ETHICS

 Greek word ethos which means “moral duty, character or custom”

 It refers to the practices or values that distinguish one person, organization, or society from others.

 It pertains to the knowledge of what to study about

 That is the Goodness or Evil of human act or human conduct.

 Studies about morality.

 Pertains to the study of what is good or what is evil.

 Provides learning about morality of human conduct.

 More of a Theory

MORALITY

 Greek word moralis refers to “social consensus about moral conduct”

 It pertains to the application of ethical knowledge in the performance of human act or human
conduct.

 a system of principles and values concerning people's behavior, which is generally accepted by a
society or by a particular group of people.

 Focus is more of moral and human conduct.

 Relationship between Ethics and Morality is that they both deal with the Human Act or Human
Conduct.

 More of application of the knowledge about ethics.

 Provide ways in practicing of what you have learned (good or bad, right or wrong)

 More of a Practice

BIOETHICS

 Greek word bios which means "life"

 Means "Ethics of Life"

 application of ethics to the field of medicine and healthcare.

 A science that deals with the study of the morality of human conduct concerning human life in all its
aspects from the moment of its conception to its natural end.

 It is a protection for us and as well as for our patients.

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HEALTH ETHICS

 A science that deals with the study of the morality of human conduct concerning health and health
care.

HEALTH CARE

 the prevention, treatment and management of illness and the preservation of the well-being
through the services offered by the medical and allied health professions.

HEALTH CARE ETHICS

 Also known as Medical Ethics

 A formulation of ethical norms for the conduct of health care professional in the treatment of
patients.

hippocratic oath

 One of the oldest known formulations of medical ethics

 Named after Hippocrates (460-357 B.C)

 He is the "Father of Medicine"

 It indicates a physician's or nurse’s duty to keep a patient away from harm and injustice.

 It emphasizes the significance of medical confidentiality between doctors, nurses and patients.

 Where we base our Health Care Ethics.

 Focuses on prioritizing the safety of our patients.

ethical theories

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 These includes the following:

1. Deontology

2. Teleology

3. Utilitarianism

4. Virtue

1. deontology

 Greek word deon means “duty” or “being necessary”

 Refers to the study of duty and obligation.

 Immanuel Kant (1724 – 1804)

 A German Enlightenment Philosopher.

 The main proponent of Deontology

 According to him as human being, we have our own "Rational Will"

 Rational Will

 The capacity to act according to the principles that we determine for ourselves.

 It is also a duty-oriented theory.

 It is a ruled-based view theory.

 According to necessary and duty.

 You need to function according to duty, obligations, and responsibilities.

 Goodness or badness are determined by the action.

 If the act is not good morally, it can still also lead to something good.

 Example: While you were sleeping, an intruder came in. To defend yourself, you shot the intruder
that aims to harm you as well.

 Do the rational thing even if it is not a moral thing to do.

 Shooting someone is bad, but you need to protect yourself and your family from being
harmed.

 Example: Patient's diagnostic result is bad. You need to tell the patient the truth about his case since
it is your duty.

 We need to be honest with our patient.

 It is our duty to tell the truth.

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 The right thing to do is the good thing to do.

 If you help people, it's the right thing to do.

 If you harm or hurt people, it's the bad thing to do.

2. teleology

 Greek word telos meaning “end, purpose, or goal”

 Actions are "Right or Wrong" according to the balance of their Good or Bad consequences.

 Also known as Consequentialist Ethics

 A reason or explanation for something as a function of its end, purpose, or goal, as opposed
to as a function of its cause.

 Consequence-based View

 Goodness or Badness is determined by the result or outcome.

 There is always a consequence in every situation that you're going to do.

 Example: We give medications to our patients so that they will get better soon.

 You do something for a reason or for a certain purpose.

3. utilitarianism

 Advocates actions that foster happiness or pleasure and opposes actions that cause unhappiness or
harm.

 Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill

 Their ethical doctrines states that the Rightness and Wrongness of actions is determined by
the goodness and badness of their consequences.

 Greatest Good to the Greatest number of People.

 One principle of Teleology; known as Principle of Utility

 The greatest good to the greatest number of people.

 When you decide, you will choose the decision that can benefit the majority.

 Ex. During COVID-19, vaccines are developed to protect the people.

 Base the decision on what will benefit the majority.

4. virtue ethics

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 Greek word for virtue is arete which means “excellence” focused on the quality of everything you do
and experience.

 Virtue

 A trait that contributes to a person functioning well as a human being.

 Way of living wherein we learned through our experiences.

 Concerned with the character of individual nurses and seeks ways to enable nurses to develop
character traits appropriate for actions that enhance well-being.

 It focuses on the heart of the person of doing the act including motivation, disposition, and traits.

 If you're a good person, you always do good things.

 Vices

 This refers to our bad habits.

 A vice is a moral failing or a bad habit.

 "Wicked Behavior"

EXCESS MIDDLE DEFICIENCY

(VICE) (VIRTUE) (VICE)

Impulsive Self-control Indecisiveness

Recklessness Courage Cowardice

Stingy Generous Extravagant

Prodigality Liberality Meanness

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