Experiment Name: Measurement of node voltage using voltmeter and mesh

current using ammeter and comparison with theoretical results.

Theory:
Nodal analysis provides a general procedure for analyzing circuits, using node voltages as the
circuit variables. Choosing node voltages instead of element voltages as circuit variables is
convenient and reduces the number of equations one must solve simultaneously. Nodal analysis
applies KCL to find unknown voltages of a given circuit.
Mesh analysis provides a general procedure for analyzing circuits, using mesh currents as the
circuit variables. Using mesh currents instead of element currents as circuit variables is convenient
and reduces the number of equations that must solve simultaneously. Mesh analysis applies KVL
to find unknown currents of a given circuit.

Equipment and Accessories:

1. Power supply 0 – 30V DC
2. Resistors (50Ω, 100Ω×2, 200 Ω×2)
3. Wires
4. Ammeter
5. Voltmeter
6. AVO Meter

Circuit Diagram:
Experimental Data:

Source Voltage Vs = 5V
Resistors Node Voltages Mesh Currents
R1 = 97Ω V1 = 5V I1 = 36 mA
R2 = 46Ω V2 = 3.98V I2 = 18 mA
R3 = 98Ω V3 = 3.66V I3 = 14 mA
R4 = 218Ω - -
R5 = 217Ω - -

Theoretical Calculation:
Nodal Analysis-
Applying Nodal analysis at node 2,
(V2 – 5) ÷ 46 + (V2 ÷ 218) + (V2 – V3) ÷ 98 = 0
=> (V2 ÷ 46) + (V2 ÷ 218) + (V2 ÷ 98) – (V3 ÷ 98) – (5 ÷ 46) = 0
=> V2 (1 ÷ 46 + 1 ÷ 218 + 1 ÷ 98) – V3 (1 ÷ 98) = 5 ÷ 46 ------ (I)
Applying Nodal analysis at node 3,
(V3 – V2) ÷ 98 + (V3 ÷ 218) + (V3 – 5) ÷ 97 = 0
=> (V3 ÷ 98) – (V2 ÷ 98) + (V3 ÷ 218) + (V3 ÷ 97) – (5 ÷ 97) = 0
=> V3 (1 ÷ 98 + 1 ÷ 217 + 1 ÷ 97) – V2 (1 ÷ 98) = 5 ÷ 97 ------ (II)
Using calculator’s “equation” mode in equation (I) & (II)
V2 = 4V
V3 = 3.67V
And V1 = 5V [Since, V1 contained the same voltage of Vs]

Percentage of error, V1 = 0%
4−3.98
Percentage of error, V2 = | 4 | × 100 = 0.5%
3.67−3.66
Percentage of error, V3 = | 3.67 | × 100 = 0.2%
Mesh Analysis,
Applying KVL in mesh 1,
–5 + (i1 – i3) 46 + (i1 – i2) 218 = 0
=> –5 + 46 i1 – 46 i3 + 218 i1 –218 i2 = 0
=> 264 i1 – 218 i2 – 46 i3 = 5 ------- (III)

Applying KVL in mesh 2,

218 (i2 – i1) + 98 (i2 – i3) + 217 i2 = 0
=> 533 i2 – 218 i1 –98 i3 = 0
=> – 218 i1 + 533 i2 – 98 i3 = 0 ------- (IV)

Applying KVL in mesh 3,

97 i3 + 46 (i3 – i1) + 98 (i3 – i2) = 0
=> 97 i3 + 46 i3 – 46 i1 + 98 i3 –98 i2 = 0
=> – 46 i1 – 98 i2 + 241 i3 = 0 ------- (V)

Using calculator’s “equation” mode in equation (III), (IV) & (V)

I1 = 35.31 mA
I2 = 16.94 mA
I3 = 13.63 mA

35.31−36
Percentage of error, I1 = | | × 100 = 1.9%
35.31
16.94−18
Percentage of error, I2 = |
16.94 | × 100 = 6.2%
13.63−14
Percentage of error, I3 = |
13.63 | × 100 = 2.7%