, and the relationships Orthodox or Muslim. They Hindu, Buddhist or orthodox economic development of the
importantly, the territories of seven or eight global once belonged to the traditions, Western concepts of 1960s, raising living conditions,
they controlled. They cultures will form the universe Ottoman or Zarist empires individualism, liberalism, improving schooling, and
established nation states in large part. Western, and had a slight impact on constitutionalism, human rights, expanding in many countries
and the main lines of Confucian, Japanese, Islamic, trends in the rest of Europe. equity, freedom, the rule of law, the urban middle class.
contention were between Hindu, Slavic-Orthodox, Latin As Europe's largest divide, democracy, free trade, division 3) Startling transition from the
nations rather than princes, American, and probably African the Velvet Curtain has of church and state always status quo protector to the
starting with the French civilizations are among them. replaced the Iron Curtain of have little resonance. It is a opponents of authoritarianism,
Revolution. The most significant potential ideology. It is also a thread of Western belief, which in the theology and practices of
-"The King's Wars had tensions will arise around the bloody brutality, as the events contradicts the particularism in the Catholic Church,
ended in 1793, as R. R. cultural fault lines that separate in Yugoslavia show, not just a most Asian cultures and their manifested in the Second
Palmer put it, and the these cultures from each other. line of differences. The fault reliance upon what separates Vatican Council 1963-65, and in
People's Wars started." -A civilization may have many line between Western and one individual from another that the reform of the National
It continued until the nation states, as in Western, Islamic Empires has been a the very notion of "world Catholic Churches.
conclusion of the First Latin American, and Arab struggle for 1,300 years. After culture" may exist. 4) Changes in external players'
World War in the 19th civilizations, or just one, as in the establishment of Islam, Torn Countries policies, especially those of the
century. The clash of Japanese civilization. Arab and Moorish progress in In prospective countries with European Community, the US
nations, first among Obviously, cultures mix and west and north only stopped vast numbers of inhabitants, and the Soviet Union.
Communism and fascism— merge and can have sub- in 732 in Tours. The cruisers such as the Soviet Union and 5) "Snowballing" or the
Nazism and liberal civilizations. attempted to return to the Yugoslavia, would be demonstration of earlier
democracy, then between -Westerners believe that nation Holy Land the Christianity and dismemberment candidates as changes in the third wave to
communism and freedom states are the primary players dominion from the eleventh to people distinguish themselves boost and provide templates for
of democracy, came as a in foreign relations. They have the thirteenth centuries with from society. further democratisation
result of the Russian only been so for a few years. varied degrees of success. There are other countries initiatives.
Revolution and backlash The history of cultures has The Ottoman Turks changed whose cultural homogeneity is Historically, Western
against it. This spanned the broadest stretches the balance from the 14th to fair, but who are split over Christianity and liberalism have
confrontation, during the of human history. Arnold the 17th century and spread whether their population is part been strongly linked. Many
Cold War, became part of Toynbee listed 21 major their influence over the Middle of a civilization or not. There Protestant nations in the world
the battle of the two civilizations in A Study of East and the Balkans. They are nations which have been were still democratic by the
superpowers, each of History; only six of them took Constantinople and broken apart. Their leaders early 1970s. The third wave of
which was not a classic survive today. seized Vienna twice. As traditionally wish to follow a the seventies and eighties was
European nation state and Ottoman influence collapsed strategic bandwagon to make largely a Catholic one. It swept
both established its own in the nineteenth and early their countries western through six South American
ideological identities. twentieth century’s, Britain, members, but their countries' countries and three Central
-These disputes among France, and Italy developed heritage, culture and customs American countries beginning
princes, nation states, and Western hegemony over are It's not west. Turkey is the in Portugal and Spain, traveled
ideologies were mainly much of North Africa and the clearest and most prototypical to the Philippines and returned
conflicts in western society, Middle East. nation. to Mexico and Chile to double,
as William Lind called them After World War II, the West Confucian-Islamic and then exploded in the two
"western civil wars." This started to recede, with Connection Catholic countries of Eastern
applied to the Cold War imperialist powers There are very different barriers Europe, Poland and Hungary.
and the world wars and the disappearing. First, Arab to the accession of non- Around three-quarters of the
wars of the earlier XVII, nationalism and then Islamist Western countries to the West. countries which passed into
XVIII and XIX decades. Fundamentalism became They are less important for the democracy from 1974 to 1989
With the conclusion of the evident. The West became countries of Latin America and were mostly Catholic.
Cold War, the Western heavily dependent on the Eastern Europe. However, by 1990, the Catholic
period of foreign relations countries of the Persian Gulf It is larger for the former Soviet momentum toward democracy
has been removed and its for its resources. Union's orthodox nations. For had greatly increased. The
core is the relationship of A few wars between Arabs Muslim, Confucian, Hindu and majority of Catholic countries
Western and Non-Western and Israel have taken place Buddhist cultures they are have already democratized or
cultures and non-Western (created by the West). For much better. As a partner to the liberalized, as in the case of
civilizations. In civilization much of the 1950s, France West, Japan has developed a Mexico. Catholicism is
policy, non-Western culture fought in Algeria bloody and special position: to a certain restricted to Paraguay, Cuba or
cultures and states are no ruthless war; British and extent, but certainly not to the a few African francophones to
longer the subjects of French forces invaded Egypt West, it is in the West. Those further spread democracy
tradition as the goals of in 1956; American forces countries that do not want to or (without increasing its own
Western colonization; they returned to Lebanon in 1958, cannot enter the West due to ranks). Since Sub-Saharan
enter the West as historical attacked Libya and engaged culture and power contend with Africa was the last area in the
movers and shapes. in several military meetings the West in building a political, world to be inhabited by many
Theories with Iran; and Arab and military and economic power of countries by significant
-First, disparities between Islamic terrorists, backed by their own. They do that by the numbers of Catholics and
civilizations are not just at least three Middle Eastern promotion of domestic growth Protestants.
real; they are fundamental. governments, used arms to and cooperation with other The EU (EC) played a central
Civilizations vary from one fight against the war. countries other than the West. role in the consolidation of
another based on their The war between the Arabs The Confucian-Islamic link democracy in southern Europe
history, language, culture, and the West ended in 1990, which has come to threaten at the start of the third wave.
tradition, and, most when the US sent a large Western desires, values and The establishment of
importantly, religion. army to the Persian Gulf to power is the most prominent democracy in Greece, Spain
Different civilizations have protect certain Arab States type of this cooperation. and Portugal was seen as
different perspectives on from other aggressions. In his This has resulted in a crucial to ensure EC
God and man, the post-NATO planning, the Confucian-Islamic military link membership's economic
individual and the emerging risks and designed to encourage the benefits and the Community
community, the citizen and uncertainty in its "Southern" procurement of weapons and membership as an assurance
the state, parents and level have been gradually arms technology by its of democratic stability. Five
children, husband and wife, addressed. members, which are essential years later, Spain and Portugal
and the relative importance It is doubtful that this century- in the fight against the western became fully a Part of the
of rights and old military interaction military might. It could last or Community in 1981.
responsibilities, liberty and between West and Islam will not. In Bulgaria, Romania,
power, equality and diminish. It could get more Yugoslavia, Mongolia, Nepal
hierarchy. These virulent. Any Arabs were and Albania, the effect of
distinctions are the product proud of Saddam Hussein's snowball on democratization
of centuries of evolution. assault on Israel and standing was obvious in 1990.
-Second, the world is against the West in the Gulf In several Arab and African
becoming a smaller place War. It also made the western countries it has also influenced
for everyone. Interactions military presence in the trends for economic
between people who come Persian Gulf, the absolute liberalization. For example, in
from different civilizations military superiority of the 1990, the "evasion in Eastern
are becoming more West, and its apparent failure Europe" had "powered
common; these increased to mold their own future, felt demands for reform in the Arab
interactions heighten many resounding and world" and led leaders in Egypt,
culture consciousness and resentful. Jordan, Tunisia, and Algeria to
understanding of Besides the oil exporters, open up more space of political
distinctions within many Arab countries are unrest.
civilizations as well as attaining economic and social By 1990 at least two third-wave
commonalities within growth stages, where democracies, Sudan and
civilizations. Interactions autocratic systems of Nigeria, returned to their
between people of different governance become authoritarian rule; the
civilizations of increase unacceptable and attempts to consolidating difficulties could
people's civilization- establish democracy are lead to further reversals in
consciousness, which in strengthened.  There have countries with disadvantageous
turn energizes gaps and also been some openings in democratic conditions.
animosities that extend or Arab political However, not only any
are believed to stretch far regimes. Islamist movements backsliding preceded the first
into history. were the main beneficiaries of and second revolutionary
-Third, global forces of such openings. In brief, waves, but also massive
economic modernization Western liberalism in the Arab reversal waves, as most
and social change are world increases political anti- reforms to the system around
displacing residents from Western movements. This the globe went on from
long-held local identities. may be an eventual liberalism to authoritarianism.
They also erode the nation phenomenon, but it certainly Which variables will cause a
state's position as a center makes interactions with the third reverse wave if the third
of identification. Religion West more complicated. wave of democratization slows
has stepped in to fill this The relationship between down or stops?
void in most of the world, Islam and the West is seen on Among the factors leading to
mostly in the form of both sides as a conflict revolutions away from
“fundamentalist” between cultures. "The next democracy during the first and
movements. clash of the West is certainly second reverse waves were: 1)
Fundamentalist going to come from the a lack of democratic ideals
movements can be seen in Muslim world," notes M. J. among core elite classes and
Western Christianity, Akbar, an Indian Muslim poet. the general public;
Judaism, and Buddhism. The fight for a new world 2) severe economic setbacks,
The people involved in order will begin in the sweep which exacerbated social
fundamentalist movements of Islamic nations from the conflict and increased the
are young, college- Maghreb to Pakistan." The popularity of remedies that
educated, middle-class point reached by Bernard could only be imposed by
mechanics, professionals, Lewis is similar: authoritarian governments; 3)
and business people as Historically, the Arab Islamic social and political polarization,
well as Hinduism and civilization has other strong mostly caused by leftist
Islam. Religion's antagonistic interaction with governments seeking to
resurgence establishes a the pagan, animistic and implement major social and
foundation for identity and increasingly Christian Black economic reforms quickly; and
engagement that crosses communities in the south. In 4) the determination of
territorial lines and unites the past, the portrayal of Arab conservative middle-class and
cultures. slave traders and Black upper-class groups to exclude
-Fourth, the dual position of Slaves was reflective of this populist and leftist movements
the West promotes the antagonism. The ongoing civil and lower-class groups from
development of civilization- war between Arab and Black political power;
consciousness. On the one people in Sudan, struggle in 5) a deterioration of law and
side, the West is at the Chad between Libyan- order as a result of terrorism or
pinnacle of its influence. supported separatists and the insurgency:
Around the same time, and state government, tensions 6) Invasion or interference by a
perhaps as a result, non- between orthodox Christians nondemocratic foreign power:
Western cultures are and Muslims in the Horn of 7) "reverse snowballing," which
seeing a regression to the Africa and political wars, is caused by the failure or
origins phenomena. There protests and violence among disruption of political regimes in
is a growing awareness of Muslims and Christians in other nations.
movements toward Nigeria have been expressed
inwardness and in this. In this fault line,
“Asianization” in Japan, the Africa's modernization and
end of the Nehru legacy Christianity spread are likely
and “Hinduization” in India, to increase the risk of conflict.
the collapse of Western In February 1993, the speech
ideals of socialism and of Pope John Paul II in
nationalism and thus “re- Khartoum at the time of the
Islamization” of the Middle assault by the Sudanese
East, and now a dispute Islamist government on the
about Westernization Christian minority was
versus Russianization in symptomatic of intensification
Boris Yeltsin's world. A of this dispute.
West at the pinnacle of its At the northern border, the
dominance faces non- conflict between Orthodox
Westerns who gradually and Muslim populations has
have the ability, will, and increasingly erupted: the
money to transform the slaughter of Bosnia and
environment in non- Sarajevo, the tremendous
Western ways. violence between Serbs and
- Fifth, cultural features and Albanians, the tight relations
disparities are less between the Bulgarians and
malleable, making them their Turkish minority, violent
more difficult to negotiate violence between the
and overcome than political Ossetians and Ingush, the
and economic ones. continuing Armenian and
Communists can become Azerbaijanis killings, the tense
democrats, the wealthy can relationship between these
become poor, and the poor people. Religion reinforces
can become rich, but ethnic identity revitalization
Russians cannot become and rekindles Russian
Estonians, and Azeri’s concerns for the protection of
cannot become Armenians. its borders on the south.
- Finally, economic The civilization dispute in
regionalism is becoming other parts of Asia has deep
more prevalent. Between roots. The ancient clash
1980 and 1989, intra- between Muslims and Hindus
regional trade increased on the subcontinent is now
from 51 percent to 59 not only manifested in
percent in Europe, 33 Pakistan-India rivals but in the
percent to 37 percent in newly nationalist Hindu
East Asia, and 32 percent factions and the significant
to 36 percent in North Muslim minority in India. In
America. The significance December 1992, the
of regional economic blocs demolition of the Ayodhya
is expected to develop in Mosque brought to the fore,
the future. In the one side, whether India will continue to
active economic be a secular democratic state
regionalism would increase or a Hindu one.
awareness of humanity. The relationships between
Economic regionalism, on cultures differ considerably in
the other hand, can thrive the degree to which they are
only if it is founded on a susceptible to aggression.
shared civilization. The There is direct rivalry between
European Community is the American and European
built on a common basis of Western sub-civilizations and
European culture and between them and Japan.
Western Christianity. Economic competition
Culture and faith also serve dominates. In Eurasia,
as the foundation for the though, there has not been a
Economic Cooperation complete random increase in
Organization, which the ethnical conflict, which is
includes ten non-Arab ultimately embodied in "racial
Muslim countries: Iran, cleansing." Between groups
Pakistan, Turkey, of diverse civilizations it was
Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, most frequent and
Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, aggressive. Eurasia is once
Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and again burning with the big
Afghanistan. The historical fault lines between
recognition by the leaders civilizations. This is
of many of these countries particularly true on the frontier
that they had no hope of of the Islamic crescent block
entry to the European of nations that stretch from
Community was one the bulge of Africa to central
catalyst for the rebirth and Asia. In the Balkans, the
extension of this Muslims are violence, Jews
organization, which was from Israel, Hindus from India,
established in the 1960s by Buddhists from Burma and
Turkey, Pakistan, and Iran. Catholics are also being
- The clash of civilizations violated. Violence is also
happens on two occasions. occurring. Violence happens.
At the micro - level, The boundaries of Islam are
neighboring communities bloody.
along civilization fault lines
battle, sometimes
aggressively, for
 dominance of territories
and each other. At the
macro-level, states from
various cultures compete
for strategic military and
economic influence,
contend for dominance
over foreign institutions and
third parties, and spread
their individual political and
religious ideals
competitively.

REFERENCES

Norris, P., & Inglehart., R. (2021). Islam & the West: Testing the Clash of Civilizations Thesis. Retrieved April 28, 2021, from Harvard.edu website:
https://www.hks.harvard.edu/publications/islam-west-testing-clash-civilizations-thesis#citation

McGlinchey, S. (2010, September 23). Review - A Second Look at Huntington’s Third Wave Thesis. Retrieved April 28, 2021, from E-International Relations
website: https://www.e-ir.info/2010/09/23/review-a-second-look-at-huntingtons-third-wave-thesis/

Huntington, S., Mihajlov, M., Lapidus, G., Rumyantsev, O., Binyan, L., De Soto, H., & Orsini, D. (1991). Democracy’s Third Wave Can Yugoslavia Survive? Soviet
Reaction, Russian Reform Overcoming Underdevelopment. Retrieved from website: https://www.ned.org/docs/Samuel-P-Huntington-Democracy-Third-
Wave.pdf
Cohen, E., Fukuyama, F., Rose, G., & Zakaria, F., (2010). Foreign Affairs, The Clash at 20, Abridge. Retrieved from
https://www.foreignaffairs.com/system/files/c0007.pdf