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The

 Three  Fields  of  Study  For  Becoming  Good  


In  book  3,  chap.  2  of  his  Discourses,  Epictetus  distinguishes  three  main  “fields  of  study”  
(topoi),  which  a  person  who  aims  to  become  good  and  noble  not  only  has  to  study,  but  has  
to  exercise  (askeisthai)  him  or  herself  in:    
 
• Desires  and  Aversions  
• Choices  and  Refusals,  and  Duty  
• Avoidance  of  Error,  Rash  Judgement,  and  in  general,  Assent    
 
Each  of  these  areas  of  study  and  exercise  is  necessary  for  full  progress,  and  the  Stoic  
philosophy  involves  study  of  each  of  these  three  fields.  Epictetus  points  out  that  most  
people  seem  more  interested  in  the  third,  neglecting  the  first  two,  foundational  fields.    
 
 
  Third  Topos  
  • concerned  with  Avoidance  of  Error  (anexapatesian),  Lack  of  Rash  Judgement  
  (aneikaioteta),  and  Assent  sunkatatheseis)  more  generally  
  • competence  developed  through  study  of  Stoic  Logic,  focused  on  argument  and  
  reasoning,  grasping  the  criterion,  attaining  certainty  
  • renders  a  person  able  to  deal  with  appearances  (phantasiai)  even  in  dreaming,  
  drunken,  or  melancholy  states  
   
 
 
 
  Second  Topos  
  • concerned  with  Choice  (hormai),  Refusals  (aphormas),  and  Duty  (to  kathekon)    
 
• competence  developed  through  study  of  Stoic  Ethics,  focused  on  choosing  and  
 
rejecting  rightly,  maintaining  own  natural  and  acquired  relationships  
 
• renders  a  person  able  to  make  appropriate  choices  and  rejections,  to  order  
 
matters,  to  do  so  carefully  and  with  good  reasons  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  First  Topos  
  • concerned  with  Desires  (orexeis)  and  Aversions  (ekkliseis),  and  also  with  the  
  strong  Emotions  (pathe)  
  • competence  developed  through  study  of  Stoic  Ethics,  focused  on  understanding  
  and  redirecting  the  desires  and  aversions  
  • renders  a  person  able  to  get  what  is  desired,  and  to  escape  what  he  or  she  is  
  averse  to  –  because  he  or  she  desires  and  is  averse  to  the  right  things  
   
 
All  three  are  needed  for  making  progress  –  but  the  first  two  fields  provide  a  needed  basis.    

Copyright  2015,  Gregory  B.  Sadler,  Ph.D.     ReasonIO:  philosophy  into  practice  

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