See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/275768895

Study on Efficiency of Passive Cooling Strategies on Thermal Comfort

Attainment within Tropical Climate

Conference Paper · January 2012

CITATIONS READS

2 2,640

3 authors, including:

Ardalan Aflaki Norhayati Mahyuddin

Shiraz University University of Malaya
18 PUBLICATIONS   480 CITATIONS    61 PUBLICATIONS   874 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Potential of Wall Cladding as Rainwater Harvesting System for Multistorey Buildings View project

Experimental study on thermal performance of a large office building with natural ventilation in the tropics View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Ardalan Aflaki on 23 May 2015.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 APGS 2012
Towards Comprehensive and Sustainable Built Environment

STUDY ON EFFICIENCY OF PASSIVE COOLING STRATEGIES ON THERMAL

COMFORT ATTAINMENT WITHIN TROPICAL CLIMATE

Ardalan Aflaki, Norhayati Mahyuddin and Zakaria Al-Cheikh Mahmoud Awad

Faculty of Built Environment, University of Malaya, Malaysia
Correspondence: ar.aflaki@siswa.um.edu.my

Abstract
One of the imperative functions through the design of built environment which have been considered
by scholars is thermal comfort. It is defined as the sensation of well-being of an individual and
condition of mind which explain satisfaction in particular environment. Achievement of this
environment is affected by air and radiant temperature, relative humidity and air velocity. Although,
there are numerous studies related to thermal comfort and thermal sensation in different climates to
appoint comfort zone for occupants, limited researches have been implemented on strategies to
achieve comfortable indoor environment. Passive cooling strategies have been applied recently
through primary stage of building design in tropical climate whilst reduction of operation costs,
preparing satisfactory thermal comfort and prevention from climate changes will be attained. Based
on these studies, further investigations on various passive cooling strategies are carried out in this
paper to finalize the relevant strategy for thermal comfort achievement within tropical climate. In
particular, this research looks into related review of literature and their significant results to suggest
more effective and adequate cooling strategies that would reduce the high amount of temperature and
humidity in tropical climate. Results from these findings would be useful for designing architectural
elements in new buildings within hot-humid climate hence reducing the energy consumption and the
amount of green gas emission.

Keywords: comfort zone, energy efficiency, passive cooling strategies, thermal comfort, tropical
climate

1. INTRODUCTION
Today‘s, demand for high amounts of energy for cooling and heating of buildings is not avoidable.
High consumption of fossil energy especially in developing countries makes complicated challenge
namely as global warming, air pollution and carbon distribution which may be as a constraint for
human life due to obvious consequences on the environment. According to these challenges,
attempts are done in different scales to deduce cooling and heating load in whole of the world. Under
design and construction zone, bioclimatic design, utilizing renewable energy and passive design
strategies have been considered as the main solution for the decrease of environmental load by
scholars recently. Passive design strategies which are applicable solution at the first stage of
designing process is the main concern of this research. The most effective passive design techniques
for confrontation with harsh climate are reviewed in this study to finalize the best ways to reduce
energy consumption within tropical climate.

ASEAN Post Graduate Seminar

4 December 2012
Faculty of Built Environment, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
133
 APGS 2012
Towards Comprehensive and Sustainable Built Environment

2. PASSIVE COOLING TECHNIQUES AND THEIR APPLICABILITY IN HOT-HUMID

CLIMATE
The term ―passive cooling‖ was clearly defined by Jeffry Cook in 1989 as any building design
technique that not only prevent outdoor heat, but also transfers indoor heat to natural heat sink.
Abrams (1986) and Cook (1989) summarize all passive cooling researches in their studies where
passive cooling techniques are categorize into five major methods including; radiative cooling,
evaporate cooling, heat avoidance, earth coupling, ventilative cooling.

As explained by Martin (1989; ref.Cook 1989, p.139), radiative cooling is a long process during the
day while the heat is absorbed by building materials and then during the nighttime when the weather
is more cooler, the heat radiate to the sky in the form of infrared radiation. Based on field studies in
different climates, it is found that this strategy is more efficient in hot-arid climate where the
temperature swings between day and night is more considerable. For hot and humid climate, high
amount of humidity and cloud cover in the sky decrease the rate of heat transfer and most of the time
heat trap inside the building and cause uncomfortable thermal condition. Evaporate cooling is
another sufficient technique which is used by designers in hot-arid climate. Unfortunately the high
amounts of humidity in tropical climate persist against application of this strategy. Yellot (1989; ref.
Cook 1989, p.85) claimed that evaporate cooling effectively work when the tangible heat in air
stream is changed for the latent heat of water droplets or wetted surfaces. However, in hot-humid
climate, firstly there is need to remove moisture from indoor environment where it condenses into air
or even on surfaces and then apply air velocity from outdoor to achieve applicable evaporation and
bring sensible thermal comfort for residence.

Refer to Balaras in 1996; all strategies to avoid building from solar radiation can be included into
heat avoidance techniques. Appropriate shading especially for apertures, building orientation,
vegetation surrounding building and relevant materials for façade is some intelligent strategies to
prepare comfortable indoor temperature. These strategies are applicable in different climate and they
are suggested for tropical climate where high amount of solar radiation is not preventable.
According to Kenneth Labs (1989; ref. Cook 1989, p.197), in earth-coupled buildings the indoor
spaces is thermally coupled into the subsoil by conduction and convection through the building slabs.
In this technique, the earth acts as a heat sink and gains overall heating from indoor environment.
However, the main priority for application of earth-coupling technique is earth temperature range.
This strategy is more applicable where the earth temperature in comfort zone (Labs, 1989). It is
applied in temperate climate where earth temperature is within the range of standard comfort zone
(ASHRAE, 1998). Although this technique is more sufficient in temperate climate, there is no
research on application of this strategy in tropical climate such as Malaysia.

Based on Abrams research back in 1986, cooling effect in ventilation cooling strategy occurs by
means of convection regarding surrounding air as a heat sink. Ventilation cooling has been
established in design of building in tropical climate to create at least more tolerable indoor
environment if not perfectly comfortable. Review of studies show that thermal comfort in tropical
climate can be achieved by application of ventilation cooling. Based on Chandra‘s claim, air

ASEAN Post Graduate Seminar

4 December 2012
Faculty of Built Environment, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
134
 APGS 2012
Towards Comprehensive and Sustainable Built Environment

exchanges at 5-500 air changes per hour is necessary to comply thermal comfort within building
(Chandra, 1989). Refer to literatures, it can be realized that heat avoidance and use of natural
ventilation for cooling are more applicable and feasible to attain indoor thermal comfort in hot and
humid climate. This implies that reducing building surfaces perpendicular to solar radiation and
applying natural ventilation system in buildings are the main design strategies to decrease the
humidity and temperature levels hence reducing the demands for energy usage. Due to these matters,
the performance of these techniques, their applicability and efficiency will be reviewed at the
following parts.

3. HEAT AVOIDANCE TECHNIQUE

3.1 Heat Avoidance Strategy and its Efficiency in Tropical Climate
Passive architecture is a protective approach to shield occupants from the outdoor condition.
According to Zaki et al, (2007), the main task for passive architecture is to respond to the local
climate conditions to would offer a comfortable indoor thermal condition. Fundamentally, the role of
passive design strategies in hot and humid climate can be defined as heat avoidance from the sun,
increase natural ventilation from prevailing wind side and preparing sufficient day lighting concisely
(Zaki et al. 2008). Although these strategies are examined in vernacular architecture and have
relevant respond to microclimate, many designers have deliberated on the critical passive design
techniques for modern building in hot and humid climate. Review of passive design strategies shows
that orientation, building form and its opening and shading are some effective strategies to avoid
external heat in tropical climate. Below are more details of these strategies and their application in
hot climate in summary;

3.1.1 Orientation
Thomas and Garnham (2007) declared that building orientation is the most effective passive
strategies and should be defined based on prevailing wind and sun angle. In different study in
tropical climate by La Roche et al. (2001), it is found that building must avoid large apertures on the
east and west where it receives approximately twice amount of radiation in compare to north and
south elevation. (Figure 3.1)

Figure 3.1 Building orientations in tropical climate

Source: La Roche et al. (2001)

ASEAN Post Graduate Seminar

4 December 2012
Faculty of Built Environment, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
135
 APGS 2012
Towards Comprehensive and Sustainable Built Environment

3.1.2Building Form
Rectangular plan alongside east-west is inevitable alternative in the tropics where designers should
limit the exposure on east and west sides (Konya, 1980). Furthermore, shallow floor plan is more
efficient where it encourages more air-flow inside the building (Tombazis and Preuss, 2001).

3.1.3 Window Openings for Ventilation

Windows and apertures play significant in cross ventilation strategy. Obviously, proper location and
accurate size of windows can reduce cooling load in buildings (Konya, 1980). Furthermore, small
openings near ceiling level can guarantee minimum air exchange in a room without rising heat gain
significantly (Koch-Nielson, 2007) (Figure 3.2).

Figure 3.2 Cross and stack ventilation diagram

Source: La Roche et al. (2001)

3.1.4 Sun Shading Devices

Study by Koch-Nielsen (2007) shows that projected canopy at the top of the openings on the east
and west is the best strategy to respond to the sun path. He also declared that, protruding fins at the
side of the apertures on the north and south reduce amount of radiation and consequently effect on
building cooling load.

4. NATURAL VENTILATION
4.1 Natural Ventilation and its Efficiency
―As advantages of using natural ventilation through built environment‖, reduction of energy
consumption and green gasses emissions have been mentioned by Kubota et. al in 2006. Furthermore,
it raises the degree of thermal comfort in indoor and outdoor environment. Another study regarding
to usage of fresh air in buildings indicates that greater occupant control and high level of
environmental quality can be achieved in compare to mechanical ventilation by application of natural
ventilation in design of residential buildings (de Dear & Brager 1998). Comparing study on health
cost saving between natural and mechanical ventilation shows that it will be rised up to 18% by
prevailing usages of natural ventilation in mixed mode systems (Brager & Borgeson & Lee 2007).
Study through office buildings by Fisk (2002) shows that sick building condition can be decreased
by intensifying use of fresh air and it saves US$10 billion to US$30 billion in the USA (Fisk, 2002).
This concept is similar to residential building where studies indicates that high indoor air quality and
thermal comfort improvement can be achieved by application of fresh natural ventilation in

ASEAN Post Graduate Seminar

4 December 2012
Faculty of Built Environment, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
136
 APGS 2012
Towards Comprehensive and Sustainable Built Environment

residential blocks (CHPS, 2002). As the benefits of natural ventilation, compromising operation
costs reduction, preparing satisfactory thermal comfort and modifying indoor air quality, are realized,
applying natural ventilation as a passive cooling strategy of buildings has become a significant
opportunity to improve associated issues with artificial cooling buildings (Wang, Wong Nyuk, & Li,
2007).

4.2 Natural Ventilation Application in Buildings

Application of natural ventilation in buildings refers back to establishment of some architectural
elements in traditional building before active systems such as air-conditioning comes into building
sector. Some of these elements still are used in modern constructions. Overall, they ensure relevant
air changes and velocity rates within indoor environment by simple mechanism. In other word, the
objective of these elements is preparing sufficient wind and can be categorized as below;

4.2.1 Air Well Design

Through the stack effect process, this design strategy produce air flow vertically in building to
replace hot air to fresh and cool air. This ancient passive element is known as wind catcher in hot and
arid climate. It has simple function to produce wind whilst it takes fresh air through the building
façade and discharges warm air through the vertical duct in the building form (Claude-Alain Roulet
et al. 2005). During this process, the polluted indoor air can be disposed effectively and replace with
cool air to bring comfortable indoor condition (Camille Allocca et al. 2003 S.M.Jafarian et al. 2010).
Alternatively, chimneys and stack air duct can be applied for small sized building while larger air
well or known as atrium can be utilized for bigger scales to ensure sufficient wind to comply thermal
comfort.

4.2.2 Façade Design

The building façade including walls, roof and all openings such as windows play significant role on
controlling air flow and they prepare one of the choices to ensure the indoor air can be maintained
through the combination of fresh outdoor air and indoor air. Obviously, the proper façade design
decrease the cooling load overall and minimize the usage of air-conditioning (E.M.Okba, 2005). This
circulation process is occurred by creating rough surfaces in order to make turbulent effects. Double
skin façade is one of effective strategies in design of façade which decrease transmission through the
protection of reflective glass walls (Cristian Ghiaus and Claude-Alain Roulet, 2005, M.Haase, et al.
2009).

4.2.3 Ventilation Openings

By the effect of air pressure difference between outdoor and indoor spaces, ventilation openings in
the windward sides play significant role to lead fresh air to the building and discharged used air on
the leeward side of the building. Proper design and sufficient location of the opening accompanying
with the relevant amounts of windows and doors are main factors to produce required amount of
wind for thermal comfort (Heiselberg P. 2002). Furthermore, to prevent from artificial lighting and
ventilation, apertures such as windows, doors, vents and louvers can be considered as significant
components (Eley Associates 2004, Claude-Alain Roulet and Cristian Ghiaus 2005). Based on

ASEAN Post Graduate Seminar

4 December 2012
Faculty of Built Environment, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
137
 APGS 2012
Towards Comprehensive and Sustainable Built Environment

literatures, single side ventilation and night ventilation can decrease the cooling needs by 30% if the
apertures are located in relevant part of windward side. Study by E. Gratia et al in 2004 shows that
the combination of these design strategies can reduce cooling requirements more than 40% per unit.

4.2.4 Building Corridors

Building corridors can be explained as the connectors between outdoor environments and isolated
indoor spaces. They play significant role to channel and deliver the air fellow into some parts of
building. In response to microclimate, Mohamed et al (2008) declared that integrated and well design
of corridors inside the building can deliver local wind sufficiently. Based on their study, it is revealed
that corridors transfer outdoor air by providing an air pressure zone for outdoor air. By integration
with other passive design strategies, air pressure intensification can be attained and consequently the
air change requirement per hour in specific zone of building can be reached (Cristian Ghiaus and
Claude-Alain Roulet 2005, Junli Zhou et al. 2008)

4.3 Natural Ventilation Strategy and its Efficiency in Tropical Climate

They are several buildings and even neighborhood which is established either design elements or
guidelines to enhance thermal comfort by application of natural ventilation (Wang et al., 2007). In
the study on climate responsive design for building, Hyde applied some strategies such as permeable
wall and roof designs, use of shade verandahs, plan orientation and court yards to evaluate passive
design concepts and their impacts on thermal comfort. His research stated that plan dimensions more
than 15 meter decrease the efficiency of natural ventilation and consequently degree of thermal
comfort (Hyde, 2000).

Study on natural ventilation design for house in Thailand was conducted to evaluate air-rate, size of
apertures, form and orientation of house in specific climate to achieve thermal comfort. Thermal
comfort and climate analysis with CFD simulation model was carried out to realize optimum site
planning and design in tropical climate. The result shows that an indoor air velocity of .04m/s may
be improved indoor thermal comfort. Furthermore, it indicates that the total area of inlet and outlet
apertures must be 40% of the total floor area roughly. Simulation program has evaluated different
conditions and clarify that ceiling fan should be used to rise up air velocity while the total size of
apertures is reduced to 25%. This study also claims that the main orientation of building may not be
to prevailing orientation which is NEE or SSW in Thailand. Simulation results indicate that north-
south direction of building could acquire more ventilation while it avoids excessive solar radiation.
Coupled with orientation, study suggests square form to enhance better ventilation in compare to
rectangular form according to land lots and house floor area values (Tantasavasdi, Srebric, & Chen,
2001).

Givoni (1994) studied on application of natural ventilation and it impacts on high mass buildings in
California. He declared that, night ventilation accompanying with exhausted fan present more
comfortable indoor environment in high mass buildings in compare to low mass building in tropical
climate (Givoni, 1998). Another study on efficiency of night ventilation in hot-humid climate was
done by field measurement. Findings shows that night ventilation strategy can be decrease indoor

ASEAN Post Graduate Seminar

4 December 2012
Faculty of Built Environment, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
138
 APGS 2012
Towards Comprehensive and Sustainable Built Environment

temperature by 2.5 C and it may be more suitable if evaporate cooling is applied during day time
(Kubota, Chyee, & Ahmad, 2009). Study on application of natural ventilation in high density
building was carried out to propose an ideal model for reducing environmental load. Field
experiment and CFD simulation was established to evaluate reduction of CO2 emission by
application of natural ventilation in different design models. Results show that it can be reduced
CO2 emission at running stage by 30% and for whole life cycle of building by 22% when high
ventilation is enhanced by ideal porous-design models (Murakami, Kato, Ooka, & Shiraishi, 2004).

4.4 Passive Controls by Pressure Differences

Pressure discrepancy can be generated by wind and temperature (Szokolay, 1986). In general, the
main objective of natural ventilation is to capture available wind to prepare sufficient air movement
inside the building. Whilst a flow of wind is obstructed by a building, its velocity makes high
pressure in windward side of the building. However, in other side of the building namely as leeward,
the pressure is low and it cause air movement flow through the building and offer relevant condition
to occupants. This basic principle of air flow has been used by Szokolay (1980), Allard and Herlin
(1989) and Givoni (1994). Pressure difference also can be made by differences in temperature which
is called stack effect. Generally, it is the effect of buoyancy because of discrepancy between inside
and outside air in different zones of building (Allard and Herrlin, 1989). The density differences are
created by discrepancy between outdoor and indoor temperature (Evans, 1990). Based on Abdul
Rahman‘s study in 1999, the magnitude of the pressure between outdoor and indoor depends on
temperature differences between them and the height between the inlet and outlet opening in building.
Clearly, in stack ventilation effect, the warmer indoor air due to lighter weight flow out at the top
outlet and the cooler air, denser outdoor air will flow in at the bottom inlet. Therefore, heat and
humidity produced by occupants and other internal sources tend to make air rise.

4.4.1 Application of Stack Ventilation by Proposing Solar Induce Ventilation in Tropical

Climate
Studies in tropical climate like Malaysia reveal that stack ventilation is inefficient because of lower
air temperature range (less than 5 C) between inside and outside of buildings (Rajeh M. 1989,
Nugroho AM et al 2007). On the other hand, high amount of solar radiation can be a viable
alternative to induce ventilation in tropical climate. Due to this fact, solar induce ventilation is
presented by Awbi (2003) to achieve sufficient ventilation inside buildings. Metallic solar wall as
solar induce ventilation was tested by Hirunlabh et al. (1999) in Thailand to remove heat from indoor
spaces. The designed solar wall produced air flow rate of 0.01e0.02. According to results from solar
wall, Hirunlabh et al. (2001) applied various shape of roof solar collector in order to achieve more
ventilation. Among the different shape of roofs, solar collector titled at 60 can produce higher
amount of air flow rate which is about 3 m/s. Also the application of roof solar collector in
accompanying with metallic solar wall and Trombe wall at a school building reduce overheating by
about 50% (Khedari J, et al. 2000).

In Malaysia, study by Nugroho AM et al. (2007) shows that the application of solar chimney in
terrace houses can increase the amount of air velocity up to .058 m/s. the research on solar chimney

ASEAN Post Graduate Seminar

4 December 2012
Faculty of Built Environment, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
139
 APGS 2012
Towards Comprehensive and Sustainable Built Environment

in southern Spain revealed air velocity of 3 m/s can be achieved inside the building if it is designed
in proper size (5.6 m total height, 1.0 m wide and 0.3 m air gap width). Furthermore, results from the
potential of solar induce ventilation investigated in multi story buildings in Thailand reveals that
room temperature is 5k lower than the other buildings without this (Punyasompun et al. 2009).

Due to efficiency of solar induce ventilation; the strategy was applied with other passive cooling
techniques in other researches to evaluate degree of air velocity (Bansal et al. 1994, Chungloo S et al.
2007). Roof solar collector integrated with wind tower was examined in study by Bansal et al. (1994)
in hot and humid climate. The model increased the air flow rate up to 1.4 kg/s which was twice more
in compare to wind tower alone. In study by Chungloo and Limmeechokchai (2007), roof solar
collector combined with wetted ceiling for deducting indoor air temperature. Room temperature was
decreased by about 1k to 3.5k when the roof solar collector was established alone. However, the
mixture of both strategies decreased the room temperature up to 2k to 6.2k. Because of this potential,
Chungloo and Limmeechokchai (2007) combined cool ceiling with the roof solar collector. Results
show the system can reduce room temperature more than the application of roof solar collector alone.
These studies prove that solar induce ventilation can be a relevant alternative to induce the stack
ventilation in tropical climate (Bansal et al. 1994, Khedari J, et al. 2000, Chungloo S et al. 2007).
However most of the researches were investigated roof solar collector efficiency as its inclination
shape has enabled to catch more solar radiation in compare to perpendicular solar induce ventilation
systems such as Trombe wall due to higher sun altitude in tropical climate (Awbi, 2003). However,
the roof slope still is a challenge which influence on stack height in construction (Harris DJ, Helwig
N, 2007)

5. CONCLUSION
The present paper advocates application of passive cooling strategies in tropical climate in order to
achieve sufficient degree of thermal comfort. Based on previous literatures, the most effective
passive design techniques for dealing with harsh climate were reviewed and it was found that due to
high humidity and temperature levels in a building, heat avoidance and natural ventilation cooling
could be the best options to adapt comfort in indoor spaces. Due to this fact, studies on heat
avoidance strategy in tropical climate was reviewed and results indicate that orientation, building
form, opening and shading are four major design solutions to avoid building from high amount of
solar radiation in equatorial region. In addition, review on passive cooling ventilation is done to find
out relevant strategy for tropical climate. Apart from using cross ventilation to attain thermal comfort
in buildings, the application of stack ventilation in previous research also proves that this system
could be incorporated if tangible amount of indoor outdoor temperature difference occurs. Based on
these findings, a combined solar wall and roof collectors with in tropical regions would further
increase the efficiency of the stack ventilation processes. Results show that sufficient amount of air
flow can be achieved and indoor temperature decrease up to 6K (Chungloo and Limmeechokchai,
2007). Although these integrated techniques on stack ventilation respond to the microclimate well,
overall findings of this research indicate that there is no integrated study including heat avoidance
and cooling ventilation strategy to shield built environment from harsh climate. It is obvious that the
combination of these relevant strategies in primary stages of design can improve indoor temperature

ASEAN Post Graduate Seminar

4 December 2012
Faculty of Built Environment, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
140
 APGS 2012
Towards Comprehensive and Sustainable Built Environment

more in compare to their separated application. Therefore, the combined strategy is offered for
further research to actualize better indoor condition and decrease high amount of temperature and
humidity.

6. REFERENCES
Abdul Rahman, S. (1999) Airflow and thermal comfort studies in naturally ventilated classrooms in a
school. PhD Thesis. University technology of Malaysia, Johor Bahru
Abrams, G.W. 1986. Low energy cooling; A guide to practical application of passive cooling and
cooling energy conservation measures. New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company
Allard, F. & Herrlin, M. (1989) Wind induced ventilation. ASHRAE transactions, 95, 722-728
ASHRAE. 1998. Cooling and Heating load calculation principles. Atlanta, GA: American Society of
heating, Refrigerating, Air conditioning Engineers
Awbi HB. Ventilation of buildings. 2nd ed. London: Spon Press; 2003. p. 313e37.
Bansal NK, Mathur R, Bhandari MS. A study of solar chimney assisted wind tower system for
natural ventilation in buildings. Building and Environment 1994;29(4):495e500.
Balaras, C. 1996. Cooling in buildings. In Santamouris, M. and D. Asimapolous, ed. Passive cooling
of building. London, UK: James and James Publisher Ltd.
B. Givoni, Passive and Low Energy Cooling of Buildings, John Willy & Sons, Inc., Canada, 1994.
B. Givoni, Climate Considerations in Building and Urban Design, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New
York, 1998.
Camille Allocca, Qingyan Chen and Leon R.Glicksman (2003). Design analysis of single-sided
natural ventilation. Energy and Buildings, 35(8), 785-795.
Chandra, S. 1989.Ventilative cooling. In Cook, J,. Ed. Passive cooling: Fundamentals and
applications. Cambridge, MA: MIT press
CHPS 2002, Indoor Environment Quality Overview, [online],
http://www.chps.net/info/presentations/IAQ.pdf (2 May 2009)
Chungloo S, Limmeechokchai B. Application of passive cooling systems in the hot and humid
climate: the case study of solar chimney and wetted roof in Thailand. Building and
Environment 2007;42(9):3341e51.
Claude-Alain Roulet and Cristian Ghiaus (2005). Specific devices for natural ventilation. In Cristian
Ghiaus & Francis Allard (Eds). Natural Ventilation in the Urban Environment: Assessment
and Design (pp. 158-167). London: Earthscan.
Cook, J., ed.1989. Passive cooling: Fundamentals and applications. Cambridge, MA: MIT press
Cristian Ghiaus and Claude-Alain Roulet (2005). Strategies for natural ventilation. In Cristian
Ghiaus & Francis Allard (Eds). Natural Ventilation in the Urban Environment: Assessment
and Design(pp. 136-157). London: Earthscan.
Dear, R.J., and G.S. Brager. 1998. Developing an adaptive model of thermal comfort and preference.
ASHRAE Transactions 104 (1).
E. Gratia, I. Bruyere and A. De Herde (2004). How to use natural ventilation to cool narrow office
buildings. Building and Environment, 39(10), 1157-1170.
Eley Associates (2004). Hawaii Commercial Building Guidelines for Energy Efficiency. State of
Hawaii: Department of Business Economic Development & Tourism (DBEDT)

ASEAN Post Graduate Seminar

4 December 2012
Faculty of Built Environment, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
141
 APGS 2012
Towards Comprehensive and Sustainable Built Environment

E.M.Okba (2005). Building envelope design as a passive cooling technique. In International

Conference “Passive and Low Energy Cooling for the Built Environment”, Santorini, 467-
473Fisk, W.J. 2002, „How IEQ Affects Health and Productivity‟, ASHRAE Journal, May
Evans, M. (1980) Housing, climate and comfort. The architectural press, London.
Givoni, B. (1998) Climate consideration in building and urban design, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New
York.
Harris DJ, Helwig N. Solar chimney and building ventilation. Applied Energy 2007;84(2):135e46
Heiselberg P. (2002). Principles of hybrid ventilation. Annex 35 report. Hybrid ventilation in new
and retrofitted buildings, Hybrid Ventilation Centre, Aalborg University, Denmark.
Hirunlabh J, Kongduang W, Namprakai P, Khedari J. Study of natural ventilation of houses by a
metallic solar wall under tropical climate. Renewable Energy 1999;18(1):109e19.
Hirunlabh J, Wachirapuwadon S, Pratinthong N, Khedari J. New configurations of a roof solar
collector maximizing natural ventilation. Building and Environment 2001;36(3):383e91
Hyde, R., 2000, Climate Responsive Design – A Study of Buildings in Moderate and Hot Humid
Climates, E & FN Spon, Oxon.
Junli Zhou, Guoqiang Zhang, Yaolin Lin and Yuguo Li (2008). Coupling of thermal mass and
natural ventilation in buildings. Energy and Buildings, 40(6), 979-986.
Khedari J, Boonsri B, Hirunlabh J. Ventilation impact of a solar chimney on indoor temperature
fluctuation and air change in a school building. Energy and Buildings 2000;32(1):89e93
Koch-Nielsen, H. (2007). Stay cool: A design guide for the built environment in hot climates.
London: The Cromwell Press
Konya, A. (1980). Design primer for hot climates. London: The Architectural Press.
Kubota, T., Chyee, D. T. H., & Ahmad, S. (2009). The effects of night ventilation technique on
indoor thermal environment for residential buildings in hot-humid climate of Malaysia.
Energy and Buildings, 41(8), 829839. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2009.03.008
Labs, K. 1989. Earth coupling. In Cook, J., ed. Passive cooling: fundamentals and applications.
Cambridge, MA: MIT press
La Roche, P., Quiros, C., Bravo, G., Gonzalez, E. & Machado, M. (2001). Keeping cool: Principles
to avoid overheating in buildings in S. V. Szokolay (Ed.), PLEA notes, Passive and low
energy architecture international: Design tools and techniques. New South Wales: Research,
Consulting and Communications (RC&C).
Martin, M. 1989. Radiative cooling. In Cook, J., ed. Passive cooling: fundamentals and applications.
Cambridge, MA: MIT press
M.F. Mohamed, D.Prasad and M. Mohd Tahir (2008). A study on balcony nd its potential as an
element of ventilation control in naturally ventilated apartment in hot and humid climate. In
International Conference on Construction and Building Technology (ICCBT), Kuala Lumpur,
173-180
M.Haase, F.Marques da Silva and A.Amato (2009). Simulation of ventilated facades in hot and
humid climates. Energy and Buildings, 41( 4), 361-373.
Murakami, S., Kato, S., Ooka, R., & Shiraishi, Y. (2004). Design of a porous-type residential
building model with low environmental load in hot and humid Asia. Energy and Buildings,
36(12), 1181-1189. doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2003.08.001

ASEAN Post Graduate Seminar

4 December 2012
Faculty of Built Environment, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
142
 APGS 2012
Towards Comprehensive and Sustainable Built Environment

Nugroho AM, Hamdan M, Ossen DR. A preliminary study of thermal comfort in Malaysia‘s single
storey terraced houses. Asian Architecture and Building Engineering 2007;182:289e96.
Punyasompun S, Hirunlabh J, Khedari J, Zeghmati B. Investigation on the application of solar
chimney for multi-storey buildings. Renewable Energy 2009;34(12):2545e61.
Rajeh M. Natural ventilation in terrace housing of Malaysia: Effect of air well on air flow and air
velocity. Master thesis, Department of Architecture, University of Queensland, Brisbane,
Australia; 1989.
S.M.Jafarian, S.M.Jaafarian, P.Haseli and M.Taheri (2010). Performance analysis of a passive
cooling system using underground channel (Naghb). Energy and Buildings, 42(5), 559-562.
Szokolay, S.V. (1980) Environmental science handbook for architects and builders, The construction
press, Lancaster.
Szokolay, S.V. (1986) Climate analysis based on the psychometric chart. International journal of
ambient energy, 7, 171-182
Tantasavasdi, C., Srebric, J., & Chen, Q. (2001). Natural ventilation design for houses in Thailand.
Energy and Buildings, 33(8), 815-824. doi: 10.1016/s0378-7788(01)00073-1
Thomas, R. & Garnham, T. (2007). The environments of architecture: Environmental design in
context. Great Britain: Taylor & Francis.
Tombazis A.N. & Preuss, S. A. (2001). Design of passive solar buildings in urban areas. Journal of
Solar Energy, 70(3), 311-318.
Wang, L., Wong Nyuk, H., & Li, S. (2007). Facade design optimization for naturally ventilated
residential buildings in Singapore. Energy and Buildings, 39(8), 954-961. doi:
10.1016/j.enbuild.2006.10.011
Yellot, J. 1989. Evaporate cooling. In Cook, J., ed. Passive cooling: fundamentals and applications.
Cambridge, MA: MIT press
Zaki, W. R. M., Nawawi, A. H. & Sh. Ahmad, S. (2007). Case study in passive architecture: energy
savings benefit in a detached house in Malaysia, Proceedings in the 24th Conference on
Passive and Low Energy Architecture, University of Singapore, 259-266.
Zaki, W. R. M., Nawawi, A. H. & Sh.Ahmad, S. (2008). Energy savings benefit from passive
architecture, Journal of Canada Centre of Science Education, 3, 51-63.

ASEAN Post Graduate Seminar

4 December 2012
Faculty of Built Environment, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
143

View publication stats