1مختبر مواصلات

AL-RAFIDAIN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE Lecture ( ) 4th Class
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Transportation Eng. Lab.

CIVIL ENGINEERING Lecture: Husam A. Alhaidri
Contain
No. Syllabus STANDARD Page Week
ASTM AASHTO
1 Soil Test Attar- Liquid limit D 4318 2 1
Berge limit Plastic limit
Percentage Passing sieve D 3282 6 1
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No. 200
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AASHTO Classification Soil D 3282 M 145
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Specific gravity for fine D 854 8
grained
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Moisture and Density D 1557 10
Relation
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Density in place D 1556 12
Standard test method for D 1883 17
California bearing ratio of
laboratory compacted (CBR)
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test
2 Aggregate Standard test method for C 131 T 96 23
test
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resistance to operation of
coarse agg. By use of loss
Angeles machines.
3 Asphalt Standard test method for D 5 T 49 25
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test Penetration of bituminous

Standard test method for 28
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Ductility
Standard test method for D 1754 T 240 31
Effect of loss in heat and air
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Softening point
Standard test method for D 2170 -83 38
Saybolt viscosity
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Standard test method for D 92-85 T 48 42

Flash and fire point
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Specific gravity of asphalt
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4 Asphalt Resistant to plastic flow of D 1559 T 245 48

mixture bituminous using Marshall
apparatus
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Super Pavement Volumetric T 318 60

Design method
Standard and Specification Guide for Roads and Bridges 80
Work sheet 83
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EXPERIMENT NO. 1
Atterberg Limits (Liquid and Plastic Limit) (ASTM D 4318)
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Atterberg Limits: based on the concept that a fine grained soil can exist in any
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of four states depending on its water content.

Liquid Limit:-
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It is determined by measuring the water content and the number of blows

required to close a specific groove for a specific length (13mm) in a
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standard liquid limit device (W%, 25 blows).

Plastic Limit:-
It is determined by measuring the water content of the soil when the
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threads of soil (3mm) in diameter began to crumble )‫(تنهار‬.

Purpose:-
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 Soil classification
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 To estimate the strength of a subgrade soil.

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Apparatus:-
Liquid limit device [Casagrande], grooving tool, glass plate balance (0.01g
sensitivity), oven, spatula, wash bottle ASTM sieve No.40 (0.425 mm).
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Procedure:-
 Liquid Limit determination
1. Check the height of fall of the L.L. device. Grooving tool has end block of
size 1cm. it can be used to check the height of fall.
2. Take a bout 200g of soil passing ASTM sieve No. 40 in a porcelain dish.
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Add distilled water to soil and mix it thoroughly to form uniform paste.
3. Place the soil in the cap of liquid limit device to a maximum depth of 13mm
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and level the surface.
4. Draw the grooving tool through the sample to set asymmetrical groove in the
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centre of the cup.
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5. Turn the crank at a rate of two revolutions per second, and count the blows
necessary to close the groove for a distance of 13mm, preferably observe the
no. of blows, must be between 10 and 40.
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6. Take approximately 10g of soil from near the closed groove for water
content determination.
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7. Remove the sample from the cup and clean the cup.
8. By altering the water content of soil and repeating second steps to
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9. Obtain four water content determination and their respective number of

blows.
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 Plastic limit determinations:-

1. Mix thoroughly a bout 20g of soil.
2. Roll the soil on a glass plate with the palm until it is a uniform tread of 3mm
diameter.
3. If the soil rolls into thread of less than 3mm diameter, make it a lump again and
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reroll it until a thread of 3mm diameter shows signs of crumbing.
4. Take some of the crumbling material obtained in third step. For a water content
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determination.
5. Replace second to forth steps. Obtain three determinations which can be
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averaged to give the plastic limit.
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 Calculations:-
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In both the experiments of L.L. and P.L. the calculation are made for water
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content determination.
𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡(%) =
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑡 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟−𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟
× 100% →
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟−𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
× 100%
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙
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From Semi-loge Graph between percent water content of sample and

the number of blows to close groove, the liquid limit is a (water content %) for
25 blows, as in the figure below.
35
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30
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Water Content %
25
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20
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15
10
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1 10 100
No. Blows N
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Plastic limit is percent of water content when the make rolling with 3.2mm
diameter. And From the L.L. & P.L. values calculated the P.I
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𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 (𝑃𝐼) = 𝐿𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 (𝐿. 𝐿) − 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 (𝑃. 𝐿)

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Note:- for liquid limit

1- Turn the L.L device @ a rate of 2blows/sec.
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2- Take a sample from the closed point.

3- 10 < number of blows <40
4- Put the sample in the oven for 24hr @ 60oC
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For Discussion:-
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 Why not be able to find the plastic limits for sand soil?
 The increase of percent sand in soil gives decrease in value of liquid limits?
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 What is the different between clay soil and sandy soil?

 When can you say cannot build on Clay soil??
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 What is the relation between the water content and the Atterbeg limit?
 What is temperature used to dry soil? Why?
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EXPERIMENT NO. 2
Percentage passing No.200 (ASTM D 3282)
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Purpose:- A
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1. Soil classification
Apparatus:-
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1. Sieve no. 200 (75µm).

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2. Pan.
3. Balance.
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4. Dry oven.
5. Water.
6. 100gm soil sample passing No.4
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Procedure:-
1. Dry the test specimen to a constant mass at a temperature of 110 ±5°C and
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determine its mass to the nearest 0.1g. To determine the balance needed,
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2. As an alternative (‫)خيارية‬, select an auxiliary water content specimen and

determine the water content. Calculate the oven-dry mass of the test specimen
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from the moist mass (nearest 0.1% of its mass, or better) and the water content.
3. Used test method depended about type of specimen:-
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 Method A:
After preparing the specimen according to (step 1), place the specimen on
the uppermost (coarsest) sieve. Wash the specimen (material) on the sieve(s) by
means of a stream of water from a faucet)‫(صنبور‬.The material may be lightly
manipulated by hand, to facilitate the washing process, taking care not to lose
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any of the retained material. No downward pressure should be exerted on the
retained material or sieve to avoid the forcing of particles through the sieve or
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damage to the sieve. Continue the washing until the water coming through the
sieve(s) is clear.
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 Method B:
As an alternative, particularly for very cohesive soils; after preparing the
specimen in accordance with (step 1), place the specimen in a container, cover
A
with water containing a deflocculating agent, and soak for a minimum of 2-hour
(preferably overnight). The specimen should be periodically agitated manually or
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by mechanical means to facilitate the complete separation of the particles.
After the soaking period is completed, agitate the contents of the container
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vigorously and immediately pour into the nested sieves. Wash any remaining
material into the sieve(s) to make sure all of the material is transferred. Then
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finish the washing procedure as specified in step 1.

4. When the washing by Method A or B is completed, the material retained on the
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75-μm (No. 200) sieve can be dried either in the sieve, or by flushing
(transferring) the contents of the sieve into another container. If the soil is
transferred, excess water can be removed by decanting or suctioning to speed
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drying time. Take care not to lose any particles by removing only clear water.
5. Dry the residue from each sieve to a constant mass using a temperature of 110
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±5°C and determine the mass using the same balance as used in step 1.
 Calculation
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 Calculate the amount of material passing the 75-μm (No. 200) sieve by
washing using the following formula:
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𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 − 𝑅𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑁𝑜. 200

𝑃𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑁𝑜. 200 (%) = × 100%
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
Where:-
P: Percentage of soil passing No.200.
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AASHTO Classification Soil System

The AASHTO system of soil classification was developed in 1929 as the Public
Road Administration Classification System. It has undergone several revisions,
with the present version proposed by the Committee on Classification of materials
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for Subgrades and Granular Type Road of the Highway Research Board in 1945
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(ASTM designation D 3282; AASHTO method M 145) .
The AASHTO classification in present use is given in Table [1]. According to this
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system, Soil is classified into seven major groups: A-l through A-7. Soils classified
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under groups A-1, A-2, and A-3 are granular materials of which 35% or less of the
particles pass through the No. 200 sieve. Soils of which more than 35% pass
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through the No. 200 sieve are classified under groups A-4, A-5, 4-6, and A-7.
These soils are mostly silt and clay-type materials. The classification system is
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based on the following criteria:
 Grain size:
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Gravel: fraction passing the 75-mm ( 3-in.) sieve and retained on the No.l0
(2-mm) U.S. sieve
Sand: fraction passing the No.10 (2-mm) U.S. sieve and retained on the
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No.200 (0.075-mm) U.S. sieve

Silt and clay: fraction passing the No. 200 U.S. sieve
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Table [1] AASHTO Classification Soils:

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 Plasticity: The term silty is applied when the fine fractions of the soil have a
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plasticity index of 10 or less. The term clayey is applied when the fine fractions
have a plasticity index of l1 or more.
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 If cobbles and boulders (size larger than 75 mm) are encountered, they are
excluded from the portion of the soil sample from which classifications made.
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However, the percentage of such material is recorded.

To classify a soil according to Table 4.1, one must apply the test data from left to
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right. By process of elimination, the first group from the left into which the test data
fit is the correct classification. Figure 4.1 shows a plot of the range of the liquid
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limit and the plasticity index for soils that fall into groups A-2, A-4, A-5, A-6, and
A-7.
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Figure 4 .1 Range of liquid limit and plasticity index for soils in groups: A-2, A-4, A-5.A -6, and A-7
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To evaluate the quality of a soil as a highway subgrade material, one must also
incorporate a number called the group index (G1) with the groups and
subgroups of the soil. This index is written in parentheses after the group or
subgroup designation.
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The group index is given by the equation:
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𝑮𝑰 = (𝑭𝟐𝟎𝟎 − 𝟑𝟓)[𝟎. 𝟐 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓(𝑳𝑳 − 𝟒𝟎)] + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏(𝑭𝟐𝟎𝟎 − 𝟏𝟓)(𝑷𝑰 − 𝟏𝟎) − 𝑬𝒒(𝟏)
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Where
F200: percentage passing through the No. 200 sieve.
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LL: liquid limit.
P1: plasticity index
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The first term of Eq. (a.1)- that is, (𝑭𝟐𝟎𝟎 − 𝟑𝟓)[𝟎. 𝟐 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓(𝑳𝑳 − 𝟒𝟎)]- is the
partial group index determined from the liquid limit. The second term - that is,
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𝟎. 𝟎𝟏(𝑭𝟐𝟎𝟎 − 𝟏𝟓)(𝑷𝑰 − 𝟏𝟎) - is the partial group index determined from the
plasticity index,
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Following is some rules for determining the group index:
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o If Eq. (1) yields a negative value for G1, it is taken as 0.

o The group index calculated from Eq. (1) is rounded off to the nearest whole Number
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(for example, GI: 3.4 is rounded off to 3; GI: 3.5 is rounded off to 4).
o There is no upper limit for the group index.
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o The group index of soils belonging to groups A-1-a, A-1-b, A-2-4, A-2-5, and A-3 is
always 0.
o When calculating the group index for soils that belong to groups A-2-6 and A-2-7,
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use the partial group index for PI or

𝑮𝑰 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏(𝑭𝟐𝟎𝟎 − 𝟏𝟓)(𝑷𝑰 − 𝟏𝟎) − 𝑬𝒒(𝟐)
In general, the quality of performance of a soil as a subgrade material is
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inversely proportional to the group index

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Ex.1/ The results of the particle-size analysis of a soil are as follows:

Percent passing through the No. 10 sieve: 100, Percent passing through the No. 40
sieve: 80, Percent passing through the No. 200 sieve: 58, the liquid limit and
plasticity index of the minus No. 40 fraction of the soil are 30 and 10, respectively
Classify the soil by the AASHTO system.
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Sol: Using Table [1], since 58% of the soil is passing through the No.200 sieve, it
falls under silt clay classifications that is, and it falls under group A-4, A-5, A-6, or
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A-7.
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Proceeding from left to right, it falls under group A-4.
From Eq. (1),
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𝐺𝐼 = (𝐹200 − 35)[0.2 + 0.005(𝐿𝐿 − 40)] + 0.01(𝐹200 − 15)(𝑃𝐼 − 10) − 𝐸𝑞(1)
𝐺𝐼 = (58 − 35)[0.2 + 0.005(30 − 40)] + 0.01(58 − 15)(10 − 10)
𝐺𝐼 = 3.45 ≈ 3
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𝑺𝒐, 𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝑺𝒐𝒊𝒍 𝒘𝒊𝒍𝒍 𝒃𝒆 𝒄𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒆𝒅 𝒂𝒔 𝑨 − 𝟒(𝟑)
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Ex.2/Ninety-five percent of a soil passes through the No. 200 sieve and has a liquid
limit of 60 and plasticity index of 40. Classify the soil by the AASHTO system.
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Sol: According to Table [1], this soil falls under group A-7. (Proceed in a manner
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similar to Ex.[1]) Since
𝑃𝐼 = [40] > 𝐿𝐿 = [60]

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This is an A-7-6 soil. Hence.

From Eq. (1),
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𝐺𝐼 = (𝐹200 − 35)[0.2 + 0.005(𝐿𝐿 − 40)] + 0.01(𝐹200 − 15)(𝑃𝐼 − 10) − 𝐸𝑞(1)

𝐺𝐼 = (95 − 35)[0.2 + 0.005(60 − 40)] + 0.01(95 − 15)(40 − 10)
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𝐺𝐼 = 42
𝑺𝒐, 𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝑺𝒐𝒊𝒍 𝒘𝒊𝒍𝒍 𝒃𝒆 𝒄𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒆𝒅 𝒂𝒔 𝑨 − 𝟕 − 𝟔(𝟒𝟐)
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Ex.3/ For a soil, given

Sieve No. Percent passing
4 90
10 76
200 34
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Liquid limit = 37
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Plasticity index= 12
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Classify the soil by the AASHTO system.
Sol: The percentage passing through the No. 200 sieve is less than 35, so the soil is
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a Granular material. From Table 4.1, we see that it is type A-2-6. From Eq. (2)
𝑮𝑰 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏(𝑭𝟐𝟎𝟎 − 𝟏𝟓)(𝑷𝑰 − 𝟏𝟎) − 𝑬𝒒(𝟐)
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𝑮𝑰 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏(𝟑𝟒 − 𝟏𝟓)(𝟏𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎) = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟖 ≈ 𝟎
𝑺𝒐, 𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝑺𝒐𝒊𝒍 𝒘𝒊𝒍𝒍 𝒃𝒆 𝒄𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒆𝒅 𝒂𝒔 𝑨 − 𝟐 − 𝟔(𝟎)
For Discussion:- A
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 What is the aim of find percent of passing No.200?
 What is the factor which used to select the procedure of first or second test
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method?
 What is the type of soil that gets from two experiments?
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EXPERIMENT NO. 3
Specific gravity for fine grained (ASTM D 854)
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Specific gravity: it is the weight of a given volume of soil in air divided by the
equivalent of volume water at 4oC.
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Purpose:-
 In computation of many laboratory tests on soils particularity void ratio.
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 Particle size analysis.

 Degree of saturation.
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Apparatus:-
 Pycnometer (500 ml)
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 Thermometer
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 Heater
 Vacuum pump
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 Glass rod
 Balance
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 Soil sample passing sieve No.4

 Water
Preparation Sample:-
After receiving the soil sample it is dried in oven at a temperature of 105 to
1150C for a period of 16 to 24 hours.
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Procedure:-
1. Dry the pycnometer and weigh it with its cap (W1)

2. Take about 200 g to 300 g of oven dried soil passing through 4.75mm sieve
into the pycnometer and weigh again (W2)
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3. Add water to cover the soil and screw on the cap.
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4. Shake the pycnometer well and connect it to the vacuum pump to remove
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entrapped air for about 10 to 20 minutes.
5. After the air has been removed, fill the pycnometer with water and weigh it
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(W3).
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6. Clean the pycnometer by washing thoroughly.
7. Fill the cleaned pycnometer completely with water up to its top with cap
screw on. And weigh the pycnometer with fill water (W4).
Calculation:-
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The Specific gravity of soil solids (Gs) is calculated using the following
equation.
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𝑊2 − 𝑊1
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
(𝑊2 − 𝑊1 ) − (𝑊3 − 𝑊4 )
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Where:-
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W1=Empty weight of pycnometer

W2=Weight of pycnometer + oven dry soil
W3=Weight of pycnometer + oven dry soil + water
W4=Weight of pycnometer + water full
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EXPERIMENT NO. 4
Moisture and Density Relation (ASTM D 1557)
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Aim:-
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To determine the relationship between dry density and water content to

obtain maximum dry density and optimum moisture water content for a soil.
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Apparatus:-
 Standard Proctor mould with base plate and collar.
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 Rammer weight 2.5 kg with fall of 30 cm.

 ASTM sieve NO.4 (0.425).
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 Sample extruder
 Tray for mixing soil.
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 Measuring cylinder 500 ml capacity

 Balance (capacity 15kg. accuracy 1g) & Balance (capacity 200g accuracy
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0.01g).
Procedure:-
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 Take about 3 kg of air dry soil passing ASTM NO.4 sieve.

 Weight empty with base plate but without collar.
 Determine the volume of mould by measuring its diameter and height.
 Add about 4% water by weight i.e. about 120g (120ml) to the soil. Mix the
water thoroughly with soil.
4% = 0.04 → 3000𝑔𝑚 × 0.04 = 120𝑔𝑚 = 120𝑚𝑙
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(𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝜌 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 1𝑔𝑚/𝑐𝑚)

 Compact the soil in the proctor mould. The compaction is done in 3 layers,
and each layer is given 25 blows of rammer. The third layer should be about
6mm. above the top of mould projecting into collar after compaction.
 Remove the collar and termite top compacted soil level to top of the mould
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by straight edge.
 Recode the weight of the mould with its base plate and compacted soil (W2).
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 Remove the soil from the mould, of necessary by using soil extruder.
Collect two samples for water content determination.
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 Break the soil into small pieces. Add again about 4 % water by weight to the
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soil and mix it thoroughly.
 Repeat from five to nine steps. Till weight of mould with compacted soil
decreases.
Calculations :-
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From the wet weight (W2 –W1) and volume if soil (equal to volume of
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mould) wet density of soil can be calculated as:-
𝑤2 − 𝑤1
𝛾𝑤𝑒𝑡 (𝑤𝑒𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦) =
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𝑉
V: Further dry density of soil calculated using the relationship,
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𝛾𝑤𝑒𝑡
𝛾𝑑𝑟𝑦 (𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦) =
1 + 𝑤%
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Zero Air Void Density (ZAVD) can be calculated by using the relationship.
𝐺𝑠
𝑍𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝐴𝑖𝑟 𝑉𝑜𝑖𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝑍𝐴𝑉𝐷) =
1 + (𝑤% × 𝐺𝑠)
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Results:-
Plot a graph between moisture content on X-axis and dry density on Y-
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axis. From the graph the maximum dry density and corresponding optimum
moisture content.
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For Discussion:-
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 What is the aim of find Specific Gravity?

 Why was the Vacuum used? And what happens if the rest of the little air
bubbles in Pycnometer?
 What is the relation between water content and dry density? And what
happen in density with increase water content?
 Can the dry density line intersect with ZAVD line? Why?
16
EXPERIMENT NO. 5
Field Density (ASTM D-1556)
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There are three types of methods to calculated density:-
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 By Sand Replacement Method (ASTM D-1556)
Aim:-
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To determine field density of soil and water content of soil.

Apparatus:-
 Sand replacement apparatus.
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 Digging tools
 Balance ( capacity 25 kg accuracy 10 g)
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 Balance ( capacity 200g accuracy 0.01g)

 Uniformly graded medium sand.
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Procedure:-
 Calibration of equipment :
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 Take empty weight of calibration jar, (WC.J) & its size (VC.J).
 Fill the cylinder of sand replacement apparatus with uniformly graded
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medium sand.
 Run the sand from the apparatus to fill the calibration jar. Make the
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surface on sand level to the top of jar by straight edge. Record the weight
of sand in the jar (WS.C.J).
 Keep the apparatus on flat surface and allow the sand to fill the cone of
the apparatus. Record the weight of sand filled in the cone of the
apparatus (WC.S).
 Find the volume of calibration jar.
17
 Find the bulk density of sand.

𝑊𝑆.𝐶.𝐽 − 𝑊𝐶.𝐽 𝑊𝐶.𝑆
𝐵𝑢𝑙𝑘 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = , 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑒 =
𝑉𝐶.𝐽 𝐵𝑢𝑙𝑘 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
 Field work:-
 Take the empty weight of sand replacement apparatus (WS.A.1).
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 Fill the cylinder of the apparatus with valve closed by calibrated sand and
again take the weight of the apparatus (WS.A.2).
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𝑤𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑠 = 𝑊𝑆.𝐴.2 − 𝑊𝑆.𝐴.1
 Clean and level the state where field density is desired. Keep the template
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with central hole on the levelled ground. Excavate the soil from the hole
.A
by digging tools. Collect all the excavated soil in a tray (WFeild).
 Keep the sand replacement apparatus with valve in closed position on the
hole of the template.
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 Open the valve and allow the sand run down.
 When running of sand stops completely close the valve (WS.A.3) (sand fill
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excavated and cone).
 Laboratory work;-
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 Record the weight of excavated soil (WFeild).

 Record the weight of sand replacement apparatus with left over sand in
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the cylinder from this; find the weight of sand used in the field.
 Find the weight of sand used to fill the excavated whole (WS.A.4).
By
𝑊𝑆.𝐴.4 = 𝑊𝑆.𝐴.2 − 𝑊𝑆.𝐴.3 − 𝑊𝐶.𝑆

 From the bulk density of sand and weight of sand determine the volume
of the excavated soil.
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𝑊𝑆.𝐴.4
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝑜𝑙𝑒 =
𝐵𝑢𝑙𝑘 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
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 Take at least two sample of the excavated soil and determine water
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content (We.1).
𝑊𝑒.1 𝑤𝑒𝑡 − 𝑊𝑒.1 𝑑𝑟𝑦
𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝑤%) = × 100%
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𝑊𝑒.1 𝑑𝑟𝑦 − 𝑊𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟

 Determine the field density, water content and dry density of soil.
𝑊𝐹𝑒𝑖𝑙𝑑
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑒𝑖𝑙𝑑 =
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒
𝐷𝑟𝑦 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
1 + 𝑤%
18
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 By Balloon Method (ASTM D-2167)
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Aim
To determine density of soil in field by used rubber balloon method.
Apparatus :-
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Balloon density apparatus, sensitivity balance 0.01g, oven, chisel, containers,
and density plate.
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Procedure
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 Remove base from the density apparatus removing the four socket head
screws with hexagon wrench.
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 Pass the neck of the balloon through hole in base and then stretch it over the
lip around the hole. Fit wire around the balloon under the lip twist ends
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together and fold ends down.

 Replace the base and fit socket screws and tighten.
 Remove the hexagon headed filler cap. Fill unit through the aperture with
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clean water until the level is coincident with the top of sighting window.
Replace filler cap, and tighten in position.
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 Stand the apparatus on a smooth, flat surface and check for air and water
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tightness by pressurizing the system slightly.

 Positions the density plate on a smooth flat surface and set the apparatus
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into the recess.

 Pressurize the system and continue pump until the water level in the
graduated cylinder reaches its lowest point Record the volume shown. This
is initial based reading.
 Release the pump and inert the pump to suck the balloon into the cylinder.
19
 Put the density plate on the surface of the material to be tested and dig
through the hole in the plate to the desired depth.
 Retain all the material which is removed from the hole. Record the weight
of excavated material.
 Set the apparatus in the recess of the density plate, and pump the balloon
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into the hole.
 Record the lowest point (final reading) reached by the water in the cylinder.
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 Reverse the air pump and by suction, pump the balloon back into the
cylinder.
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 Take sample of excavated soil and determined its moisture content.
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Calculation:-
 Subtract the initial based reading from the final reading. This will give the
volume of the hole in cubic centimetres.
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𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝑜𝑙𝑒 = 𝑉𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 − 𝑉𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙
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 Make density calculation based on volume of the test hole and weight of soil
excavated.
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𝑊𝐹𝑒𝑖𝑙𝑑
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑒𝑖𝑙𝑑 =
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒
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 Calculated moisture and dry density.

𝑊𝑒.1 𝑤𝑒𝑡 − 𝑊𝑒.1 𝑑𝑟𝑦
𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝑤%) = × 100%
By
𝑊𝑒.1 𝑑𝑟𝑦 − 𝑊𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟

𝐷𝑟𝑦 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
1 + 𝑤%
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20
 Nuclear method ( radiation method) (ASTM D 2992)
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There are three methods for test
 Back scatter
 Direct transmission
 Air gap A
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It was suitable for shallow depth (2-12 in) (50-300mm).
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Significance and using:-

 Rapid
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 Non-destructive
 Accurate
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For Discussion:-
 How can choose the device used in measuring field density?
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 Why a field density measurement device is not used by a balloon in coarse

grain soil?
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 Why do not you prefer to use nuclear method in most projects?

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 The most appropriate methods to the appropriate city to be used by the three
routes (Baghdad, Anbar, Basra, Mosul, and Kirkuk)? Why?
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21
EXPERIMENT NO. 6
California Bearing Ratio CBR Test (ASTM D1883-1999)
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Objective:-
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 CBR number is used to rate the performance of soil primarily used as a

bases, subbases and subgrades beneath of roads and airfields.
Definition:-
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It is determining the bearing ratio of a soil by penetrating a piston

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with a fixed diameter at a specified speed in the soil sample.

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Main Principles:-
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 This method covers the laboratory determination of the California

Bearing Ratio (CBR) of a compacted sample of soil.
 The CBR value is the resistance to a penetration of 2.5 mm of a standard
cylindrical plunger of 50 mm diameter, expressed as a percentage of the
known resistance of the plunger to 2.5 mm in penetration in crushed
aggregate.
22
Theory of the Test:-

The CBR number is obtained as the ratio of unit load required to cause a
certain depth of penetration of the penetration piston into a compacted
specimen of soil at a certain water content and density to the standard unit load
required to obtain the same depth of penetration on a standard sample of
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crushed stone.
In equation form CBR is given as:-
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𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑎 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 (𝐶𝐵𝑅)% =
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𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑓 𝑜𝑟 0.1` (2.54𝑚𝑚) 𝑜𝑟 0.2` (5.08𝑚𝑚)𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓 𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙
×
.A
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑓 𝑜𝑟 0.1` (2.54𝑚𝑚) 𝑜𝑟 0.2` (5.08𝑚𝑚)𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓 𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑑 𝑐𝑟𝑢𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑒
100%
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The stresses for standard crushed stone corresponding to the penetration values
are given in Table below.
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Penetration (mm) Standard unit load
Mpa Kg / cm2P
2.5 6.9 69
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5.0 10.3 103

7.5 13.0 130
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10.0 16.0 160

12.7 18.0 180
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Note: The CBR number is usually based on the load ratio for penetration 2.54 mm. If CBR value for
penetration of 5.08 mm value is larger; the test is entirely repeated on fresh specimens, if the new
percentage value at 5.08mm penetration is still greater, then the CBR number at 5.08mm penetration
value is used for design purposes.
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Apparatus:-
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Molds:-
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The molds shall be cylindrical in shape, made of metal, with an internal

diameter of 152.40 ± 0.66 mm (6.0 ± 0.026 in.) and a height of 177.80 ± 0.46
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mm (7.0 ± 0.018 in.) provided with an extension collar approximately 50 mm

(2.0 in.) in height and a perforated base plate that can be fitted to either end of
the mold. It is desirable to have at least three molds for each soil to be tested.
Spacer Disk:-
A circular spacer disk made of metal 150.8 ± 0.8 mm (515/16 ± 1/32 in.) in
diameter and 61.37 ± 0.25 mm (2.416 ± 0.01 in.) in height.
23
Apparatus for Measuring Expansion:-

This consists of a swell plate with adjustable stem and a tripod support for a dial
indicator. The swell plate is made of metal, 149.2 ± 1.6 mm (57/8 ± 1/16 in.) in
diameter and is perforated with 1.6-mm (1/16-in.) diameter holes. The tripod
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used to support the dial indicator is arranged to fit the mold extension collar.
Indicators:-
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Two dial indicators: each indicator shall have a 25-mm (1-in.) throw and read to
0.02 mm (0.001 in.).
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Surcharge Weights:-
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One annular metal weight with a center hole approximately 54.0 mm (21/8 in.)
in diameter and several slotted or split metal weights, all 149.2 ± 1.6 mm (57/8
± 1/16 in.) in diameter and each having a mass of 2.27 ± 0.04 kg (5 ± 0.10 lb).
Penetration Piston:-
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A metal piston of circular cross-section having a diameter of 49.63 ± 0.13 mm
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(1.954 ± 0.005 in.) area = 1935 mm2 (3 in.2) and not less than 102 mm (4 in.)
long.
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Loading Device:-
A compression-type apparatus capable of applying a uniformly increasing load
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up to a capacity sufficient for the material being tested at a rate of 1.3 mm/min.
(0.05 in./min.), used to force the penetration piston into the specimen.
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Soaking Tank:-
A soaking tank suitable for maintaining the water level 25 mm (1 in.) above the
top of the specimens.
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Drying Oven:-
A thermostatically controlled drying oven capable of maintaining a temperature
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of 110 ± 5ºC (230 ± 9ºF) for drying moisture samples.

Moisture Content Containers:- As specified in T 265.
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Miscellaneous:-
Miscellaneous tools such as mixing pans, spoons, straightedge, filter paper,
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Balances.
24
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A
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25
SAMPLE
The sample shall be handled and specimen(s) for compaction shall be prepared in
accordance with the procedures given in T 99 or T 180 for compaction in a 152.4-
mm (6-in.) mold except as follows:
 If all material passes a 19.0-mm (3/4-in.) sieve, the entire gradation shall be used
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for preparing specimens for compaction without modification.
 If there is material retained on the 19.0-mm sieve, the material retained on the
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19.0-mm sieve shall be removed and replaced by an equal TS-1a T 193-5
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AASHTO amount of material passing the 19.0-mm sieve and retained on the
4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve obtained by separation from portions of the sample not
.A
otherwise used for testing.
 Bearing Ratio at Optimum Water Content:-
 From a sample having a mass of 35 kg (75 lb) or more, select a representative
A
portion having a mass of approximately 11 kg (25 lb) for a moisture-density test
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and divide the remainder of the sample to obtain three representative portions
having a mass of approximately 6.8 kg (15 lb) each.
 Bearing Ratio for a Range of Water Content:-
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 From a sample having a mass of 113 kg (250 lb) or more, select at least five
representative portions having a mass of approximately 6.8 kg (15 lb) each for
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use in developing each compaction curve.

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PROCEDURE
Bearing Ratio at Optimum Water Content:
 Normally, three specimens must be compacted so that their compacted densities
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range from 95 percent (or lower) to 100 percent (or higher) of the maximum dry
density determined in Last Experimental Test Relation Moisture-Density.
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[Note] Generally about 10, 30, and 65 blows per layer are suitable for compacting specimens
1, 2, and 3, respectively. More than 56 blows per layer are generally required to mold a CBR
specimen to 100 percent of the maximum dry density determined by T 99 (Method D); this is
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due to the sample for the moisture-density test being reused, while the sample for the CBR
specimen is mixed and compacted only once.
[Note] Some laboratories may prefer to test only one specimen which would be compacted to
maximum dry density at optimum moisture content as determined by either T 99 or T 180.
26
 Clamp the mold to the base plate, attach the extension collar and weigh to the
nearest 5 g (0.01 lb). Insert the spacer disk into the mold and place a coarse filter
paper on top of the disk.
 Mix each of the three 6.8-kg (15-lb) portions prepared in Section [Sample] with
sufficient water to obtain the optimum moisture content determined in Section
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[Last Experimental Test Relation Moisture-Density].
 Compact the first of the three portions of soil-water mixture into the mold, using
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three equal layers and appropriate rammer if maximum density was determined
by T 99 or five equal layers if maximum density was determined by T 180, to
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give a total compacted depth of about 125 mm, compacting each layer with the
.A
lowest selected number of blows in order to give a compacted density of 95
percent or less of the maximum density.
 Determine the moisture content of the material being compacted at the beginning
A
and end of the compaction procedure (two samples). Each moisture sample shall
have a mass of at least 100 g for fine-grained soils and 500 g for coarse-grained
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soils. Determination of moisture content shall be done in accordance with T 265,
Laboratory Determination of Moisture Content of Soils.
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 Remove the extension collar, and using a straightedge, trim the compacted soil
even with the top of the mold. Surface irregularities should be patched with
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small-sized material. Remove the spacer disk, place a coarse filter paper on the
perforated base plate, invert the mold and compacted soil and place on the filter
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paper so the compacted soil is in contact with the filter paper. Clamp the
perforated base plate to the mold and attach the collar. Determine the mass of the
mold and specimen to the nearest 5 g (0.01 lb).
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 Compact the other two 6.8-kg (15-lb) portions in accordance with the procedure
in Sections 7.1.4 through 7.1.6, except that an intermediate number of blows per
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layer should be used to compact the second specimen and the highest number of
blows per layer shall be used to compact the third specimen.
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Bearing Ratio for a Range of Water Content:

 Prepare specimens in accordance with Section 6.2. Perform all compaction in the
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CBR molds. Each specimen used to develop the compaction curves for the 10-
blow, 25-blow, and 56-blow per layer compactive efforts shall be penetrated. In
cases where the specified unit mass is at or near 100 percent maximum dry unit
mass, it will be necessary to include a compactive effort greater than 56 blows
per layer.
SOAKING
27
Place the swell plate with adjustable stem on the soil sample in the mold and
apply sufficient annular weights to produce an intensity of loading equal to the
mass of the subbase and base courses and surfacing above the tested material.
The total mass shall be a minimum of 4.54 kg. Additional mass shall be added in
increments of 2.26 kg.
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Place the tripod with dial indicator on top of the mold and make an initial dial
reading.
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Immerse the mold in water to allow free access of water to top and bottom of the
specimen. During soaking, maintain the water level in the mold and the soaking
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tank approximately 25 mm (1 in.) above the top of the specimen. Soak the
.A
specimen 96 hours (four days).
[Note]A shorter immersion period (not less than 24 hours) may be used for soil-
A
aggregate materials that drain readily if tests show that the shorter period does not
affect the test results. For some clay soils, a soaking period greater than 4 days may be
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required.
At the end of 96 hours, make a final dial reading on the soaked specimens and
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calculate the swell as a percentage of the initial sample length:

H
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 in length in mm during soaking (∆H)

𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 = × 100%
𝐻
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H= approximant [116.43 mm]

Remove the specimens from the soaking tank, pour the water off the top and
allow to drain downward for 15 minutes. Care shall be taken not to disturb the
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surface of the specimens during removal of the water. After draining, remove the
surcharge weights and perforated plates.
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[Note]The mass of the specimens may be determined after draining when it is desired to
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determine the average wet density of the soaked and drained material.
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PENETRATION TEST
Application of Surcharge:-
Place a surcharge of annular and slotted weights on the specimens equal to that
used during soaking. To prevent displacement of soft materials into the hole of
the surcharge weights, seat the penetration piston with a 44 N (10-lb) load after
one surcharge weight has been placed on the specimen. After seating the
28
penetration piston the remainder of the surcharge weights shall then be placed
around the piston.
Seating Piston:-
Seat the penetration piston with a 44 N (10-lb) load, then set both the penetration
dial indicator and the load indicator to zero.
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Application of Load:-
Apply the loads to the penetration piston so the rate of penetration is uniform at
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1.3 mm (0.05 in.)/min. Record the load when the penetration is 0.64, 1.27, 1.91,
2.54, 3.81, 5.08, and 7.62 mm (0.025, 0.050, 0.075, 0.100, 0.150, 0.200, and
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0.300 in.). Load readings at penetrations of 10.16 and 12.70 mm (0.400 and
.A
0.500 in.) may be obtained if desired.
[Note]The moisture content of the upper 25 mm (1 in.) may be determined after testing if
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desired. Moisture samples shall weigh at least 100 g for fine-grained soils and 500 g for
granular soils.
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29
CALCULATIONS
Stress-Strain Curve:-
Plot the stress-strain (resistance to penetration depth of penetration) curve for
each specimen as shown in Figure below. In some instances, the initial
penetration takes place without a proportional increase in the resistance to
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penetration and the curve may be concave upward. To obtain the true stress-
strain relationships, correct the curve having concave upward shape near the
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origin by adjusting the location of the origin by extending the straight line
portion of the stress-strain curve downward until it intersects the abscissa. (See
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dashed lines.)
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Correction of Stress-Strain Curves
30
California Bearing Ratio:-

The corrected load values shall be determined for each specimen at 2.54 and
5.08 mm (0.10 and 0.20 in.) penetration. California Bearing Ratio values are
obtained in percent by dividing the corrected load values at 2.54 and 5.08 mm
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(0.10 and 0.20 in.) by the standard loads of 6.9 and 10.3 MPa (1000 and 1500
psi), respectively, and multiplying these ratios by 100.
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Corrected load value
CBR = × 100%
Standard load
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The CBR is generally selected at 2.54 mm (0.10 in.) penetration. If the ratio at
.A
5.08 mm (0.20 in.) penetration is greater, the test shall be rerun. If the check
test gives a similar result, the ratio at 5.08 mm (0.20 in.) penetration shall be
A
used.
Design CBR for One Water Content Only—Using the data obtained from the
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three specimens, plot the CBR-Dry Density as Molded relation as shown in
Figure 3. The design CBR may then be determined at the desired percentage of
the maximum dry density, normally the minimum percentage compaction
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permitted by the agency’s compaction specifications.

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31
Ex.4/Culcalated the number of surcharge that used in the C.B.R Test for Base and
sub-base layer by used the information below? Assume surcharge weight 2.25kg
Layer Thickness [cm] Specific gravity
Surface 10 2.6
Base 20 2.4
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Sub-base 23 2.3
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Sol/
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Load for bas = specific Gravity [Gs] × γwater × Height of layer [H]
H
× section of area ofmold[A]
π × 0.152
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→ 2.6 × 0.1 × 1000 × = 4.43Kg

4
4.43
Number of Surcharge = ≈2
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2.25
Load for Subbase
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= Area
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× [Hsurface × Gssurface × γwater + Hbase × Gsbase × γwater ]

π × 0.152
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→ × [2.6 × 0.1 × 1000 + 2.4 × 0.2 × 1000]

4
= 13.07kg
13.07
and Number of Surcharge = ≈6
2.25
32
Ex.5/For data sheet below find number of C.B.R?

Moisture content Density
Contener [gm] 93.7 Weight of mould [gm] 7415
Contener+wet sample [gm] 860.6 Weight of mould+compacted wet sample 12480
[gm]
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Contener+dry sample [gm] 806.3 Volume of moud [cm3] 2110
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Moisture of sample [%] Bulk density [gm/cm3]
Dry density [gm/cm3]
ai
From the moisture and density test
lh
Max. dry density [gm/cm3] 2.3 Optimum water content [%] 8
Weight of Sample need it for test [gm]
.A
Table pentretion vs load
Pentration [in] Proving ring dial reading Pentration [in] Proving ring dial reading
0 0 0.3 30.2
A
0.025 1 0.4 32
0.05 3 0.5 35
am
0.075 7
0.1 14
0.125 19.8
us
0.15 22
0.175 23.8
H
0.2 26
Div=1.176 kg
By
Change in volume of swelling = 0.4mm & height of sample=116.5mm
Sol/
ed
Ww W4 − W5 860.6 − 806.3
moisture content (m. c)[%] = = →
Ws W5 − W3 806.3 − 93.7
ar
= 0.076 ≈ 7.6%
Where:
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Ww: weight of water (gm) Ws: weight of dry soil (gm)

W3 : Weight of empty tin (gm) W4: Weight of (tin + wet soil) (gm)
Pr
W5: Weight of (tin + dry soil) (gm)

W W2 − W1 12480 − 7415
γ= = → = 2.4gm/cm3
V V 2110
Bulk Density 2.4
Dry Density = → = 2.23gm/cm3
1 + w% 1 + 0.076
Where:
33
W: weight of the wet compacted soil (gm) γ: density of soil (gm/cm3)

loading [kg] = 1.176 × div.
502 × π
Area [mm] = = 1963. 5mm2
4
Loading × g
stress [Mpa] =
i
Area
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Draw penetration and stress
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pentreation provding dial Loading [kg]
[in] reading Mpa
lh
0 0 0 0.00
.A
0.025 1 1.176 0.01
0.05 3 3.528 0.02
0.075 7 8.232 0.04
A
0.1 14 16.464 0.08
0.125 19.8 23.2848 0.12
am
0.15 22 25.872 0.13
0.175 23.8 27.9888 0.14
us
0.2 26 30.576 0.15

0.3 30.2 35.5152 0.18
H
0.4 32 37.632 0.19

0.5 35 41.16 0.21
By
0.25
0.20
ed
ar
0.15
ep stress Mpa
0.10
Pr
0.05
0.00
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
pentration [in]
34
After drawing, the curve has been corrected as shown below.

0.25
0.20
i
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0.15
stress Mpa
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0.10
lh
0.05
.A
0.00
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
0.05in
A
pentration [in]
Each read of penetration − 0.05 = read correction

am
0.25
us
0.20
H
stress Mpa
0.15
By
0.10
0.05
ed
0.00
ar
-0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

pentration [in]
ep
Find the 0.1inch and 0.2inch in the correction curve.

Pr
35
0.25
0.20
i
0.15
stress Mpa
dr
0.10
ai
lh
0.05
.A
0.00
-0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
A
pentration [in]
From curve 0.1inch =0.13 Mpa, and 0.2inch=0.17 Mpa

am
The stresses for standard crushed stone corresponding to the penetration values
are given in Table below.
us
Penetration (mm) Standard unit load

Mpa Kg / cm2P
H
2.5 6.9 69
5.0 10.3 103
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7.5 13.0 130

10.0 16.0 160
12.7 18.0 180
ed
California Bearing Ratio (CBR)%

Stress f or 0.1` (2.54mm) or 0.2` (5.08mm)penetration f or soil
ar
=
Stress f or 0.1` (2.54mm) or 0.2` (5.08mm)penetration f or standerd crushed stone
× 100% →
ep
0.13
C. B. R[0.1inch] = × 100% = 1.88%
Pr
6.9
0.17
C. B. R[0.1inch] = × 100% = 1.65%
10.3
0.4
swelling [%] = × 100% = 0.343%
116.5
36
For Discussion:-
1. Importance of the test.
2. Which of basic properties of soil is represented by CBR test?
3. Explain how the value of CBR used in pavement design? With an example.
i
4. Does this test simulate the field conditions? If not, what are the points of
dr
dissimilarity? List them.
5. The reason of applying surcharge weights above the sample of the soil before
ai
testing?
lh
6. The reason of mixing the dry soil with water before testing? and How can that
affect the value of CBR?
.A
7. What is the reason of compacting the soil before testing?
8. Why, in normal the value of CBR at penetration of 2.54 mm is greater than the
A
value of CBR at a penetration of 5.08 mm.
9. How can we get a relative compaction RC > 100?
am
10.How can we improve the soil?
11.For data sheet below find number of C.B.R?
us

[gm]
H

By

ed

0 0 0.3 30.2
ar
0.025 5.5 0.4 32

0.05 11 0.5 35
ep
0.075 14.4
0.1 17
Pr
0.125 19.8
0.15 22
0.175 23.8
0.2 24.7
Div=1.176 kg
37
12. For data sheet below find number of C.B.R?

i
[gm]
dr
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lh
.A
A
0 0 0.3 170.7
0.025 14.25 0.4 183.8
am
0.05 39.6 0.5 202.2
0.075 68.2
0.1 98.06
us
0.125 117.8
0.15 129.4
H
0.175 139.6
0.2 148.7
Div=1.176 kg
By

13. How can estmation percint of water in then C.B.R test?
14. How can estmation the weight of soil that need it in the C.B.R test?
ed
15. Why the spacer that used in the C.B.R test?

16. Why used filter paper top and bottom Sample of C.B.R test?
ar
17. Why filled the space in sarface by fine aggregate ?

18. What is the aim of soaking sample?
ep
19. How can estmation the numer of surcharge?

.
Pr
38
EXPERIMENT NO. 7
Los Angeles Abrasion for Small-Size Coarse Aggregate (ASTM C 131)
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.A
A
Aim:-
 Hardness is the aggregate’s resistance to abrasion.
am
 Hardness is an important property for aggregates in pavement surfaces.
Apparatus:-
us
 Los Angeles Machine:-

A Los Angeles machine, conforming in all essential characteristics to the
H
design shown in Figure below, shall be used. The machine shall consist of a
hollow steel cylinder, with a wall thickness of not less than 12.4mm closed at both
By
ends, conforming to the dimensions, having an inside diameter of 711±5mm, and

an inside length of 508±5mm. The cylinder shall be mounted on stub shafts
attached to the ends of the cylinder but not entering it, and shall be mounted in
ed
such a manner that it rotates with the axis in a horizontal position within a
tolerance in slope of 1 in 100..
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 Sieves No.10.
ep
 Balance: - A balance or scale accurate within 0.1 % of test load over the range
required for this test.
Pr
 Charge: - The charge shall consist of steel spheres averaging approximately 46.8
mm in diameter and each having a mass of between 390 and 445 g.
The charge depending upon the grading of the test sample as described in Section
8, shall be as follows:
39
Passing (in) Retained (in) A B C D

1½ 1 1250±25
1 ¾ 1250±25
¾ ½ 1250±25 2500±10
½ 3/8 1250±25 2500±10
i
3/8 No.3 2500±10
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No. 3 No.4 2500±10
No. 4 No.8 2500±10
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Number of sphere 12 11 8 8
lh
Note//Steel ball bearings 46.0mm and 47.6mm in diameter, having a mass of approximately 400 and 440 g
each, respectively, are readily available. Steel spheres 46.8 mm in diameter having a mass of
approximately 420 g may also be obtainable.
.A
Test Sample Preparation
A
 Wash the reduced sample and oven dry at 110±5°C to substantially constant
mass, separate into individual size fractions, and recombine to the grading of
am
Table above most nearly corresponding to the range of sizes in the aggregate
as furnished for the work. Record the mass of the sample prior to test to the
nearest 1g.
us
Procedure
H
 Place the test sample and the charge in the Los Angeles testing machine and
rotate the machine at a speed of 30 to 33 rotate/min for 500 revolutions. After
By
the prescribed number of revolutions, discharge the material from the machine
and make a preliminary separation of the sample on a sieve coarser than the
1.70mm (No.12 or 10) sieve. Sieve the finer portion on a 1.70mm sieve in a
ed
manner conforming to Test Method C 136.

 Wash the material coarser than the 1.70-mm (No. 12) sieve and oven-dry at
ar
110±5°C to substantially constant mass, and determine the mass to the nearest
ep
1g
 If the aggregate is essentially free of adherent coatings and dust, the
Pr
requirement for washing after the test is optional. However, in the case of
referee testing, the washing procedure shall be performed.
40
Calculation
 Calculate the loss (difference between the original mass and the final mass of
the test sample) as a percentage of the original mass of the test sample.
Report this value as the percent loss.
i
 The limit of loss should be less than 30%
dr
𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 − 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 (%) = × 100%
ai
𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
lh
For Discussion:-
 What is the mean Maximum Size of aggregate?
.A
 What is the mean Nominal Maximum Size of aggregate?
 What is the aim of LOS Angeles test?
A
am
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41
EXPERIMENT NO. 8
Penetration Test (ASTM D5 -2006) [AASHTO T 49-2010]
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.A
A
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Objectives:
us
The penetration test is used to measure consistency of bituminous materials

expressed as the distance in tenths of millimetre that a standard needle vertically
H
penetrates a sample of the materials under known conditions of loading, loading

time and temperature.
By
Main Principles:
 A needle of specified dimensions is allowed to penetrate vertically into a
ed
bituminous material under specified load, loading time and temperature.

 The distance the needle penetrates in units of 1/10 mm is termed the
ar
penetration value.
ep
 This method is used for semi-solid and solid bituminous materials having a
penetration up to 500.
Pr
 Asphalt cements are classified according to their penetration values , such

asphalt are called the penetration grade asphalts or grade asphalts namely 40-
50, 50-60, 60-70, 85-100 , 120- 150, 200- 300 for example, an asphalt with
penetration value of 46, is grade “40 -50”.
42
Test Condition :
 Load =100gm  Time =5sec
 Temperature =25˚C
Apparatus:
 Standard penetration test assembly  Hot plate
i
 Penetration tins.  Water bath
dr
 Transfer dish  Timing device (stop watch)
ai
 Thermometer
Procedure:
lh
 Heat the sample to pouring temperature. About 120˚C. Then pour it
.A
immediately into the sample container to minimum depth of 3cm, and allow
cooling to room temperature.
 Place the sample in water bath at 25 ˚C for 1-2 hours.
A
 Place the sample in transfer dish filled with water from the bath, and then
place the transfer dish containing the sample on the stand of penetration
am
device assembly.
 Immediately adjust the needle to just make contact with the sample surface,
us
as in Figure below.
H
By
ed
ar
 Bring the dial pointer to zero, and quickly release the needle for 5sec.
ep
 Adjust the instrument to measure the penetration distance and record the dial
reading, as in Figure below.
Pr
 Return the dish and the sample to the water bath and clean the needle with
solvent.
 Repeat steps 3-7 at least 3times.
Notes: The needle position must be more than 1cm from the side of the
container and any another previous position.
43
i
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lh
Results:
.A
 Record the dial reading of step 6 each time and take average, the result from
each time should not differ by more than 4%, if not, ignore the readings and
A
repeat the test.
 Find the grade of asphalt that produced the required penetration.
am
For Discussion:-
us
 Importance of penetration test?

 Effect of temperature, load and time on penetration values. State other
H
conditions?
 The use of different grade in different climates?
By
 What is the meaning of consistency of bituminous materials?

 Which value of penetration can be used in construction of roads in Iraq?
ed
ar
ep
Pr
44
EXPERIMENT NO. 9
Ductility Test (ASTM D 133-1999) [AASHTO T 51 2006]
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.A
A
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Objective:-
Pr
The ductility test is used to describe the ductile and tensile behaviour
of bituminous binders. The test, which is normally performed at ambient
temperature, is believed to reflect the homogeneity of the binder and its
ability to flow.
45
Main Principles:-
 It is the distance in centimetres to which bituminous material elongate before
braking when the end of a briquette specimen of the material is pulled at a
specified speed and specified temperature.
 The specimen is placed in a water bath at 25˚C and allowed to equilibrate before
i
dr
testing.
 If the asphalt sample sage then the test is not normal, add sodium chloride to the
ai
water.
lh
Test Condition:-
.A
 Temperature =25 ˚C  Rate of pulling = 5 cm/min
Apparatus:-
 Ductility testing machine,
 as in figure below. A
 Ductility mold and plate,
 Water path.
am
 Thermometer.  Hot plate.
 Spatula.
us
H
By
ed
ar
ep
Pr
46
Procedures:-
 Molding test specimen:-
Arrange the parts of the mold on a flat level plate with mixture of glycerine
and dextrin.
Carefully heat the sample to prevent local overheating until it has become
i
dr
sufficiently fluid to pour.
Pour the bitumen in a thin stream from end to end of the mold, cool to room
ai
temperature from 30-40 min., and then place it in the water bath maintained
at the specified temperature of test for 30 min., and then cut off the excess
lh
bitumen by a hot spatula.
.A
Place the assembly mold containing the bitumen and the plate in the water
bath at 25˚C for 90 min.
Prepare three samples in the same way.
 Testing:- A
am
Remove the briquette from the plate, and detach the sidepieces.
Immediately, attach the end of the mold to the pins in the testing machine,
us
and run it.

The machine will pull apart the specimen at a uniform speed until the
H
briquette rupture.
Measure and record the distance in centimetres, which the briquette travelled
By
before rupture. See Figure above.
For Discussion:-
ed
 Importance of ductility test for road construction.

 Iraqi standard for minimum ductility.
ar
 Effect of temperature and rate of pulling on ductility value.

 Importance of adding NaClR2R salt.
ep
 What is the reason of not coating the clips inside surface of ductility mold by
a lubricant?
Pr
 Draw the mold of the specimen.
47
EXPERIMENT NO. 10
Loss on Heating (ASTM D1754 2002) [AASHTO T 47-2005]
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.A
Objectives:-
A
 This method determines the effect of heat and air on a film of bituminous
am
materials under specified conditions.
 It indicates changes in properties during conventional hot mixing and thus
yields a residue that approximates the binder condition in a newly
us
constructed pavement.
 To measure the drop in penetration and ductility due to heating and
H
hardening of asphalt.
By
Main Principles:-
 A thin film of bituminous material is heated in an oven at 163°C for 5

ed
hours.
 The effects of heat and air on material properties can be determined by
ar
selected tests before and after the oven treatment.

Test Conditions:-
ep
50 gm of asphalt heating for 5hrs at 163 °C.

Apparatus:-
Pr
 Oven with rotating shelf “ASTM Standard”, see Figure below.

 Containers “metal or glass”55 mm in diameter and 35 mm depth as see
Figure below.
 Thermometer.
 Balance.
48
i
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.A
A
am
us
H
Procedures:-
By
 Heat a suitable amount of bitumen to temperature of 150˚C, and pour (50±0.5)

gm of the bitumen in the specified container but avoid the air bubbles in the
sample, and weight to the nearest 0.01 gm. This will be W1.
ed
 Bring the oven to a temperature of 163˚C and place the container with the
sample, then close the oven and rotate the shelf.
ar
 Maintain the temperature at (163±1) ˚C for 5 hours, after the sample has been
ep
introduced. The 5 hrs period shall start when the temperature reach 162˚C but
the total time in oven shall in no case exceed 5hrs and 15 min. The rate of
Pr
shelf rotating is of 5 to 6 rpm.

 Remove the sample container from the oven; cool to room temperature and
weight to the nearest 0.01 gm. This is W2.
 Empty the containers into a larger one stir combined residue thoroughly and
prepare it for penetration and ductility test.
49
Calculations:-
 Find the loss in mass for each sample from:
𝑊1 − 𝑊2
𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠[%] = × 100%
𝑊1
i
Where:
dr
W1: weight of the sample before TFOT (gm)
ai
W2= weight of the sample after TFOT (gm) Report the average value.
lh
 Find the penetration and ductility of the residue expressed as percent of the
original penetration.
.A
𝑃𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐴𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑇𝐹𝑂𝑇
𝑅𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑃𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 [%] = × 100%
𝑃𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐵𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑇𝐹𝑂𝑇
𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐴𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑇𝐹𝑂𝑇
𝑅𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 [%] = × 100%
A
𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐵𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑇𝐹𝑂𝑇
am
For Discussion:-
 Importance of the test.
us
 Is the value of % loss in mass within specification, explain that.

 What is your expectation about the value of ductility and penetration after
H
heating the asphalt sample at 163˚C for 5 hrs? Explain that.

 Which of the following condition does this test simulate?
By
ed
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ep
Pr
50
EXPERIMENT NO. 11
Softening Point Test (ASTM D36-1995) [AASHTO T 53-2006]
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.A
A
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H
Objectives:-
 The softening point test is used to measure and specify the temperature at
By
which bituminous binders begin to show fluidity.

 The softening point is also an indicative of the tendency of the material to
flow at elevated temperatures encountered in service.
ed
 For calculating the penetration index (PI) of the grade asphalt.

ar
Main Principles:-
ep
 This test is used for determining the softening point of bitumen in the range
of (30-157 ᵒC) using the ring-ball apparatus immersed in distilled P water (30
Pr
to 80 ᵒC).
 The temperature of a sample is raised at a constant rate and read when the
binder has undergone a specified deformation.
 A steel ball of 3.5 g is placed on a sample of binder contained in a brass ring
which is suspended in a water bath. The bath temperature is raised at 5°C
51
per minute, the binder gradually softens and deforms slowly as the ball falls
through the ring.
 At the moment the bitumen and steel ball touches a base plate 25 mm below
the ring, the temperature of the water is recorded.
 The higher softening point of the two bituminous materials of the same
i
dr
penetration value means a little effect by temperature.
Test Condition:-
ai
 Select freshly boiled distilled water for softening point between (30-80) ᵒC,
and USP glycerine for softening point (above 80 ᵒC up to 157 ᵒC).
lh
 Use ethylene glycol for softening point between 30 ᵒC and 110 ᵒC.
.A
 The temperature of the liquid must raise 5 ᵒC/ min.
 The maximum variation for any 1-min. after the first 3 minutes shall be 0.5
ᵒ
A
C.
Apparatus:-
am
 Standard ring and ball apparatus assembly as Figure below.
 Heat source
 Pouring plate treated with a mixture of glycerin and dextrin
us
 Thermometer
 Forceps
H
By
ed
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Pr
52
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.A
A
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Procedures:-
us
 Heat the sample to a temperature that does not exceed the expected
H
softening point by more than 110°C and time must not exceed 2 hours.
 Pour a heated sample into the preheated ring which is resting on the pouring
By
plate.
 Cool the specimen for minimum of 30 min., then cut the excess material off
by a hot knife of spatula.
 Assemble the apparatus with the ring and thermometer and fill the container
ed
with distilled water to a depth (102-108) mm.

 Maintain the container temperature at (5±1) ᵒC for 15 min. place the test
ar
container in ice water if necessary.

ep
 Using forceps place the balls previously adjusted to 5 ᵒC then apply heat so
that the temperature of the liquid is raised 5ᵒC/min. The maximum variation
Pr
for any 1 min after the first 3 min. shall be 0.5 ᵒC.
 Record the temperature shown by the thermometer at the instant the ball
touches the bottom.
53
Results and Calculations:-
 Report the temperature to the nearest 0.5 ᵒC for each ball.

 The average of the two readings is the softening point.
 The difference between two tests must not be more than 1.5 ᵒ C.
i
 Calculate the penetration index ( PI ) from:-
dr
20 − 𝑃𝐼 𝐿𝑜𝑔(800) − 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑃𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
= 50 ×
ai
10 + 𝑃𝐼 𝑇𝑟𝑏 − 𝑇
Where:-
lh
PI: Penetration index.
.A
Penetration: Penetration value
Trb: Softening point value (ᵒ C)
T: Penetration test temperature = 25 ᵒ C.
For Discussion:-
A
 Importance of softening point test and penetration index.
am
 Find the value of PI, and then compare it with the specifications.
 Explain the relation between penetration and softening point under the effect
us
of temperature.
 What is the representation of using the balls in the test?
H
 If you have two types of bitumen, which they have softening points of 55 ᵒC
and 60 ᵒC; which one is most affected by temperature, why? P Explain that.
By
ed
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54
EXPERIMENT NO. 12
Saybolt Viscosity Test (ASTM D88 1999)
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.A
A
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H
Objective:-
By
 Empirical procedure for determining saybolt viscosity of petroleum products

at specified temperature (21-99) ᵒC.
ed
Main principles:-
ar
Saybolt viscosity:
ep
Efflux time in seconds of 60ml. of sample flowing through a

calibrated orifice under specified condition.
Pr
a. Saybolt Universal Viscosity “SUV”

Determined using an orifice of (1.76±0.015) mm in diameter used for
lubricants and distillates with efflux time greater than 32sec. and less than
1000sec.
The viscosity value is reported in Saybolt Universal seconds, abbreviated
SUS, at a specified temperature.
55
b. Saybolt Furol Viscosity “SFV”

Determined using an orifice of (3.15±0.02) mm in diameter used when
“SUV” value is greater than 1000sec.
i
The viscosity value is reported in Saybolt Furol seconds, abbreviated
dr
SFS, at a specified temperature.
ai
The “SFV” is approximately one tenth the “SUV”.
lh
Apparatus:-
.A
 Saybolt furol viscosity test assembly as in Figure below.
 Receiving flask,
 Thermometer
 Stop watch
A
am
us
H
By
ed
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ep
Pr
56
Preparation of Apparatus:-
 Clean viscometer and receiving flask thoroughly with appropriate solvent.

 Place the receiving flask beneath the viscometer so that the graduation
mark on the flask is from (100-130) mm. below the bottom of the
i
viscometer tube.
dr
 Fill the bath to at least 6 mm. above the over flow rim of the viscometer,
the bath media used is water or oil for test temperature less than 98 ᵒC and
ai
oil for higher test temperature.
lh
Procedures:-
.A
 Establish and control bath temperature.
 Insert a cork stopper at the bottom of the viscometer.
A
 Preheat the sample to not more than 1.7 ᵒC above test temperature, and 28
ᵒ
C of its flash point.
am
 Stir the sample and strain it through sieve No.100 directly into the
viscometer.
 Stir the sample in the viscometer with the thermometer, use a circular
us
motion at (30 to 50) rpm in a horizontal plane. Remove thermometer

H
when the temperature remains constant within 0.03 ᵒC of the test

temperature during one minute of continuous stirring.
By
 Place the tip of the withdrawal tube in the gallery at a point and apply
suction to remove oil until its level in the gallery is below the over flow
rim.
ed
 Place the receiving flask in its proper position.

 Snap the cork and start the timer.
ar
 Stop the timer the instant the bottom of the oil meniscus reaches
graduation mark.
ep
 Record the efflux timer in seconds to the nearest 0.1 sec. This will be the
viscosity.
Pr
Results:-
 Report the time in seconds to the nearest 0.1 sec. and the test temperature
in ᵒC.
57
 To draw the relationship between viscosity and temperature, arrange a

table contains (temperature and efflux time) as follows:-
Test number Temperature of test Time
i
dr
 Draw the curve, it must be as shown below
ai
lh
.A
Viscosity (sec)
A
am
ᵒ
Temperature ( C)
us
 The viscosity, in centistokes can be calculated using this equation:

H
0.22 × 𝜃 − 180
𝜂= − − − 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛, 30 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 500
𝜃
By
Or 𝜂 = 0.216 × 𝜃 − − − 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛, 𝜃 > 500

Where:
ed
η = viscosity in centistokes
θ = viscosity in SUS
ar
ep
For Discussion:-
 Importance of Saybolt viscosity test.
Pr
 What is the effect of temperature on viscosity?

 What is used in the bath media of viscosity test? Why?
 Set another method to determine the viscosity.
 What is the theoretical meaning of viscosity of material?
 What is the relation between penetration and viscosity? Explain that.
58
EXPERIMENT NO. 13
Flash and Fire point Test (ASTM D 92-1999) [AASHTO T 48 1996]
i
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ai
lh
.A
A
am
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H
Objectives:-
 To determine the flash and fire points of all petroleum products, except
By
fuel oils and materials having an expected flash point below 79 ᵒC.
 The flash and fire points indicate the materials combustibility. The fumes
ed
from the material at the flash point temperatures are explosive.

ar
Definitions :-
 Flash point: the lowest temperature corrected to a barometric pressure of
ep
760 mm Hg at which application of the flame causes the vapor of

specimen to ignite under specified conditions of test.
Pr
 Fire point: the lowest temperature at which a specimen will sustain

burning for 5 sec.
59
Test Condition:-
For petroleum products except fuel oils and materials having an
expected flash point below 79 ᵒC.
Apparatus:-
i
dr
1. Cleveland open cup- apparatus as in Figure below.
ai
A. Test cup
B. Test flame applicator
lh
C. Heater
.A
D. Support
E. Shield for wind protection
2. Thermometer
A
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By
ed
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ep
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60
Procedures:-
 Full the cup by asphalt to the filling line. The temperature of the material
should be as low as possible, and the maximum 56 °C below the expected
flash point temperature.
 Apply heat initially so that the rate of temperature rise of the sample is (14
i
to 17) ᵒC/min. when the sample temperature is approximately 56 ᵒC below
dr
the anticipated flash point. Decrease the heat so that the rate of temperature
ai
rise of the last 28 ᵒC before the flash points is (5-6) ᵒC.
 Apply the test flame when the temperature becomes at least 28 ᵒC below
lh
the flash point. Across the center of the cup as in Figure above.
.A
 Record the temperature reading on the thermometer when a flash appears
at any point on the surface of the sample.
 To determine the fire point, continue heating until the surface of the
A
sample burns for at least 5 sec. as shown in Figure above.
am
Results:-
1. Report the flash point ᵒC.

us
2. Report the fire point ᵒC.

3. Correct the flash and fire point according to barometric pressure at the
H
time of test as following:

𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑠ℎ 𝑝𝑟 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 𝐶 + 0.033 × (760 − 𝑃)
By
Where:-
C: observe flash or fire point, oC.
P: ambient barometric, mm Hg.
ed
ar
For Discussion:-
ep
 Importance of “Flash and fire points test” and uses?

 Define the “Flash and fire points”, which one appears first?
Pr
 Is the value of flash and fire points within the specifications? Explain
that.
61
EXPERIMENT NO. 14
Density of Semi-Solid Bituminous Test (ASTM D 70 -1997) [AASHTO T-228]
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.A
A
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Aim:-
For determining the specific gravity of semi-solid bituminous materials,
us
asphalt cement, and soft tar pitches by use of a pycnometer.

H
Apparatus:-
 Pycnometer, glass, consisting of a cylindrical or conical vessel carefully
By
ground to receive an accurately fitting glass stopper 22 to 26 mm in

diameter. The stopper shall be provided with a hole 1.0 to 2.0 mm in
diameter, centrally located in reference to the vertical axis. The top surface
ed
of the stopper shall be smooth and substantially plane and the lower surface
shall be concave to allow all air to escape through the bore. The height of the
ar
concave section shall be 4.0 to 18.0 mm at the center. The stoppered

pycnometer shall have a capacity of 24 to 30 mL and shall weigh not more
ep
than 40 g. Suitable pycnometers are illustrated in Figure below.

 Water Bath.
Pr
 Thermometers,
62
i
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ai
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Materials:-
Water: - Freshly boiled and cooled distilled or deionized water.
.A
Sampling:-
 Take samples in accordance with Practice D 140. The sample shall be free of
A
foreign substances. Thoroughly mix the sample before removing a
representative portion for testing.
am
Preparation of Apparatus:-
 Partially fill a 600-mL Griffin low-form beaker with freshly boiled and
cooled distilled or deionized water to a level that will allow the top of the
us
pycnometer to be immersed to a depth of not less than 40 mm.

 Partially immerse the beaker in the water bath to a depth sufficient to allow
H
the bottom of the beaker to be immersed to a depth of not less than 100 mm,
while the top of the beaker is above the water level of the bath. Clamp the
By
beaker in place.
 Maintain the temperature of the water bath within 0.1°C of the test
temperature.
ed
Procedure:-
 Preparation of Sample—Heat the sample with care, stirring to prevent local
ar
overheating, until the sample has become sufficiently fluid to pour. In no case
ep
should the temperature be raised to more than 56°C above the expected
softening point for tar, or to more than 110°C above the expected softening
Pr
point for asphalt. Do not heat for more than 30 min, and avoid incorporating
air bubbles into the sample.
 Pour enough sample into the clean, dry, warmed pycnometer to fill it about
three fourths of its capacity. Take precautions to keep the material from
touching the sides of the pycnometer above the final level and prevent the
inclusion of air bubbles. Allow the pycnometer and its contents to cool to
63
ambient temperature for a period of not less than 40 min and weigh with the
stopper to the nearest 1 mg. designate the mass of the pycnometer plus
sample as C.
 Remove the beaker from the water bath. Fill the pycnometer containing the
asphalt with freshly boiled distilled or deionized water, placing the stopper
i
dr
loosely in the pycnometer. Do not allow any air bubbles to remain in the
pycnometer. Place the pycnometer in the beaker and press the stopper firmly
ai
in place. Return the beaker to the water bath.
 Allow the pycnometer to remain in the water bath for a period of not less than
lh
30 min. remove the pycnometer from the bath. Dry and weigh using the same
.A
technique and timing as that employed in step three. Designate this mass of
pycnometer plus sample plus water as D.
Calculation:-
A
 Calculate the relative density to the nearest 0.001 as follows:
𝐶−𝐴
am
𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
[(𝐵 − 𝐴) − (𝐷 − 𝐶)]
us
Where:
A: mass of pycnometer (plus stopper),
H
B: mass of pycnometer filled with water,

C: mass of pycnometer partially filled with asphalt, and
D: mass of pycnometer plus asphalt plus water.
By
 Calculate density to the nearest 0.001 as follows:

𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 × 𝑊𝑇
ed
Where:
ar
WT: density of water at the test temperature from table below.

ep
Density of water from CRC Handbook of Chemistry Physics:

Temperature, °C WT: Density of Water, kg/m3
Pr
15.0 999.1
25.0 997.0
64
EXPERIMENT NO. 15
Marshall Test (ASTM D 6926 -2010)
i
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lh
.A
A
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H
Objective:-
 The objective of Marshall Mix design procedure is to find the optimum

By
binder content in the mix.
Definitions:-
ed
It is essentially an unconfined compression test in which a cylindrical

specimen is compressed in a special cylindrical test – head, with a constant rate
ar
of 50.8 mm/min.
ep
This test is used for with mixtures containing asphalt cement; asphalt cut
back or tar and aggregate up to 25.4 mm maximum.
Pr
Main principles:-
 The binder content is varied in steps of typically 0.5% around assumed
optimum binder content.
65
 The binder content is determined which best complies with Marshall stability,
flow, void content, voids filled with binder and density requirements for the
mix being investigated.
Apparatus:-
i
 Specimen mold 101.6 mm diameter and 76.2 mm height with extension collar
dr
and base plate, see in Figure below.
 Specimen extractor
ai
 Compaction hammer 4.536 kg weight, 457.2 mm drop,
lh
 Specimen mold holder.
 Breaking head.
.A
 Ring dynamometer assembly.
 Flow meter.
A
 Oven or hot plate.
 Mixing bowls.
am
 Water bath.
 Water tank balance,
 Thermometers.
us
 Miscellaneous apparatus,
H
By
ed
ar
ep
Pr
66
i
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.A
Procedures:-
A
 Preparation of Materials:-
 Prepare at least three specimens for each combination of aggregate and
am
bitumen content. Each specimen at least requires 1200 g of mixtures.
 Preparation of aggregate:
Dry aggregate to constant temperature of (105 - 110) PᵒC and separate the
us
aggregate by dry sieving into the desired size fractions, as shown in Table
and Figure below.
H
 Preparation of liquid asphalt:

Specify the required temperature for asphalt heating that makes asphalt
By
viscosity 170±20 centistokes for mixing and 280±30centistokes for

compacting , as shown in Figure below.
ed
ar
ep
Pr
67
Sieve size Weight of aggregate (gm)

Asphalt cement (% by total weight of mix)
in. mm 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5
"3/4 19 100 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
i
"1/2 12.5 90-100 95 5 57.6 57.3 57 56.7 56.4 56.1
dr
"3/8 9.5 76-90 83 12 138.24 137.52 136.8 136.0 135.3 134.6
ai
#4 4.75 44-74 59 24 276.48 275.04 273.6 272.1 270.7 269.2
#8 2.36 28-58 43 16 184.32 183.36 182.4 181.4 180.4 179.5
lh
#50 0.3 5-21 13 30 345.6 343.8 342 340.2 338.4 336.6
#200 0.075 4-10 7 6 69.12 68.76 68.4 68.04 67.68 67.32
.A
Pan 7 80.64 80.22 79.8 79.38 78.96 78.54
Weight of total mix (gm) 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200
Weight of aggregate (gm) 1152 1146 1140 1134 1128 1122
A
Weight of asphalt (gm) 48 54 60 66 72 78
Table shown the Bituminous Mixture Grading for Wearing Course (Type III A) (Maximum Aggregate Size 19.0
am
mm). According to Iraqi Specification for Roads & Bridges (2003)
us
H
By
ed
ar
ep
Pr
68
Preparation of specimens:
 Weight into separate pans for each test specimen the amount of each size
fraction required to produce with result in compacted (63.5±1.27) mm in
height and 101 mm in diameter (about 1200 gm).
i
 Place the pans on the hot plate or in the oven and heat to a temperature not
dr
exceeding the mixing temperature by more than approximately 28 ᵒC for
asphalt cement and tar mixes, and 14ᵒC for cutback asphalt mixes.
ai
 Charge the mixing bowl with the heated aggregate and dry mix thoroughly.
lh
 Form a crater in the dry blended aggregate and weight the preheated required
.A
amount of bituminous material into the mixture. At this point the
temperature for the aggregate and bituminous material shall be within the
limits of the mixing temperature.
A
 Thoroughly clean the specimen mold assembly and the face of compaction
hammer and heat them on the hot plate to a temperature of (93.3 - 148.9) ᵒC.
am
Place a paper towelling cut to size in the bottom of the mold before the
mixture introduced.
 Place the entire batch in mold.
us
 Place the mold assembly on the compaction pedestal in mold holder; apply
H
75 blows with the compaction hammer falling 457.2 mm distance,

perpendicularly to the base of the mold.
 Remove the base plate and collar. Reverse and reassemble the mold.
By
 Apply the same number of compaction blows to the face of the reversed
specimen.
ed
 After compaction, remove the base plate and let the sample be free by using
the specimen extractor.
ar
Testing of specimens:
 Carefully transfer the specimen to a smooth, flat surface and allow it to stand
ep
overnight at a room temperature. Weight, measure and test the specimen.

 Bring the specimen to the specified temperature by immersing them in the
Pr
water bath (30-40) min. at (60±1) ᵒC.

 After drying the specimen put it in the testing machine. Apply the load to the
specimen by means of constant rate of movement of the testing machine head
of 50.8 mm/min until the maximum load is reached, and the load decreases as
indicated by the dial gauge. As in Figure below.
 Record the maximum load noted on the testing machine.
69
 Record the flow value at the maximum load reading.

 The elapsed time for the test from removal of the specimen from water bath to
the maximum load deformation shall not exceed 30 sec.
i
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.A
A
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Data obtained:-
H
Arrange a table containing the following data:-

Group No. Blend [1] Blend [2] Blend [3] Blend [4]
By
Binder (%)
Average height of specimen (mm)
Weight of specimen in air (gm)
ed
Weight of basket in water (gm)

Weight of basket + sample in
ar
water (gm)
ep
Stability KN
Flow (mm)
Pr
Where:
• Stability: maximum load sustained by the specimen at 60 ᵒC.
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝐾𝑁) = 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 × 𝐹
Where:
F: the instrument constant
𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝐾𝑁) = 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 × 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
70
To get correction ratio use Table below.

 Flow: deformation corresponding to maximum load resistance of the standard
specimen at 60 ᵒC.
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 × 0.001 × 25.4
i
Flow reading = No. of division
dr
Each division = 0.001" 1" = 25.4 mm.
ai
Notes:-
• Measured stability of a specimen multiplied by the ratio of the specimen
lh
thickness equals the corrected stability for 63.5 mm (2 ½ in) specimen.
• Volume – thickness relationship is based on a specimen diameter of 101.6
.A
mm (4 in).
A
Volume of Specimen Approximate Thickness of Correction Ratio
(ml) specimen
mm inch
am
200 - 213 25.4 1 5.56
214 - 225 27.0 1 1/16 5.00
us
226 - 237 28.6 1 1/8 4.55

238 - 250 30.2 1 3/16 4.17
251 - 264 31.8 1¼ 3.85
H
265 - 276 33.3 1 5/16 3.57

277 - 289 34.9 1 3/8 3.33
By
290 - 301 36.5 1 7/16 3.03

302 - 316 38.1 1½ 2.78
317 - 328 39.7 1 9/16 2.50
ed
329 - 340 41.3 1 5/8 2.27

341 - 353 42.9 1 11/16 2.08
ar
354 - 367 44.4 1¾ 1.92

368 - 379 46.0 1 13/16 1.79
ep
380 - 392 47.6 1 7/8 1.67

393 - 405 49.2 1 15/16 1.56
Pr
406 - 420 50.8 2 1.47

421 - 431 52.4 2 1/16 1.39
432 - 443 54.0 2 1/8 1.32
444 - 456 55.6 2 3/16 1.25
457 - 470 57.2 2¼ 1.19
471 - 482 58.7 2 5/16 1.14
483 - 495 60.3 2 3/8 1.09
71
496 - 508 61.9 2 7/16 1.04

509 - 522 63.5 2½ 1.00
523 - 535 64.0 2 9/16 0.96
536 - 546 65.1 2 5/8 0.93
547 - 559 66.7 2 11/16 0.89
i
560 - 573 68.3 2¾ 0.86
dr
574 - 585 71.4 2 13/16 0.83
586 - 598 73.0 2 7/8 0.81
ai
599 - 610 74.6 2 15/16 0.78
611 - 625 76.2 3 0.76
lh
.A
Calculations:-
 Find bulk unit weight ( γ ) from:

𝑊𝑎 𝑊𝑎
A
𝛾(𝑔𝑚/𝑐𝑚3 ) = =
𝑉 𝑊𝑎 − 𝑊𝑤
am
Where:
Wa: weight of specimen in air (gm)
Ww: weight of specimen in water (gm)
us
V: volume of specimen = volume of displaced water (cm3).

 Determine % of air void by determining maximum theoretical unit weight (ψ):
H
𝑊𝑎
𝛹(𝑔𝑚 / 𝑐𝑚3) =
𝑉𝑏 + 𝑉𝑐 + 𝑉𝑓 + 𝑉𝑚𝑓
By
𝑊𝑎
𝛹(𝑔𝑚 / 𝑐𝑚3 ) =
𝑊𝑏 × 𝐺𝑏 + 𝑊𝑐 × 𝐺𝑐 + 𝑊𝑓 × 𝐺𝑓 + 𝑊𝑚𝑓 × 𝐺𝑚𝑓
ed
Then determine % void in total mix (i.e. in specimen)

ar
𝛹−𝛾
𝑉. 𝑇. 𝑀[%] = × 100%
𝛹
ep
Where:
Vb, Wb, Gb = Volume (cm3), Weight (gm) and specific gravity (gm/cm3) of binder.
Pr
Vc, Wc, Gc = Volume (cm3), Weight (gm) and specific gravity (gm/cm3) of course
aggregate
Vf, Wf, Gf = Volume (cm3), Weight (gm) and specific gravity (gm/cm3) of fine
aggregate
Vmf, Wmf, Gmf = Volume (cm3), Weight (gm) and specific gravity (gm/cm3) of mineral
filler V.T.M = Voids in total mix.
Taking:
72
Gb = 1.02 gm/cm3
Gc = 2.64 gm/cm3
Gf = 2.66 gm/cm3
Gmf = 2.85 gm/cm3
Note: specific gravity values of the aggregate (Gc, Gf, Gmf) are the apparent and not
bulk specific gravity, i.e. volumes of permeable void in aggregate are excluded from
i
dr
calculation, i.e. it is assumed that voids are filled with binder material.
ai
 For every specimen, determine % voids filled with binder
𝑉. 𝑀. 𝐴 = 𝑉 − 𝑉𝑐 – 𝑉𝑓 − 𝑉𝑚𝑓
lh
𝑊 𝑊𝑐 𝑊𝑓 𝑊𝑚𝑓
𝑉. 𝑀. 𝐴 = − – −
.A
𝛾 𝐺𝑐 𝐺𝑓 𝐺𝑚𝑓
Where:
A
𝑽. 𝑴. 𝑨 = 𝒗𝒐𝒊𝒅 𝒊𝒏 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒈𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒆 (𝒄𝒎𝟑 )
𝑉. 𝑀. 𝐴
𝑉. 𝑀. 𝐴[%] = × 100%
am
𝑉
𝑊𝑎
𝑉=
𝛾
us
𝑉𝑏
𝑉. 𝐹. 𝐴[%] = × 100%
𝑉. 𝑀. 𝐴
H
𝑊𝑏
𝑉𝑏 =
𝐺𝑏
By
𝑉. 𝑀. 𝐴 − 𝑉. 𝑇. 𝐴
𝑉. 𝐹. 𝐴[%] = × 100%
𝑉. 𝑀. 𝐴
ed
Arrange a table containing the following data:-
Group Binder 𝛄 (kg/m ) (V.T.M.) % (V.F.B.) % Corrected Flow

ar
No. (%) stability (mm)

(KN)
ep
Pr
 From the previous data draw curves between (binder content) and the
following:
a. Corrected stability (KN)
b. Marshall Flow (mm)
c. % of voids in total mix V.T.M. (%)
d. % of voids filled with binder V.F.B. (%)
73
e. Unit weight γ (gm / cm3).
i
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lh
.A
A
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us
 Find the optimum binder content from the drown curves to get mixture
containing 4% voids in total mix as follow:
H
𝑏⁄ [𝑚𝑎𝑥.𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦]+𝑏⁄ [𝑚𝑎𝑥.𝛾]+𝑏⁄ [𝑉.𝑇.𝑀[%]]

𝑐 𝑐 𝑐
𝑂. 𝐵. 𝐶 =
3
By
Where:-
O.B.C. = optimum binder content.
𝑏⁄ [𝑚𝑎𝑥. 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦] = 𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦.
𝑐
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 Determine the max. Characteristics at the optimum binder content (stability,

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flow, %V.T.M. & % V.F.B.).

 Compare the value you get with SORB specifications shown in Table below.
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Table of SORB specifications

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Property Wearing Course Binder Course Base Course
Stability > 8 KN > 7 KN > 5 KN

Flow (2 - 4) mm (2 - 4) mm (2 - 5) mm
% V.T.M. (3 - 5) % (3 - 7) % (3 - 7) %
% V.F.B. (70 - 85) % (60 - 80) % ------------
74
For Discussion:-
 What is the importance of the test?
 What is the meaning of (stability, flow, % V.T.M., Ψ)?
 What are the specifications of the aggregate used?

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What is the reason of preheating of the aggregate before mixing it with
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asphalt?
 Explain the relation between stability, flow and %Ac.
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 What are the elements that affect the value of flow and stability?
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 How can we obtain the best ratio of asphalt?
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75
EXPERIMENT NO. 16
Superpave Mix Design
One of the principal results from the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) was the
Superpave mix design method. The Superpave mix design method was designed to replace the
Hveem and Marshall methods. The volumetric analysis common to the Hveem and Marshall
i
methods provides the basis for the Superpave mix design method. The Superpave system ties
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asphalt binder and aggregate selection into the mix design process, and considers traffic and
climate as well. The compaction devices from the Hveem and Marshall procedures have been
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replaced by a gyratory compactor and the compaction effort in mix design is tied to expected
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traffic.
This section consists of a brief history of the Superpave mix design method followed by a general outline
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of the actual method. This outline emphasizes general concepts and rationale over specific procedures.
Typical procedures are available in the following documents:
• Roberts, F.L.; Kandhal, P.S.; Brown, E.R.; Lee, D.Y. and Kennedy, T.W. (1996[1]). Hot Mix
A
AsphaltMaterials, Mixture Design, and Construction. National Asphalt Pavement Association Education
Foundation. Lanham, MD.
• Asphalt Institute. (2001[2]). Superpave Mix Design. Superpave Series No. 2 (SP-02). Asphalt
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Institute. Lexington, KY.
• American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). (2000[3] and
2001[4]). AASHTO Provisional Standards. American Association of State Highway and Transportation
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Officials. Washington, D.C.

Superpave History:-
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Under the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP), an initiative was undertaken to improve
materials selection and mixture design by developing:
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1- A new mix design method that accounts for traffic loading and environmental conditions.
2- A new method of asphalt binder evaluation.
3- New methods of mixture analysis.
When SHRP was completed in 1993 it introduced these three developments and called them the
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Superior Performing Asphalt Pavement System (Superpave). Although the new methods of
mixture performance testing have not yet been established, the mix design method is well-
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established.
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Superpave Procedure
The Superpave mix design method consists of 7 basic steps:
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1. Aggregate selection.
2. Asphalt binder selection.
3. Sample preparation (including compaction).
4. Performance Tests.
5. Density and voids calculations.
6. Optimum asphalt binder content selection.
7. Moisture susceptibility evaluation.
76
Aggregate Selection
Superpave specifies aggregate in two ways. First, it places restrictions on aggregate gradation by
means of broad control points. Second, it places “consensus requirements” on coarse and fine
aggregate angularity, flat and elongated particles, and clay content. Other aggregate criteria,
which the Asphalt Institute (2001) calls “source properties” (because they are considered to be
i
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source specific) such as L.A. abrasion, soundness and water absorption are used in Superpave but
since they were not modified by Superpave they are not discussed here.
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Gradation and Size
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Aggregate gradation influences such key HMA parameters as (read about these parameters here)
stiffness, stability, durability, permeability, workability, fatigue resistance, frictional resistance
.A
and resistance to moisture damage (Roberts et al., 1996). Additionally, the maximum aggregate
size can be influential in compaction and lift thickness determination.
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Gradation Specifications
Superpave mix design specifies aggregate gradation control points, through which aggregate
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gradations must pass. These control points are very general and are a starting point for a job mix
formula.
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Aggregate Blending
It is rare to obtain a desired aggregate gradation from a single aggregate stockpile. Therefore,
H
Superpave mix designs usually draw upon several different aggregate stockpiles and blend them
together in a ratio that will produce an acceptable final blended gradation. It is quite common to
find a Superpave mix design that uses 3 or 4 different aggregate stockpiles (Figure 1).
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Figure 1. Screen shot from HMA View showing a typical aggregate blend from 4 stockpiles.
77
i
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Fig.: Gyratory compactor.& Superpave gyratory compactor sample (left) vs. Hveem/Marshall compactor sample (right).
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The Superpave gyratory compactor establishes three different gyration numbers:
1- Ninitial. The number of gyrations used as a measure of mixture compactability during

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construction. Mixes that compact too quickly (air voids at Ninitial are too low) may be
tenderduring construction and unstable when subjected to traffic. Often, this is a good
indication of aggregate quality – HMA with excess natural sand will frequently fail the
Ninitialrequirement. A mixture designed for greater than or equal to 3 million ESALs with
4 percent air voids at Ndesign should have at least 11 percent air voids at Ninitial.
2- Ndesign. This is the design number of gyrations required to produce a sample with the
same density as that expected in the field after the indicated amount of traffic. A mix with
4 percent air voids at Ndesign is desired in mix design.
78
3- Nmax. The number of gyrations required to produce a laboratory density that should never
be exceeded in the field. If the air voids at Nmax are too low, then the field mixture may
compact too much under traffic resulting in excessively low air voids and potential rutting.
The air void content at Nmax should never be below 2 percent air voids.
Typically, samples are compacted to Ndesign to establish the optimum asphalt binder content
i
and then additional samples are compacted to Nmax as a check. Previously, samples were
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compacted to Nmax and then Ninitial and Ndesign were back calculated. Table 6 lists the
specified number of gyrations for Ninitial, Ndesign and Nmax while Table 7 shows the
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required densities as a percentage of theoretical maximum density (TMD) for Ninitial,
Ndesign and Nmax. Note that traffic loading numbers are based on the anticipated traffic
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level on the design lane over a 20-year period regardless of actual roadway design life
(AASHTO, 2001).
.A
Table: Number of Gyrations for Ninitial, Ndesign and Nmax (from AASHTO, 2001[4])
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Table: Required Densities for Ninitial, Ndesign and Nmax (from AASHTO, 2001[4])
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The standard gyratory compactor sample preparation procedure is:

1- AASHTO TP4: Preparing and Determining the Density of Hot-Mix Asphalt (HMA)
Specimens by Means of the Superpave Gyratory Compactor Performance Tests
79
2- The original intent of the Superpave mix design method was to subject the various
trial mix designs to a battery of performance tests akin to what the Hveem method
does with the stabilometer and cohesion meter, or the Marshall method does with the
stability and flow test. Currently, these performance tests, which constitute the
mixture analysis portion of Superpave, are still under development and review and
have not yet been implemented. The most likely performance test, called the Simple
i
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Performance Test (SPT) is a Confined Dynamic Modulus Test.
Density and Voids Analysis
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All mix design methods use density and voids to determine basic HMA physical
characteristics. Two different measures of densities are typically taken:
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Bulk specific gravity (Gmb).
Theoretical maximum specific gravity (TMD, Gmm).
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These densities are then used to calculate the volumetric parameters of the HMA. Measured
void expressions are usually:
Air voids (Va), sometimes expressed as voids in the total mix (VTM)
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Voids in the mineral aggregate (VMA)
Voids filled with asphalt (VFA)
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Generally, these values must meet local or State criteria.
VMA and VFA must meet the values specified in Table 8. Note that traffic loading numbers
are based on the anticipated traffic level on the design lane over a 20-year period regardless of
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actual roadway design life (AASHTO, 2000b).

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80
Standard and Specification Guide for Roads and Bridges
2- Earthwork :-
Organic material SORB/R5 Max (12%) from weight
Should not be content Roots and twigs of plants
i
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Salt and Gypsum soil Max (10%) from a weight of
Soluble salt
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Liquid limit Max (70%) and Min (55%)
Plastic index Max (45%) and Min (30%)
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Compaction degree Min (95%) from dry density
CBR present Min (4%)
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Soil with 1700gm/cm3 cannot be used in surface layer
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3- Soil - Sub grade and sub base/Base
Silt and clay
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Clay particle passing size SORB/R6E Max (35%)
(0.002mm)
Salt Max (4%) for sulphate and
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Max (8%) for Chlorides from

a weight of Soluble salt
Liquid limit Max (45%)
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Plastic index Max (20%)

PH Min (12.1) if not add max
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(2%) CaCl2 from weight dry

soil.
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Sand and gravel

passing 50 mm SORB/R6E 100%
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passing No.4 (5 mm) Min (50%)

passing No.36 (0.4 mm) Min (15%)
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passing No.200 (0.075 mm) Max (5%)

Clay content passing size Max (3%)
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(0.002mm)
The cement used for installation or work is original (Type I) or

resistant (Type II), and shall not exceed storage period for 4
months
Use clean water and free harmful marital.
81
Lime
Type and properties LIME (SORB/ R6F)
Quick Lime (CaO) Lime (Ca(OH)2
Calcium Oxides and Min (92%) Min (95%)
Magnesium
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Oxides of carbon in the oven Max (3%) Max (5%)
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Or elsewhere Max (7%)
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4- Bitumen or Asphalt - Sub grade and sub base/Base
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passing No.200 (0.075mm) SORB/R6G Max (30%)
Liquid limit Max (30%)
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Plastic index Max (15%)
Asphalt for mix Used Cutback Bitumen RC70
or RC250 or RC800 or
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Cationic
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Mixture
Properties Sub grade Sub base
Compressive strength 1N/mm2 2N/mm2
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Marshall stability 1kN 2kN

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5- Sub-Base course
Remained on sieve No.10 (2mm)
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Silt content SORB/R6 Zero content

Erosion Max (45%)
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Passing sieve No.10 (2mm)

Organic metal SORB/R6 Max (2%)
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Passing No.4 (0.425mm) Liquid max (25%) and max (35%)

limit for shoulder
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Passing No.4 (0.425mm) Plastic max (6%) and max (4-9%)

index for shoulder
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Passing No.200 (0.075mm) Max (2/3) passing No.40

(0.425mm)
Soluble salts Max (10%)
Sulphate salts Max (5%)
82
Gradation of aggregate for sub base

Sieve size Percent of passing [%]
mm Inch Class A Class B Class C Class D
75 3 100
50 2 100 – 95 100
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25 1 95 – 75 100 100
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9.5 3/8 65 – 30 75 – 40 85 – 50 100 – 60
4.75 No.4 55 – 25 60 – 30 65 – 35 85 – 50
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2.36 No.8 42 – 16 47 – 21 52 – 26 72 – 42
0.3 No.50 18 – 7 28 – 14 28 – 14 42 – 23
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0.075 No.200 8–2 15 – 5 15 – 5 20 – 5
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CBR for density 95% Min (35%) Min (30%) Min (20%)
Base of crash lime stone and gravel
A
Sieve size Passing
mm inch
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37.5 1.5 100
25 1 100 – 80
12.5 0.5 80 – 50
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4.75 No.4 60 – 30
0.425 No.40 30 – 10
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0.075 No.200 15 – 5 **
 The maximum percent Passing No.200 60% from passing size 0.425mm.
 When used crash aggregate the limited of sieve No.200 equal (5 – 12 %)
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Crash gravel Remained SORB/R7 Min (75%)

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on sieve No.4
Erosion of aggregate Max (45%)
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Passing (0.425mm) Max (25%)

Liquid limit
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Passing (0.425mm) Max (4%)

Plastic index
Pr
Gypsum content (So4) Max (5%)

CBR for 95% density Min (80%)
83
Job Mix ‘’Hot Mix Asphalt Concrete Pavement’’
 Aggregate
Base Binder Surface
Mechanic erosion for Max (40%) Max (35%) Max (30%)
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aggregate larger than
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(2.36mm)
Harmful material Max (3%) from weight
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Plasticity coefficient Max (4%)
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Coarse aggregate is the aggregate remained on sieve No.4 (4.75mm).
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Degree of crash Min (90%)
Elongation factor Max (10%)
Soundness test Max (12%)when used Na2SO4 , max (18%) when used MgSO4
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Fine aggregate is the aggregate passing sieve No.4 (4.75mm).
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Natural sand passing (2.36mm) Max (25%)
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Filler material: - fine material used in mix as (cement Portland, crash lime
stone ...ext.)
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Plasticity coefficient Max (4%)

Gradation Sieve size (mm) Passing percent (%)
By
0.6 100
0.3 100 – 95
0.075 100 – 70
Asphalt cement
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Penetration 40 – 50 for Iraq Baghdad (road, highway )

Ductility Min (100 cm)
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Flash point Min (232oC)

Soluble in ethylene solution Min (99%)
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Thin oven Test [AC] 40 – 50 50 – 60 60 – 70

Penetration Min (55%) Min (53%) Min (55%)
Pr
Ductility Min (25%) Min (40%) Min (50%)
84
 Gradation of Hot Mix
Type of Concert mixture I II AIII (A3) BIII (B3)

Mixture used Sub Base layer Base Layer Surface Layer
Sieve size
Percent of passing (%)
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(mm) (Inch)
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37.5 1.5 100
25 1 100 - 90 100
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19 ¾ 90 – 76 100 – 90 100
80 – 56 90 – 70 100 – 90
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12.5 1/3 100
9.5 3/8 74 – 48 80 – 56 90 – 76 100 – 90
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4.75 No.4 59 – 29 65 – 35 74 – 44 85 – 55
2.36 No.8 45 – 19 49 – 23 58 – 28 67 – 32
0.3 No.50 17 – 5 19 – 5 21 – 5 23 – 7
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0.075 No.200 8–2 9–3 10 – 4 10 – 4
Asphalt content 5.5 – 3 6–4 6–4 6–4
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Allowable range in sieve in job mix
Seize aggregate Range change
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Passing No.4 (4.75mm) or large ± 6%

Passing No.8 (2.36mm) and (0.3mm) ± 4%
H
Passing No.200 (0.075mm) ± 2%

Asphalt cement content ± 0.3%
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Temperature mix ± 15oC
Properties of Mixture
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Property Sub Base Layer Base Layer Surface Layer

Stability of Marshal Min (5kN) Min (7kN) Min (8kN)
Flow of Marshal 2 – 4 mm 2 – 4 mm 2 – 4 mm
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Air Voids 3–6% 3–5% 3–5%

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Void Mineral Min (12%) Min (13%) Min (14%)

Aggregate (VMA)
Remained Strengths of Min (70%) Min (70%) Min (70%)
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Water Sensitives
85
Work Sheet for All Experimental Work

Name : Class:
DATA SHEET FOR : Atterberg Limit
Test name Liquid limit
Container name
i
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Weight empty con. [g]
Weight wet sample
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+con. [g]
Weight dry sample
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+con. [g]
Weight of dry sample
[g]
.A
Weight of water [g]
Number of Blows [N]
A
Water content [%]
100
am
80
Water content (%)
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60
H
40
By
20
0
1 10 100
ed
Number of blows (N)
Liquid limit =
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Test name Plastic limit

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Container name
Weight empty con. [g]
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Weight wet sample

+con. [g]
Weight dry sample
+con. [g]
Weight of dry sample
[g]
Weight of water [g]
Water content [%]
86
Plastic limit =
Plastic Index [PI]=
Significant: Date:
Name : Class:
DATA SHEET FOR : Percentage passing No.200
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Test name Percentage passing No.200
Title Mass in gram (g)
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Empty con. [g]
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Wet sample + con. [g]
Dry sample +con. [g]
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dry sample [g]
Sieve No.200 [g]
A
Sieve +Retained sample on No.200 [g]
Retained sample [g]
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Passing No. 200 [%]=
Test name Group Index
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Container name
L.L (Liquid limit) [%]
H
P.L (Plastic Limit) [%]

P (Passing No. 200) [%]
By
Group Index [GI]

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Significant: Date:
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87
Name : Class:
DATA SHEET FOR : Specific Gravity for fine soil.
Test name Specific Gravity
Group name
Empty pycnometer. [g] (W1)
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Dry sample + pycnometer [g] (W2)
Dry sample + pycnometer + water[g] (W3)
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pycnometer + water [g] (W4)
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Gs =
.A
Test name Moisture and Density Relation
Group name 1 2 3 4 5
A
3
Volume of mould [cm ]
Weight of mould [gm] [W1]
am
Weight of sample + mould [gm] [W2]
Percent of water content [%]
Weight of water [gm]
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Specific gravity Gs
Wet density [gm/cm3]
H
dry density [gm/cm3]

ZAVD [gm/cm3]
By
50
ed
40
Water content %
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30
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20
Pr
10
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
dry density gm/cm3
88
Significant: Date:
Name : Class:
DATA SHEET FOR : Field density measurement.
i
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Test name By Sand Cone Method
Group name
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Weight of Empty Jar. (WC.J) [gm]
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Volume of Empty Jar. (VC.J) [cm3]
Weight of Fill sand Jar. (WS.C.J) [gm]
.A
Bulk Density of Sand Jar [gm/cm3]
Weight of excavated soil (WFeild ) [gm]
A
Wet Sample for moisture content [gm]
Dry Sample for moisture content [gm]
am
Water content [%]
Weight of sand on cone (WC.S)[gm]

Wet density in the field [gm/cm3]
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Dry density in the field [gm/cm3]

H
Dry density in the field [gm/cm3] =

Test name By Balloon Method
By
Group name
Initial Volume [cm3]
Final Volume [cm3]
ed
Volume of hole [cm3]
Weight of excavated soil (WFeild ) [gm]

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Wet Sample for moisture content [gm]

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Dry Sample for moisture content [gm]

Water content [%]
Pr
Wet density in the field [gm/cm3]

Dry density in the field [gm/cm3]
Dry density in the field [gm/cm3]=
Significant: Date:
89
Name : Class:
DATA SHEET FOR : California Bearing Ratio CBR Test.
Test name California Bearing Ratio CBR Test
Penetration Force gauge Force on Penetration Force gauge Force on
of plunger reading [div] plunger [kN] of plunger reading [div] plunger [kN]
i
[mm] Top Bottom Top Bottom [mm] Top Bottom Top Bottom
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0 4.0
0.25 4.25
ai
0.5 4.5
0.75 4.75
lh
1.0 5.0
1.25 5.25
.A
1.5 5.5
1.75 5.75
2.0 6.0
2.25 6.25
A
2.5 6.5
2.75 6.75
3.0 7.0
am
3.25 7.25
3.5 7.5
3.75 7.75
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W1 [gm] Mass of container WW [gm]

W2 [gm] Mass of wet soil+ WS [gm]
H
container
W3 [gm] Mass of dry soil + M.C [%]
container
By
W4 [gm] CBR [%]

W5 [gm]
Significant: Date:
ed
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Pr
90
Name : Class:
DATA SHEET FOR : Los Angeles Abrasion.
Test name Los Angeles Abrasion for Small-Size Coarse Aggregate
Group name
Class type
i
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Sieve ( )
Sieve ( )
ai
Sieve ( )
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Sieve ( )
Original weight [g]
.A
Final weight [g]
loss [%]
Loss [%] =
A
am
Significant: Date:
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H
By
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91
Name : Class:
DATA SHEET FOR : Penetration Test.
Test name Penetration Test
Group name
First try
i
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Second try
Third try
ai
Forth try
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Fifth try
Average
.A
Grid of asphalt
A
Grid of asphalt =
Significant: Date:
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By
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92
Name : Class:
DATA SHEET FOR : Ductility Test.
Test name Ductility Test
Group name
First try
i
dr
Second try
Third try
ai
Average
lh
Ductility of asphalt
.A
Ductility of asphalt =
Significant: Date:
A
am
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H
By
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93
Name : Class:
DATA SHEET FOR : Loss on Heating.
Test name Loss on Heating
Group name First try Second try Third try Forth try
Weight before TFOT
i
dr
Weight After TFOT
Penetration before TFOT
ai
Penetration before TFOT
lh
Penetration after TFOT
Ductility before TFOT
.A
Ductility after TFOT
A
Loss in weight [%] =
Remained pent. =
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Remained duct. =
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Significant: Date:
H
By
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94
Name : Class:
DATA SHEET FOR : Softening Point Test.
Test name Softening Point Test
Group name First Ball Second Ball
Softening Point oC
i
Average Softening Point oC
dr
Time
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Penetration
Average penetration
lh
Penetration Index
.A
Average Softening Point oC =
A
Average penetration =
Penetration Index =
am
Significant: Date:
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H
By
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95
Name : Class:
DATA SHEET FOR : Saybolt Viscosity Test.
Test name Saybolt Viscosity Test
Time Temperature oC
Min Sec
i
First try
dr
Second try
ai
Third try
Forth try
lh
Fifth try
.A
viscosity in centistokes
viscosity in centistokes =
A
Significant: Date:
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us
H
By
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96
Name : Class:
DATA SHEET FOR : Flash and fire point Test.
Test name Flash and fire point
Temperature oC
i
dr
Flash Point
Fire Point
ai
Pressure mm Hg
lh
Correct Flash Point
Correct Fire Point
.A
=
Flash Point Fire Point =
A
Significant: Date:
am
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H
By
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Pr
97
Name : Class:
DATA SHEET FOR : Density and specific gravity of asphalt
Test name Density and specific gravity of asphalt
Container name
A: mass of pycnometer (plus stopper),[gm]
i
dr
B: mass of pycnometer filled with water, [gm]
C: mass of pycnometer partially filled with
ai
asphalt, [gm]
D: mass of pycnometer plus asphalt plus water.
lh
[gm]
Specific gravity
.A
Density of water
Density of asphalt
Specific gravity [Gs]=

= A
am
Density of asphalt
Significant: Date:
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H
By
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98
Name : Class:
DATA SHEET FOR : Marshall Test.
Test name Marshall Test
Group No. Binder % Average Weight of Weight of Weight of Stability Flow (mm
height of specimen basket in basket + (KN)
i
specimen in air (gm) water sample in
dr
(mm) (gm) water
(gm)
ai
lh
.A
A
am
Group No. Binder % 𝛄 (kg/m3) (V.T.M.) % (V.F.B.) % Corrected Flow
stability (mm)
us
(KN)
H
By
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W1 [gm] Mass of container WW [gm]

Pr
W2 [gm] Mass of wet soil+ WS [gm]

container
W3 [gm] Mass of dry soil + M.C [%]
container
W4 [gm] CBR [%]
W5 [gm]
Significant: Date:
99

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AL-RAFIDAIN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE Lecture ( ) 4th Class

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Transportation Eng. Lab.

test Penetration of bituminous

Standard test method for D 36 T 35 33

Standard test method for D 92-85 T 48 42

Standard test method for D 70 T 288 45

4 Asphalt Resistant to plastic flow of D 1559 T 245 48

Super Pavement Volumetric T 318 60

of four states depending on its water content.

It is determined by measuring the water content and the number of blows

standard liquid limit device (W%, 25 blows).

threads of soil (3mm) in diameter began to crumble )‫(تنهار‬.

 To estimate the strength of a subgrade soil.

9. Obtain four water content determination and their respective number of

 Plastic limit determinations:-

From Semi-loge Graph between percent water content of sample and

𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 (𝑃𝐼) = 𝐿𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 (𝐿. 𝐿) − 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 (𝑃. 𝐿)

Note:- for liquid limit

2- Take a sample from the closed point.

 What is the different between clay soil and sandy soil?

1. Sieve no. 200 (75µm).

2. As an alternative (‫)خيارية‬, select an auxiliary water content specimen and

finish the washing procedure as specified in step 1.

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 − 𝑅𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑁𝑜. 200

P: Percentage of soil passing No.200.

AASHTO Classification Soil System

No.200 (0.075-mm) U.S. sieve

Table [1] AASHTO Classification Soils:

However, the percentage of such material is recorded.

o If Eq. (1) yields a negative value for G1, it is taken as 0.

use the partial group index for PI or

inversely proportional to the group index

Ex.1/ The results of the particle-size analysis of a soil are as follows:

similar to Ex.[1]) Since

𝑃𝐼 = [40] > 𝐿𝐿 = [60]

This is an A-7-6 soil. Hence.

𝐺𝐼 = (𝐹200 − 35)[0.2 + 0.005(𝐿𝐿 − 40)] + 0.01(𝐹200 − 15)(𝑃𝐼 − 10) − 𝐸𝑞(1)

Ex.3/ For a soil, given

 Particle size analysis.

 Soil sample passing sieve No.4

1. Dry the pycnometer and weigh it with its cap (W1)

W1=Empty weight of pycnometer

To determine the relationship between dry density and water content to

 Rammer weight 2.5 kg with fall of 30 cm.

 Measuring cylinder 500 ml capacity

 Take about 3 kg of air dry soil passing ASTM NO.4 sieve.

(𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝜌 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 1𝑔𝑚/𝑐𝑚)

 What is the aim of find Specific Gravity?

To determine field density of soil and water content of soil.

 Balance ( capacity 200g accuracy 0.01g)

 Find the bulk density of sand.

 Record the weight of excavated soil (WFeild).

𝑊𝑆.𝐴.4 = 𝑊𝑆.𝐴.2 − 𝑊𝑆.𝐴.3 − 𝑊𝐶.𝑆

𝑊𝑒.1 𝑑𝑟𝑦 − 𝑊𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟

together and fold ends down.

tightness by pressurizing the system slightly.

into the recess.

 Calculated moisture and dry density.

𝑊𝑒.1 𝑑𝑟𝑦 − 𝑊𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟

 Nuclear method ( radiation method) (ASTM D 2992)

Significance and using:-

 Why a field density measurement device is not used by a balloon in coarse