HCMC University of Technology and Education

ELECTRONIC PRINCIPLES
www.hcmute.edu.vn
 I. BJT STRUCTURE
Structure

NPN PNP
Symbols
2
 II. OPERATION

DC Biasing

VCC VCC
VBB
VBB

Forward-reverse bias of a BJT

(Common Emitter configuration) 3
 II. OPERATION

DC Biasing

Forward bias of a BJT

(Common Emitter configuration)
4
 II. OPERATION

DC Biasing

NPN PNP

Forward bias of a BJT

(Common Emitter configuration) 5
 II. OPERATION

DC Biasing

NPN PNP
Forward bias of a BJT
(Common Emitter configuration)
6
 II. OPERATION

DC Biasing

V-I Characteristic Curves

(Common Emitter configuration)
7
 II. OPERATION
DC Biasing

V-I Characteristic Curves

(Common Emitter configuration) 8
 II. OPERATION
DC Biasing

V-I Characteristic Curves

(Common Emitter configuration) 9
 II. OPERATION
DC Biasing

Gain (Amplification) = Active Region

V-I Characteristic Curves

(Common Emitter configuration) 10
 II. OPERATION
DC Biasing
The cutoff, saturation, and quiescent (Q) points on the load line

(Common Emitter configuration)

11
 II. OPERATION - DC Biasing
1. Fixed – Bias Circuit

IB and IC are generated by the

different voltage sources

IB and IC are generated by

the same voltage source

(Common Emitter configuration)

12
II. OPERATION - DC Biasing
1. Fixed – Bias Circuit

B
Vcc
A

Applying KVL in loop A:

VCC − VBE VCC
+ VCC = I B RB + VBE I BQ = 
RB RB
 0,6  0,7V ( Si)
Where: VBE =
0,2  0,3V (Ge)
(Common Emitter configuration) 13
II. OPERATION - DC Biasing
1. Fixed – Bias Circuit

B
Vcc
A

IC = βIB ICsat = VCC/RC

ICQ = min(IC, Icsat )

(Common Emitter configuration) 14

 II. OPERATION - DC Biasing
1. Fixed – Bias Circuit

B
Vcc
A

Applying KVL in loop B:

VCC = I C RC + VCE VCEQ = VCC − I CQ RC

Quiescent operating point: Q = (VCEQ; ICQ)

(Common Emitter configuration) 15
 II. OPERATION - DC Biasing
1. Fixed – Bias Circuit

B
Vcc
A

DC load line (DCLL) equation:

-1 VCC
IC = VCE +
RC RC
y = ax + b where x = VCE, a = -1/RC, b = VCC/RC

(Common Emitter configuration) 16

 II. OPERATION - DC Biasing
1. Fixed – Bias Circuit
-1 VCC
DC load line (DCLL): I C = VCE +
RC RC
IC
VCC/RC IBmax
Q3

Q2
ICQ IBQ

Q1
IBmin
VCESat VCEQ VCC

y = ax + b where x = VCE, a = -1/RC, b = VCC/RC

(Common Emitter configuration) 17

 II. OPERATION - DC Biasing
1. Fixed – Bias Circuit
VCC = +12V
VCC − VBE 12V − 0, 7V
I BQ = = = 47, 08 A
RB 240k 
RC
RB 2.2kΩ
IC
240kΩ C2 I
Ngõ ra Csat = VCC/RC = 12/2,2 = 5,45 mA
C2 + AC
IB

I CQ =  I BQ = ( 50 )( 47, 08 A ) = 2, 35mA

õ vào 10µF
AC VCE
10µF β = 50
-

VCEQ = VCC = I C RC = 12V − ( 2, 35mA )( 2, 2k  ) = 6,83V

VB = VBE = 0,7V

VC = VCE = 6,83V

Q = (6,83V; 2,35 mA) 18

 II. OPERATION - DC Biasing
1. Fixed – Bias Circuit
Find Q(VCEQ;ICQ), DCLL?
VBE = 0,7 (V), β = 150?
IB = (10-0.7)/47 = 0.19 mA
IC = 150*0,19= 28,8 mA
ICsat = 20/0,33= 60,6 mA
➔ ICQ = 28,8 mA
➔ VCEQ = 20 – 28,8*0,33 = 10,5 V
DCLL: IC = -VCE/47 + 20/0,33 = - 0,02VCE + 60,6
Q = (10,5V; 28,8 mA) 19
II. OPERATION - DC Biasing
1. Fixed – Bias Circuit
DCLL: IC = - 0,02VCE + 60,6

IC
60,6mA

Q 0,19 mA
28,8 mA

VCE
0 10,5V 20V
20
 II. OPERATION - DC Biasing
2. Emitter-stabilized Bias Circuit

(Common Emitter configuration)

21
 II. OPERATION - DC Biasing
2. Emitter-stabilized Bias Circuit

I E = ( + 1) I B

β >> 1
A
➔ IE  IC
Applying KVL in loop A:
VCC = I B RB + VBE + I E RE VCC = I B RB + VBE + ( + 1) I B RE
VCC − VBE
I BQ =
RB + (  + 1 )RE
(Common Emitter configuration) 22
 II. OPERATION - DC Biasing
2. Emitter-stabilized Bias Circuit

IC = βIB

ICQ = min(IC, Icsat )

23
 II. OPERATION - DC Biasing
2. Emitter-stabilized Bias Circuit
I E = ( + 1) I B

B β >> 1
➔ IE  IC

Applying KVL in loop A: VCC = I E RE + VCE + I C RC

VCEQ = VCC − I CQ ( RC + RE )

Quiescent operating point: Q = (VCEQ; ICQ)

(Common Emitter configuration)
24
 II. OPERATION - DC Biasing
2. Emitter-stabilized Bias Circuit

DC load line (DCLL) equation:

1 VCC
IC = VCE +
( RC + RE ) ( RC + RE )

(Common Emitter configuration) 25

 II. OPERATION - DC Biasing
2. Emitter-stabilized Bias Circuit
1 VCC
IC = VCE + DCLL
( RC + RE ) ( RC + RE )

(Common Emitter configuration)

26
 II. OPERATION - DC Biasing
2. Emitter-stabilized Bias Circuit
+20V
Find Q(VCEQ;ICQ), DCLL? VBE = 0,7 (V).

430k
2k IB = (20-0.7)/(430 + 51*1) = 0,04 mA
IC = 50*0,04= 2 mA
β = 50

1k
ICsat = 20/(2 + 1)= 6,67 mA
➔ ICQ = 2 mA
➔ VCEQ = 20 – 2*(2 +1) = 14 V

➔ Q = (14V; 2 mA)
27
 II. OPERATION - DC Biasing
2. Emitter-stabilized Bias Circuit
+20V
DCLL: IC = -VCE/(2 +1) + 20/(2 +1)
= - 0,33VCE + 6,67
430k
2k
IC
ICsat 6,67mA
β = 50

1k
ICQ Q IB = 0,04 mA
2 mA
VCE
0 14V 20V
VCEQ 28
 II. OPERATION - DC Biasing
2. Emitter-stabilized Bias Circuit
Find Q(VCEQ;ICQ), DCLL? VBE = 0,7 (V).
VCC+20V
= 12 V

RC = 1kΩ
2k
RB = 330kΩ
430k

ββ ==50120

RE = 0,22kΩ
1k

29
 II. OPERATION - DC Biasing
2. Emitter-stabilized Bias Circuit
Find Q(VCEQ;ICQ), DCLL? VBE = 0,7 (V).
1 kΩ IB = (5-0.7)/(82 + 121*0,22)
= 0,04 mA
β = 120
82kΩ 12 V IC = 120*0,04= 4,8 mA
5V RE 0,22 kΩ ICsat = 12/(1 + 0,22)= 9,8 mA

➔ ICQ = 4,8 mA
➔ VCEQ = 12 – 4,8*(1 +0,22) = 6,14 V

➔ Q = (6,14V; 4,8 mA)

30
II. OPERATION - DC Biasing
3. Voltage-divider Bias

(Common Emitter configuration)

31
 II. OPERATION - DC Biasing
3. Voltage-divider Bias - Exact Analysis
Thévenin equivalent network

RTH = RB1 \ \ RB 2 = RBB RC

RTH
VCC

RB 2
VTH = VCC VTH RE

RB1 + RB 2

(Common Emitter configuration)

32
 II. OPERATION - DC Biasing
3. Voltage-divider Bias - Exact Analysis
Thévenin equivalent network
RC

RTH
VCC
B
VTH RE

VTH − I B RTH − VBE − I E RE = 0

VTH − VBE
IB =
RTH + (  + 1 )RE

(Common Emitter configuration)

33
 II. OPERATION - DC Biasing
3. Voltage-divider Bias - Exact Analysis
Thévenin equivalent network
RC

RTH
VCC

VTH RE

IC = βIB

ICQ = min(IC, Icsat )

(Common Emitter configuration)
34
 II. OPERATION - DC Biasing
3. Voltage-divider Bias - Exact Analysis
Thévenin equivalent network
RC

RTH
VCC
B
VTH RE

VCC = I E RE + VCE + I C RC
VCEQ = VCC − I CQ ( RC + RE )
(Common Emitter configuration)
35
 II. OPERATION - DC Biasing
3. Voltage-divider Bias - Exact Analysis
Thévenin equivalent network
RC

RTH
VCC
B
VTH RE

A
VCC = I E RE + VCE + I C RC
1 VCC
IC = VCE +
( RC + RE ) ( RC + RE ) DCLL

(Common Emitter configuration)

36
 II. OPERATION - DC Biasing
3. Voltage-divider Bias - Exact Analysis
Thévenin equivalent network
-1 VCC
IC = VCE +
( RC + RE ) ( RC + RE ) DCLL

(Common Emitter configuration)

37
 II. OPERATION - DC Biasing
3. Voltage-divider Bias - Exact Analysis
+22V

RC
10k
39k RTH
VCC
IC
+
VCE β = 140 VTH RE
-
3.9k
1.5k

(Common Emitter configuration)

38
 II. OPERATION - DC Biasing
3. Voltage-divider Bias - Approximate Analysis

(Common Emitter configuration)

39
II. OPERATION - DC Biasing
3. Voltage-divider Bias

(Common Emitter configuration)

40
III. BJT Transistor Modeling
1. Hybrid equivalent model.

26mV
re =
I CQ
41
 III. BJT Transistor Modeling
1. Hybrid equivalent model.

hie = b re

(Common-Emitter BJT transistor configuration) 42

43
 III. BJT Transistor Modeling
1. Hybrid equivalent model.

(Common-base BJT transistor configuration) 44

 IV. BJT Small-Signal Amplifier Analysis
1. DC biasing analysis
▪ Q-point
▪ All capacitors are “open-
circuit”
2. AC analysis: coupling
capacitors C1 and C2 and
bypass capacitor C3
▪ to have a very small
BJT Transistor Amplifier
reactance at the
frequency of application.
▪ be replaced by a short
circuit.
45
46
IV. BJT Small-Signal Amplifier Analysis
2. BJT Small-Signal Analysis.

The ac equivalent of a network is obtained by:

1. Setting all dc sources to zero and replacing
them by a short-circuit equivalent
2. Replacing all capacitors by a short-circuit
equivalent
3. Removing all elements bypassed by the
short-circuit equivalents introduced
by steps 1 and 2
4. Redrawing the network in a more convenient
and logical form
47
IV. BJT Small-Signal Amplifier Analysis

(Common-Emitter BJT transistor configuration) 48

 IV. BJT Small-Signal Amplifier Analysis

hie = b re
Zi = RB P hie
Z0 = RC

(Common-Emitter BJT transistor configuration) 49

IV. BJT Small-Signal Amplifier Analysis

with CE (bypassed),

(Common-Emitter BJT transistor configuration) 50

 IV. BJT Small-Signal Amplifier Analysis

without CE (unbypassed),

(Common-Emitter BJT transistor configuration) 51

 IV. BJT Small-Signal Amplifier Analysis

without CE (unbypassed),

(Common-Emitter BJT transistor configuration) 52

 IV. BJT Small-Signal Amplifier Analysis
VCC

RC
RB

RE

(Common-Emitter BJT transistor configuration) 53

 IV. BJT Small-Signal Amplifier Analysis
VCC

RC
RB

RE

(Common-Emitter BJT transistor configuration) 54

IV. BJT Small-Signal Amplifier Analysis

(Common-Emitter BJT transistor configuration) 55

IV. BJT Small-Signal Amplifier Analysis

(Common-Emitter BJT transistor configuration) 56

Switching operation: BJT as a switch
OFF ON

Ideal model: VCEsat = 0

Practical model: VCEsat 0.5 to 2.5 V
57
 Switching operation: BJT as a switch

The cutoff, saturation, and quiescent (Q) points on the load line

(Common Emitter configuration)

58
Switching operation: BJT as a switch

- an on/off switch for

digital circuits and
power circuit
- an inverter in computer
logic circuitry.

59
Switching operation: BJT as a switch

60
Switching operation: BJT as a switch

VCC
•VCE(sat) = 0(V) ICsat =
RC

Saturation
ON

Cutoff
OFF

VCE = VCC
IC = 0 (mA)
61
 Switching operation: BJT as a switch

•VBB ≤ VCC.
ICsat
IB 

ICsat ICsat
IB = k = (2  5)
or

 
IB should be significantly greater than IB(min)
to ensure that the transistor is saturated.
Thus K = 2➔5 is a hard/deep saturation factor
62
Switching operation: BJT as a switch
Vin = 5 V, β = 300
Find RB So that BJT works in saturation

63
Switching operation: BJT as a switch

Vin = VCC = 5 V, β = 300

VLED = 2 V; ILED = 15 mA.
BJT is working in saturation
Find RB, RC?

64
Switching operation: BJT as a switch

65
Switching operation: BJT as a switch

66
Switching operation: BJT as a switch

+ VCC

67
 Switching operation: BJT as a switch

T t
+12V
+ +
RC - T - t
V0
1. Vin RB
VCC
Q
0 1 0 1
t
+12V

RC2 + +
RC1 V0
- T - t
RB2
2. RB1 Q2 VCC
Vin
Q1 1 0 1 0
t
68
 Switching operation: BJT as a switch

T t
+12V

RC + +
- T - t
3. Vin RB
Q
V0
< VCC
1 0 1 0
RE t

69
 Switching operation: BJT as a switch
VCC

D1 R6
LED 1K5

Q2
A1015
R5
R 1K Vo
2K2
Vin
Q1
C1815 C4
C 103
101
t i c =IC t
1 1
u c ( t ) =  i c dt =  I C dt
C0 = const C
0
IC
u c ( t ) = t = linear _( y = ax)
C
70