how different type of losses affect in centrifugal pump

Frictional Loss
One of the main energy loss is due to effect of friction in the flow.
This loss increases quadratically with velocity. A similar loss occurs
when there is sudden expansion or contraction.

Mechanical friction power loss due to friction between the fixed

and rotating parts in the bearing and stuffing boxes.

Disc friction power loss due to friction between the rotating faces of
the impeller (or disc) and the liquid.

Recirculation Loss
Leakage and recirculation power loss. This is due to loss of liquid from the
pump and recirculation of the liquid in the impeller. The pressure difference
between impeller tip and eye can cause a recirculation of a small volume of
liquid, thus reducing the flow rate at outlet of the impeller

Incidence Loss

If there is a difference in blade angle and flow angle, it will cause further loss.
Here energy loss happens due to flow impingement and recirculation effect.

Head losses

Head losses are potential energy that has been lost because of frictional resistance of the
piping system (pipe, valves, fittings, and entrance and exit losses). Unlike velocity head,
friction head cannot be ignored in system calculations. Head loss values vary as the
square of the flow rate. Head losses can be a significant portion of the total head.

Control losses

Control losses occur on the discharge side of a centrifugal pump that has been equipped
with a back pressure valve to control flow rate. As the liquid flows through the control
valve, energy is lost. Next to static head, control losses are frequently the most important
factor in calculating the pump’s total dynamic head. For pump applications, control
losses are treated separately from head losses, even though they are included in the hf
term.
CLOSED IMPELLER

1. Closed impellers are the most commonly used impellers in the industry
since they can deal with volatile and explosive fluids. because the close
clearance wear rings are the parts that will contact if the shaft displaces
from its centerline.

OPEN IMPELLER
Open impellers are frequently used in centrifugal pumps which pump liquids that contain
suspended solid materials (slurries, paper stock, etc). 
Typically, open impellers operate at higher efficiency because there is no friction between the shrouds and the
pump casing.

Semi-Open Impeller

what is meant by priming of pump ?

Priming is the process in which the impeller of a centrifugal pump will get fully
sub merged in liquid without any air trap inside.This is especially required
when there is a first start up.

Why Priming is required ?

Pressure developed by the impeller of centrifugal pump, is proportional to the

density of he fluid in the impeller. If the impeller is running in air, it will
produce only a negligible pressure. This pressure will not suck water from its
source through the suction pipe. To avoid this, pump is first filled up with
water.

Priming is done as follows :

First of all the suction pipe and impeller is completely filled with water.

The delivery valve is closed and the pump is started.

The rotating impeller pushes water in the delivery pipe, opens the delivery
valve and sucks water through suction pipe.