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Tourism in India and Aesthetic Pollution: Made By:-Shouvik Ash (13bee112)
Tourism in India and Aesthetic Pollution: Made By:-Shouvik Ash (13bee112)
AND AESTHETIC
POLLUTION
MADE BY:-
Tourism has emerged as a key sector of the world economy and has
become a major workforce in global trade. It has been making a
revolutionary and significant impact on the world economic
scenario. Tourism has been identified as the major export industry
in the world (Gosh Viswanath, 1998). The multifaceted nature of this
industry makes it a catalyst to economic development and helps
balanced regional development. It is a low capital, labour intensive
industry with economic multiplier and offers opportunity to earn
foreign exchange at low social cost.
Tourism industry acts as a powerful agent of both economic and
social change. It stimulates employment and investment, modifies
economic structure and makes positive contributions towards
balance of payments. The money spent by the foreign tourists in a
country is turned over several times. In the process, the total
income earned from tourism is a number of times more than the
actual spending. The multiplier effect of tourism receipts is
completely recognized as spreading to secondary and tertiary
spheres of the economic activities of a nation. It encompasses
economic, social cultural, educational and political significance.
Marketing and promotion are of vital importance in tourism because
of the competitive nature of the industry both within and between
the generating countries. Tourism creates direct, indirect and
induced employment. It produces a vast spectrum of employment
form highly qualified and trained managers of five-star hotels to
room boys, sales girls, and artisans. With its faster growth, new
horizons of employment open up for the unemployed and
underemployed youth of the developing countries.
The economic benefits that flow into the economy through growth
of tourism in shape of increased national and State revenues,
business receipts, employment, wages and salary income, buoyancy
in Central, State and local tax receipts can contribute towards
overall socio-economic improvement and accelerated growth in the
economy. Tourism is overwhelmingly an industry of Private sector
service providers, although the public sector has a significant role to
play in infrastructure areas either directly or through public–private
partnerships (PPPs) approach. It is a multi-sectoral activity
characterized by multiple services provided by a range of suppliers.
It is quite similar to manufacturing industry, where the supply chain
is as important as the end product. The related sectors include
airlines, surface transport, hotels, basic infrastructure and
facilitation systems, etc. Thus, the growth of tourism cannot be
attained unless the issues related to all the sectors are addressed
simultaneously.
Poverty alleviation
Environmental regeneration
Job creation
Advancement of women and other disadvantaged groups.
India has many tourist attractions that have healing abilities and are
capable of providing rewarding experiences of life. India has the
Himalayan ranges in the north, a long coastline surrounded by seas
in the south. In addition, India is rich in varied landscapes,
enchanting historical sites and royal cities, clean beaches, serene
mountain retreats, rich cultures and festivities to enjoy and
rejuvenate.
Both the TDCs (the ITDC especially) and private entrepreneurs set up
luxury hotels in the metropolitan, international entry and exit
points. These hotels accommodated foreign visitors as well as the
local elite, who patronized such hotels throughout the year. In some
regional tourist centers in the vicinity of main entry points (e.g.
Jaipur and Agra) such hotels were established relatively early on as
well. Most of the present Indian tourist destinations, however, were
developed through a slow
The first significant policy initiatives were forged in the early 1980s.
With the prospect of hosting the Asian Games of 1982, the Indian
Government had to start thinking about accommodating,
transporting and entertaining the large number of visitors attracted
by the event. This awakened a serious public interest in tourism,
which was enhanced by the fact that tourism was India's largest net
earner of foreign currency. The public interest was translated into
the Tourism Policy of 1982 which provided an action plan based on
the development of so-called tourism circuits (Singh, 2001).
In 2002, when the action plan was finally translated into a tourism
policy. Tourism policy officially became a joint central-state
government concern. The new policy itself, however, was designed
by the central government. To a large extent, it concerns old wine in
new bottles. It holds the kind of goals and expectations exemplary
for the first policy. To start with, the policy document attempts to
establish tourism's great contribution to national development and
its role as an engine of growth. It suggests that tourism not only
generates government revenue, foreign currency, but also provides
an optimal use of India's scarce resources, sustainable
development, high quality employment (especially to youngsters,
women and disabled people), and finally, peace, understanding,
national unity and stability (GOI, 2002). The policy starts from the
idea that tourism can be used as a development tool, e.g. that it can
generate high quality, mass employment and prosperity among
vulnerable groups in backward areas.
These major policy aims are derived from three main sources. The
idea of tourism-as-a-development- tool leading to sustainable rural
development is rooted in traditional socialist-style Indian
Government thinking. An equally important source however, is the
ideology of the international development community, represented
by organizations such as the UNDP. The idea to specifically target
the long haul, high yielding variety of international tourists , on the
other hand, is part and parcel of the worldview of lobby
organizations representing international airline and hotel
companies. The WTTC in particular has played an important role in
shaping the Indian tourism policy. Its predictions and suggestions
form an integral part of the policy. While it is understandable that
organizations such as the WTTC and the UNDP have influenced the
Indian Tourism Policy, it is surprising to see how apparently easily
and without much adaptation their recommendations have become
official policy. This implies that the policy is founded upon rather
contrasting ideas.
The policy does not include a clear strategy, linking means and
ends, assigning responsibilities and roles across government and
private agencies, and setting realistic targets according to a list of
prioritized goals. Rather, it seems an expression of intent to
improve on everything. The policy document itself reads like a
tourist brochure, piling up a great variety of tourist activities and
sights that could and should be developed (it includes a 4 page list
of all forms of tourism one can possibly think of - GOI, 2002). The
same goes for the 'world class infrastructure' (including 'integrated'
tourist circuits) through which such activities and sights are to be
connected to the rest of the world. But there is nothing like the kind
of systematic approach one would normally associate with
government plan and policy. An obvious complication in the Indian
context, particularly with respect to the division of roles and
responsibilities, is the federal system of government. While the
central government is not powerless and does in fact determine
policy and control most of the funds, for the implementation of its
policy it is largely dependent on state governments, whose plans,
policies and projects are often determined by concerns other than
those formulated in national plans.
In the past, this may have been one of the reasons for assigning a
'lesser' form of tourism to the states: domestic tourism. In any case,
the distinction between domestic and international tourism is
another source of confusion. The new national policy starts from
the largely implicit assumption that domestic and international
tourism concern different market segments, with distinct products
(destinations and tourist services) catering to distinct sets of
demand. It nowhere makes clear, however, what these differences
actually are, what it is that causes such differences and what the
relationship between domestic and international tourism
development is or should be.
Review of Literature
Pirece (1996) in his book viewed tourist destination form five board
sectors namely attraction, transport, accommodation supporting
facilities and instructions. He explain that attraction encourage
tourist to visit the location, the transport service enable them to do
so, the accommodation and supporting facilities cater for the
tourists well being, their stay and the infrastructure assures
essential functioning all of the sectors.
• Chennai, Delhi, Mumbai and Agra have been the four most visited
cities of India by foreign tourists during the year 2011.
Source- TravelBizMonitor.com
Source- TravelBizMonitor.com
Conclusion