Side stream filter

It can be a cost-effective compare to full flow filtration, Can be cleaned while the cooling systems are
online, avoiding the downtime

Often reduces the amount of water blown down

Benefit:

1. Reduction in water consumption

2. Reduction in energy consumption: Even the smallest layer of scale or fouling on heat exchange
surfaces can reduce the rate of heat exchange, forcing the system to work harder to achieve the
desired cooling and in turn increases energy costs
3. Reduction in chemical use: Chemicals are used to bind suspended particles in the water stream
and prevent scaling and corrosion. Dirty water requires more chemicals than clean water
because a buildup of solid contaminants provides a buffer that reduces the effects of treatment
chemicals.
4. Lower maintenance cost
5. Improvement in productivity and reduction in downtime
6. Control of biological growth

Cooling tower systems operation is most efficient when their heat transfer surfaces are clean

However, due to variations in the water source and their operating in an open environment, cooling
towers are subject to four major water treatment concerns: corrosion, scaling, fouling and
microbiological activity. These factors can significantly reduce the efficiency of the cooling towers. Side
stream filtration systems can remove these water concerns through filtering suspended solids out of the
cooling water

Side stream filtration systems continuously filter a portion of the cooling water to remove suspended
solids, organics, and silt particles, reducing the ability of fouling and biological growth

Filter type: centrifugal separators (40-75 microns particals), automatic screen filters, plastic disc filters,
and sand filters (10 microns particals)

- Corrosion: dissolved mineral content in the water and the oxygen,

- Scaling: Factors that contribute to scaling include water quality, pH, and temperature
- Fouling: Fouling occurs when suspended particles or biologic growth forms an insulating film on
heat transfer surfaces. Common foulants include organic matter, process oils, and silt.
- Microbiological activity refers to microorganisms that live and grow in the cooling system that
can contribute to fouling and corrosion. Cooling towers are a perfect environment for biological
activity due to the warm, moist environment

Chemical treatment unit

The water that is fed into the cooling system is typically rife with contaminants, which can cause scale
and corrosion. The chemicals that water treatment are designed to prevent these components.
Chemicals are used to bind suspended particles in the water stream and prevent scaling and corrosion.
Dirty water requires more chemicals than clean water because a buildup of solid contaminants provides
a buffer that reduces the effects of treatment chemicals

Chemicals

- Scale and corrosion inhibitors – These chemicals are meant to reduce or eliminate
contaminants, such as minerals
- Biocides – This chemical treatment is used to control the development of potentially harmful
microorganisms
- Organic dispersants can be used to prevent fouling and the accumulation of biofilms.
- Chlorine dioxide – This chemical can be used as a disinfectant to destroy microorganisms and
prevent recurring growth

In cooling towers, the main mineral accumulation is calcium carbonate. This product comes from the
reaction with calcium, heat and bicarbonate. Unfortunately, this scale source increases the pH of the
water, making it more alkaline

Cooling water pump

Cooling water pumps are used for supplying heat exchangers with cooling water

- 2 running, 1 stand by

- Type: centrifugal

- Capacity: 1170 kW

- Diff. pressure: 5.97 (kg/cm 2)

Cooling tower fan

Which ensure a constant supply of sufficient ambient air for heat absorption

Axial fan located at the top sucks the air upward in order to generate a negative pressure, which in turn
ensures that more fresh air flows into the cooling tower from outside

Cooling water system

Cooling towers operate on the principle of removing heat from water by evaporating a small portion of
water. The mixing of warm water and cooler air releases latent heat of vaporization, causing the water
to cool
 When the warm condenser goes into the cooling tower, the water is passed through some nozzles
which is sprayed into small droplets across the fill, which increases the surface area of water and allows
for greater evaporation and heat loss

The purpose of the fan on top of the cooling tower is to bring in air from the bottom of the tower and
move it up and out. The air will carry the heat through evaporating water of the cooling tower into the
atmosphere

and as it flows across the water in the fill some of that water is going to evaporate and it actually
cools the water molecules +around it. cool water molecules dropping into the basin of the Cooling
Tower. the evaporated water molecules will pass out of the tower

Cross flow cooling tower

In cross flow towers, air flow is directed across the water flow. Air flow enters the vertical faces of the
tower to meet the fill. Hot water is distributed to the fill, with 90 degree angel to the air flow, by gravity
through basins. So the path of the air is as follows:

it's gonna go through a drift eliminator. Now the drift eliminator here allows the air and evaporated
water to pass through, but some of that evaporated water is going to impinge upon these blades of drift
eliminator And drip down back into the base of the Cooling Tower.

We got the water coming and dripping down through the fill and going to the base of the tower.

The air and the water are coming into contact with each other but at a 90 degree angle. They are going
to cross each other, and as it flows across the water in the fill some of that water is going to
evaporate. And because the water is evaporating it actually cools the water molecules +around it. cool
water molecules and dropping into the base of the Cooling Tower. the evaporated water molecules will
pass out of the tower.

Fluidize bed dryer 2 hours at 82°C–88°C. Drying for 4 hours at 71°C–77°C

The principles of this dryer is fluidization

In fuidization process, hot air is introduced at high pressure through a perforated bed of moist solid
particulate. The wet solids are lifted from the bottom and suspended in a stream of air (fluidized state).
As the hot air passes between the particles it takes the moisture from the particles thus drying the
particles.

Heat transfer is accomplished by direct contact between the wet solid and hot gases.

The airstream may contain very small particles called fines. The filter bags capture the fines

this cause the formation of a dust layer that clogs the filter bags causing a pressure drop
 Inlet air is blown up through the static power bed as the velocity of the air increases so does the space
between powder particles until the particles become suspended in a bed the fluidization process is
through to occur in five stages including smooth  fluidization, bubbling  fluidization, turbulent
fluidization and first  fluidization.  

Wet particles are suspended in hot and dry air stream. Moisture on the particles surface evaporates as
heat flows through the body  (conventional heating) the rate of drying slowly increases as the particles
absorb more heat

Filter bags

The airstream may contain very small particles called fines. The filter bags capture the fines in their
pores but this cause the formation of a dust layer that clogs the filter bags causing a pressure drop

Euipment parameter

 Temperature: Increased temperature leads to increased moisture diffusivity and hence

increased drying rate and decreased drying time. The nature of the material plays an important role in
choosing the operating temperature.
 Humidity: Faster drying is achieved when the moisture content of the inlet air is maintained at
its minimum.
 Airflow rate/gas velocity: Increasing gas velocity increases drying rate but should be maintained
at an optimized rate (not to fast or too slow). Gas velocity has no effect on particles with high internal
resistance to moisture transfer.

Process parameter
 Moisture content of the feed material.
 Feed rate/batch size.
 Product moisture content.
 Particle size, shape, and diameter.

Cyclone
Fluid bed dryer/cooler exhaust system with cyclone, gas cleaning and product recovery. A Cyclone is a
device that uses centrifugal force to separate larger particles from air streams
Rat-holing
Rat-holing is a condition where the material forms a hole through the hopper while the remaining
material is stationary against the hopper wall. conditions result in the product not flowing as desired.

Stratification-powder separating into layers of fine and coarse particles

The upward velocity of air may exceed the terminal free-fall velocity of the finer particles, which may
leave the particles in suspension longer than coarser particles and form a "fluidized" fines layer. Only
coarser particles can penetrate the fluidized fines and the finer particles will remain in the top material
layer,

Steam tube dryer 2~10 RPM

Steam Tube Dryer is an indirect heating chamber that contains numerous heat transfer tubes. Through
the rotary joint, the steam is lead into the manifold, then into numerous heat transfer tubes inside the
rotating cylinder (chamber) body. The material is introduced to the body by screw type conveyor, and is
dried by touching the steam heated tube surfaces and that conductive and radiant heat is used to dry
the material. The vapor generated from the drying object is exhausted outside by the carrier gas.

The cylinder is slightly inclined to the horizontal to direct material flow and aid condensate drainage
from the tubes

The water condensed out of the steam is continuously removed from the steam chest
through a stationary siphon and cycled back to the boiler for regeneration. And the dried
product discharges through ports in the shell at the steam chest end of the dryer.
The drying is controlled by the steam temperature (pressure) and the duration of time inside the body.

This Steam Chest distributes steam to each of the steam tubes and collects the condensate formed as
the steam transfers its latent heat to the material being processed. The steam condenses and the
condensate is removed from the dryer and taken back to the boiler

As you all know, today I am going to talk to you about

My presentation is divided into 03 parts

I’ll start with fluidized bed dryer
then I will look at steam tube dryer
and finally I will talk about cooling water system

I’ll start with some general information about the fluidized bed dryer
…
That brings us to the end of my presentation