Section 2.2 - Gas Piping System

SKG 5253 : Economics and Management of Natural Gas
CHAPTER 2
NATURAL GAS SUPPLY SYSTEM
Zulkifli Abdul Majid

Gas Engineering Department, FKKKSA, UTM 1
Weeks Topic/Subtopics
2-3 Chapter 2 : Natural Gas Supply System
Natural Gas Transmission System
Gas Distribution System
Natural Gas Distribution System
Utilization of Natural Gas
Safety Aspect in Gas Distribution
LPG Gas Distribution System
LNG Supply System
Business Opportunity in Gas Industry



 Malaysian Gas Demand
 Gas consumption is estimated

at 1,600 standard cubic feet per
day (MMscfd)
Local Gas Distribution System
 65% (1,040 MMscfd) 27%
– Electricity Generation
 8% (128 MMscfd)
– Export to Singapore 8% 65%
 27% (432 MMscfd)
– Industrial, Commercial ,
Domestic and (Source: Petronas Gas Bhd. (PGB) 2000)
Petrochemical Feedstock

Sector Malaysia Eruope USA (%) Japan

(%) (%) (%)
Petrochemical 3 6 4 2
Power Generation 95 13 14 67
Industrial & Commercial 2 27 29 7
Domestic 0 48 40 22
Others 0 6 13 2
Factors that influence the acceptance of natural gas:
1. Supply (Local Vs Import )

2. Infrastructure (piping system)
3. Climatic conditions
4. Density of the population
5. Fuel prices
6. Government policies
 NG and LPG Properties
Properties LPG NG
1. Calorific Value ( Btu/m3) 113,000 36,715
2. Composition (%)
Methane 0 92.73
Ethane 0.06 4.07
Propane 29.8 0.77
Butane 70.0 0.14
Other Components 0.14 2.29
3. Density (Kg/m3) 2.4 0.7
4. Relative Density 1.85 0.61
5. Delivery Method Domestic Cylinder 12Kg Pipeline

Domestic Cylinder 14Kg CNG Cylinder
Industrial Cylinder 50Kg LNG Tankers
Tankers

 Summary :
 LPG vapour is heavier than air at relative density of

about 1.85
 Natural Gas vapour is lighter than Air with relative
density of 0.6
 LPG mainly consist of Butane and Propane with a ratio
of either 70/30 or 60/40
 Main component of Natural Gas is Methane
 LPG is usually transported using cylinder and pipeline
while NG is normally using pipeline. In order to
transport NG using cylinder it has to be compressed up
to 3600 psi
 Prior to 1995, the content of Methane in NG is about
84.75%

NATURAL GAS TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

Natural Gas Transmission System
• Most efficient, effective and the safest method to transport

natural gas
• to be more economical suitable quantity, flow rate and pressure
must be identified
• Important factors are
• demand (market sizes)
• pipe route
• Geopolitical issues
• High tensile pipe with a diameter within 24 to 36 inches

• Operating pressure within 500 – 1000 psi or 3400 6900 kPa.

Malaysian Natural Gas Transmission System or PGU


In three stages, Stage I, II and III from 1984 to 1999
1st Stage – completed in a984 with 32km of pipe from GPP to export
terminal (Telok Kalong)
2nd Stage – 714 km of pipe from Kuantan to Segamat downward to

Singapore and upward to Lembah Klang
3rd Stage – 450 km of pipe to north part of PM to Padang Besar
Loop I (265 km) and Loop II (227 km) in 2002
To date a total 1420 km pipe had been laid ( for both transmisson and
distribution of NG)
 System component
– Pipes
– Compressor stations
– Metering stations
– Valves
– Control stations and SCADA Systems

Component of Natural Gas Transmission System
Stesen Janakuasa
P elabuhan Klang
34 km
Stesen Janakuasa
P AKA
Loji P emprosesan gas
Kertih
70 km
Stesen Janakuasa Kuantan Stesen
Jambatan Connaught P emampat
36 inci
36 inci Stesen
135 km
232 km P emampat
Stesen Janakuasa
Tuanku Jaafar
Segamat
30 inci
193km
Stesen Janakuasa
P asir Gudang
Stesen Janakuasa
Senoko, Singapura

Operation of the System
• Compressibility factor
• Reduced the pipe size and save cost
• Friction factor and compressor station
• Compressor station within 50 – 100 miles

(80 – 160 km)
• System operation and safety are controlled by

SCADA system

SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition)

NATURAL GAS DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

NATURAL GAS DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

 System components:
– City gates station
• Pressure regulator
• Odorant
• Gas meter
– District station
– Service station/metering station
• Gas meter

Metering Station


• From City Gates Station to the meter at customer
premises
• City Gates Station
• to reduce transmission pressure (500 – 1000 psi)
to distribution pressure (150-260 psi)
• to odorise the gas (mercaptant)
• District Station
• reduce the pressure to 60 psi
• carbon steel, polyethylene or copper pipes

• Service station/metering station

- reduce the pressure to the required pressure
specified by the customers
- to meter the gas (custody transfer)
- meter used:
- diaphragm gas meter for domestic customers
- turbine gas meter for industrial and
commercial customers
- orifice gas meter for large industrial customers
• Billing is based on energy content in the gas (energy per
unit volume)


LEGEND
Kangar Offshore Drilling Complex
GMSB Head Office
UTARA GMSB Regional Office
- KAMUNTING Alor Setar LAWIT
GMSB Branch Office
- KULIM
JERNIH Supply Area
- PRAI
- SG. PETANI
- NIBONG TEBAL
- BUKIT TENGAH
BEKOK
Prai RESAK
Paka
TENGAH
-SHAH ALAM Kamunting Kertih DUYONG
-KUALA LUMPUR SOTONG
-PETALING JAYA
-KLANG TIMUR
-SEPANG -GEBENG
-SALAK TINGGI -KEMAMAN
-PUCHONG -TELUK KALONG
Kuantan
-BANTING -KERTIH
-PUTRAJAYA -MEC CITY
-KLIA Shah Alam -BANDAR MUADZAM
Kuala Lumpur SHAH
-BANGI Klang
-SENAWANG Seremban
-CYBERJAYA Bangi
SELATAN
-BUKIT KEMUNING KLIA -PASIR GUDANG
-PORT DICKSON Port Dickson Segamat -KLUANG
-NORTH PORT -SENAI / KULAI
-TELUK PANGLIMA GARANG -TG. LANGSAT
-NILAI
Melaka Kluang -ALOR GAJAH
-SRI KEMBANGAN -LABIS
-BALAKONG Pasir Gudang
-TANGGA BATU
-KAJANG -TEBRAU
-BATU CAVES -AIR KEROH
-JERAM
-SELAYANG
Johor Bahru
Gas Engineering Department, FKKKSA, UTM
-LARKIN
-TAMPOI 24
Singapore


NATURAL GAS UTILISATION

• Sectors classification:
- Industrial
- Commercial
- Domestic
- Power generation
- Transportation
• Industrial
- Petrochemical plants
- Methanol and Middle Distillate
- MTBE
- Ammonia/Urea Plant (Bintulu),
- Propylene/Polypropylene, Ethylene, Poluethylene Plant
- Perwaja Steel, Malaysian Sheet Glass etc
• Power generation (gas turbine, steam turbine, combine cycle)
• the largest/biggest user
• Industrial
- Steam generation, liquid Heating, Process Hot
Water, Drying, Metal Melting, Glass
Melting, Metal Heating, Pottery Kiln,
Working Flame and Incineration
- Combined heat and power/Cogeneration (CHP)
- gas turbine
- heat recovery
- electricity and usable heat
• Fuel for gas absorption chillers (air conditioning
system)

• Commercial
• shopping complexes
• hospital, hotel/resort, school
(catering, baking oven, space heating, air conditioning,
hot water, lighting, CHP, tumble dryer)
• Domestic
• cooking stove, grill, water heater, space heating
(gas fires, wet central heating boiler), tumble dryer and
refrigerator
• Transportation
• to replace petrol an diesel oil
• environmental friendly
• cheaper price
• less maintenance

Natural Gas Usage in Domestic Sector

SAFETY ASPECTS

NG and LPG Characteristics
• Odourless – Naturally, it does not bear any odour, in case of any gas leak, it would
not be detected without gas detection device. Thus it is required to provide a
distinct smell through a process called “odorisation”
• NG is lighter than air – due to its low relative density. Leakage in NG system
would cause the relief of gas from leakage point to a higher ground.
• LPG is heavier than air – due to its high relative density. Any leakage from LPG
storage system would relief the gas to a lower ground.
• Non-Toxic and Colourless – These are the natural behaviour of NG and LPG.
Prolonged exposure to these gases would not cause any harm, but it easily triggers
fire and explosion. Due to their colourless behaviour, the presence of these gases is
also hardly detectable.
• Environmental Friendly – Effective combustion. The emission produced by the
combustion is considered environmental friedly – does not contribute pollutant to
environment.

Safety aspect is Natural Gas reticulation system:
• Safety first
• Factors to be considered:
 Planning
 Engineering and Design
 Construction
 Operation and maintenance

Planning
• Network analysis (current and future demand)
• Selection of pipe route according to standards
• cheapest
• safest
• less risks
• Accessibility during emergency and for routine
maintenance

City centre
Other utilities

Engineering and Design
• To be referred and followed
• Local codes and standards:

• MS 830 “Code of Practice for the Storage, Handling and
Transportation of Liquefied Petroleum Gases”
• MS 930 “Code of Practice for the Installation of Fuel Gas Piping
Systems and Appliances”
• MS 862 “Specification for Welded and Seamless Carbon Steel Pipes
for General Pressure Purposes”
• MS 1086 “Specification for Buried Polyethylene (PE) Pipes for the
Supply of Gaseous Fuel”
• MS 641 “LPG cylinders up to 1000 lb water capacity without electric
are welded longitudinal seam”
• MS 642 “LPG cylinders up to 1000 lb water capacity with electric are
welded longitudinal seam”

• International codes:
• ANSI/ASME B31.4 “Code for Liquid Petroleum
Transportation Piping Systems”
• ANSI/ASME B31.8 “Code for Gas Transmission and
Distribution Piping Systems”
• NFPA 58 “Standard for the Storage and Handling of Liquefied
Petroleum Gases”
• NFPA 54 “Part 1 : Installation of Gas Piping and Gas
Equipment on non-industrial premises”
• API 5L “Specification for Line Pipe”
• API 1104 “Standard for Welding Pipelines and”
• Malaysian Act and Regulation:
• Akta Bekalan Gas 1993
• Peraturan-Peraturan Bekalan Gas 1997
• Internal standards:
• T/SOP/04 “Engineering Design”
• T/SOP/02 “Pipeline Network Reinforcement”
Gas Pipes
Corrosion control
Odoriser station

Construction
• Road reserve
• Coordination between various utility companies
• Approval from local authority
• Approval from Suruhanjaya Tenaga
• Approval from other utility companies:
•TNB, JBA and Telekom
• Notices to local residents
• Safety aspect

• Codes and standards for the construction:
• MS 862 “Specification for Welded and Seamless

Carbon Steel Pipes for General Pressure Purpose”
• MS 863 “Specification for Welded and Seamless
Steel Pipes (6 mm to 160 mm) Screw – Type”
• ASME B16.5 “Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
(NPS ½ NPS 24)”
• API 5L1 “Recommended Practice for Railroad
Transportation of Line Pipe”

• Extra measure:
• Every single joint should be examined by “NDT”

100%
• Pressure test
• Underground marker
• Concrete marker
• Warning sinages for piping and stations
• Fences

NDT test
UPVC slab
Concrete marker

Warning Post Station Safety Signages
Concrete Marker Pipeline marker

Operation and Maintenance

• Responsibility of the gas utility companies/suppliers
• transmission - Petronas Gas Bhd
• distribution – Gas Malaysia Sdn Bhd
• Regional centre:
• patrolling (ASME B31.8 – Chapter V Sec 851.2
for CLASS 4, once in three months)
• operation
• maintenance
• leak check
• pipe route checking
• Coordination centre for emergency
• Meter station routine check

Station Check/monitoring Leak Check Pipe route check
• Information sharing and coordination of works between

utility companies (Dewan Bandaraya, Majlis Perbandaran,
Pejabat Daerah, Jabatan Kerja Raya etc)
• Information sharing on third party works
• Establishment of Emergency Response Team – 24hours


EMERGENCY RESPONSE ACTIVITIES

Regional Control Centre

Control Centre Pipes Management System through

GIS (Geographic Information System)

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Reticulation System

LPG Reticulation System
• System components
• storage
• piping
•LPG Sources:
• Bulk storage system
• Monifold storage system
• portable cylinders
• System pressures:
• Storage pressure : 80-150psi
• 1st stage regulator : 2-10 psi
• 2nd stage regulator : 9-11in water column
LPG Reticulation System

LPG Monifold Storage System

• For small demand of gas
• Comprises of 23 portable cylinders of 50 kg (108 liter water
capacity)
• Zero safety distance
• More than 23 cylinders – safety distance of 7.5m is required
as stated in MS 830
• Equipped with ABC Dry Powder
• Safety signages as required in MS830(no smoking, no naked
fire, for handphone, no flammable materials nearby) together
with emergency telephone numbers (contractor and gas
supplier)

LPG Monifold Storage System



LPG Bulk Storage System
• For high demand
• Bulk storage capacity ranges from 7.5kl up to 62kl
• Normal available sizes:

• 7500 litres, 10000 litres, 14000 litres and 62000 litres
• Safety distance as required by MS 830 (Table 10) – minimum

7.5 metres all around




Underground Piping System

• PE Piping System
• Tracer Wire
• Warning Tape
• Marker Stone
• Pipeline Warning Marker
• Underground Valve
• Fittings
• Transition Joint

 End of Part 1

PE Piping System
• Buried at least 1 meter depth

• Pipe size (diameter) were determined by network
analysis, according to:
• gas demand, pressure drop and length of pipe etc
• Sizes ranges from the biggest 125 mm, 90 mm, 63 mm
to the smallest 32 mm.
• Pipe thickness identified by the Standard dimensional
ratio – SDR
• Jointing methods:
• ‘Butt Fusion’, ‘Electrofusion’ and‘Socket Fusion’.

Electrofusion Jointing Equipments

Electrofusion Jointing Equipments

Tracer Wires
• For PE pipes installation

• Allow detection by metallic detector (pipe locator)
• Inportant information for 3rd party activities
Warning Tapes
• as required by Gas Supply Act 1993

• yellow coloured tape with word ‘paip gas di bawah’ in
black
• 0.5 m on top of gas pipes
• 1st stage warning before further digging
• stop the immediately and notify the gas supplier or ga
utility company
Stone Marker
• to notify the pipe route and flow direction
• 50 m intervals
• at every junctions of pipes
• yellow coloured, 150 mm in size on top of the pipes
(Jadual 4)
• flush type stone marker for the traffic area
Warning Posts
• in 500 m intervals
• at every junctions, road and river crossing
• warning sign for third party works
• together with toll free telephone no for emergency

Underground Valves (Isolation Valves)

• at strategic locations
• for emergency and maintenance works
Additional Equipments
• Pipe Fittings:
•‘coupler’, ‘tees’, ‘elbow’, ‘reducer’, ‘tapping tee’
saddle’ etc
• transition joints
• to joint carbon steel pipes to polyethylene pipes
• welding and fusion

Internal Piping
• piping system after 2nd Stage Regulator) up to agas cock’.
• operating pressure around 0.5 psi or 11 “ w.c. or 0.034 bar.
• carbon steel or copper pipes
• commercial and esthetical value.
• other equipments:
• gas meter gas
• pressure gauge
• pressure regulator

Gas Meter
• normally being installed in a compartment
• ease for maintenance and reading
• single user Vs multiple users
• should be installed 1500 mm above the floor
Pressure Gauge
• being installed after pressure regulator or meter
• reduce the pressure for safe use of gas
• should be maintained regularly to give correct pressure for
appliances

Gas Meters

Diaphragm Gas Meter
Turbine Gas Meter
Orifice Meter
Pressure Regulator
• being installed before a meter
• reduce the pressure from 5 psi to 0.5 psi.
• equipped with venting points for releasing excess pressure.
Additional fittings:
• ‘tees’, ‘elbows’, ‘reducer’ and ‘plug’
‘carbon steel’ or copper
Advantages of Using Piped Gas

constant and stable pressure
continuous supply
safety (being maintained by competent persons)
extra space available
professional handling by an expert
Pressure Regulators

Fittings etc

Safety Precaution for LPG Reticulation System

• Design according to codes and standards such as MS 830, MS
930 Gas Supply Act 1993 and Gas Supply Regulation
1997
• Approval by Suruhanjaya Tenaga (Design, Installation and
Operations
• Inspected, tested and maintained by a competent persons
• Constructed by registered Gas Contractors under supervision of a
Competent persons
• Seminar and Awareness seminar on safety for LPG users, local
authority and related agencies
• Regular maintenance according to the schedule

Typical Inspection Report

Typical Inspection Report

 Purpose of maintenance:
 To ensure safe use of the transmission system
 To ensure correct and suitable pressure for

appliances
 To prevent system breakdown
 To identify and rectify the problems
 To prevent any disasters that could happen

(fire and explosion)
LPG Manifold System



Meter Compartment

LNG Supply System
 What is LNG?
– Liquefied natural gas
– Liquefaction by cooling
• Cooling at -162oC
• Methane
• No carbon dioxide
• Special container
– Transported to Japan, Taiwan and Korea by cargo
ships specially design to preserve low temperature
Business Opportunities in the Gas Industry

USAGE OF SISTEM TANGKI PUKAL

& SILINDER MANIFOLD (STPSM)
STPSM AUTOGAS STATION
1. PETRONAS
2. ESSO
3. SHELL
4. PLUS
PUBLIC 5. EON
1. CANTEN - COLLEGES
- UNIVERSITY INDUSTRIAL
- SEKOLAH
2. SCHOOL LABs/IPTA 1. GLASS
3. HOSPITAL 2. SERAMIC
4. STEEL
5. AEROSOL
CANTEEN 6. GLOVES
7. METAL HEAT TREATMENT
1. GPVERNMENT CLUBS 8. METAL MOULDING
2. RECREATIONAL CENTRE 9. METAL PRINTING
3. INSTITUTE /TRAINING CENTRE 10 DRY SPRAYING
4. SCHOOL 11. POLY FOAM

NUSINEE OPPURTUNITIES IN LPG RETICULATION

(SRPGP)
SRPGP HOUSING DEVELOPERS
1. TERES HJOUSES
2. FLATS
3. SEMI D
4. APPARTMENTS
COMMERCIAL CENTRE 5. CONDOMINIUMS
6. BANGLOS
1. RECRETIONAL CLUBS
2. FOODCOURT GOVERENMENT
3. STALLS COMPLEXES
4. PLUS RESTCENTRE
5. RESTAURANT 1. POLIS
6. HOTEL 2. ARMY
8. COTTAGE 3. KWSP
4. CUSTOM
5. KTM
6. JPA
7. ETC

CONSULTING ENGINEERS a. PREFESSIONAL ENGINEERS

(GAS) b. Competent Persons
c. Registered with SURUHANAJYA TENAGA
GAS CONTRAKTORS a. Classification of Gas Contractors/Competent Persons

b. Registered with - JKKP
- Suruhanjaya Tenaga
- CIDB
- Gas Malaysia SB
- Oil companies
BUSINESS OPPURTUNITIES
EQUIPMWNT SUPPLIERS
a. Equipment Registration with JKKP and ST
b. Approval from SIRIM or any international bodies
a. Classification of competent persons

SERVICES/MAINTENANCE b. Registered with - JKKP
- ST
Zulkifli Abdul Majid - CIDB
Gas Engineering Department, FKKKSA,
- Gas Malaysia SB
UTM
- Oil companies 89
 End of Cahpter 2
• Next
– Chapter 3: Regulation and legislation aspects


Section 2.2 - Gas Piping System

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Section 2.2 - Gas Piping System

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

SKG 5253 : Economics and Management of Natural Gas

NATURAL GAS SUPPLY SYSTEM

Zulkifli Abdul Majid

Zulkifli Abdul Majid

Zulkifli Abdul Majid

Zulkifli Abdul Majid

 Malaysian Gas Demand

 Gas consumption is estimated

Zulkifli Abdul Majid

Sector Malaysia Eruope USA (%) Japan

Factors that influence the acceptance of natural gas:

1. Supply (Local Vs Import )

4. Relative Density 1.85 0.61

5. Delivery Method Domestic Cylinder 12Kg Pipeline

Zulkifli Abdul Majid

 LPG vapour is heavier than air at relative density of

Zulkifli Abdul Majid

NATURAL GAS TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

Zulkifli Abdul Majid

Natural Gas Transmission System

• Most efficient, effective and the safest method to transport

• High tensile pipe with a diameter within 24 to 36 inches

Zulkifli Abdul Majid

Malaysian Natural Gas Transmission System or PGU

Zulkifli Abdul Majid

Zulkifli Abdul Majid

In three stages, Stage I, II and III from 1984 to 1999

2nd Stage – 714 km of pipe from Kuantan to Segamat downward to

3rd Stage – 450 km of pipe to north part of PM to Padang Besar

Loop I (265 km) and Loop II (227 km) in 2002

Zulkifli Abdul Majid

Component of Natural Gas Transmission System

Zulkifli Abdul Majid

• Reduced the pipe size and save cost

• Friction factor and compressor station

• Compressor station within 50 – 100 miles

• System operation and safety are controlled by

Zulkifli Abdul Majid

SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition)

Zulkifli Abdul Majid

NATURAL GAS DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

Zulkifli Abdul Majid

NATURAL GAS DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

Zulkifli Abdul Majid

Zulkifli Abdul Majid

Natural Gas Distribution System

Zulkifli Abdul Majid

Natural Gas Distribution System

• Service station/metering station

Zulkifli Abdul Majid

Zulkifli Abdul Majid

Zulkifli Abdul Majid

Zulkifli Abdul Majid

NATURAL GAS UTILISATION

Zulkifli Abdul Majid

Zulkifli Abdul Majid

Zulkifli Abdul Majid

Natural Gas Usage in Domestic Sector

Zulkifli Abdul Majid

Zulkifli Abdul Majid

NG and LPG Characteristics

Zulkifli Abdul Majid

Safety aspect is Natural Gas reticulation system: