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Biochemistry Review: A. The Universe
Biochemistry Review: A. The Universe
Biochemistry Review: A. The Universe
10/30/08
A. The Universe Notes
- Composed of energy (physics) and matter
(chemistry)
- Matter
- Everything in the universe is composed of
matter. This includes all living things, and the
atom is the fundamental unit of matter.
B. Atom
The smallest particle of an element that retains the
chemical properties of that element. Atoms of two or more
elements bonded together form a molecule.
- to be stable the:
- inner most orbital needs 2e-
- and the outermost orbital needs 8e-
- (with the exception of Hydrogen and Helium,
which only need 2e-)
the Octet Rule
Fermions include:
(generally assoc. w/ matter)
Electrons
-
- common abbrv.= e
- are elementary particles
- with a negative charge,
- ions
- -
- anion – gains e , e.g., Cl
- +
- cation – loses e , e.g., Na
Protons
- 2 Up quarks + 1 down quark
- positive charge
- atomic number
- defines the type of element the atom forms
Neutron
- 1Up + 2 down quarks
- without a charge
- defines the isotope
Quark Source:
- elementary fermions http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Standard_Mo
- form protons and neutrons del_of_Elementary_Particles.svg
Bosons include:
(generally assoc. w/ force carriers)
Isotopes
- while the number of protons remains constant, the
number of neutrons may vary. Atoms of the same
element with a different number of neutrons are
called isotopes.
More Vocab
C. Organic Chemistry
- Organic compounds always contain carbon and
hydrogen,
- and are often large and complex; they are the
principal building blocks of life
INORGANIC ORGANIC
- usually contain metals & nonmetals - contain C & H
- e.g., NaCl (salt), H20 - e.g., protein
- may contain metals
- assoc. w/ ionic bonding - e.g., Fe (hemoglobin)
- small # of atoms - always covalent
- non-living - large # of atoms
- small & simple - living
- large & complex