REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS. 2 Reproduction in Plants Key concepts + Types of reproduction © Types of asexual reproduction + Various methods of vegetative propagation + Various methods of artificial propagation + Artificial propagation by tissue culture * Sexual reproduction in plants + The structure and parts of a typical flower * Pollination: self and cross pollination + Agents of pollination ‘+ Artificial pollination + Fertilization + Germination of seeds eproduction is the process by which living organisms Re more organisms of their own kind. The ability of an organism to produce offspring is one of the most basic features of life. Reproduction is essential for the continuity and survival of a species. In this chapter, you will learn about various types of reproduc plants, n and development in Types of reproduction ‘There are two basic modes of reproduction — asexual and sexual. Asexual reproduction ‘The production of offspring (new progeny) from a single parent without the fusion of sex cells called gametes, is known as asexual reproduction. This form of reproduction involves only one organism. Since only one parent is involved, the offspring have exactly the same features as the parent. Sexual reproduction In this type of reproduction, two organisms of the same species ~ female and male are involved. Each sex contributes reproductive sex cells or gametes. The male organisms produce gametes called sperms while the females produce gametes called eggs or ova (singular: ovum) ‘The offspring is produced by the fusion of a sperm and an ovum. Thus, sexual reproduction can be defined as the production of offspring due to fusion of male and female sex cells. The offspring produced has a mix of features of both parents and is not identical to either parent. Asexual reproduction in plants Asexual reproduction is common in lower forms of life such as bacteria, fungi, algae, mosses and ferns. The following different types of asexual reproduction are seen in lower plants.eo Fig. 21 | Binary fission in @ bacterial cell Binary fission and multiple fission Binary means two and fission means splitting. Thus, binary fission is the simple division of a unicellular organism into ovo small daughter cells of roughly equal size. Each daughter cell grows into an adult individual, which divides again. This type of reproduction is observed in bacteria (Fig, 2.1) and Fuglena. Sometimes, during unfavourable conditions, some organisms develop a thick protective covering around themselves called cyst. Inside the cyst, the cell divides repeatedly to produce many daughter cells, When the conditions get favourable, the cyst breaks open releasing the daughter cells, Each daughter cell grows into a new organism. ‘This is called multiple fission. ‘Thus, in multiple fission, many individuals are formed by splitting of a single parent cell. Such reproduction is seen in unicellular algae such as Chlorella and Chlamydomonas (Fig. 2.2). Budding In budding, a small bulb-like outgrowth called a bud appears on the body of an organism, The bud develops into a new organism and finally gets detached from the parent to lead an independent life. Budding is seen in yeast, which is a fungus (Fig. 2.3). Fragmentation In fragmentation, the body of an organism breaks up into two or more parts or fragments. Each fragment develops and grows into a complete individual (Fig, 2.4). Filamentous algae such as Spirogyra reproduce by this method. Fig. 2.2 | Multiple fission in Chlamydomonas } Asexual methods of | reproduction in plants include | binary and multiple fission, budding, fragmentation, spore formation and |. vegetative propagation. 0666 Fig. 2.3 | Budding in yeast parent filament Nene 1D aaa new filament Fig. 2.4 | Fragmentation in Spirogyra SINvi4 NI NOLLDNGOWIYspore sac breas rmoulé ‘spores “Coe Fig. 25 | Spore formation in bread mould Cm ! The development of a new plant from the vegetative parts such as a stem, root or leaf of the parent plant is called vegetative propagation. a. Potato tuber _b. Ginger rhizome 3 c.cladilus corm d. Orion bulb Fig. 26 | Vegetative propagation by underground stems Spore formation Some bacteria, fungi, mosses and ferns reproduce by forming spores. Spores are tiny, spherical, unicellular bodies protected by a thick wall. They are formed inside spore sacs. During favourable conditions, each spore develops into a new individual on being released from the spore sac. Bread mould (Rhizopus) reproduces by spore formation (Fig. 2.5). Vegetative propagation In some flowering plants, a new plant can arise from a vegetative part such as roor, stem or leaf without the help of any reproductive organ. This is called vegetative propagation. Ic takes place in plants which do not produce seeds or whose seeds cannot germinate. It is a type of asexual reproduction as there is no fusion of gametes and no seed is formed. Vegetative propagation can occur by natural as well as artificial methods. Vegetative propagation by natural methods By underground stem The underground stems of some plants have buds that serve as means of vegetative propagation. © Tuber: This is a swollen fleshy underground stem. Potato tuber has many small buds called eyes, each of which can grow into a new plant (Fig. 2.6a). ¢ Rhizome: This is a short, branched, underground stem. It has distinct nodes and internodes bearing buds, which can grow into new plants (Fig. 2.6b). Ginger, banana and canna grow from rhizomes. + Corm: It is a thickened round, underground stem that consists of a swollen base surrounded by scale leaves. It has one or more buds that grow into new plants (Fig. 2.6c). For example, Gladiolus. a | Aim: To study vegetative propagation in potatoes | Procedure: Keep a potato tuber in a moist place for a few days. You will see eyes prominently on it. Cut it into four pieces such that each piece has an ‘eye’ on it. Put each piece in a pot containing soil. Keep the soil moist. Observation: After few days, each bud of the potato grows | into a new plant.® Bulbs Ie is an underground stem with a bud and ax — | membranous leaves called scales. Garlic, tulips, lilies, onion (Fig. 2.6d) grow from bulbs. Aim: To study vegetative propagation in onions Procedure: Keep a healthy ‘onion bulb in moist soil for Ie develops roots and buds at the point of afew days; Spifeide corre By aerial stem In some plan branch arising from the base of the stem grows and bends such as strawberry, a slender to touch the soi contact with soil and develops into a new plant (Fig. 2.72). water on the soil every day. Observation: After a few days, a new plant emerges from the soil. It shows that the onion bulb has an axillary bud that grows into | the new plant. i 2a. Strawberry plant b. Grasses In some grasses (Fig, 2.7b) and mine, the stem grows along the soil forming roots at intervals and giving tise to new plants. When the new plant is mature enough, the part of the stem joining the new plant withers away and the plant grows on its own. adventitious roots Fig. 27 | Aerial ster of some plants By root Plants such as sweet potato and dahlia have fleshy tuberous roots with adventitious buds. These buds when detached and planted in soil, can give rise to new plants (Fig, 2.8). By leaves Some plants such as Bryophyllum and Kalanchoe produce adventitious buds at the margin of their leaves. When the leaf falls on moist soil, the buds develop into small plantlets. The fleshy leaves supply food and water to the ‘ ) plantlets as they grow. The plantlets grow into independent errerrs plants on separation from the leaf (Fig. 2.9). new planets Aim: To study vegetative propagation in Kalanchoe : Procedure: Take a Kalanchoe leaf with some adventitious buds. Detach some of the buds and put them in soil. Observation: After a few days, new plants start growing from the buds. Fig. 29 | Bryophyllum leaf showing plantletsbranch bent Se REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS. re a. Cutting in sugarcane adventitious roots: b. Layering scion f stock [ . Grafting Fig. 2.10 | Artificial ways of vegetative propagation Vegetative propagation by artificial methods Vegetative propagation is a faster method of reproduction, hence it is used in gardens and nurseries. The methods that have been adopted by human beings for vegetative propagation are called artificial propagation. Some of these methods are cutting, grafting, layering and tissue culture. Cutting In this method, a part of the stem with an axillary bud is cut from a healthy plant and planted in moist soil. Over a period of time, roots develop at the lower end of the cutting. Also new leaves develop from the buds at its upper end to form a new plant. Cutting is extensively used by gardeners for growing rose, Bougainvillea and cacti plants. Sugarcane and pineapple plants are also grown from stem cuttings (Fig, 2.102). Layering In this method, a branch of the plant is bent and a part of it is covered with soil. After a few days, roots develop from the part under the soil, ‘The branch is then cut off from the main plant and planted in the soil. It grows as a new plant (Fig, 2.10b). Lemon, rose and jasmine plants are grown in this manner. Grafting It is a method in which two different plants are combined to obtain a plant with superior qualities. A stem cutting called scion from one plant is attached and tied to the rooted stem called stock of another plant (Fig. 2.10c). ‘After few days, the stock and the scion merge together due to rapid division of cells and the bulb develops. ‘The stock supplies essential nutrients to the scion. Grafting helps in developing new varieties by combining the features of wo plants. It is usually done in plants such as mango and rose. In rose, it is done to get flowers of different colours on one plant. ‘Tissue culture In this method, plants are grown artificially in a test tube under laboratory conditions. This technique is also called micropropagation. A small piece is cut off from the growing tip of a plant. “This tissue is grown in a suitable nutrient medium. It grows into an unorganized mass of cells called callus (Fig. 2.112). Small parts of this callus areput in another medium containing hormones to induce cell differentiation and formation of plantlets (Fig. 2.11b). The plantlets are then transplanted grow into mature plants. Since an unlimited number of plants can be produced, this t0 the soil oF pots to technique is used for the propagation of ornamental plants such as Chrysanthemum, Asparagus and orchids. Advantages and disadvantages of vegetative propagation Advantages + Vegetative propagation is a faster method of growing plants than growing them from seeds. + Plants produced by vegetative propagation bear flowers earlier than those produced from seeds. + Vegetative propagation is extremely useful for production of seedless plants such as banana, grapes and sugarcane. + New plants produced via vegetative propagation are exactly the same as the parent plant and can survive even in unfavourable conditions. Disadvantages + All offsprings from the same parent have the same features. So, they are all prone to the same infections, which can result in the destruction of an entire crop. + Over a period of time, newer generations of plants produced via vegetative propagation lose their vigour. + There are chances of overcrowding as there is no dispersal. the blanks. 1. The reproductive sex cells are known as 2. Multiple fission occurs in certain algae such as and b. Plantlet stage Fig. 2.1 | Tissue culture 3. propagation takes place in plants which do not produce seeds. 4 are the organs of vegetative propagation in potato. 5. Sugarcane and pineapple plants are grown by 6. In grafting, a stem cutting called ! rooted stem called of another plant. ? is also called micropropagation. method. from one plant is attached and tied to theCII. | Flowers are reproductive organs in angiosperms. + The male part of a flower | is called androecium. + The female part of a flower is called gynoecium or pistil STIGMA: Sticky bifurcated ‘ip of the style on which pollen grains are deposited. PistTi STYLE: Slender long. ean stalk ofthe pisti the flower, also called aes weet female gametes, develop into seeds after fertiization. OVARY: Lower swollen part of style; contains ovules; develops into fruit after fertilzation. Sexual reproduction in plants Sexual reproduction is a common method of reproduction in flowering plants. Seeds are produced as a result of sexual reproduction, which germinate and grow into new plants. Structure of a flower Flowers are the organs of reproduction in seed-bearing plants called angiosperms. A flower contains male and female gametes. ‘The function of flowers is to form seeds. Seeds can germinate and develop into new plants. Flowers differ in their size, shape and colour, yet most of them have a common structure. Most flowers have four whorls or layers arranged in a definite order on a fleshy base called thalamus or receptacle. The four whorls are the calyx, corolla, androecium and gynoecium (or pistil). ‘The outer two whorls comprise the calyx (sepals) and corolla (petals). ‘They do not take part in reproduction. The inner two whorls comprise the androecium (stamens) and gynoecium (carpels). Androecium is the male part of the flower, while gynoecium is the female part of the flower. ‘They take part in reproduction. The structure of a typical flower is described in Figure 2.12. Types of flowers Most flowers have all the four whorls, that is, sepals, petals, androecium and gynoecium. They are called PETALS: Brightly coloured attractive whor called ANTHER: Bears pollen grains Which contain the male STAMEN: gamete or sex cell. Male part of the flower, also called FILAMENT: Tiny stalk that bap eon bears the anther. SEPAL: Green in colour, forms the outermost whorl called calyx; protects flower in bud stage. ‘THALAMUS: Fleshy base of the flower. PEDICEL: Stalk of the flower. Fig. 2.12 | Structure of a flower as seen in its LS.complete flowers, Since both androccium and gynoecium led bisexual or ate present in these flowers, they are also hermaphrodite flowers. For example, hibiscus, rose, petunia and so on. Some flowers lack either a male whorl or a female whorl. They are called incomplete flowers. Such flowers are unisexual and will be either male, that is staminate flowers, or female, that is pistillate flowers, For example, papaya (Fig. 2.13) and maize, There are some flowers that have neither a. Staminate flowers androecium nor gynoecium. Such flowers are called neutral flowers. For example, ray florets of sunflower. Pollination For fusion of gametes to occur and seeds to be formed, pollen grains produced in the anther must be transferred to the b. Pistilate flowers stigma of the pistil. The process by which the pollen grains from the anther of a flower are transferred to the stigma of Fig. 213 | Incomplete 'S flowers of papaya the same or another flower is called pollination. Pollination occurs naturally as well as artificially, Natural pollination is of two types. Self pollination ‘The process of transfer of pollen grains from meena the anthers to the stigma of the same flower, or another flower any Se of the same plant (Fig, 2.14) is called self pollination. Cross pollination ‘The process of transfer of pollen grains from the anthers of a flower to the stigma of a flower of another Eat poination 3 plant of the same species (Fig, 2.14) is called cross pollination. Table 2.1 gives the differences between self pollination and cross pollination. Fig. 224 | Types of natural polnation Table 2.1 Differences between self pollination and cross pollination Ponca It occurs within a flower or between two flowers of It occurs between two flowers of different plants of the the same plant. same species No external agent of pollination is required. External agents such as wind, water, insects, birds and animals are required. ‘ge numbers, ns are produced in small numbers, thus, Pollen grains are usually produced in | ge of pollen grains occurs, Pollen gr no wastage of pollen grains occurs. thus, was Flowers are usually not attractive. Flowers are attractive with coloured petalsFig. 215 | Insect pollinating a flower Fig. 216 | Wind pollinated flowers are usually small ‘Wind, water, insects, birds and other animals help in the transfer of pollen grains from the anther of one flower to the stigma of another lower. They are, therefore, called agents of pollination, Depending on the external agents involved, cross pollination is classified as ® Pollination by insects: Pollination by insects is called entomophily. It is the most common method of natural pollination. Insects such as bees and butterflies visit lowers to collect nectar, In the process, pollen grains get stuck to their body. When these insects vi grains get transferred to the stigma of that flower (Fig, 2.15). Flowers pollinated by insects are large, brightly coloured another flower, pollen and often scented; for example, Salvia, rose and matigold. Most flowers also produce nectar and are sweet smelling; for example, night jasmine. Pollen grains and the stigma of most of these flowers are sticky. Pollination by wind: Pollination by wind is called anemophily. Flowers of plants such as rice, maize and grasses are pollinated by wind. Most wind-pollinated flowers are small, and have dry and light pollen grains which can be easily carried by wind (Fig, 2.16). Pollen grains are produced in very large quantities so thar at least some have a chance to reach the stigma. The style projects out and has a large, feathery stigma so that the pollen ying in the wind can be easily received. Table 2.2 gives the differences between insect-pollinated flowers and wind-pollinated flowers. Table 2.2 Differences between insect pollinated and wind-pollinated flowers ere oo Ra Petals are large and brightly coloured, They produce scent. They produce nectar Anthers are attached to short filaments. Ree) Petals are small and white. ‘They do not produce scent They do not produce nectar Anthers are attached to long filaments. This helps to expose them to the outside. Pollen grains are produced in small quantity Pollen grains are produced in large quantities. Stigma is sticky, flat oF knob-like, Stigma is large and feathery.+ Pollination by water: Pollination by water is called hydrophily, Ir occurs in aquatic plants such as Hydrilla and Vallisneria. Flowers pollinated by water are very light so that they can easily float on the surface, They do not produce nectar, Pollen grains are produced in large quantities. Male and female flowers are usually produced on separate plants. In Vallisneria, the male fower is submerged in water, On maturity, it gets detached and floats on water (Fig. 2.17). ‘The female flower has a long stalk that too floats on the surface of water. When the male flower comes in contact with the female flower, the pollen grains get deposited on the stigma and pollination occurs. + Pollination by animals: Birds, squirrels and bats also act as agents of pollination when they suck nectar from flowers In such cases, flowers are usually large and bright coloured, growing on «all trees. For example, silk corton tree. Artificial pollination Artificial pollination is performed to produce a new variety of plant with certain required characteristics. In this process ewo different varieties of a crop plant with the desired characteristics are selected. For example, one variety may be high-yielding (higher-grain producing) and the other variety may be disease-resistant. After selection of these varieties, cross-breeding is done by artificial pollination to get a variety of plant which has both the desired characteristics from the parent varieties. This is called hybridization. The new variery formed is called a hybrid. Many hybrid high-yielding varieties of wheat, rice and maize have been produced by the process of hybridization. ‘The steps in the process are explained in Figure 2.18 Know your scientist GREGOR MENDEL (1822-1884) was an Austrian monk who bred thousands of pea plants by artificial pollination in the botanical garden of his monastery. He used a paintbrush to painstakingly transfer pollens from one plant to another to make his crosses. Based on these experiments, he established the principles of r inheritance and laid the foundations of ‘genetics’ — the study of genes, heredity and variation. Fig. 2.17 | Vallisneria ~ water pollinated flowers {in artifical polination during hybridization, the stamens of a bisexual flower are removed before their ‘anthers mature. , This flower, with gynoecium intact, 's covered with a paper or musiin bag. ‘to prevent natural pollination. ’ When the stigma of this flower matures, pollen grains from another selected plant are taken and deposited ‘on the stigma. ‘ ‘The seeds produced after artificial pollination give rise to a new hybrid varlety, which is generally better than the parent plants, ’ ‘They are highylelding, of better quaty and are dseaseresitant. Fig. 218 | The process of hybridization For more details about pollination, visit rsgr.inficb8-3.Pollen grain is deposited on the stigma of a flower. ’ Pollen grain swells and begins to grow a pollen tube. ’ The pollen tube grows down through the style to reach the ovules inside the ovary. ' ‘The nucleus of pollen tube divides to form two male gametes. ‘A male gamete travels down the pollen tube and fuses with the egg cell Inside an ovule ' A ygote is formed 1 ‘The zygote divides several times and ‘Grows into an embryo. ' ‘The embryo fs the part of the seed, which grows into new plantiseedling ‘under favourable conditions. Fig. 2.20 | The process of fertilization Why is sexual reproduction | considered superior to asexual | reproduction? : + The fusion of the male and female gamete is called fertilization. » The single cell produced after fertilization is called zygote. + After fertilization, the ovary develops into a fruit, while the ovules in the ovary develop into seeds. Fertilization ‘When a pollen grain reaches the stigma, it begins to grow a pollen tube that travels down through the style to reach the ovules inside the ovary. ‘The nucleus of pollen tube divides to form two male gametes. A male gamete or male sex cell travels down each pollen tube and fuses with the egg cell (or a female gamete) inside an ovule. ‘The process of fusion of the male gamete with the female gamete is called fertilization (Fig. 2.19). The single cell produced as a result of fertilization is called zygote. The steps of the process of fertilization are given in Figure 2.20. stigma pollen grain style pollen tube pollen tube ovary eee cell mate nucel tube rucleus male gametes a. The process of fertilization b. A germinating pollen grain Fig. 2.19 | The process of fertilization Seed formation After fertilization, the sepals, petals and stamens fall off. ‘The stigma and style also wither away. The ovary containing ovules, each with a fertilized egg (zygote), continues to grow. ‘The zygote divides and grows into an embryo which has two cotyledons and an embryonic axis, ‘The fertilized and developed ovule changes into a seed. A seed is a fertilized and mature ovule which can grow into a new plant under favourable conditions PERT Some fruits such as apple and pear are false fruits because their ovary does not form their main fieshy parts. It remains as a small central part containing \ seeds.Fruit formation A fruit is a ripened ovary that contains one or more seeds. A fruit can be fleshy or dry depending on the wall of the ovary. The wall of the ovary can be fleshy as in the papaya, tomato (Fig. 2.21) and cucumber, of is dry as in pea. The fr extreme climatic conditions. protects the sceds from insects, diseases and Germination of seeds A gpical seed of gram and bean consists of a seed coat and an embryo or baby plant. On removing the seed coat, the embryo is seen. It consists of two fleshy cotyledons and a short curved structure called embryonal axis. The cotyledons are attached. to the embryonal axis, The axis consists of two parts. ‘The lower part is called the radicle, which forms the root system. ‘The upper part consists of a small leafy structure, the plumule. It grows into the shoot system (Fig. 2.22). The process by which a sleeping or dormant embryo becomes active and grows into a new plant is known as germination. Water, a suitable temperature and oxygen are required for seeds to germinate. emg |. Aim: To study the structure of a seed : Procedure: Soak a few kidney beans (rajma) overnight. i The seeds have a smooth seed coat that can be easily : removed on soaking. Remove the seed coat and note your observations regarding its structure. a ened seesceee Fill in the blanks. Fig. 2.21| Tomato ~ a fleshy fruit embryonal axis «cotyledon plumule embryo radicle Fig. 2.22 | Parts of a seed 1 protects the flower in the bud stage. 2. The male reproductive part of a flower is called 3. Complete flowers are also called or flowers. 4. The single cell formed after fertilization is called 5. The fruit is a ripened that contains one or more seeds. 6. Water, a suitable temperature and are required for seeds to germinate.ONCEPT MAP BINARY AND ‘The process by which living organisms setae > seep produce offsprings —_: Oefned MULTIPLE FISSION resus in g fata % bacteria, algae Lh 8 ee et i aupDins fee & yeast cccursty ¥ y ASEXUAL SEXUAL NE PLANT FRAGMENTATION involves one Involves fusion of male ae ‘organism ‘and female gametes occurs with stages spoRES y y < FLOWER POLLINATION ‘ungl, mosses, ferns g = VECeTATIVE & 3 PROPAGATION y Ee 4; i flowering plants CALYX AND COROLLA MALE FEMALE & (ANDROECIUM) (ernoecium) 1 ane pe FERTILIZATION ’ ’ (anthers, lament) (ovary, style, stigma) NATURAL ARTIFICIAL stems, roots, leaves cutting, layering, tissue culture There are two types of reproduction ~ asexual and sexual. The production of offspring from a single parent without fusion of sex cells is called asexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction is production of offspring due to fusion of male and female sex cells or gametes. Asexual methods of reproduction in plants include binary and multiple fission, budding, fragmentation, spore formation and vegetative propagation. The methods that have been adopted by human beings for vegetative propagation are called artificial propagation. Some of these methods are cutting, grafting, layering and tissue culture. A complete flower has four whorls ~ calyx, corolla, androecium (stamen) and gynoecium (pisti). Androecium, the male reproductive part consists of anthers with a stalk called filament. Gynoecium, the female reproductive part consists of stigma, style and ovary. The ovary contains ovules. The transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of same or another flower of same species is called pollination. It is of two types - natural (self pollination and cross pollination) and artificial. Fertilization occurs after pollination when a male sex cell in the pollen tube fuses with the egg cell inside an ovule. % Ovary develops into a fruit and ovules develop into seeds after fertilization.Every seed consists of a seed coat and an embryo, which has one or two cotyledons, a radicle and a plumule. % Water, suitable temperature and oxygen are required for seeds to germinate. CALLUS mass of undifferentiated cells CUTTING an artificial method of vegetative propagation where a piece of stem is cut and grown under soil FERTILIZATION the process of fusion of male gamete with female gamete GAMETES male or female reproductive sex cells GERMINATION the process of formation of new plant from a seed | GRAFTING a method by which stem cutting (scion) from one plant is attached and tied to the rooted stem (stock) of another plant to form a new plant of better quality TISSUE CULTURE method of growing plants artificially under laboratory conditions A. Tick the most appropriate answer. 1. The simple division of an organism into two smaller daughter cells of roughly equal size is called a. binary fission. b. multiple fission. «. fragmentation. 4. budding. 2. Which of these can be reproduced by its stem? a. carrot . Bryophyllum © rose ¢. papaya 3. An incomplete flower with only androecium is called a a. hermaphrocite flower. b. pistillate flower. . bisexual flower. 4. staminate flower. 4. Flowers which have all the four whorls are called a. neutral flowers. b. staminate flowers. —_<. incomplete flowers. 4. complete flowers. 5. Which of the following is an artificial process? a. binary fission ». budding «grafting 4. fragmentation 6. In cross pollination, pollen grains from the anther of a flower are transferred to the stigma of a. the same flower. b. another flower on the same plant. « flower of another plant of different species. 4._flower of another plant of same species. 7. Apollen tube grows through the a. filament. b. style. «. anther. 4. ovary. 8. Seeds are produced from a. anthers. b. ovules. « pollen grains. 6. eggs. © ses ousnao.eREPRODUCTION IN PLANTS Fertilization takes place inside the a. ovary. b. ovule. ovum. 4. gynoecium. A plant embryo consists of a. cotyledons and embryonal axis. b. plumule and radicle. « plumule and cotyledons. 4. cotyledons, embryonal axis and radicle. Fill in the blanks. .. During unfavourable conditions, some organisms develop a thick protective covering called around themselves. The small outgrowth arising from the yeast cell is called a The gynoecium consists of 7 and Pollination taking place between two flowers present on two separate parent plants is called pollination. The process by which a dormant embryo becomes active and grows into a new plant is known as Write true or false. Correct the false statements. Sexual reproduction involves the fu: n of an egg cell and a male gamete. The development of a new plant from the vegetative part of a flowering plant is called fragmentation. A whole new plant can grow from the eye of a potato tuber. Cutting and layering are natural methods of asexual reproduction. ‘A male gamete travels down the pollen tube and fuses with the egg cell inside an ovule, Define the following terms. .. multiple fission 2. budding 3. gynoecium = 4 vegetative propagation self pollination 6. cross pollination _7. fertilization 8. germination Differentiate between asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction. 2. binary fission and multiple fission sexual reproduction and vegetative propagation. 4. cutting and grafting. stamen and pistil. 6. self pollination and cross pollination. Answer in one word. The method of reproduction that occurs in Amoeba and Paramecium ‘An organism that reproduces by spore formation A plant reproducing by adventitious buds on the margin of their leaves . A plant propagated by grafting . The female reproductive part of a flower The result of fusion of two gametesG. Answer the following in short. 8 Science laugh 4 4. Define binary fission. What is common between a flower and the 2. What is rhizome? letter ‘A’. - Both are followed by B(ee)s!!! 3. How do plants such as Bryophyllum propagate? 4. Write two disadvantages of vegetative propagation. 5. What is tissue culture? 6. Mention the changes that occur in a flower after fertilization. = Answer the following in detail. +. What is sexual reproduction? What are its advantages? 2. List the different types of asexual reproduction in plants giving one example of each. 3. What are the advantages of vegetative propagation? 4. Describe different types of pollination. s. Write the features of a flower pollinated by wind. 6. Explain the process of hybridization, I. Correct the sequence of the following steps to desi 1. The pollen grain begins to grow a pollen tube. 2. The pollen grain is deposited on the stigma. 3. The pollen tube grows down through the style to the ovary. 4. The fusion of the male gamete with the female gamete occurs inside an ovule. ‘A male gamete travels down each pollen tube 6. The nucleus of pollen tube divides to form male gametes. J. The diagram illustrates the structure of a flower. 1. Identify the parts labelled a to e, 2. Which part produces pollen grains? 3. Which part receives pollen grains for pollination? K. Draw a labelled diagram to show the process of fertilization in plants. al Eu eicas 1. To produce a new variety of a crop plant with desired characteristics, artificial pollination is required. Why? 2. Most insect pollinated flowers produce nectar and are sweet-smelling. Why? 3. Why are pollen grains produced in large quantities in wind-pollinated flowers?ree ee A. Activity Collect different kinds of flowers. Press them between sheets of newspaper and let them dry. Classify them into complete or incomplete flowers. Incomplete flowers can be further classified into pistillate, staminate or neutral flowers. A few tips for collecting flowers are given. 4. Do not collect just the flower, collect it with a long stalk and leaves. 2. Spread the collected flowers in between the folds of a newspaper or blotting paper. Do not keep one flower on top of the other. Put some heavy weight on the newspaper. Change the newspaper after two or three days. 3. When the flowers are dry, mount them on a sheet of white paper. 4. Write the name of the flower, date and place of collection below each mount. B. Project Take some soaked bean seeds. Fill a small earthen pot with soil and put about 7 to 8 seeds in the pot and sprinkle some water on the soil. After a few days, observe the new seedlings emerging from the soil. What happens to the cotyledons? Collect one sample of every stage in germination. Dry one seed in each stage by pressing it in between sheets of newspaper. Arrange them in a sequence and paste them in your scrapbook. ae temps Mra sey << @ a ee 4. Look at its external features carefully. Now draw the flower in your notebook and label its parts. 2. Cut the flower lengthwise with the help of an adult. Observe the sepals, petals, stamens and the pistil. Write how the flower is adapted to Insect pollination. D. Field trip Visit a nearby garden or a nursery. Identify some plants in the garden. Write their names. Observe how grasses are grown in the garden. Find out the methods used by the gardener to multiply plants, such as rose, Bryophyllum, Dahlia and money plant. QED ‘Some indoor plants fight against the rising level of indoor air pollution. They absorb harmful gases and purify the air inside homes, indoor public spaces and office buildings. The indoor pollutants that affect our health are formaldehyde, benzene, airbome biological pollutants, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides, pesticides and disinfectants. These pollutants cause symptoms ranging from allergies, headaches and fatigue to nervous-system disorders, cancer and death. Scientists have identified many houseplants that remove many of the pollutants and gases mentioned above. Can you name a few of them? ‘Areca paim