Δσ1

Flow function
a
b
0
0.035
f C =as 12 +bs 1 + c σ1 or σ'
0
c 0 0.5
1
Effective angle of friction 1.5
a 0 d =a
44 ln s + b
1
2
b 38 2.5
3
Bulk density 3.5
ρbmin 1155 4
α 130.44897945238 r b =rbmin + a s 1b 4.5
β 0.0523 5
5.5
2 6
Wall Yield Locus t¢=a ( s ') + bs '+ c 6.5
a 0 7
b 0.5543090514528 7.5
-a
c 0 æ r ö 8
K =K min çç b ÷ ÷ 8.5
Permeability è rb min ø 9
Kmin 0.013084764 9.5
α 4.48 10

Static Angle of Internal Friction

a 30
b -0.11

f =as 1 +b
Max σ1 9

Units:
Stress kPa
Bulk density kg/m3
Angles deg
Permeabilithy m/s
 0.5

fc δ ρb τ' φ' Flow Function

0 38 1155 0
0.0175 38 1280.804686 0.277154526 29.0 0.4

0.035 38 1285.448979 0.554309051 29.0 0.35

Unconfined Yield Strength (kPa)

0.0525 38 1288.244797 0.831463577 29.0
0.3
0.07 38 1290.264725 1.108618103 29.0
0.0875 38 1291.852567 1.385772629 29.0 0.25
0.105 38 1293.163755 1.662927154 29.0 0.2
0.1225 38 1294.282144 1.94008168 29.0
0.15
0.14 38 1295.258252 2.217236206 29.0
0.1575 38 1296.124917 2.494390732 29.0 0.1
0.175 38 1296.904712 2.771545257 29.0
0.05
0.1925 38 1297.613834 3.048699783 29.0
0.21 38 1298.264305 3.325854309 29.0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10
0.2275 38 1298.8653 3.603008834 29.0
0.245 38 1299.423981 3.88016336 29.0 Major Principal Stress (kPa)

0.2625 38 1299.946052 4.157317886 29.0

0.28 38 1300.436124 4.434472412 29.0
0.2975 38 1300.897986 4.711626937 29.0 Bulk Density
0.315 38 1301.334783 4.988781463 29.0
0.3325 38 1301.749162 5.265935989 29.0 1350
0.35 38 1302.143366 5.543090515 29.0
1300
Bulk Density (kg/m3)

1250

1200

1150

1100

1050
0 2 4 6 8 10
Major Principal Stress (kPa)
 Effective Angle of Friction

40

35

Effective Angle of Friction (deg)

30

25

20

15

10

0
2 4 6 8 10 12 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Major Principal Stress (kPa) Major Principal Stress (kPa)

Wall Yield Locus

4
Shear Stress (kPa)

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Major Principal Stress (kPa) Normal Stress (kPa)

i 1 = 1 for round, 0 for slot
φ' 26.1
δ 45.1
θ' 15.68677297

φ' 0.456
δ 0.788
θ' 0.274

β 0.563
X 22.609 Y1 0.659844594
Y 3.966 Y2 0.270378196
Y3 0.293939401
Geometry Conical Y4 0.119100086
ff 1.300 Y 3.965966856
H 2.24
 Y (1+sin d )H (q ¢)
ff =
2(X - 1)(sin q¢)

2i sin d ésin(2b + q ¢) ù
X= ê +1ú
1- sin d ë sin q¢ û

[ 2 ( 1 - c o s ( + ¢) ) ] i s i n ¢( + ¢) 1 - i + s i n s in 1+i
(
Y =
( 1 - s i n ) s i n 2 + i ( + ¢)

-1
æ s i n ¢ö i
æ130°+q¢ö æ200°+ q¢
2 = ¢+ s i n ç ÷ H(q ¢) =ç ÷ç
è s in ø è 65 ø è 200°
 + ¢) 1 - i + s i n s in 1+i
( + ¢)
n 2 + i ( + ¢)

i 1- i
æ130°+q¢ö æ200°+q¢ö
H(q¢) =ç ÷ç ÷
è 65 ø è 200° ø
σ1 0.894 kPa

δ ° vs. kPa
a 38
b 0
WYL ° vs. kPa
a 0
b 0.55430905145
c 0

δ 38.0 °
δ 0.66322511576 `
K 0.23788307795
σ2 0.21262700299 0.8
R 0.34060143846 0.7
σAVG 0.55322844145
0.6

σ' 0.607 0.5

Shear Stress

τ' 0.336
0.4
φ' 29.00
0.3

0.2
A 0.894
0.1
B 0.553
C 0.72352916068 0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
f(A) -0.2454786227
Normal Stress
f(C) -0.0738411263
A 0.72352916068
B 0.55322844145
C 0.63837880106 Use if calculating Bmin
f(A) -0.0738411263 for a given value of θ'
f(C) -0.0164575403
A 0.63837880106
B 0.55322844145
C 0.59580362126
f(A) -0.0164575403
f(C) 0.00512546219
A 0.63837880106
B 0.59580362126
C 0.61709121116
f(A) -0.0164575403
f(C) -0.005
A 0.61709121
B 0.59580362
C 0.60644742
f(A) -0.0050736398
f(C) 0.00017401098
A 0.61709121116
B 0.60644741621
C 0.61176931368
f(A) -0.0050736398
f(C) -0.0024127895
A 0.61176931368
B 0.60644741621
C 0.60910836495
f(A) -0.0024127895
f(C) -0.001110133
A 0.60910836495
B 0.60644741621
C 0.60777789058
f(A) -0.001110133
f(C) -0.000465747
A 0.60777789058
B 0.60644741621
C 0.60711265339
f(A) -0.000465747
f(C) -0.0001452895
A 0.60711265339
B 0.60644741621
C 0.6067800348
f(A) -0.0001452895
f(C) 1.4505385E-05
A 0.60711265339
B 0.6067800348
C 0.6069463441
f(A) -0.0001452895
f(C) -6.535589E-05
A 0.6069463441
B 0.6067800348
C 0.60686318945
f(A) -6.535589E-05
f(C) -2.541621E-05
A 0.60686318945
B 0.6067800348
C 0.60682161213
f(A) -2.541621E-05
f(C) 1.4505385E-05
A 0.60686318945
B 0.60682161213
C 0.60684240079
 0.017030072

0.89382988 6.452392E-09 0.495457993

0.876799808 0.1063527651 0.48601807
0.859769736 0.148464725 0.476578147
0.842739664 0.1794229412 0.467138224
0.825709592 0.2043608631 0.457698301
0.80867952 0.2252866756 0.448258378
0.791649448 0.2432380795 0.438818455
0.774619376 0.2588346843 0.429378532
0.757589305 0.2724811508 0.419938609
0.740559233 0.2844582826 0.410498686
0.723529161 0.2949694983 0.401058763
0.706499089 0.3041668104 0.39161884
0.689469017 0.3121663747 0.382178917
0.672438945 0.3190582952 0.372738994
0.655408873 0.3249130642 0.363299071
Mohr's Circle 0.638378801 0.3297859247 0.353859148
EYL
WYL
0.621348729 0.3337198919 0.344419225
0.604318657 0.3367478726 0.334979302
0.587288585 0.3388941523 0.325539379
0.570258513 0.3401754202 0.316099456
0.553228441 0.3406014385 0.306659533
0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0.53619837 0.3401754202 0.29721961
ess
0.519168298 0.3388941523 0.287779687
0.502138226 0.3367478726 0.278339764
0.485108154 0.3337198919 0.268899841
0.468078082 0.3297859247 0.259459918
0.45104801 0.3249130642 0.250019995
0.434017938 0.3190582952 0.240580072
0.416987866 0.3121663747 0.231140149
0.399957794 0.3041668104 0.221700225
0.382927722 0.2949694983 0.212260302
0.36589765 0.2844582826 0.202820379
0.348867578 0.2724811508 0.193380456
0.331837506 0.2588346843 0.183940533
0.314807435 0.2432380795 0.17450061
0.297777363 0.2252866756 0.165060687
0.280747291 0.2043608631 0.155620764
0.263717219 0.1794229412 0.146180841
0.246687147 0.148464725 0.136740918
0.229657075 0.1063527651 0.127300995
0.212627003 2.837097E-08 0.117861072
0 0
0.698336438
0.685031087
0.671725737
0.658420386
0.645115036
0.631809686
0.618504335
0.605198985
0.591893634
0.578588284
0.565282934
0.551977583
0.538672233
0.525366882
0.512061532
0.498756182
0.485450831
0.472145481
0.45884013
0.44553478
0.432229429
0.418924079
0.405618729
0.392313378
0.379008028
0.365702677
0.352397327
0.339091977
0.325786626
0.312481276
0.299175925
0.285870575
0.272565225
0.259259874
0.245954524
0.232649173
0.219343823
0.206038472
0.192733122
0.179427772
0.166122421
0
i 1 = 1 for round, 0 for slot

Conical Planar

φ' 26.09956195 ° φ' 26.09956195 °

δ 45.13468778 ° δ 45.13468778 °

φ' 0.455523289 φ' 0.455523289

δ 0.787748909 δ 0.787748909
β 0.562579774 β 0.562579774

θC 18.69448639 θP 26.1 °

Safety Factor 3
φ' - δ -19.0351258
θC 15.7 ° θP 26.1 °

15.7
Recommended Mass Flow Hopper Angle Conical 15.69448639
 1 æ1- sind ö
q¢=90° - cos- 1 ç ÷- b
2 è 2sind ø

æ sin f¢ö exp[ 3.75( 1.01 )( d - 30° )/ 10 ] - f ¢

-1
2b =f ¢+ sin ç ÷ q ¢=
è sin d ø 0.725(tan d )1/ 5
30° )/ 10
] - f¢
)1/ 5
 fC =as 12 +bs1 + c r b =rbmin + a s 1b
kPa kg/m3 vs. kPa
a 0 ρbmin 1155
b 0.035 α 130.4489795
c 0 β 0.0523

ff 1.2999231072
θ' 15.686772966
i 1 ' = 1 for round, 0 for slot

b-1/ff -0.734276271

σ1crit 0.000 1156.300

σcrit 0.000

ρbo 1155.0

θ' 15.7
ff 1.2999231072
Conical
H 2.24
3.5
Bmin (m) 0.00
Bmin (mm) 0.00 3
Bmin (in.) 0.00
2.5
Strength or Stress

1.5

0.5

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Major Principal Str
 0.2 0
σ1 fc σBar
0 0 0
0.2 0.007 0.153855254 Gu
0.4 0.014 0.307710508
0.6 0.021 0.461565762
0.8 0.028 0.615421017
1 0.035 0.769276271
Determi
1.2 0.042 0.923131525
intersec on
1.4 0.049 1.076986779
and flow
1.6 0.056 1.230842033
1.8 0.063 1.384697287
2 0.07 1.538552541 Calc
2.2 0.077 1.692407795
2.4 0.084 1.84626305
2.6 0.091 2.000118304 Calcu
2.8 0.098 2.153973558
3 0.105 2.307828812
3.2 0.112 2.461684066
3.4 0.119 2.61553932 Select θ’ tha
3.6 0.126 2.769394574 flow (inclu
3.8 0.133 2.923249828 fa
4 0.14 3.077105083

3.5 Calculate
updated va
3 an
2.5

1.5 Flow Function

Flow Factor conv
1

0.5

0
Calculate
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
Major Principal Stress

Calcu
 Guess ff

Determine σ 1 from
intersec on of flow factor
and flow func on

Calculate δ

Calculate φ’

Select θ’ that allows mass

flow (include 3° safety
factor)

Calculate new ff using

updated values of δ, φ’,
and θ’

ff No
converged?
Yes
Calculate σ cri ρ b, H(θ’)

Calculate Bmin
ρbmin 1155
α 130.4489795 rb =rbmin + as1b
β 0.0523

B 0.304
i 1 ' = 1 for round, 0 for slot
σ1 0 Confirm Δ = 0 Δ 0.0000

ff 1.299923107
H 2.241334969

Successive Substitution
ρb 1155.00000
σ1 1.9956875
ρb 1290.249456
σ1 2.229380718
ρb 1291.035019
σ1 2.23073807
ρb 1291.039349
σ1 2.230745551
ρb 1291.039373
σ1 2.231

15.7
 Choose B

Guess σ 1

Determine δ, ϕ ’

Select θ’ that allows mass flow

(include 3° safety factor)

Calculate ff

Calculate H(θ’)

Solve σ 1 = ff ρ bgB
H(θ’)

Update δ, ϕ ’

No
σ 1 converged?

Yes

θ’ is re comme nd e d value
s flow
or)

No

alue
 fC =as12 +bs1 + c
Flow Function, kPa
a 0
b 0.035
c 0
φt (internal) 29.31
rb =rbmin + as1b d =a ln s 1 + b
ρbmin 1155
α 130.4489795
β 0.0523
δ
a 0
b 38

σ1 6.31 kPa
RH 2m
i 1-
é æ1- sin d öù é æ
- 1 1- sin d
öù
q fc =ê45°- 0.5cos- 1 ç ÷ú ê65°- 0.5cos ç ÷ú
ë è 2sin d øû ë è sin d øû

G(φt) 2.39
kPa
EH 0.496 m Flow channel angle
Uniaxial 9.1
fC 0.22 Planar 39.3
ρb 1299 kg/m3
DF (m) 0.042 m sinδ 0.615661475
DF (mm) 42 mm 1-sinδ 0.384338525
DF (in.) 1.6 in. δ 38
ns1 + b
G(ft ) =- 5.066 +0.490ft - 0.011

G(f t )fC
DF =
r bg

i 1- i
öù é æ
- 1 1- sin d
öù
÷ú ê65°- 0.5cos ç ÷ú
øû ë è sin d øû
66 + 0.490ft - 0.0112ft2 + 0.000108ft3
σ1 3.1 kPa

B 0.0445 m

θ' 15

i 1 = 1 for round, 0 for slot

ρbmin 1155 a 0
θ' 0.261799388 α 130.4489795 b 0.035
RH 3.1 β 0.0523 c 0
Kmin 1.31E-02
α 4.48 σ1
tanθ' 0.267949192 fc ρbout
B 0.0445 a 0 Ko
b 0.035 Kmin
ρbmax 1293 c 0 α
b-1 -0.965
WYL
ρbo 1155 a 0
A 2.457685782 ba 0.554309051
B 8.2 cb 0
C -1.000 δ Cohesive powder correction:
Geometery Conical a 0
vo 0.1181 m/s b 38 vo

Mdot 764 kg/hr Mdot

 é2(m +1) tan q ¢ù 2 é 1 æ r bo öù 2(m +1)cosq¢sin( b + q¢) f C
ê úvo + ê çç1- ÷úvo + -1
ë Bg û êK
ë oè r ÷ú
bmp øû
r b
gB

H(θ') 2.2
ρbmax 1293

σ1o guess 0.1 ff

σ1o 0.115964185666 δ
ρbo 1271.547999888 σ2
Ko 0.00850594211 σavg
0 fc 0.004058746498 R
1155 ffa 28.57142857143 A
0.013084764 B
0.013084764 A 2.457685782446 C
4.48 B 1.986339253882 σ'
C -0.99999995386 τ'
vo 0.351001489818 φ'
dP/dz/(ρbog) 0.697208037397 β
σ1o 0.115909654383 θ'
Δ 5.45312831E-05 sin(β+θ')cosθ'
hesive powder correction:

0.35100 m/s

2499 kg/hr
öù 2(m +1)cosq¢sin( b + q¢) f C
÷úvo + - 1=0
÷ú
øû r b
gB

1.539965771
0.663225116 38
0.027585917
0.071775052
0.044189134
1.307258525
-0.1435501
0.003198978
0.078726678
0.04363891
0.506145483 29
0.706412417 40.47445008
0.261799388
0.795800719

0.694147274
Cone

D 0.8
B 0.4
α 20

H 0.5495
V 0.1611

Pyramid (w/radii)

A 0.8 Rtop
a 0.8 Rbottom
B 1 V
b 1
H 0.6

αside 0.0
αend 0.0
V 0.4800
αvalley 0.0

Transition
D 1
B 0.304
L 1
H 1

αside 19.2
αend 0.0
V 0.5551

Cylinder
D 0.8
H 0.5

V 0.2513
Chisel
D 12
H 10
B 2

V 757.2288
α 26.6
 D

2
0.5
-0.4 B A

αside
αend
b a

D- B
H=
2 tan a
D

αside αend

B L

H
V = ò[(a + 2z tan a side )(b + 2z tan a end ) + (p - 4)(Ro + mz) 2
0

Volume lost to surcharge

D 1
αsurcharge 35

Vpile 0.0917
Vcylinder 0.2750

Hpile 0.3501 0.81

Vlost 0.1833
 dz 0.0006
m 2.5

z L
0 0.8
0.0006 0.8
0.0012 0.8
0.0018 0.8
0.0024 0.8
0.003 0.8
D- B 0.0036 0.8
2 tan a 0.0042 0.8
0.0048 0.8
0.0054 0.8
0.006 0.8
0.0066 0.8
0.0072 0.8
0.0078 0.8
0.0084 0.8
0.009 0.8
+ (p - 4)(Ro + mz)2 ]dz 0.0096 0.8
0.0102 0.8
0.0108 0.8
0.0114 0.8
Ri - Ro 0.012 0.8
m= 0.0126 0.8
H 0.0132 0.8
 Ri - Ro
m=
H
0.0138 0.8
0.0144 0.8
0.015 0.8
0.0156 0.8
0.0162 0.8
0.62 0.0168 0.8
0.0174 0.8
0.018 0.8
0.0186 0.8
0.0192 0.8
0.0198 0.8
0.0204 0.8
0.021 0.8
0.0216 0.8
0.0222 0.8
0.0228 0.8
0.0234 0.8
0.024 0.8
0.0246 0.8
0.0252 0.8
0.0258 0.8
0.0264 0.8
0.027 0.8
0.0276 0.8
0.0282 0.8
0.0288 0.8
0.0294 0.8
0.03 0.8
0.0306 0.8
0.0312 0.8
0.0318 0.8
0.0324 0.8
0.033 0.8
0.0336 0.8
0.0342 0.8
0.0348 0.8
0.0354 0.8
0.036 0.8
0.0366 0.8
0.0372 0.8
0.0378 0.8
0.0384 0.8
0.039 0.8
0.0396 0.8
0.0402 0.8
0.0408 0.8
0.0414 0.8
0.042 0.8
0.0426 0.8
0.0432 0.8
0.0438 0.8
0.0444 0.8
0.045 0.8
0.0456 0.8
0.0462 0.8
0.0468 0.8
0.0474 0.8
0.048 0.8
0.0486 0.8
0.0492 0.8
0.0498 0.8
0.0504 0.8
0.051 0.8
0.0516 0.8
0.0522 0.8
0.0528 0.8
0.0534 0.8
0.054 0.8
0.0546 0.8
0.0552 0.8
0.0558 0.8
0.0564 0.8
0.057 0.8
0.0576 0.8
0.0582 0.8
0.0588 0.8
0.0594 0.8
0.06 0.8
0.0606 0.8
0.0612 0.8
0.0618 0.8
0.0624 0.8
 0.063 0.8
0.0636 0.8
0.0642 0.8
0.0648 0.8
0.0654 0.8
0.066 0.8
0.0666 0.8
0.0672 0.8
0.0678 0.8
0.0684 0.8
0.069 0.8
0.0696 0.8
0.0702 0.8
0.0708 0.8
0.0714 0.8
0.072 0.8
0.0726 0.8
0.0732 0.8
0.0738 0.8
0.0744 0.8
0.075 0.8
0.0756 0.8
0.0762 0.8
0.0768 0.8
0.0774 0.8
0.078 0.8
0.0786 0.8
0.0792 0.8
0.0798 0.8
0.0804 0.8
0.081 0.8
0.0816 0.8
0.0822 0.8
0.0828 0.8
0.0834 0.8
0.084 0.8
0.0846 0.8
0.0852 0.8
0.0858 0.8
0.0864 0.8
0.087 0.8
0.0876 0.8
0.0882 0.8
0.0888 0.8
0.0894 0.8
0.09 0.8
0.0906 0.8
0.0912 0.8
0.0918 0.8
0.0924 0.8
0.093 0.8
0.0936 0.8
0.0942 0.8
0.0948 0.8
0.0954 0.8
0.096 0.8
0.0966 0.8
0.0972 0.8
0.0978 0.8
0.0984 0.8
0.099 0.8
0.0996 0.8
0.1002 0.8
0.1008 0.8
0.1014 0.8
0.102 0.8
0.1026 0.8
0.1032 0.8
0.1038 0.8
0.1044 0.8
0.105 0.8
0.1056 0.8
0.1062 0.8
0.1068 0.8
0.1074 0.8
0.108 0.8
0.1086 0.8
0.1092 0.8
0.1098 0.8
0.1104 0.8
0.111 0.8
0.1116 0.8
0.1122 0.8
0.1128 0.8
0.1134 0.8
0.114 0.8
0.1146 0.8
0.1152 0.8
0.1158 0.8
0.1164 0.8
0.117 0.8
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1 0.506 0.00034813 0.001748434
1 0.5075 0.000347347 0.002095781
1 0.509 0.000346562 0.002442343
1 0.5105 0.000345774 0.002788117
1 0.512 0.000344984 0.003133101
1 0.5135 0.000344192 0.003477293
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1 0.521 0.000340196 0.005186288
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1 1.9025 -0.00138421 -0.32555494
1 1.904 -0.00138715 -0.32694208
1 1.9055 -0.00139009 -0.32833217
1 1.907 -0.00139304 -0.32972521
1 1.9085 -0.00139598 -0.33112119
1 1.91 -0.00139893 -0.33252013
1 1.9115 -0.00140189 -0.33392201
1 1.913 -0.00140484 -0.33532685
1 1.9145 -0.0014078 -0.33673465
1 1.916 -0.00141076 -0.33814541
1 1.9175 -0.00141372 -0.33955913
1 1.919 -0.00141668 -0.34097581
1 1.9205 -0.00141965 -0.34239546
1 1.922 -0.00142262 -0.34381807
1 1.9235 -0.00142559 -0.34524366
1 1.925 -0.00142856 -0.34667222
1 1.9265 -0.00143154 -0.34810376
1 1.928 -0.00143451 -0.34953828
1 1.9295 -0.0014375 -0.35097577
1 1.931 -0.00144048 -0.35241625
1 1.9325 -0.00144346 -0.35385971
1 1.934 -0.00144645 -0.35530616
1 1.9355 -0.00144944 -0.3567556
1 1.937 -0.00145243 -0.35820803
1 1.9385 -0.00145542 -0.35966345
1 1.94 -0.00145842 -0.36112188
1 1.9415 -0.00146142 -0.3625833
1 1.943 -0.00146442 -0.36404772
1 1.9445 -0.00146742 -0.36551514
1 1.946 -0.00147043 -0.36698557
1 1.9475 -0.00147344 -0.36845901
1 1.949 -0.00147645 -0.36993546
1 1.9505 -0.00147946 -0.37141492
1 1.952 -0.00148248 -0.37289739
1 1.9535 -0.00148549 -0.37438289
1 1.955 -0.00148851 -0.3758714
1 1.9565 -0.00149153 -0.37736293
1 1.958 -0.00149456 -0.37885749
1 1.9595 -0.00149759 -0.38035508
1 1.961 -0.00150061 -0.38185569
1 1.9625 -0.00150365 -0.38335934
1 1.964 -0.00150668 -0.38486602
1 1.9655 -0.00150971 -0.38637573
1 1.967 -0.00151275 -0.38788848
1 1.9685 -0.00151579 -0.38940428
1 1.97 -0.00151884 -0.39092311
1 1.9715 -0.00152188 -0.39244499
1 1.973 -0.00152493 -0.39396992
1 1.9745 -0.00152798 -0.3954979
1 1.976 -0.00153103 -0.39702893
1 1.9775 -0.00153408 -0.39856301
1 1.979 -0.00153714 -0.40010015
1 1.9805 -0.0015402 -0.40164035
1 1.982 -0.00154326 -0.40318362
1 1.9835 -0.00154632 -0.40472994
1 1.985 -0.00154939 -0.40627933
1 1.9865 -0.00155246 -0.40783179
1 1.988 -0.00155553 -0.40938732
1 1.9895 -0.0015586 -0.41094592
1 1.991 -0.00156168 -0.4125076
1 1.9925 -0.00156476 -0.41407236
1 1.994 -0.00156784 -0.41564019
1 1.9955 -0.00157092 -0.41721111
1 1.997 -0.001574 -0.41878511
1 1.9985 -0.00157709 -0.4203622
1 2 -0.00158018 -0.42194238
 fC =as 12 +bs1 + c r b =rbmin + a s 1b d =aln s +b
kPa kg/m3 vs. kPa
a 0 ρbmin 1155 Effective angle of friction
b 0.035 α 130.448979452 a
c 1E-06 β 0.0523 b

i 1 ' = 1 for round, 0 for slot

ff 1.4
θ' 19.5 Confirm Δ = 0
Δ 0
P-factor 1

ff 1.54
Conical ff * P-factor 1.54
H 2.30
Bmin (m) 0.00 0.00
Bmin (mm) 0.00 0.00
Bmin (in.) 0.00 0.00

Successive substitution
b-1/ff -0.679285714 σ1crit 1.6276967E-06 3.5
σ1 0.000001472 σcrit 1.0569694E-06
δ 38.00000000 ρbo 1219.96896954 3
ff 1.53996577 δ 38 Strength or Stress
2.5
b-1/ff -0.614365083
σ1 1.627697E-06 2
δ 38
1.5
ff 1.5399657707
b-1/ff -0.614365083 1
σ1 1.627697E-06
0.5
δ 38
ff 1.5399657707 0
0 0.5 1 1.5
b-1/ff -0.614365083
σ1 1.627697E-06 Magor
δ 38
ff 1.5399657707
b-1/ff -0.614365083
σ1 1.627697E-06

P-factor adj
ff 1.54
b-1/ff -0.614365083
σ1 1.627697E-06
σcrit 1.056969E-06
ρbo 1219.9689695
 0.2 1
d =aln s +b σ1
0
fc
1E-06
σBar
0
0.2 0.007001 0.142857143
ffective angle of friction 0.4 0.014001 0.285714286 i
0 0.6 0.021001 0.428571429 é 0.285 ù é 0.176
ff =ê1.118 + ú ê1.125+
38 0.8 0.028001 0.571428571
ë (tan d )1.59 û ë (tan d)2.90
1 0.035001 0.714285714
1.2 0.042001 0.857142857
1.4 0.049001 1
1.6 0.056001 1.142857143
1.8 0.063001 1.285714286
2 0.070001 1.428571429
2.5
2.2 0.077001 1.571428571
2.4 0.084001 1.714285714
2.6 0.091001 1.857142857
2.8 0.098001 2
3 0.105001 2.142857143 2.2
3.2 0.112001 2.285714286
3.4 0.119001 2.428571429
3.6 0.126001 2.571428571
1.9
Flow Factor
3.8 0.133001 2.714285714
4 0.140001 2.857142857

3.5
1.6
3

2.5
Strength or Stress

2 1.3

1.5 Flow Function

Flow Factor
1
1.0
0.5 20 30 40

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 Effective Angle o
Magor Principal Stress
 C a l c u la t e δ

C a lc u la t e φ ’
G u e ss ff
G u Ge us se sf fs f f
S e le c t θ ’ t h a t a ll o w s m a s s
D e t e r m in e σ 1 f r o m fl o w ( i n c l u d e 3 ° s a f e t y
in t e r s e c / o n o f fl o w f a c t o r
Da enDtdee rfltmeo rwinm efi nuσen1 cσf/r1 oo fmnr o m fa c to r)
i n t ien rtseer cs /e oc /n oonf of l fo flw o fwa cf taoc rt o r
a n ad nfldo flw o fwu nf uc /n oc /n o n
i 1- i C a lc u la t e n e w f f u s in g
0.285 ù é 0.176 ù C a lc u la t e δ
u p d a t e d v a l u e s o f δ , φ ’,
úê 1.125+ ú C aGCl cuauel lcsaust lefaf tδe δ and θ’
n d)1.59 û ë (tan d)2.90 û
C a lc u la t e φ ’
D e t eC ra mCl c ainu l lceaut σlea1 tφfe r’ oφ m’ No
in t e r s e c / o n o f fl o w f a c t o r ff
S e l e ac nt dθ ’fltoh wa t f au lnl oc w/ os nm a s s c o n v e rg e d ?
fl o w ( i n c l u d e 3 ° s a f e t y
S e lSeec l te θc t’ θtfha’ act htt oa rtl )l oa wll os wms ams sa s s Yes

B u lk D e n s it y ( k g / m 3 )
fl o flw o (wi n (ci lnu cdl ue d3e° 3s a° fsea tfye t y
C a fl ac ucf tlaaoctrte)o δr ) C a lc u l a t e σ c r i( ρ b , H ( θ ’)

Axisymmetric (Conical) C a lc u l a t e n e w f f u s i n g
Planar u p d a t eC da l cv ua ll ua te es φo f’ δ , φ ’,
C a Clc au l lcautalean tndee nwθ e’ fwf uf fs iun sgi n g C a l c u l a t e B m in
u p ud pa dt ea dt evda lvuaelus eo sf oδ f, δφ ,’,φ ’,
a n ad n θd ’ θ ’
S e le c t θ ’ t h a t a llo w s m a s s
fl o w ( i n c l u df f e 3 ° s a f e t y No
c o fnavceft frogrf ef) d ? N oN o
c o nc ov en rv geYeredgse? d ?
C a lc u l a t e n e wY e f sYf eu ss i n g
u Cp ad lca ut el ad t ev aσl uc r ei( s ρ ob ,f Hδ ,( θφ ’)’,
C a Clc au lcl autaleantσdec r σi(θ c’ρr i(b ,ρ Hb ,( θH ’)( θ ’)
C a lc u l a t e B m in
C a Clc au l lcaf uf t lea tBem Bin m in No
co n v e rg e d ?
Yes
C a lc u l a t e σ c r i( ρ b , H ( θ ’)

C a lc u l a t e B m in
30 40 50 60 70

Effective Angle of Friction (deg)

 C a l c u la t e δ

C a l c u la t e φ ’

e l e c t θ ’ t h a t a ll o w s m a s s
c tf loor w ( i n cf aluc dt oe r 3) ° s a f e t y
om
cf taoc rt o r
on
C a lc u la t e n e w f f u s in g
u p d a t e d v a l u e s o f δ , φ ’,
and θ’

ff No
cto r
ass c o n v e rg e d ?
ty
s ams sa s s Yes
B u lk D e n s it y ( k g / m 3 )

atfye t y
C a lc u l a t e σ c r i( ρ b , H ( θ ’)
ng
φ ’,
n sgi n g C a l c u l a t e B m in
δφ ,’,φ ’,
ass
ty No
N oN o

ng
θφ ’)’,
θH ’)( θ ’)

No
n

θ ’)
Z 0.22 m Z = height of powder in cylinder
RH (Ax/P) 0.03625 m RH = hydraulic radius of cylinder (Diameter / 4 if round)
°
k 0.02 k = Janssen coefficient (typically 0.4)
Top load 0 kPa Top Load = 0 if top surface of powder is flat; otherwise, use weight of "pile

Bulk density:

r b =rbmin + a s 1b RH 0.03625 z
ρbmin 1155 dz 0.0088 0
α 130.4489795 0.0088
β 0.0523 0.0176
0.0264
Wall yield locus: 0.0352
2 0.044
t ¢=a ( s ') + bs '+ c 0.0528
a 0 Note: WYL coefficients are those 0.0616
b 0.554309051 entered in the Flow Properties 0.0704
c 0 Tab. They should be overridden 0.0792
if a different wall material is used 0.088
in the cylinder. 0.0968
0.1056
0.1144
3
0.1232
2.5 0.132
Major Principle Stress (kPa )

0.1408
2 0.1496
0.1584
1.5 0.1672
0.176
1
0.1848
0.5
0.1936
0.2024
0 0.2112
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.22
Height (m)

1350

1300
ensity (kg/m3 )

1250

1200
 1350

1300

Bulk Density (kg/m3 ) 1250

1200

1150

1100

1050
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
Height (m)
 / 4 if round)
t; otherwise, use weight of "pile"
σ1 kPa σ kPa φ'
0 0
0.0996072 0.001992144
0.20891782 0.004178356
0.318328121 0.006366562
0.427674807 0.008553496
0.53689212 0.010737842
0.645944267 0.012918885
0.754808752 0.015096175
0.863470189 0.017269404
0.971917442 0.019438349
1.080142126 0.021602843
1.188137747 0.023762755
1.295899159 0.025917983
1.403422216 0.028068444
1.510703538 0.030214071
1.617740339 0.032354807
1.724530303 0.034490606
1.831071502 0.03662143
1.937362317 0.038747246
2.043401393 0.040868028
2.149187591 0.042983752
2.25471996 0.045094399
2.359997705 0.047199954
2.46502017 0.049300403
2.569786816 0.051395736
2.674297208 0.053485944
Average
ρb σ1 Pa dσ1 Pa dσ1 kPa
90 1155 0 99.6072 0.0996072
29 1270.624879 99.6072 109.3106201 0.10931062
29 1275.191956 208.9178201 109.4103009 0.109410301
29 1277.868639 318.328121 109.3466858 0.109346686
29 1279.780847 427.6748068 109.2173136 0.109217314
29 1281.273953 536.8921204 109.0521462 0.109052146
29 1282.501087 645.9442666 108.8644859 0.108864486
29 1283.543925 754.8087525 108.661437 0.108661437
29 1284.451302 863.4701894 108.4472523 0.108447252
29 1285.25479 971.9174417 108.2246847 0.108224685
29 1285.976004 1080.142126 107.9956208 0.107995621
29 1286.630405 1188.137747 107.7614114 0.107761411
29 1287.22944 1295.899159 107.5230576 0.107523058
29 1287.781826 1403.422216 107.2813221 0.107281322
29 1288.294356 1510.703538 107.0368002 0.1070368
29 1288.77243 1617.740339 106.7899648 0.106789965
29 1289.220413 1724.530303 106.5411986 0.106541199
29 1289.641882 1831.071502 106.2908154 0.106290815
29 1290.039808 1937.362317 106.0390757 0.106039076
29 1290.416687 2043.401393 105.7861983 0.105786198
29 1290.774632 2149.187591 105.5323687 0.105532369
29 1291.115452 2254.71996 105.2777454 0.105277745
29 1291.440707 2359.997705 105.022465 0.105022465
29 1291.751751 2465.02017 104.766646 0.104766646
29 1292.049768 2569.786816 104.510392 0.104510392
29 1292.335797 2674.297208 104.2537939 0.104253794
1281.1
ρb avg EH
1155 0
1212.812439 0.008380521
1233.605612 0.017281167
1244.671369 0.026097219
1251.693264 0.034865001
1256.623379 0.043596921
1260.320195 0.052298361
1263.223161 0.060972046
1265.581843 0.069619522
1267.549138 0.078241739
1269.224308 0.086839327
1270.674816 0.095412724
1271.948248 0.103962255
1273.079218 0.112488168
1274.093561 0.120990661
1275.01099 0.1294699
1275.846838 0.137926023
1276.61323 0.146359153
1277.319892 0.154769399
1277.974732 0.163156861
1278.584251 0.171521631
1279.153851 0.179863794
1279.688062 0.188183433
1280.190716 0.196480624
1280.665078 0.204755442
1281.113951 0.213007961
Jenike's non-dimensional surcharge factor
2i sin d ésin(2b +q ¢) ù
X= ê +1ú
1- sin d ë sin q¢ û
i 1 = 1 for cone, 0 for slot
φ' 15
[ 2 ( 1 - c o s ( + ¢) ) ] i s
δ 45 Y =
θ' 20 (1 - s
φ' 0.261799388
δ 0.785398163
θ' 0.34906585 æsin f¢ö
-1
2b =f ¢+sin ç ÷
è sin d ø
β 0.31826691
X 16.59672123
Y 3.839776882 s¢ Y æ1+sin d cos 2
= ç
σ'/(ρbgB) 0.564560986 r b gB X - 1 è 2sin q ¢

æp ö 1 é æ s ¢ ö
i

q =ç ÷ ê2 ç
çr gB ÷
÷
q 0.153578117 Y1 0.429049612 è 3 ø 4 tan q ¢ê
ë è b ø
Y2 0.342020143
Y3 0.119857722
Y4 0.069431464
Y 3.839776882
 2i sin d ésin(2b +q¢) ù
= ê +1ú
1- sin d ë sin q¢ û
[ 2 ( 1 - c o s ( + ¢) ) ] i s i n ¢( + ¢) 1 - i + s i n s in 1+i
( + ¢)
=
( 1 - s i n ) s i n 2 + i ( + ¢)

æsin f¢ö
b =f¢+sin ç -1
÷
èsin d ø

s¢ Y æ1+sin d cos 2b ö
= ç ÷
b
gB X - 1 è 2sin q¢ ø

æp ö 1 é æ s ¢ ö 1 ù
i

=ç ÷ ê2 ç
ç ÷
÷(tan q¢+ tan f¢) - ú
è3 ø 4 tan q¢ê
ë èrb gB ø 1+i ú
û
m 1 = 1 for round, 0 for slot
φ' 15
δ 50
θ' 15 β 17.37340352
S(0) 0.184176325
Wall Velocity/Centerline Velocity 0.723
φ' 0.262 Average Velocity/Centerline Velocity 0.895
δ 0.873
θ' 0.262

β 0.303
X 25.859 Y1 0.310846874
Y 4.624 Y2 0.258819045
S(0) 0.186004498 Y3 0.085605133
Y4 0.035913122
Geometry Conical Y 4.623887213
sinδ 0.766044443

dθ -0.00523599 Σtan(2ψ)dθ 0.111791484

ψ(θ) 90.00000013

dy mssin d (1+ sin d)(cot q sin 2y + cos2y - 1) + cosq - sin d cos(q + 2y ) + s cos 2 d
=- 1-
dq 2ssin d(cos 2y - sin d)
ds ssin 2y +sin(q + 2y ) + mssin d[cot q(1+ cos2y ) - sin 2y ]
=
dq cos 2y - sin d
1é æsin f¢öù
y (q¢) = êf ¢+sin - 1 ç ÷ú+ 90°
2ë è sin d øû
y (90°) =90°
V é q¢ ù
=exp ê- (2 + m) òtan(2y ) d qú
V0 ë 0 û

i θ S(θ) ψ(θ) dS dψ tan(2ψ)

1 0.262 0.184176325 1.874 -0.00228821 -0.00122832 0.693642141
2 0.257 0.181888113 1.873 -0.00226822 -0.00139225 0.690009684
3 0.251 0.179619891 1.871 -0.00224736 -0.00156014 0.68590731
 4 0.246 0.17737253 1.870 -0.00222561 -0.001732 0.681328821
5 0.241 0.175146923 1.868 -0.00220294 -0.00190782 0.676268737
6 0.236 0.172943986 1.866 -0.00217933 -0.00208761 0.67072233
7 0.230 0.170764657 1.864 -0.00215476 -0.00227134 0.664685672
8 0.225 0.168609898 1.862 -0.00212921 -0.00245898 0.658155671
9 0.220 0.166480693 1.859 -0.00210265 -0.00265046 0.651130099
10 0.215 0.164378046 1.857 -0.00207506 -0.00284574 0.643607631
11 0.209 0.162302986 1.854 -0.00204642 -0.00304472 0.635587861
12 0.204 0.160256562 1.851 -0.00201672 -0.0032473 0.627071326
13 0.199 0.158239843 1.848 -0.00198592 -0.00345335 0.618059518
14 0.194 0.156253918 1.844 -0.00195402 -0.00366274 0.608554893
15 0.188 0.154299897 1.840 -0.00192099 -0.0038753 0.598560874
16 0.183 0.152378907 1.837 -0.00188682 -0.00409082 0.588081845
17 0.178 0.150492092 1.833 -0.00185148 -0.0043091 0.577123141
18 0.173 0.148640611 1.828 -0.00181497 -0.0045299 0.565691032
19 0.168 0.14682564 1.824 -0.00177727 -0.00475293 0.553792701
20 0.162 0.145048365 1.819 -0.00173838 -0.00497789 0.54143621
21 0.157 0.143309986 1.814 -0.00169828 -0.00520445 0.528630473
22 0.152 0.141611711 1.809 -0.00165696 -0.00543225 0.515385208
23 0.147 0.139954754 1.803 -0.00161442 -0.00566088 0.501710895
24 0.141 0.138340337 1.798 -0.00157065 -0.00588993 0.487618728
25 0.136 0.136769682 1.792 -0.00152567 -0.00611892 0.473120556
26 0.131 0.135244015 1.786 -0.00147946 -0.00634737 0.458228832
27 0.126 0.133764555 1.779 -0.00143204 -0.00657475 0.442956547
28 0.120 0.13233252 1.773 -0.0013834 -0.0068005 0.427317174
29 0.115 0.130949117 1.766 -0.00133357 -0.00702403 0.411324603
30 0.110 0.129615544 1.759 -0.00128256 -0.00724473 0.394993078
31 0.105 0.128332983 1.752 -0.00123038 -0.00746196 0.378337135
32 0.099 0.1271026 1.744 -0.00117706 -0.00767506 0.361371545
33 0.094 0.125925537 1.737 -0.00112262 -0.00788334 0.344111248
34 0.089 0.124802916 1.729 -0.00106709 -0.0080861 0.326571307
35 0.084 0.123735826 1.721 -0.0010105 -0.00828262 0.308766848
36 0.079 0.122725329 1.712 -0.00095288 -0.00847219 0.290713018
37 0.073 0.121772448 1.704 -0.00089428 -0.00865408 0.272424939
38 0.068 0.120878168 1.695 -0.00083473 -0.00882756 0.253917673
39 0.063 0.120043434 1.686 -0.00077429 -0.00899193 0.235206189
40 0.058 0.119269141 1.677 -0.000713 -0.00914648 0.216305339
41 0.052 0.118556138 1.668 -0.00065092 -0.00929054 0.197229837
42 0.047 0.117905221 1.659 -0.00058809 -0.00942344 0.177994247
43 0.042 0.117317127 1.649 -0.00052459 -0.00954458 0.158612975
44 0.037 0.116792538 1.640 -0.00046047 -0.00965338 0.13910027
45 0.031 0.11633207 1.630 -0.00039579 -0.00974929 0.119470229
46 0.026 0.115936279 1.621 -0.00033063 -0.00983184 0.099736809
47 0.021 0.11560565 1.611 -0.00026505 -0.00990061 0.079913839
48 0.016 0.115340601 1.601 -0.00019912 -0.00995523 0.060015047
49 0.010 0.115141478 1.591 -0.00013292 -0.00999541 0.040054081
50 0.005 0.115008556 1.581 -6.6524E-05 -0.01002093 0.02004454
51 0.000 0.114942032 1.571 -1.3891E-11 -146502.565 4.56252E-09
-0.262
-0.257
-0.251
-0.246
-0.241
-0.236
-0.230
-0.225
-0.220
-0.215
-0.209
-0.204
-0.199
-0.194
-0.188
-0.183
-0.178
-0.173
-0.168
-0.162
-0.157
-0.152
-0.147
-0.141
-0.136
-0.131
-0.126
-0.120
-0.115
-0.110
-0.105
-0.099
-0.094
-0.089
-0.084
-0.079
-0.073
-0.068
-0.063
-0.058
-0.052
-0.047
-0.042
-0.037
-0.031
-0.026
-0.021
-0.016
-0.010
-0.005
0.000
 -1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4
V/V0

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1r/R

-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

0
0.1
0.2

d cos(q + 2y ) + scos2 d 0.3

0.4
Vy/V0

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
r/R

Σtan(2ψ)dθ r/R V/V0 r'/R Vy/V

0.003631902 1 0.722904072 0.812898658 0.698271713
0.007244784 0.980445409 0.730781989 0.795003674 0.706861853
0.010836186 0.960863939 0.738698154 0.777157178 0.715490594
0.014403616 0.941256126 0.746646371 0.759361862 0.724151421
0.01794455 0.921622508 0.754620126 0.741620361 0.732837473
0.021456444 0.901963624 0.762612593 0.72393525 0.741541546
0.02493673 0.882280012 0.770616635 0.706309033 0.750256098
0.028382825 0.862572211 0.778624813 0.688744131 0.758973253
0.031792135 0.842840763 0.786629397 0.671242876 0.767684814
0.035162056 0.823086208 0.794622371 0.653807497 0.776382271
0.038489987 0.803309087 0.802595449 0.63644011 0.785056813
0.041773324 0.783509943 0.810540088 0.619142711 0.793699343
0.045009476 0.763689319 0.818447503 0.601917163 0.802300495
0.048195862 0.743847758 0.826308685 0.584765185 0.810850651
0.05132992 0.723985804 0.83411442 0.567688348 0.81933996
0.054409109 0.704104002 0.841855307 0.550688058 0.827758362
0.057430919 0.684202896 0.849521784 0.533765552 0.836095609
0.06039287 0.664283033 0.857104148 0.516921888 0.84434129
0.063292522 0.644344958 0.864592583 0.500157936 0.85248486
0.066127475 0.624389218 0.87197718 0.483474374 0.860515664
0.068895378 0.60441636 0.879247969 0.466871674 0.868422967
0.071593929 0.584426931 0.886394945 0.450350105 0.876195985
0.074220881 0.56442148 0.893408095 0.43390972 0.88382391
0.076774047 0.544400556 0.900277426 0.417550357 0.89129595
0.0792513 0.524364706 0.906992995 0.401271632 0.898601351
0.08165058 0.50431448 0.913544939 0.385072938 0.905729435
0.083969896 0.484250429 0.9199235 0.368953442 0.912669628
0.086207323 0.464173101 0.926119056 0.352912086 0.919411492
0.088361014 0.444083048 0.93212215 0.336947584 0.925944758
0.090429193 0.42398082 0.937923515 0.32105843 0.932259353
0.092410161 0.403866969 0.943514102 0.30524289 0.938345433
0.094302298 0.383742045 0.948885105 0.289499014 0.944193409
0.09610406 0.363606601 0.954027988 0.273824636 0.949793978
0.097813984 0.343461189 0.958934506 0.25821738 0.955138147
0.099430683 0.32330636 0.96359673 0.242674664 0.96021726
0.100952853 0.303142667 0.968007065 0.227193708 0.965023023
0.102379267 0.282970664 0.972158277 0.211771545 0.969547523
0.103708776 0.262790903 0.976043502 0.196405021 0.973783257
0.104940313 0.242603938 0.979656272 0.181090812 0.977723144
0.106072885 0.222410321 0.982990527 0.165825428 0.981360548
0.107105578 0.202210607 0.986040632 0.150605228 0.984689297
0.108037554 0.182005349 0.988801387 0.135426426 0.987703694
0.10886805 0.161795102 0.991268044 0.120285104 0.990398534
0.109596377 0.141580418 0.993436315 0.105177228 0.992769117
0.110221922 0.121361854 0.995302382 0.09009865 0.99481126
0.110744142 0.101139962 0.996862906 0.075045133 0.996521306
0.11116257 0.080915297 0.998115038 0.060012353 0.997896134
0.111476808 0.060688414 0.999056418 0.044995918 0.998933167
0.111686531 0.040459867 0.999685191 0.029991379 0.999630377
0.111791484 0.020230211 1 0.014994247 0.999986292
0.111791484 -3.1502E-16 1 -2.3348E-16 1
-1 0.722904072 -0.81289866 0.698271713
0.111791484 -0.98044541 0.730781989 -0.79500367 0.706861853
-0.96086394 0.738698154 -0.77715718 0.715490594
-0.94125613 0.746646371 -0.75936186 0.724151421
-0.92162251 0.754620126 -0.74162036 0.732837473
-0.90196362 0.762612593 -0.72393525 0.741541546
-0.88228001 0.770616635 -0.70630903 0.750256098
-0.86257221 0.778624813 -0.68874413 0.758973253
-0.84284076 0.786629397 -0.67124288 0.767684814
-0.82308621 0.794622371 -0.6538075 0.776382271
-0.80330909 0.802595449 -0.63644011 0.785056813
-0.78350994 0.810540088 -0.61914271 0.793699343
-0.76368932 0.818447503 -0.60191716 0.802300495
-0.74384776 0.826308685 -0.58476519 0.810850651
-0.7239858 0.83411442 -0.56768835 0.81933996
-0.704104 0.841855307 -0.55068806 0.827758362
-0.6842029 0.849521784 -0.53376555 0.836095609
-0.66428303 0.857104148 -0.51692189 0.84434129
-0.64434496 0.864592583 -0.50015794 0.85248486
-0.62438922 0.87197718 -0.48347437 0.860515664
-0.60441636 0.879247969 -0.46687167 0.868422967
-0.58442693 0.886394945 -0.4503501 0.876195985
-0.56442148 0.893408095 -0.43390972 0.88382391
-0.54440056 0.900277426 -0.41755036 0.89129595
-0.52436471 0.906992995 -0.40127163 0.898601351
-0.50431448 0.913544939 -0.38507294 0.905729435
-0.48425043 0.9199235 -0.36895344 0.912669628
-0.4641731 0.926119056 -0.35291209 0.919411492
-0.44408305 0.93212215 -0.33694758 0.925944758
-0.42398082 0.937923515 -0.32105843 0.932259353
-0.40386697 0.943514102 -0.30524289 0.938345433
-0.38374205 0.948885105 -0.28949901 0.944193409
-0.3636066 0.954027988 -0.27382464 0.949793978
-0.34346119 0.958934506 -0.25821738 0.955138147
-0.32330636 0.96359673 -0.24267466 0.96021726
-0.30314267 0.968007065 -0.22719371 0.965023023
-0.28297066 0.972158277 -0.21177154 0.969547523
-0.2627909 0.976043502 -0.19640502 0.973783257
-0.24260394 0.979656272 -0.18109081 0.977723144
-0.22241032 0.982990527 -0.16582543 0.981360548
-0.20221061 0.986040632 -0.15060523 0.984689297
-0.18200535 0.988801387 -0.13542643 0.987703694
-0.1617951 0.991268044 -0.1202851 0.990398534
-0.14158042 0.993436315 -0.10517723 0.992769117
-0.12136185 0.995302382 -0.09009865 0.99481126
-0.10113996 0.996862906 -0.07504513 0.996521306
-0.0809153 0.998115038 -0.06001235 0.997896134
-0.06068841 0.999056418 -0.04499592 0.998933167
-0.04045987 0.999685191 -0.02999138 0.999630377
-0.02023021 1 -0.01499425 0.999986292
3.15015E-16 1 2.33483E-16 1

1
0.812898658
-1
-0.81289866

0.803309087
0.63644011
-0.80330909
-0.63644011

0.60441636
0.466871674
-0.60441636
-0.46687167

0.403866969
0.30524289
-0.40386697
-0.30524289

0.202210607
0.150605228
-0.20221061
-0.15060523

0
0
 0
0.698271713
0
0.698271713

0
0.785056813
0
0.785056813

0
0.868422967
0
0.868422967

0
0.938345433
 0
0.938345433

0
0.95212601
0
0.95212601

0
1
θ ψ(θ)
15 107.3734035
14.7 107.3030257
14.4 107.2232555
14.1 107.1338661
13.8 107.0346301
13.5 106.9253199
13.2 106.8057085
12.9 106.6755702
12.6 106.5346812
12.3 106.3828209
12 106.2197721
11.7 106.0453227
11.4 105.8592664
11.1 105.661404
10.8 105.4515444
10.5 105.2295063
10.2 104.9951195
9.9 104.7482259
9.6 104.488682
9.3 104.2163594
9 103.9311474
8.7 103.6329544
8.4 103.3217096
8.1 102.9973648
7.8 102.6598967
7.5 102.3093083
7.2 101.9456307
6.9 101.5689253
6.6 101.1792856
6.3 100.7768384
6 100.3617459
5.7 99.93420684
5.4 99.49445823
5.1 99.04277618
4.8 98.57947696
4.5 98.10491777
4.2 97.61949713
3.9 97.12365509
3.6 96.61787309
3.3 96.10267348
3 95.57861871
2.7 95.04631017
2.4 94.50638659
2.1 93.9595222
 1.8 93.4064244
1.5 92.84783115
1.2 92.28450798
0.9 91.7172447
0.6 91.14685186
0.3 90.57415689
-4.6714E-15 90.00000013
dS1 dS2 dS3 dS4 dψ1
-0.86816794 0.14108725 1.235455121 -1.58772314 0.249166354
-0.86150304 0.139334378 1.242323371 -1.58912083 0.246070704
-0.85454895 0.137596819 1.248561853 -1.59069905 0.243002098
-0.84729557 0.135875241 1.254129463 -1.59245997 0.239961714
-0.83973241 0.134170327 1.258983465 -1.59440545 0.23695076
-0.83184865 0.132482779 1.263079506 -1.59653692 0.233970476
-0.82363308 0.130813317 1.266371645 -1.5988554 0.231022131
-0.81507415 0.129162676 1.268812398 -1.60136143 0.228107026
-0.80616002 0.127531609 1.270352797 -1.60405505 0.22522649
-0.79687849 0.125920889 1.270942466 -1.60693574 0.222381886
-0.78721713 0.124331301 1.270529721 -1.61000235 0.219574603
-0.77716327 0.122763649 1.269061688 -1.61325311 0.216806059
-0.76670401 0.121218752 1.266484446 -1.61668554 0.214077703
-0.75582633 0.119697446 1.262743197 -1.6202964 0.211391009
-0.7445171 0.118200579 1.257782462 -1.62408166 0.208747476
-0.73276317 0.116729015 1.251546309 -1.62803646 0.206148628
-0.7205514 0.115283631 1.243978605 -1.63215502 0.203596015
-0.70786879 0.113865314 1.235023317 -1.63643063 0.201091205
-0.69470253 0.112474966 1.224624824 -1.64085562 0.198635788
-0.68104013 0.111113494 1.212728287 -1.64542127 0.196231369
-0.66686949 0.109781819 1.19928004 -1.65011782 0.193879571
-0.65217904 0.108480864 1.184228021 -1.65493442 0.191582027
-0.63695786 0.107211562 1.167522237 -1.65985911 0.189340382
-0.6211958 0.105974846 1.149115266 -1.66487881 0.187156288
-0.60488364 0.104771655 1.128962788 -1.6699793 0.185031399
-0.58801324 0.103602926 1.107024146 -1.67514525 0.182967372
-0.57057766 0.102469594 1.083262929 -1.68036018 0.180965857
-0.55257136 0.101372591 1.057647578 -1.68560655 0.179028502
-0.53399036 0.100312843 1.030152011 -1.69086577 0.17715694
-0.51483236 0.099291267 1.000756242 -1.69611825 0.175352791
-0.49509695 0.098308769 0.969447014 -1.70134347 0.173617654
-0.47478575 0.09736624 0.936218408 -1.70652007 0.171953107
-0.45390257 0.096464558 0.901072447 -1.71162598 0.170360697
-0.43245354 0.09560458 0.864019651 -1.71663848 0.168841938
-0.41044726 0.094787142 0.825079564 -1.7215344 0.167398306
-0.38789492 0.094013056 0.784281217 -1.72629022 0.166031236
-0.36481038 0.093283107 0.741663523 -1.73088227 0.164742112
-0.34121024 0.092598049 0.697275598 -1.73528691 0.16353227
-0.31711393 0.091958605 0.651176979 -1.73948069 0.162402984
-0.29254371 0.091365463 0.603437749 -1.74344061 0.161355468
-0.26752464 0.090819271 0.554138538 -1.74714429 0.160390869
-0.2420846 0.090320639 0.50337041 -1.7505702 0.159510263
-0.21625414 0.089870133 0.451234612 -1.75369788 0.15871465
-0.19006645 0.089468274 0.397842199 -1.75650817 0.158004949
-0.16355716 0.089115536 0.343313514 -1.75898337 0.157381997
-0.13676415 0.088812342 0.287777544 -1.76110753 0.156846544
-0.10972741 0.088559066 0.231371139 -1.76286655 0.156399246
-0.08248871 0.088356027 0.174238113 -1.76424839 0.15604067
-0.05509138 0.08820349 0.116528234 -1.76524324 0.155771283
-0.02757998 0.088101665 0.058396114 -1.76584361 0.155591456
-5.0869E-09 0.088050705 4.56252E-09 -1.76604444 0.155501458
dψ2 dψ3 dψ4 dψ5
-3.94876469 1.460918092 0.076097221 -0.44801499
-3.98789938 1.46674277 0.075151787 -0.44283833
-4.02766379 1.472700505 0.074214612 -0.43775026
-4.06805421 1.478791535 0.073286057 -0.43275176
-4.10906508 1.485015738 0.072366489 -0.4278438
-4.15068877 1.491372588 0.071456289 -0.4230273
-4.19291544 1.497861126 0.070555843 -0.41830315
-4.23573281 1.504479915 0.069665548 -0.41367225
-4.27912598 1.511226999 0.068785812 -0.40913545
-4.32307722 1.518099861 0.067917049 -0.40469355
-4.36756574 1.52509538 0.067059684 -0.40034737
-4.41256745 1.532209782 0.066214151 -0.39609768
-4.4580548 1.539438596 0.065380891 -0.39194521
-4.50399648 1.546776606 0.064560355 -0.38789068
-4.55035722 1.554217809 0.063753001 -0.38393479
-4.59709759 1.561755361 0.062959294 -0.38007818
-4.64417371 1.569381539 0.062179707 -0.37632151
-4.69153714 1.577087696 0.06141472 -0.37266538
-4.73913459 1.584864219 0.060664818 -0.36911036
-4.78690779 1.592700496 0.059930491 -0.36565701
-4.83479331 1.600584879 0.059212234 -0.36230587
-4.88272244 1.608504662 0.058510548 -0.35905743
-4.93062108 1.616446055 0.057825933 -0.35591217
-4.97840967 1.624394178 0.057158895 -0.35287055
-5.02600319 1.63233305 0.056509938 -0.34993299
-5.07331118 1.640245601 0.055879569 -0.3470999
-5.1202378 1.648113685 0.055268292 -0.34437165
-5.166682 1.655918114 0.054676609 -0.34174861
-5.21253774 1.663638694 0.054105021 -0.33923111
-5.25769424 1.671254292 0.05355402 -0.33681946
-5.30203637 1.678742901 0.053024097 -0.33451396
-5.34544506 1.686081734 0.052515732 -0.33231489
-5.38779786 1.693247326 0.052029399 -0.33022249
-5.42896949 1.700215658 0.051565558 -0.328237
-5.46883258 1.706962295 0.051124663 -0.32635865
-5.50725841 1.713462543 0.05070715 -0.32458764
-5.54411775 1.719691612 0.050313442 -0.32292415
-5.57928179 1.725624811 0.049943947 -0.32136836
-5.61262311 1.731237731 0.049599055 -0.31992044
-5.64401671 1.736506463 0.049279136 -0.31858052
-5.67334108 1.741407802 0.048984541 -0.31734874
-5.70047931 1.745919472 0.048715597 -0.31622524
-5.72532017 1.750020342 0.048472611 -0.31521013
-5.74775922 1.753690644 0.048255863 -0.31430351
-5.76769988 1.756912184 0.048065609 -0.31350549
-5.78505445 1.759668545 0.047902078 -0.31281617
-5.7997451 1.761945274 0.04776547 -0.31223563
-5.81170469 1.76373005 0.047655958 -0.31176396
-5.82087762 1.765012838 0.047573685 -0.31140123
-5.82722057 1.765786009 0.047518765 -0.31114752
55959848.07 1.766044443 0.047491279 -0.31100292
Hopper Design Workbook performs the following calculations:

• Size of outlet required to prevent cohesive arching over the outle

• Recommended hopper angle to allow mass flow for hopper with
• Recommended mass flow hopper angles for hopper outlets great
• Minimum arching dimension for mass flow hopper using Johanso
• Discharge rates from mass flow hoppers from compressibility and
• Outlet diameter or diagonal of funnel flow hopper that must be e

The best way to use the work is to input the flow property parameters on the
are in blue. Important results are in red. Many of the cells are protected. Th
VBA is that you need to be careful if you insert cells or add sheets, so be care

The flow factor and mass flow boundary equations were taken from Shamiou

Jerry Johanson wrote a chapter in Kulwiec, R., Materials Handling Handbook,

versus effective angle of friction. I came up with a correlation that is eerily si

The rathole D function is a home-made correlation. The solids discharge rate

contribution to the 9th edition of Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook. I us

Rathole diameters and mass flow hopper discharge rates calculated using thi
by other investigators who use the same data. The outputs of this workbook
judgment should be used.

I make no warranty and the user should always check the outputs of the spre
references.
 rching over the outlet of a mass flow hopper
flow for hopper with minimum arching dimension
hopper outlets greater than minimum arching dimension
hopper using Johanson's flow factor relation
m compressibility and permeability test results
opper that must be exceeded to prevent stable rathole formation

rty parameters on the "Home" sheet and then click away. Inputs on this sheet and o
ells are protected. There is no password if you want to make any changes. One of th
dd sheets, so be careful!

e taken from Shamiou, P., Handling of Bulk Solids – Theory and Practice, Butterworth

Handling Handbook, John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, NJ, 1985 that included a plot of
elation that is eerily similar to Johanson's plot.

e solids discharge rate equation is my own derivation. It is similar to what I provided

neers' Handbook. I use Kerry Johanson's recommendation for the stress at minimum

s calculated using this workbook will not necessarily equal to diameters and rates ca
puts of this workbook may be highly dependent on how the data are regressed. Engi

he outputs of the spreadsheet with hand calculations based on Jenike Bulletin 123 an
 9/6/2021

s on this sheet and others

ny changes. One of the quirks of

Practice, Butterworths, London, 1990.

hat included a plot of flow factor

ar to what I provided in my
e stress at minimum gas pressure.

ameters and rates calculated

a are regressed. Engineering

enike Bulletin 123 and other